184

Notes

Preface

1. Something of Myself (London: Macmillan, 1937), p. 190.

The sentence for mutiny

1. Something of Myself, p. 1.2. Ibid., p. 2.3. Ibid., p. 1.4. In a letter of 1896 he observes that ‘my little books deal only with a small

section of a small province [ . . . ] that has been barely fifty years under ourcontrol’. (To an Unidentified Recipient, 11 March 1896, in Thomas Pinney(ed.), The Letters of Rudyard Kipling [hereafter referred to as Letters], 4 vols todate (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990–), vol. 2, p. 236.

5. Ibid., p. 4.6. Ibid., p. 3.7. Ibid., p. 3. Kipling’s memories of his ayah contrast with the attitude of many

Anglo-Indians. Aberigh Mackay, for example, offers a typically prejudicedaccount of the ‘orientalisation’ of an English baby by its nursemaid and bearer:‘Baby is debarred from the society of his compatriots [ . . . ] so Baby lisps hisdawn paeans in soft Oriental accents, waking harmonious echoes among thoseimpulsive and impressionable children of Nature who masque themselves inthe black slough of Bearers and Ayahs; and Baby blubbers in Hindustani [ . . . ].Very soon Baby will think from right to left, and will lisp in the luxuriantbloom of Oriental hyperbole’ (Mackay, Twenty-One Days in India, being the Tourof Sir Ali Baba, K.C.B. [London: W.H. Allen & Co., 1890], pp. 91–93).

8. Something of Myself, p. 3.9. Ibid., p. 2.

10. Ibid., p. 2.11. Ibid., p. 6.12. Lord Birkenhead, Rudyard Kipling (London: W.H. Allen & Co., 1978), p. 17.13. Something of Myself, pp. 9–10.14. Ibid., p. 25.15. Ibid., p. 25.16. To W.C. Crofts, 18–27 February 1886, in Letters, vol. 1, p. 118.17. Something of Myself, p. 40.18. Ibid., p. 40.19. Ibid., p. 39.20. Ibid., p. 62.21. Cf. Memmi’s account of the privileges of colonial life that wage a war of moral

attrition against the liberal sensibilities of the young imperial official, trans-forming him, against his better judgement, into a card-carrying colonialist

Notes 185

(Albert Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized [1957, London: Earthscan,1990]).

22. To Margaret Burne-Jones, 28 November 1885–1911 January 1886, Letters,vol. 1, p. 101.

23. Ibid., p. 51.24. The Ilbert Bill, named after the Legal Member of Council, was controversially

introduced in February 1883. Reforming certain areas of the legal process,it incidentally granted native authorities the power to try British subjects.After initially opposing the Bill with numerous items of ‘stern disapproval’(Something of Myself, p. 32), the Civil and Military Gazette changed its pos-ition, proclaiming that the Bill should be allowed to pass.

25. Something of Myself, p. 51. I have corrected Kipling’s error about his age in theprinted text. At the time of the incident he was seventeen, not, as he wrote,twenty.

26. Cf. Edward Shanks, Rudyard Kipling: A Study in Literature and Political Ideals(London: Macmillan, 1940), pp. 40–42; Louis L. Cornell, Kipling in India(London: Macmillan, 1966), p. 91, Shamsul Islam, Kipling’s ‘Law’: A Study inhis Philosophy of Life (London: Macmillan, 1975), p. 21, and Clare Hanson,Short Stories and Short Fictions, 1880–1980 (London: Macmillan, 1985), p. 29.

27. Plain Tales from the Hills (1888, London: Macmillan, 1899), p. 9.28. Ibid., p. 15.29. Something of Myself, p. 208.30. To Margaret Burne-Jones, 27 September 1885, Letters, vol. 1, pp. 91 and 93.31. Although Lewis Wurgaft has written an insightful account of this period in

relation to Kipling’s work (see Lewis D. Wurgaft, The Imperial Imagination:Magic and Myth in Kipling’s India [Middletown, Connecticut: WesleyanUniversity Press, 1983]) he focuses upon the psychology of the civil service atthe expense of the specifically textual and juridical aspects of British author-ity. The non-regulation system itself has received no critical attention interms of its rhetorical structures and their influence upon Kipling’s writings.

32. L.S.S. O’Malley, The Indian Civil Service (1931, London: Frank Cass, 1965),p. 58.

33. Macaulay, ‘Minute on Education’, 12 October 1836, in Eric Stokes, EnglishUtilitarians and India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 46.

34. Ibid., pp. 45–46.35. The term ‘Mutiny’ is used only for the sake of coherence, this being the term

employed by Kipling and the Anglo-Indian writers of the period.36. O’Malley, The Indian Civil Service, pp. 58–59.37. Ibid., p. 55. After clearing and cultivating the district known as the Santal

Parganas, the Santals ‘fell into the hands of moneylenders whose exactionswere enforced by legal process’ (ibid., p. 55). Distrustful of the law-courts,they rose against the British in a campaign that lasted for six months, which,following its suppression, resulted in the district being brought under thenon-regulation system (ibid., p. 56).

