NONRENEWABLE NONRENEWABLE ENERGYENERGY

CH. 16

1. Energy Resources 2. Oil3. Natural Gas4. Coal5. Nuclear Energy

ENERGY SOURCESENERGY SOURCES

Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy.

Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels.

THERMODYNAMICSTHERMODYNAMICSThe laws of thermodynamics tell us two things

about converting heat energy from steam to work:

1)1) The conversion of heat to work cannot be 100% efficient because a portion of the heat is wasted.

2)2) The efficiency of converting heat to work increases as the heat temperature increases.

ENERGY UNITS AND ENERGY UNITS AND USEUSE

Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 ºF.

cal (calorie) - the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used.

1 Btu = 252 cal = 0.252 kcal1 Btu = 1055 J (joule) = 1.055 kJ1 cal = 4.184 J

Two other units that are often seen are the horsepower and the watt. These are not units of energy, but are units of power.

1 watt (W) = 3.412 Btu / hour1 watt (W) = 3.412 Btu / hour1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W

Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used Another unit of energy used only to describe electrical energy. only to describe electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger.since it is larger.

Energy Units and UseEnergy Units and Use

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EVALUATING ENERGY EVALUATING ENERGY RESOURCESRESOURCESU.S. has 4.6% of world population;

uses 24% of the world’s energy;84% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas)

7% from nuclear power9% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

Changes in U.S. Energy UseChanges in U.S. Energy Use

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Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium

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FOSSIL FUELSFOSSIL FUELSoriginated from the decay of living organisms

millions of years ago, and account for about 80% of the energy generated in the U.S.

The fossil fuels used in energy generation are:Natural gas, which is 70 - 80% methane (CH4)Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of petroleum

Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules with a H/C ratio of about 1

PROBLEMS WITH FOSSIL PROBLEMS WITH FOSSIL FUELSFUELSFossil fuels are nonrenewable

resourcesAt projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century

Coal = ~ 400 yearsImpurities in fossil fuels are a major

source of pollutionBurning fossil fuels produce large

amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming

1. Energy Resources 2. Oil2. Oil3. Natural Gas4. Coal5. Nuclear Energy

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OILOILDeposits of crude oil often are trapped

within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well

Crude oilCrude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities

Formation of oil animation

Sources of OilSources of Oil•Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) -- 13 countries have 67% world reserves:

• Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela

•Other important producers:Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico.

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Oil in U.S.Oil in U.S.•2.3% of world reserves

•65% for transportation;

•increasing dependence on imports.

• Google Earth visuals of oil consumption by country

Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources. Current cost of crude oil

Oil drillingDeep water drilling

Tar Sands and Keystone XL Pipeline

OILOILCrude oil is transported to a refinery

where distillation produces petrochemicals

Animation

1. Energy Resources 2. Oil3. Natural Gas4. Coal5. Nuclear Energy

Natural Gas - Fossil FuelNatural Gas - Fossil Fuel• Mixture

•50–90% Methane (CH4) •Ethane (C2H6)•Propane (C3H8) •Butane (C4H10)•Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Sources of Natural GasSources of Natural Gas•Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply.

•Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%);

•90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline).

billion cubic metres

NATURAL GASNATURAL GASExperts predict increased use of natural gas during this

century

Kansas city owned cars run on natural gas

NATURAL GASNATURAL GASWhen a natural gas field is tapped,

propane and butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distribution

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships

Hydraulic Fracking AnimationCoal Fracking

1. Energy Resources 2. Oil3. Natural Gas

4. Coal4. Coal5. Nuclear Energy

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COAL: SUPPLY AND COAL: SUPPLY AND DEMANDDEMANDCoal exists in many forms therefore a

chemical formula cannot be written for it.Coalification: After plants died they

underwent chemical decay to form a product known as peat

Over many years, thick peat layers formed. Peat is converted to coal by geological events such as land subsidence which subject the peat to great pressures and temperatures.

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RANKS OF COALRANKS OF COALLignite: A brownish-black coal of low

quality ;Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb.

Subbituminous: Black lignite, Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb.

Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black (Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb.

Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb.

Animation of how coal is formedwww.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Hist%20295/ Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

MAIN COAL DEPOSITSMAIN COAL DEPOSITS

BituminousBituminous

AnthraciteAnthracite

SubbituminousSubbituminous

LigniteLignite

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COALCOAL Coal gasification Synthetic natural gas (SNG)

Coal liquefaction Liquid fuels

DisadvantageHigh environmental impact (air pollution-black lung disease)

SULFUR IN COALSULFUR IN COALWhen coal is burned, sulfur is

released primarily as sulfur dioxide (SO2 - serious pollutant)

Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from coal include cleaning, solvent refining, gasification, and liquefaction. Scrubbers are installed at tops of factory exhaust pipes to trap SO2 when coal is burned.

Two chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeS2 or CaSO4) and organic (Sulfur bound to Carbon)

• Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.

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ACID MINE DRAINAGEACID MINE DRAINAGE

The impact of mine drainage on a lake after receiving effluent from an abandoned tailings impoundment for over 50

years

Relatively fresh tailings in an Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment. impoundment.

The same tailings impoundment The same tailings impoundment after 7 years of sulfide after 7 years of sulfide

oxidation. oxidation.

