Nonrenewable Energy ResourcesNonrenewable Energy Resources

Chapter 17APES

Ms. Miller

Chapter 17APES

Ms. Miller

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Available energy alternatives Available energy alternatives

Oil resources Oil resources

Natural gas resources Natural gas resources

Coal resources Coal resources

Nuclear fission and fusion Nuclear fission and fusion

Evaluating Energy ResourcesEvaluating Energy Resources Renewable energy—wind, solar, biomass, hydropower Renewable energy—wind, solar, biomass, hydropower

Non-renewable energy—Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear power

Non-renewable energy—Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear power

Fig. 17-3b p. 352Fig. 17-3b p. 352

Future availability—non-renewable sources running out

Future availability—non-renewable sources running out

Net energy yield—ration of useful energy produced to energy used to produce it

Figure 3 - This map shows simulated solar fraction using an average residential SWH. Numbers represent percentage of net energy savings for systems in that area, e.g. ,0.6 represents 60% net energy savings.

Environmental effects Environmental effects

Costs—are not only financial but also to the environment

Important Nonrenewable Energy SourcesImportant Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Fig. 17-2 p. 351Fig. 17-2 p. 351

Questions for Figure 17-2 pg 351Questions for Figure 17-2 pg 351• Which type of fossil fuel is normally found on

a layer above oil?

• What are two methods to remove coal from the earth?

• What is geothermal energy? Is geothermal energy a type of renewable or nonrenewable resource?

North American Energy ResourcesNorth American Energy Resources

Fig. 17-9 p. 357

Questions for Figure 17-9 pg 357Questions for Figure 17-9 pg 357

What type of fossil fuel is found in Michigan according to Figure 17-9?

From what you know, are there any other fossil fuels found in Michigan?

In which state would you find the arctic national wildlife refuge?

In what area of the United States would one go in search of an oil field?

OilOil Petroleum (crude oil)—thick

liquid that is separated into many products (gasoline, asphalt)

Petroleum (crude oil)—thick liquid that is separated into many products (gasoline, asphalt)

Fig. 17-8 p. 356Fig. 17-8 p. 356

Come and listen to a story about a man named JedA poor mountaineer, barely kept his family fed, Then one day he was shootin' at some food, And up through the ground came a bubblin' crude.

Oil that isBlack goldTexas tea.

Come and listen to a story about a man named JedA poor mountaineer, barely kept his family fed, Then one day he was shootin' at some food, And up through the ground came a bubblin' crude.

Oil that isBlack goldTexas tea.

Recovery—removed from ground by drilling and pumping

Looks weirdly the same!!!!Looks weirdly the same!!!!

Petrochemicals—products of oil distillation used to make other products (pesticide, plastics, paint, medicine, synthetic fiber)

Refining—heating and distillation of crude oil for separation

Transporting—most oil held in 11 countries (OPEC) and oil is main export

Conventional Oil: AdvantagesConventional Oil: Advantages

Relatively low cost High net energy yield Efficient distribution system

Relatively low cost High net energy yield Efficient distribution system

Refer to Fig. 17-15 p. 360Refer to Fig. 17-15 p. 360

Conventional Oil: DisadvantagesConventional Oil: Disadvantages

Running out Low prices encourage waste Air pollution and Greenhouse gasesWater pollution

Running out Low prices encourage waste Air pollution and Greenhouse gasesWater pollution

Refer to Fig. 17-15 p. 360

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Controversy: Trade-offsArctic National Wildlife Refuge Controversy: Trade-offs

Would create jobs Would create jobs

Refer to Fig. 17-14 p. 360

Oil resources are uncertain

Drilling controversies

Uncertain environmental impacts

Oil Shale and Tar SandsOil Shale and Tar Sands Oil shale—fine grain sedimentary

rock that can be distilled to to yield shale oilKerogen—combustible mixture of hydrocarbons found in oil shale

Oil shale—fine grain sedimentary rock that can be distilled to to yield shale oilKerogen—combustible mixture of hydrocarbons found in oil shale

Tar sand (oil sand)—mixture of clay, sand, water and combustible organic materialBitumen—combustible organic material in tar sand

Tar sand (oil sand)—mixture of clay, sand, water and combustible organic materialBitumen—combustible organic material in tar sand

Fig. 17-18 p. 362Fig. 17-18 p. 362

Natural GasNatural Gas 50-90% methane 50-90% methane Conventional gas—mostly found

above crude oil reservoirs

Conventional gas—mostly found above crude oil reservoirs

Unconventional gas—found in other underground sources

Unconventional gas—found in other underground sources

Methane hydrate—natural gas found in ice crystals

Methane hydrate—natural gas found in ice crystals

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)—stored in pressure tank (rural areas, grills, etc)