38. Ibid., p. 60.39. S.S. Thorburn, The Punjab in Peace and War (1904, New Delhi: Usha

Publications, 1987), p. 253.40. S.S. Thorburn, Musalmans and Money-lenders (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1886),

p. 98.

186 Notes

41. Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present (1843) in H.D. Trail (ed.), The CentenaryEdition of The Works of Thomas Carlyle, 30 vols (New York: Scribner,1896–1899), vol. X, p. 104.

42. Heroes and Hero-Worship (1841), The Works of Thomas Carlyle, vol. V, p. 61.43. The Punjab in Peace and War, p. 156.44. Ibid., p. 241.45. Ibid., p. 241.46. William Wilson Hunter, Annals of Rural Bengal (1868–1872, London: Smith

and Elder, 1897), pp. 259–260.47. Eric Stokes explains the important role of Fitzjames Stephen, law member for

India (1869–1872), in the codification of British law in India and the estab-lishment of a ‘great administrative machine’ based on the utilitarian modelof Bentham (English Utilitarians and India [Oxford: Oxford University Press,1959], pp. 280–281). The first census of British India was undertaken in 1872 –a project that gave rise, under the direction of William Wilson Hunter, to themassive Imperial Gazetteer of British India (9 vols, London: Trubner, 1881).Hunter’s efforts illustrate the influence of the utilitarian tradition upon therunning of the land.

48. Annals of Rural Bengal, p. 103.49. Ibid., p. 103. Hunter’s anthropological and philosophical speculations are

indebted to Henry Maine, legal member in India from 1862 to 1869, who,in works such as Ancient Law (1861, London: John Murray, 1870), VillageCommunities in the East and West (London: John Murray, 1871) uses the studyof Sanskrit and comparative jurisprudence to argue that India comprisedAryan institutions arrested at an early stage of development. Maine is usefullyconsidered in J.W. Burrow, Evolution and Society (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1966), pp. 144–169, placing scientific positivism in itsgeological and anthropological context.

50. Hunter uses Sanskrit literature to explain the intellectual superiority of theAryan Bengali over the Indian ‘aborigine’: ‘The Aryan warrior used to prayfor victory over “the men of the inarticulate utterance” and “of the uncouthtalk”[ . . . ]. Of [their] language, the most striking features are its multitudeof words for whatever can be seen or handled, and its absolute inability toexpress reflex conceptions of the intellect’ (Annals of Rural Bengal, p. 113).Hunter’s reverence for a warrior caste, who deplore the inability of the abo-riginal language to ‘shadow forth the mystery of man’s inward life’, not onlyfurther parallels the progressive Raj administration, but also intimates thecrusading, controlling temper of the reformers and educators.

51. Annals of Rural Bengal, p. 139.52. C.E. Trevelyan, The Education of the People of India, pp. 192–195, in Stokes,

English Utilitarians and India. For further discussion of the role of educationin the governance of India, see Gauri Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest:Literary Study and British Rule in India (London: Faber, 1990). Viswanathansuggests that in India the discipline of English studies evolved in accordancewith the double agenda of moral improvement and political control, pro-viding a means to represent British cultural ‘authority’ while maintaininga policy of religious non-interference.

53. John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic Ratiocinative and Inductive (1843), inF.E. Priestley and J.M. Robson, Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, 33 vols

Notes 187

(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963–1991), vol. VII, pp. 642and 643.

54. Ibid., p. 10.55. Ibid., p. 462.56. John Stuart Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (1861), Collected

Works of John Stuart Mill, vol. XIX, p. 393.57. Stokes, English Utilitarians and India, p. 239.58. Ibid., p. 269.59. Something of Myself, p. 15.60. Ibid., p. 15.61. To Charles Eliot Norton, 31 December 1896, Letters, vol. 2, p. 279.62. To Charles Eliot Norton, 19 October 1894, Letters, vol. 2, p. 154. The

unpleasant side of Carlyle is evidenced by his support for Governor Eyre,who was tried for the massacre of colonised peoples during the Morant bayrebellion (1865), and his excoriations of ‘pumpkin eating’ slaves inOccasional Discourse on the Nigger Question. Edward Said argues that Carlyle‘speaks a lingua franca for metropolitan Britain: global, comprehensive, andwith so vast a social authority as to be accessible to anyone speaking toand about the nation’ [Culture and Imperialism (1993, London: Vintage, 1994),p. 123]. For Said, this lingua franca ‘locates England at the focal point of aworld also presided over by its power, illuminated by its ideas and culture,kept productive by the attitudes of its moral teachers, artists, legislators’[ibid., p. 123]. Kipling understood the social authority that Carlyle conferredupon his pronouncements ‘to and about the nation’. Famously bullishand brusque, Carlyle enjoyed a sort of fugitive status in English letters, yetwas also one of its feted sons – a self-appointed outsider whose critiqueof flunkeyism was not just the scourge of liberals, but also of complacent,middle-class Tories.