MINE EFFLUENT DISCHARGING FROM THE BOTTOM OF A WASTE ROCK PILE

1. Energy Resources 2. Oil3. Natural Gas4. Coal

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NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGYThe process in a conventional The process in a conventional

nuclear power plant:nuclear power plant: 1. A controlled nuclear fission

chain reaction 2. Heats water3. Produce high-pressure steam 4. Cause turbines to turn5. Generates electricity

Nuclear EnergyNuclear EnergyControlled Fission Controlled Fission Chain Reaction:Chain Reaction:

•neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as Uranium or Plutonium

•release energy (heat)

URANIUM

Controlled Nuclear Fission ReactionControlled Nuclear Fission Reaction

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• Radioactive decay continues until the original isotope is changed into a stable isotope that is not radioactive.

• RadioactivityRadioactivity:: Nuclear changes in which unstable Nuclear changes in which unstable (radioactive) isotopes emit particles & energy(radioactive) isotopes emit particles & energy

RadioactivityRadioactivity

Types of radiation:• Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons,

and therefore are positively charged• Beta particles are negatively charged (electrons)• Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are a form

of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays)Sources of natural radiation

• Soil• Rocks• Air• Water• Cosmic rays

RadioactivityRadioactivity

The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to form a different isotope.

Half-time emitted Uranium-235 710 million yrs alpha, gammaPlutonium-239 24,000 yrs alpha, gamma

During operation, nuclear power plants produce radioactive wastes, including some that remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years.

Half-LifeHalf-Life

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• Genetic damages from mutations in DNA.

• Genetic defects can become apparent in the next generation or future generations.

• Somatic damages to tissue, such as burns, miscarriages & cancers.

Effects of RadiationEffects of Radiation

1. Low-level radiation • Sources: nuclear power plants, hospitals &

universities• 1940 – 1970 most was dumped into the ocean• Today- bury in deep layers of land

2. High-level radiation • Fuel rods from nuclear power plants• No agreement about a safe method of storage

Radioactive WasteRadioactive Waste

Radioactive WasteRadioactive Waste1. Bury it deep underground.

• Problems: i.e. earthquake, groundwater…2. Shoot it into space or into the sun.

• Problems: costs, accident would affect large area.

3. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet.• Problems: long-term stability of ice is not known,

global warming4. Most likely plan for the US

• Bury it into Yucca Mountain in desert of Nevada • Cost of over $ 50 billion• 160 miles from Las Vegas• Transportation across the country via train & truck

Yucca Mountain

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“Nuke Us”Article – Forbes Magazine 1/25/12

PLUTONIUM PLUTONIUM BREEDINGBREEDING238U is the most plentiful

isotope of UraniumNon-fissionable - useless as

fuelReactors can be designed to

convert 238U into a fissionable isotope of plutonium, 239Pu

REPROCESS NUCLEAR REPROCESS NUCLEAR FUELFUEL• During the operation of a

nuclear reactor the uranium runs out

• Accumulating fission products hinder the proper function of a nuclear reactor

• Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed every year

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PLUTONIUM IN SPENT PLUTONIUM IN SPENT FUELFUEL• Spent nuclear fuel contains

many newly formed plutonium atoms

• Miss out on the opportunity to split

• Plutonium in nuclear waste can be separated from fission products and uranium

• Cleaned Plutonium can be used in a different Nuclear Reactor

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TURKEY POINTTURKEY POINT NUCLEAR PLANT- NUCLEAR PLANT- HOMESTEAD, FL HOMESTEAD, FL Located on Biscayne Bay, 24

miles south of Miami and just east of the Homestead area

Two nuclear power units: the first unit began operation in 1972 the second unit following in 1973 Generates about 1,400

million watts of electricity -- enough power to supply the annual needs of more than 450,000 homes

Reactor manufacturer - Westinghouse

Turbine Generator Manufacturer - Westinghouse

A safe, reliable and a low-cost producer of electricity www.fpl.com- Turkey Point

NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY• Concerns about the safety,

cost, and liability have slowed the growth of the nuclear power industry

• Accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island showed that a partial or complete meltdown is possible

Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.

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Three Mile IslandThree Mile Island•March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost coolant water because of mechanical and human errors and suffered a partial meltdown

•50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled area

•Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released

•Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion

•Released radiation increased cancer rates.

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3 mile island3 mile island

ChernobylChernobyl• April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung radioactive debris into atmosphere

• Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths• Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths;• About 400,000 people were forced to leave their homes

• ~160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated• > Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity

• Cost of incident > $358 billionwww.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

National Geographic returns to the returns to the scene- 2006scene- 2006

Chernobyl disaster

Chernobyl Radioactive wolves

NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY• Nuclear plants must be decommissioned after

15-40 years• New reactor designs are still proposed• Experimental breeder nuclear fission reactors

have proven too costly to build and operate• Attempts to produce electricity by nuclear

fusion have been unsuccessful

Use of Nuclear EnergyUse of Nuclear Energy• U.S. phasing out• Some countries (France, Japan) investing

increasingly• U.S. currently ~7% of energy nuclear• No new U.S. power plants ordered since 1978• 40% of 105 commercial nuclear power expected to be

retired by 2015 and all by 2030• North Korea is getting new plants from the US• France 78% energy nuclear

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Phasing Out Nuclear PowerPhasing Out Nuclear Power•Multi-billion-$$ construction costs

•High operation costs

•Frequent malfunctions

•False assurances and cover–ups

•Overproduction of energy in some areas

•Poor management

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