north gom petroleum systems: modeling the burial and thermal history, organic maturation, and...
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North GOM Petroleum Systems: Modeling the Burial and Thermal History,
Organic Maturation, and Hydrocarbon Generation and Expulsion
Roger J. Barnaby2006 GCAGS MEETING
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• Evaluate source rock hydrocarbon potential and maturity– Smackover geochemistry (TOC, kerogen)– Model burial history – Model thermal history
• Model hydrocarbon maturation, generation and expulsion – Key controls– Timing and burial depths– Volumes of oil and gas
• Assess secondary hydrocarbon migration
Previous studies of northern GOM crude oils: composition, 13C,document Type II algal kerogen in Smackover major source
Objectives
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SA
BIN
E U
PLI
FT
N. LASALT BASIN
MONROEUPLIFT
Primary control for basin modeling 140 key wells (red) 44 sample wells (blue) 30 additional wells being analyzed
50 mi
CRETACEOUS SHELF MARGIN
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Burial History: Depositional and Erosion Events
Geological time scale: Berggren et al. 1995Formation ages: Salvador 1991 Galloway et al. 2000 Mancini and Puckett 2002; 2003 Mancini et al 2004
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Smackover
Cotton Valley
Hosston
Sligo
MooringsportGlen Rose
Paluxy
Austin
Wilcox
Miocene
Oligocene
TuscaloosaWash/Fred
Midway
Jackson
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Burial History
• Reconstructed from present-day sediment thickness after correcting for compaction
• Compaction due to sediment loading• Maximum paleo water depths < few 100 meters,
no correction for water loading– Paleobathymetry– Sea level through time
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Porosity-Depth Relationships
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
porosityd
epth
(ft
)
Limestone
Sandstone
Shale
= 0 exp (-Kz)
Where: = porosity0 = Initial porosityK = compaction factorz = depth
Exponential Compaction
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
porosity
dep
th (
ft)
Burial History: Decompaction
3
2
1
12
1
3
2
1y1
y2
y’1
y’2
t1Remove 2 & 3Decompact 1
t2 Add 2
Partially compact 1
t3Add 3
Compact 2 and 1
Present-daydepths
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
050100150200
Time (Ma)
Dep
th (
ft)
Compacted
Non-compacted
Burial History: Compacted vs Non-compacted
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Lithology (Wilcox)
CALCULATE DECOMPACTION-lithology from digital logsEnd member lithologies-SS, SH, LS, ANHLog-derived lithology -mixture of end membersCompaction parameters formixed lithology – weighted arithmetic average
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Lithology (Upper Glen Rose)
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Smackover
Cotton Valley
Hosston
Sligo
MooringsportGlen Rose
Paluxy
Austin
Wilcox
Miocene
Oligocene
TuscaloosaWash/Fred
Midway
Jackson
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Burial History
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Smackover
Cotton Valley
Hosston
Sligo
Mooringsport Wash/FredGlen RoseTuscaloosa
Austin
Midway
Wilcox
Miocene
Oligocene
Jackson
2
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Burial History
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• Modeling formation temperature– Heat flow approach: temperature function of
basement heat flow, thermal conductivity overlying sediment
• Present-day heat flow– Well BHTs– Surface temp = 20oC– Thermal conductivity
• Porosity and lithology are major variables controlling thermal conductivity
• In-situ thermal conductivity computed by BasinMod
Thermal History
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meter (103 . deg K)
T2, y2
T1, y1
= T2-T1 (103 . deg K)y2-y1 (meters)
W
meters2
Heat Flow
xW
TemperatureGradient
ThermalConductivity
Heat Flow Calculation
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CalculatedHeat Flow = 50 mW/m2
BHTs
Calculated vs Measured BHTs
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Thermal History: Paleoheat Flow• Constant vs. rift model
= 2.0
= 1.75
= 1.5
= 1.25
= 1.0
N. LA Beta1.25 ≤ ≤ 2.0
Nunn et al 1984 Dunbar & Sawyer 1987
170130026300