63. Sartor Resartus (1831), The Works of Thomas Carlyle, vol. I, p. 157.64. Past and Present (1843), The Works of Thomas Carlyle, vol. X, p. 47.65. ‘On History’, Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, The Works Of Thomas Carlyle,

vol. XXVII, p. 88.66. James Anthony Froude (ed.), Reminiscences by Thomas Carlyle, 2 vols (London:

Longmans, Green and Co., 1881), vol. 2, p. 223.67. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 7.68. Something of Myself, p. 43.69. To Margaret Burne-Jones, 28 November 1885–1911 January 1886, Letters,

vol. 1, p. 100.70. Ibid., p. 100.71. Carlyle, Signs of the Times (1829), The Works of Thomas Carlyle, vol. XXVII,

p. 66.72. Ibid., p. 99.73. Andrew Lycett, Rudyard Kipling (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1999),

p. 130.74. Longman’s Magazine, vol. VIII, October 1886. Reprinted in Roger Lancelyn

Green (ed.), Kipling: The Critical Heritage (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,1971), pp. 34–35.

75. Louis Cornell, Kipling in India, p. 41.76. To Edith Macdonald, 4–5 December, 1886, Letters, vol. 1, p. 139.

77. To Robert Underwood Johnson, 14 December 1895, Letters, vol. 2, p. 219.78. Ibid., p. 219.79. The two instalments of ‘In the Year ’57’ are included in Kipling’s scrapbooks

at Sussex (The Kipling Papers, 28/4). Reference here is to the Civil andMilitary Gazette, May 14 and 23, 1887.

80. ‘In the Year ’57’, ibid., May 14, 1887, p. 4.81. Ibid., p. 4.82. Ibid., p. 4.83. Ibid., p. 4.84. Ibid., p. 4.85. Ibid., May 23, 1887, p. 4.86. Ibid., p. 4.87. Bombay was often regarded as a soft-option by Anglo-Indians, who were

fond of satirising its elaborate domestic arrangements and extravagances.See, for example, E.H. Aitken’s Behind the Bungalow (Calcutta: Thacker & Co.,1889).

88. ‘In the Year ’57’, the Civil and Military Gazette, May 23, 1887, p. 4.89. Ibid., p. 4.90. Sartor Resartus (1831), The Works of Thomas Carlyle, vol. I, p. 6.91. Heroes and Hero-Worship (1841), ibid., vol. V, p. 66.92. ‘In the Year ’57’, the Civil and Military Gazette, May 14, 1887, p. 4.93. Past and Present (1843), The Works of Thomas Carlyle, vol. X, pp. 91–92.94. ‘In the Year ’57’, the Civil and Military Gazette, May 23, 1887, p. 4.95. Ibid., p. 4.96. ‘The Viceroy at Patiala’, the CMG, 22 March 1884. Reprinted in Thomas

Pinney (ed.), Kipling’s India: Uncollected Sketches, 1884–88 [hereafter Kipling’sIndia] (London: Macmillan, 1986), p. 27.

97. Ibid., p. 28.98. ‘A Week in Lahore’, 7 May 1884, ibid., p. 34.99. Anglo-Indian Society, 29 January 1887, ibid., p. 193.

100. ‘Typhoid at Home’, ibid., p. 77.101. ‘To Meet the Ameer’, ibid., pp. 78, 93. For an account of the history

and symbolic significance of the durbar to the Raj, see Bernard S. Cohn,‘Representing Authority in Victorian India’ in Hobsbawm and Ranger(eds), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1983), p. 198.

102. Ibid., p. 101.103. Ibid., p. 101.104. Kipling’s India, p. 274. The interview seems to have furnished the details of

a little-known Kipling story, ‘The Amir’s Homily’, collected in Life’sHandicap (London: Macmillan, 1890) – particularly regarding the accountof the location and workings of the Amir’s durbar, and the fascination withsummary justice.

105. Kipling’s India, p. 274.106. Ibid., pp. 272 and 273.107. From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches. Letters of Travel [hereafter From Sea to Sea]

2 vols (London: Macmillan, 1899–1900), vol. I, p. 98.108. Ibid., p. 101.109. Kipling’s India, p. 275.

188 Notes

Notes 189

110. From Sea to Sea, p. 306.111. Ibid., p. 276.112. Plain Tales from the Hills, p. 107.113. Ibid., p. 108.114. Ibid., p. 108.115. Signs of the Times (1829), The Works of Thomas Carlyle, vol. XXVII, p. 68.116. Plain Tales from the Hills, p. 153.117. Ibid., p. 154.118. The Punjab in Peace and War, p. 231.119. Plain Tales from the Hills, p. 153.120. Ibid., p. 152.121. For example, G.F. Monkshood comments: ‘In reading Suddhoo there comes

again a shuddering remembrance of that lurid genius Edgar Poe and hisimaginings of things darksome and full of dread. [...] Mr Kipling seems toacknowledge and anticipate the shudder that will greet these gazings into thewindows of the East and into its inmost life’ (Rudyard Kipling: An Attempt atAppreciation [London: Greening, 1899], p. 156). More recently, Elliot Gilberthas argued that ‘In the House of Suddhoo’ is ‘not a story of the supernatural’(The Good Kipling [Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1972], p. 68).Nevertheless, by attributing the humiliation of the official to a combinationof his own naiveté and the superior cunning of the tenants, Gilbert refusesto blame the Penal Code for his downfall, which is surely the response –given the closing passages and the original title – that Kipling had in mind.