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)—stored in pressure tank (rural areas, grills, etc)

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)Way to transport at low temp

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)Way to transport at low temp Approximate 200 year supply Approximate 200 year supply

Fig. 17-19 p. 363

CoalCoal

Stages of coal formation: PeatLigniteBituminous CoalAnthracite

Stages of coal formation: PeatLigniteBituminous CoalAnthracite

Primarily strip-mined Primarily strip-mined

Used mostly for generating electricity Used mostly for generating electricity

Enough coal for about 1000 years Enough coal for about 1000 years

High environmental impact High environmental impact

Coal gasification and liquefaction Coal gasification and liquefaction

Fig. 17-20 p. 364Fig. 17-20 p. 364

Coal Formation and TypesCoal Formation and Types

Coal: Trade-offsCoal: Trade-offs

Fig. 17-21 p. 365

Synthetic FuelsSynthetic Fuels• Solid coal can be converted into synthetic

natural gas or into a liquid fuel

• Synthetic natural gas—made from coal by coal gasification

• Synthetic gasoline and liquid fuels—made from coal by coal liquefaction

• Both have advantages and disadvantages

Synthetic Fuels: Trade-offsSynthetic Fuels: Trade-offs

Fig. 17-22 p. 365

Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy Fission reactors Fission reactors

Uranium-235 Uranium-235 Potentially

dangerous(3 Mile island and

Chernobyl)

Potentially dangerous

(3 Mile island and Chernobyl)

Radioactive wastes—where do you store?

Radioactive wastes—where do you store?

Make sure to Read: Introductory Essay p. 350Make sure to Read: Introductory Essay p. 350 Fig. 17-23 p. 367Fig. 17-23 p. 367

Locations of U.S. Nuclear Power PlantsLocations of U.S. Nuclear Power Plants

Fig. 17-25 p. 369

Questions for Figure 17-25Questions for Figure 17-25

• 1) How many operating nuclear power plants are in Michigan?

• 2) What states have the most operating nuclear power plants?

• 3) In which state is the high-level nuclear waste storage site?

• 4) How do nuclear wastes get to Yucca Mountain?

The Nuclear Fuel CycleThe Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Fig. 17-24 p. 368

Conventional Nuclear Power: Trade-offsConventional Nuclear Power: Trade-offs

Fig. 17-26 p. 370

Serious Nuclear AccidentsSerious Nuclear Accidents

Three Mile Island (1979) Three Mile Island (1979)

Chernobyl (1986): p. 350

Several thousand volunteers died on the scene, and it is estimated that 7,000 to 10,000 volunteers died in total, considering short and

long-term effects. Thousands of miles from the scene, the birth defect rate became double the world average.

Dealing with Nuclear WasteDealing with Nuclear Waste High- and low-level wastes: classification High- and low-level wastes: classification Terrorist threats: increased since 9/11 Terrorist threats: increased since 9/11 How do you dispose? Underground burial

How do you dispose? Underground burial Disposal in space—send to sun? Disposal in space—send to sun? Burial in ice sheets: Antarctic or Greenland Burial in ice sheets: Antarctic or Greenland Dumping into subduction zones: deep ocean Dumping into subduction zones: deep ocean Burial in ocean mud: geologically stable for 65

million years

Burial in ocean mud: geologically stable for 65 million years

Conversion into harmless materials: currently no way to do this

Conversion into harmless materials: currently no way to do this

Yucca Mountain ControversyYucca Mountain Controversy

Wastes stored and guarded in one place

Possible long-term groundwater contamination

Security and safety concerns during waste transport to the site

Refer to Fig. 17-29 p. 374

Permanent Underground Disposal of Nuclear WastesPermanent Underground Disposal of Nuclear Wastes

Storage Containers

Fuel rod

Primary canister

Overpackcontainersealed

Underground

Buried and capped

Ground Level

Unloaded from train

Lowered down shaft

Personnel elevator

Air shaft

Nuclear waste shaft

Fig. 17-28 p. 373

Nuclear AlternativesNuclear Alternatives

Breeder nuclear fission reactorsExpensive to buildExpensive to opearateTechnology has been abandoned due to French failure

Breeder nuclear fission reactorsExpensive to buildExpensive to opearateTechnology has been abandoned due to French failure

Nuclear fusion50 years of researchBillions in fundingStill in lab stage (uses more energy than produced)

Nuclear fusion50 years of researchBillions in fundingStill in lab stage (uses more energy than produced)

New reactor designs: advanced light-water reactors (ALWRs)Expensive to build ($2 billion)

New reactor designs: advanced light-water reactors (ALWRs)Expensive to build ($2 billion)