Moho Crust
Subcrustallithosphere
Aesthenosphere
= 230 km
120 km
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= 1.25
= 1.5
= 1.75
= 2.0Dunbar and Sawyer 1987
Thermal History: Lithospheric Stretching
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SA
BIN
E U
PLI
FT
MONROE UPLIFT
50 mi
17067006100
170612011700
170152087800
170152065500
170692007200
171190136200
170692023300
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
0.10 1.00 10.00
%Ro (measured)
Dep
th (f
t)
Surface %Ro (expected)
17067006100
170612011700
Trend A
Trend B
Thermal HistoryLate K Igneous Event
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Moody (1949)
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Optimum match between BHTs and %Ro and modeled valuesusing rift model with Late Cretaceous thermal event
170670006100 (J-2)
Late K thermal event
Heat Flow History and Thermal Maturity, Monroe Uplift
6000 ft
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Heat Flow: 170 Ma
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Heat Flow: 119 Ma
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Heat Flow: 95 Ma
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Heat Flow: 17 Ma
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• Thermal maturity (%Ro) calculated using kinetic model from LLNL• Standard type II kerogen • 1D steady-state heat flow at model base, heat transfer from conduction
Maturity Modeling
170692023300
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Thermal History: Paleoheat Flow• Thermal maturity constrained by %Ro
170692023300
48 mW/m2, rift model, modeled maturity reasonably matches TAI and %Ro
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171190164100
170152087800170812037000
170812042100
170692008800170692007200
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Calculated %Ro vs. Measured
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Present-day95 Ma
Smackover Maturity
Present-day
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Hydrocarbon Generation & Expulsion
0
5
10
15
20
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
TOC (%)
N
Smackover: oil-prone Type II kerogen
TOC data updip wells onlyExtrapolated downdip
Ran models with range TOC
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Pepper (1991)
OIL-WATER SYSTEMWATER-WET LITHOLOGIES
TY
PIC
AL
RE
SE
RV
OIR
S
OIL SOURCEROCKS
PHASESEQUALLYMOBILE
OILINCREASINGLY
MOBILE
WATERINCREASINGLY
MOBILE
0.7 0.4 0.0
RE
LA
TIV
E P
ER
ME
AB
ILIT
Y:
OIL
/WA
TE
R
OIL SATURATION
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
KSwirr
Ex: saturation threshold = 0.20
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Oil Expulsion Volumetrics
109 bbls oil
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Expulsed Oil Volumetrics
peak expulsion (108 to 103 my)(late Early Cretaceous)
TOC = 2 x RKZSaturation Threshold = 0.15
Constant heat flow (present-day)
Rift heat flowmodel
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Primary gas
Secondary gas
Average GOR, North Louisiana = 12,500, up to 500,000 or more
Gas Generation and Expulsion
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TOC = 2%, saturation threshold = 0.2, rift heat flow w/ K event
Expelled Gas (Primary + Secondary)
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Timing of gas expulsion
Saturation threshold = 0.2TOC = 1%Heat flow model with rifting and late K event
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
020406080100120140
M.a.
Cu
mu
lati
ve
Ex
pu
lse
d G
as
Fra
cti
on
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N. LA Petroleum System
E M L E L
Source Rock
Reservoir Rocks
Overburden Rocks
Generation-Expulsion
Salt
Uplift
Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary
200 150 100 50
TimeScale Petroleum
Systems Events
Critical Moments
Secondary Migration
Trap
oilgas
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Conclusions
• Geochemical data and basin modeling indicate that Smackover mature for oil and gas
• Peak oil expulsion late Early Cretaceous, persisted into Late Cretaceous
• Most gas is secondary• Peak gas expulsion early to middle Tertiary• Cumulative production accounts for less than
1.0% of total expulsed volumes of oil and gas– Estimates in published literature 1-3%