122. Something of Myself, p. 228.123. Kim (London: Macmillan, 1901), p. 4.124. Ibid., p. 233.125. Ibid., p. 12.126. Ibid., p. 14.127. Ibid., p. 16.128. Ibid., p. 362.129. Ibid., p. 218.130. Ibid., p. 403.131. See Homi K. Bhabha, ‘Signs Taken for Wonders: Questions of Ambivalence

and Authority Under a Tree Outside Delhi, May 1817’ (1985), Ashcroft,Griffiths, and Tiffin (eds), The Post-Colonial Studies Reader (London: Routledge,1995), p. 35.

132. Patrick Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness: British literature and Imperialism,1830–1914 (New York: Cornell University Press, 1988), p. 227.

133. Ian Baucom, Out of Place: Englishness, Empire, and the Locations of identity(Princeton: Princeton Unvirsity Press, 1999), pp. 65–69.

134. Plain Tales from the Hills, p. 316.135. ‘False Dawn’, ibid., p. 42.136. Ibid., p. 224.137. Ibid., p. 225.138. William H. Whyte, The Organisation Man (New York: Simon and Schuster,

1956).139. ‘Miss Youghal’s Sais’, Plain Tales from the Hills, p. 29.140. Ibid., p. 28.141. Ibid., p. 181.

Borderline fictions and fantasies

1. Something of Myself, p. 57.2. Ibid., pp. 41, 47.3. Lycett, Rudyard Kipling, p. 30.4. ‘A Study of the Congress by an Eye Witness’, the Pioneer, 1 January 1889, and

‘A Job Lot’, the Pioneer, 1 September 1888.5. Something of Myself, p. 68.6. Ibid., p. 70.7. Ibid., p. 69.8. Ibid., p. 70.9. John R. McLane, Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress (Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 1977), p. 3.10. Lycett, Rudyard Kipling, p. 168.11. Something of Myself, p. 52.12. Ibid., p. 71.13. Ibid., p. 68.14. Ibid., p. 73.15. In The Colonizer and the Colonized, Memmi suggests that the Englishman

abroad in the empire enjoys privileges unimaginable to his counterparts onthe home front. These advantages shape his conservative politics and hisattitude to the home country, which he considers a threat to his freedom andauthority (ibid., p. 129). My account of Kipling’s move from the obscurityof Lahore to the ‘all-India’ environment of Allahabad – where he faced newlevels of professional discipline and strictures upon his writing – borrowsfrom this formulation directly.

16. To Margaret Burne-Jones, 25 January–24 March 1888, Letters, vol. 1, p. 151.17. Ibid., pp. 151–152.18. Ibid., p. 70.19. Said employs this term to describe the ‘author’s position in a text with regard

to the Oriental material he writes about’, encompassing ‘the kind of narra-tive voice he adopts, the type of structure he builds, the kinds of images,themes, motifs that circulate in his text’ (Orientalism [1978, Harmondsworth:Penguin, 1995], p. 20).

20. William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India (1894, New York, AMS Press,1971), p. vii.

21. From Sea to Sea, vol. I, p. 130.22. Ibid., p. 131.23. Ibid., p. 9.24. Ibid., p. 10.25. Ibid., pp. 10–11.26. To Margaret Burne-Jones, 25 January–24 March 1886, Letters, vol. 1, p. 151.27. Ibid., p. 151.28. ‘The Amir’s Homily’, Life’s Handicap: Being Stories of Mine Own People

(London: Macmillan, 1891), p. 333.29. Wee Willie Winkie and Other Stories (1888, Harmondsworth: Macmillan, 1899),

p. 249.30. In a letter to his cousin, Kipling explains that during a train journey through

Rajasthan he had ‘met a man who was also a mason’, and had agreed to carryan inscrutable message to a man – who was also a brother of mine – at an

190 Notes

Notes 191

unnamed junction on the north-west edge of the desert (To Margaret Burne-Jones, 25 January–24 March 1886, Letters, vol. 1, p. 153).

31. Wee Willie Winkie and Other Stories, p. 207.32. Ibid., p. 208.33. Ibid., p. 209.34. Ibid., p. 205.35. Ibid., p. 211.36. Ibid., p. 217.37. Ibid., pp. 211–212.38. Ibid., p. 209.39. Ibid., p. 232.40. Ibid., p. 232.41. Ibid., pp. 205 and 240.42. Ibid., p. 236.43. Ibid., p. 232.44. Ibid., p. 200.45. Ibid., p. 200.46. Ibid., p. 216.47. Ibid., p. 220.48. In The Wretched of the Earth (1961, London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1965), Frantz

Fanon explores the relationship between the design of the colonial cityand its policies of segregation and surveillance, suggesting that colonialauthorities have much to fear, and therefore to control, in urban centres.

49. Hannerz, Cultural Complexity: Studies in the Social Organisation of Meaning(New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), pp. 173–216.

50. Ibid., pp. 199, 201.51. The City of Dreadful Night, reprinted in From Sea to Sea, vol. II, p. 202.52. Ibid., p. 254.53. Ibid., p. 242.54. Ibid., p. 247.55. Ibid., p. 247.56. Ibid., p. 204.57. Ibid., pp. 205–206.58. Ibid., p. 201.59. Ibid., p. 205.60. Ibid., p. 203.61. Ibid., pp. 203, 205, and 208.62. ‘Among the Railway Folk’, From Sea to Sea, vol. II, p. 275.63. Ibid., p. 282.64. Ibid., p. 274.65. Ibid., p. 276.66. Ibid., p. 298.67. Ibid., p. 298.68. ‘The Giridhi Coal Fields’, ibid., p. 309.69. Ibid., 322.70. Ibid., p. 317.71. ‘In an Opium Factory’, From Sea to Sea, vol. II, p. 338.72. The City of Dreaful Night, ibid., p. 249.73. Kipling advised Baldwin, then in Parliament, that the ‘native of India is

by nature and environment temperate to an extent that the Englishman

192 Notes

does not appreciate and his dealings with the drug (an excellent thing initself and in moderation about as harmful as tobacco) are most strictlylimited. In fever districts, opium is much used as a guard against fever;also among coolies as a stimulus under heavy work. [ . . . ] I know that theopium habit in India is nothing as compared to the ordinary effects ofliquor in a town full of white Christians but you see I can’t prove itand my evidence wouldn’t be worth a rap’ (To Baldwin, May 1893, Letters,vol. 2, pp. 98–99).

74. The City of Dreadful Night (London: Sampson, Low, Marston and Company,1891), p. 96. This comment is omitted from the reprint in From Sea to Sea.

75. From Sea to Sea, vol. II, p. 336.76. Ibid., p. 332.77. Ibid., p. 333.78. Ibid., pp. 333–334.79. Ibid., p. 332.80. Ibid., p. 332.81. Ibid., p. 333.82. Ibid., p. 332.83. Richard Sennett, The Conscience of the Eye (London: Faber and Faber, 1990),

p. 53.84. Ibid., p. 29.85. Soldiers Three and Other Stories (1888, London: Macmillan, 1899), p. 324.86. Ibid., p. 332.87. Ibid., p. 335.88. Ibid., p. 339.89. Ibid., p. 345.90. Ibid., p. 349.91. Ibid., p. 321.92. Ibid., p. 322.93. Ibid., p. 322.94. Ibid., p. 331.95. Ibid., p. 324.96. Ibid., p. 325.97. Ibid., p. 341.98. Ibid., p. 346.99. Ibid., p. 346.

100. Ibid., p. 339.101. Ibid., p. 340.102. Ibid., p. 340.103. Ibid., p. 351.104. Ibid., p. 329.105. Ibid., p. 351.106. Donald Levine (ed.), George Semmel: On Individuality and Social Forms

(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), pp. 75–76.107. K.T. Erikson, Wayward Puritans: A Study in the Sociology of Deviance (New

York: Wiley, 1966), p. 13.108. These were confusingly entitled ‘The City of Two Creeds’ and ‘The City

of the Two Creeds’, appearing in the Civil and Military Gazette on 19 and22 October 1885, and 1 October 1887 respectively.

Notes 193

109. ‘The City of the Two Creeds’, Kipling’s India, p. 266.110. Ibid., p. 266.111. Ibid., p. 266.112. Ibid., p. 268.113. The phrase occurs in the letter to Edith Macdonald cited above: ‘I find that

Allahabad is 800 miles from Lahore and I should be as completely out ofthe family as though I were in England’ (To Macdonald, 30 July–1 August1885, Letters, vol. 1, p. 82).

114. In a letter to his cousin written soon after his arrival in Allahabad, he makesperhaps the most telling connection between exile in Southsea and life inthe city, recalling the brief annual stay at the home of his aunt, which hadgranted him temporary respite from the House of Desolation: ‘I fancy fromwhat I can make out of the movements of my folk in the north, that I shallcome home next year for a while and then we will sit in the mulberry treeand hide pieces of bread and pork dripping under the dining room sofa andslide down the drawing room table and flatly deny the existence of anysuch objectionable being as “Mr Rudyard Kipling” or of so womanly wise asoul as “Miss Margaret Burne-Jones”.’ (To Margaret Burne-Jones, 25 Januaryto 24 March, Letters, vol. 1, p. 151). The reference to the mulberry tree andthe construction of a slide fits perfectly with the description of the visits hegave in his autobiography many years later: ‘[T]here was the society of mytwo cousins, and a sloping mulberry tree which we used to climb for ourplots and conferences. There was a rocking-horse in the nursery and a tablethat, tilted up on two chairs, made a toboggan-slide of the best’ (Somethingof Myself, p. 12).

115. Wee Willie Winkie and Other Stories, p. 297.116. Ibid., p. 291.117. Ibid., pp. 282–283.118. Ibid., p. 302.119. Ibid., pp. 290–291.120. Ibid., p. 280.121. Ibid., p. 271.122. Ibid., p. 292.123. Ibid., p. 284.124. Ibid., p. 287.125. Ibid., p. 305.126. Ibid., p. 300.127. Ibid., p. 310.

American fiction

1. Something of Myself, p. 74.2. Charles Neider (ed.), The Autobiography of Mark Twain (1917, London:

Chatto and Windus, 1960), p. 287.3. From Sea to Sea, vol. II, p. 186.4. Something of Myself, p. 79.5. Ibid., p. 80.

6. Ibid., p. 80.7. Lycett, Rudyard Kipling, p. 198.8. Ibid., p. 185.9. Birkenhead, Rudyard Kipling, pp. 106–107.

10. The full title of the poem, ‘In Partibus Infidelium’ means ‘In the Countriesof Infidels’.

11. ‘In Partibus’, Andrew Rutherford (ed.), Early Verse by Rudyard Kipling,1879–1889: Unpublished, Uncollected, and Rarely Collected Poems (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 471.

12. Lycett, Rudyard Kipling, pp. 183 and 196.13. Something of Myself, p. 91.14. Ibid., p. 92.15. ‘In Partibus’, Early Verse by Rudyard Kipling, p. 472.16. Something of Myself, p. 87.17. Ibid., p. 87.18. Ibid., p. 93.19. The Light That Failed (1891, London: Macmillan, 1899), p. 51.20. Ibid., p. 191.21. Ibid., p. 279.22. Ibid., p. 195.23. Ibid., pp. 42–43.24. Birkenhead, Rudyard Kipling, p. 307.25. Ibid., p. 307.26. The Naulahka: A Story of West and East (London: Macmillan, 1892), p. 315.27. Ibid., p. 331.28. Ibid., p. 321.29. Lycett, Rudyard Kipling, p. 228.30. The Naulahka, p. 317.31. Something of Myself, pp. 93 and 94.32. Ibid., p. 134.33. Ibid., p. 107.34. See John Carlos Rowe, Literary Culture and US Imperialism (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 2000).35. Orientalism, p. 290.36. Culture and Imperialism, p. 381.37. Lycett, Rudyard Kipling, p. 273.38. Brooks Adams, America’s Economic Supremacy (New York: Macmillan, 1900),

p. 143.39. Hugh Brogan, The History of the United States of America (Longman: 1985,

Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990), p. 395.40. Christine Bolt, A History of the U.S.A. (London: Macmillan, 1974), p. 445.41. Ibid., p. 432.42. Ibid., p. 435.43. Michael Shwartz, ‘The Southern Farmers’ Alliance: Growth and Merger’,

William F. Holmes (ed.), American Populism (Lexington: Mass., DC Heathand Co., 1994), p. 81.

44. Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class (London: Macmillan, 1899).45. Something of Myself, p. 117.46. From Sea to Sea, vol. I, p. 489.

194 Notes

Notes 195

47. Ibid., p. 473.48. Ibid., p. 482.49. To William Ernest Henley, 18–19 January 1893, Letters, vol. 2, p. 86.50. Something of Myself, p. 117.51. The two articles are reprinted in Letters of Travel (London: Macmillan, 1920),

pp. 3–15, and pp. 102–116.52. The History of The United States of America, pp. 444–445.53. In 1896, he filed a lawsuit against his brother-in-law, alleging that Balestier

had threatened to kill him during a family dispute. He lost the case and washumiliated in the courtroom and in the press. See Frederic F. Van de Water,Kipling’s Vermont Feud (Weston: Countryman Press, 1937).

54. Populists have been accused of laying the foundations of right-wing extrem-ism in twentieth century America. See, for example, Edward A. Shils, TheTorment of Secrecy (Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1956) and Oscar Handlin, Race andNationality in American Life (New York: Anchor Books, 1957). C. VannWoodward offers a more positive account of the Populist social influence inhis volume, The Burden of Southern History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana StateUniversity Press, 1968). See Holmes (ed.), American Populism for recent essayson Populism and race by Carl N. Degler, Barton C. Shaw and Greg Cantrell.

55. Other writers, such as Sarah Jewett, Hamlin Garland, Theodor Dreiser, andJack London, concurred, in one form or another, with this view.

56. Something of Myself, p. 131.57. Captains Courageous (London: Macmillan, 1897), p. 203.58. Ibid., p. 241.59. Brooks Adams, America’s Economic Supremacy (New York: Macmillan, 1900),

p. 111.60. Patrick Brantlinger, The Rule of Darkness: British Literature and Imperialism,

1830–1914, p. 36.61. The Day’s Work, p. 294.62. 2 Samuel 4. 1–12.63. 2 Kings 5. 17–18.64. The Day’s Work, p. 283.65. Ibid., p. 283.66. Ibid., p. 282.67. Ibid., pp. 190 and 314.68. Ibid., p. 314.69. Ibid., p. 316.70. Ibid., p. 316.71. Ibid., p. 316.72. Ibid., p 284.73. Ibid., p. 282.74. Ibid., p. 282.75. Gene Clanton, Populism: The Humane Preference in America, 1890–1910 [Boston:

Twayne Publishers, 1991], p. 6). A ‘walking delegate’ is a labour union official(Pinney [ed.], The Day’s Work [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987], p. 291).

76. The Day’s Work, pp. 58–59.77. Populism: The Humane Preference in America, 1890–1910, p. 99.78. Ibid., p. 44.79. Ibid., p. 47.

80. The Day’s Work, p. 50.81. Ibid., p. 63.82. To Brander Matthews, 13 December 1894, Letters, vol. 2, p. 161.83. British Library, MS. 45,541, p. 190.84. Debs: His Authorized Life and Letters (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1919),

p. 128.85. Ibid., p. 165.86. Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order 1877–1920 (New York: Hill and Wang,

1967), p. 76.87. The Day’s Work, p. 247.88. Ibid., pp. 250–251.89. Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana: University of

Illinois Press, 1982), p. 20.90. Ibid., p. 20.91. Ibid., p. 24.92. Ibid., p. 30.93. Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark (London: Harvard University Press,

1992), p. 8.94. Captains Courageous, pp. 87 and 166.95. W.E.B. Dubois, The Souls of Black Folk (1903, New York, Signet, 1982), p. 52.96. Playing in the Dark, p. 5.97. To William Ernest Henley, 3–4 December 1893, Letters, vol. 2, p. 112.98. Charles Edward Mudie (1818–1890) owner of the largest circulating library

in England, who censored books by refusing to stock those he did notapprove of.

99. Letters, vol. 2, p. 112.100. The Naulahka, pp. 204 and 205.101. The Day’s Work, pp. 185 and 184.102. Ibid., p. 185.103. Louis Filler, The Muckrakers (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968),

p. 38.104. To Edward Bok, 15 March 1895, Letters, vol. 2, p. 177.105. The Day’s Work, p. 187.106. To Bok, 10 October 1895, Letters, vol. 2, p. 203.107. The Day’s Work, p. 5.108. Ibid., p. 6.109. Ibid., p. 32.110. Something of Myself, p. 132.111. Ibid., pp. 132 and 120.112. Christopher Hitchens, Blood, Class, and Nostalgia: Anglo-American Ironies

(New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1990).113. Ibid., p. 37. Hitchens provides a detailed account of Kipling’s friendship

with Theodore Roosevelt, documenting the author’s attempts, viaRoosevelt, to enlist American support for Britain during and after the GreatWar (ibid., pp. 63–83).

114. The Day’s Work, p. 319.115. Ibid., p. 319.116. Ibid., pp. 317–318.117. Ibid., p. 320.

196 Notes

Notes 197

118. Ibid., p. 321.119. Ibid., p. 326.120. Ibid., p. 328.121. Ibid., p. 318.122. Ibid., p. 318.123. Ibid., p. 322.124. Ibid., p. 338.125. Ibid., p. 328.126. The dispute concerned the frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana.

On 17 December 1885, President Cleveland raised the prospect of war bydenouncing British foreign policy and asserting America’s right to defendVenezuela against British military action.

127. The Day’s Work, p. 341.128. Ibid., p. 342.129. Ibid., p. 341.130. Ibid., p. 342.131. Ibid., p. 342.132. Ibid., p. 343. Tess of the D’Urbervilles was first published in 1891, about three

years before ‘My Sunday at Home’. Tompkins considers ‘My Sunday atHome’ a ‘reaction to Hardy’s tragic artistries’ (J.M.S. Tompkins, The Art ofRudyard Kipling [London: Methuen, 1959], p. 46).

133. The Day’s Work, p. 343.134. Ibid., p. 344.135. Ibid., p. 350.136. The social historian Eric Hobsbawm locates the formation proper of the

British working class between 1870 and 1914, identifying the ‘apparentlyfrivolous’ detail of the flat cap as its distinguishing feature (Hobsbawm,Uncommon People: Resistance, Rebellion and Jazz [London: Weidenfeld andNicholson, 1998], pp. 57–74).

137. The Day’s Work, p. 358.138. Ibid., p. 356.139. ‘Kipling’s World’, Elliot Gilbert (ed.), Kipling and the Critics (London: Peter

Owen, 1966), p. 101.140. The Day’s Work, p. 348.141. Ibid., pp. 351–352.142. Ibid., p. 356.143. Ibid., pp. 351–352.144. Ibid., p. 352.145. ‘The English Flag’, Barrack Room Ballads and Other Verses (London: Methuen

and Co., 1892), p. 174.146. Something of Myself, p. 123.147. Ibid., p. 123.

Mowgli’s feral campaign

1. Something of Myself, p. 110.2. Ibid., p. 113.3. Ibid., p. 113.

4. Ibid., p. 109.5. See Stuart Hall, ‘The Meaning of New Times’, David Morley and Kuan-Hsing

Chen (eds), Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies (London:Routledge, 1996), pp. 233–237, and John Fiske, Power Plays, Power Works(London: Verso: 1993), p. 7.

6. To Edward Everett Hale, 16 January 1895, Letters, vol. 2, p. 168.7. The Jungle Book (1894, London: Macmillan, 1899), p. 142.8. Ibid., p 144.9. Ibid., p. 128.

10. Ibid., p. 144.11. Ibid., p. 129.12. Ibid., p. 130.13. Ibid., p. 127.14. Ibid., p. 142.15. Ibid., p. 127.16. Henry W. Elliot, The History and Present Condition of the Pribilofs Fishery

Industries, etc.: The Seal Islands of Alaska (Washington: Department of theInterior, Government Printing Office, 1881), pp. 68–69.

17. Robert Craig Brown and Ramsay Cook, Canada 1896–1921: A NationTransformed (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974), p. 107.

18. The title of the story itself seems to refer to this dispute, evoking concepts ofracial and cultural alliance in the play upon the words, ‘white’ and ‘seal’. Thecolour of the seal evokes the whiteness of the ‘Caucasian race’, and the crea-ture’s species intimates a diplomatic ‘seal’ or agreement between the powersof the North Atlantic. On this level the phrase, ‘the white seal’, involvesAnglo-Saxon racial overtones similar to the title of Kipling’s poem, ‘TheWhite Man’s Burden’.

19. British Library, MS. 45,540, p. 31.20. To Jewett, 16 October 1895, Letters, vol. 2, p. 204.21. As Daniel Karlin suggests, the guidance of the manatee provides an ‘image of

death’, suggesting the unlikeliness or ‘fictionality’ of the redemptive theme(Introduction, The Jungle Books [Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987], p. 11).

22. The Second Jungle Book (1895, London: Macmillan, 1899), p. 198.23. Ibid., p. 202.24. Ibid., p. 204.25. Ibid., p. 181.26. Ibid., p. 200.27. Ibid., p. 192.28. Ibid., p. 184.29. Ibid., p. 186.30. Ibid., pp. 215–216.31. Ibid., p. 186.32. The Jungle Book, p. 164.33. Ibid., p. 168.34. Ibid., p. 169.35. Ibid., p. 189.36. Ibid., p. 187.37. Kim, p. 86.38. To Edward Lucas White, 11 November 1902, Letters, vol. 3, p. 111.

198 Notes

Notes 199

39. The Jungle Book, p. 195.40. Ibid., p. 201.41. Ibid., p. 201.42. Ibid., p. 200.43. Ibid., p. 203.44. Ibid., p. 194.45. Ibid., p. 194.46. Ibid., pp. 192 and 193.47. Ibid., p. 198.48. Ibid., p. 205.49. British Library, MS. 45,540, p. 162.50. Ibid., p. 158.51. Ibid., p. 158.52. This broadening of concepts of racial and cultural affinity was characteristic

of the empire federalist movement in the late nineteenth century. See AnnParry, The Poetry of Rudyard Kipling: Rousing the Nation (Buckingham: OpenUniversity Press, 1992), pp. 53–78.

53. W.H. Sleeman, ‘An Account of Wolves Nurturing Children in Their Dens.By an Indian Official’. Quoted from Zoologist, vol. XII (1888), pp. 92, 95–96.

54. William Wilson Hunter, Annals of Rural Bengal, pp. 112, 115.55. Ibid., p. 115.56. The Jungle Book, p. 51.57. Ibid., p. 113.58. Ibid., p. 95.59. Ibid., p. 96.60. Ibid., p. 30.61. Ibid., p. 31.62. Ibid., p. 59.63. Ibid., p. 75.64. Ibid., p. 59.65. Ibid., p. 73.66. Ibid., p. 75.67. Ibid., p. 81.68. See Henry Adams’ 1894 communication to the American Historical

Association in The Degradation of the Democratic Dogma (New York:Macmillan, 1919), pp. 130–131.

69. The Second Jungle Book, p. 232.70. Ibid., p. 238.

By equal war made one

1. Something of Myself, p. 132.2. Ibid., p. 142.3. Ibid., p. 144.4. Ibid., p. 190.5. Ibid., p. 149.6. Ibid., p. 149.7. Ibid., p. 149.

8. Lycett, Rudyard Kipling, p. 315.9. Something of Myself, p. 95.

10. In The Eclipse of Great Britain: The United States and British Imperial Decline(Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996), pp. 24–25. Ann Orde describes the gradualconcession of naval power to America in the western hemisphere.

11. A Fleet in Being (London: Macmillan, 1898), p. 21.12. Ibid., p. 35.13. Stalky & Co. (London: Macmillan, 1899), p. 271.14. Ibid., p. 271.15. Birkenhead, Rudyard Kipling, p. 238. Across the country in 1900, there were

a number of serious riots and many assaults on suspected pro-Boers (seeRichard Price, An Imperial War and the British Working Class [London:Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972], pp. 196–197).

16. At the time of the war, Rhodes was the leader of the newly-formedProgressive Party in the Cape, a ‘coalition of jingoist, Dutch-hating, anti-Krugerite, moneyed imperialists and of Cape Liberals who hoped to introduceColoured and other black citizens into the polity’ (Geoffrey Wheatcroft,The Randlords: The Men who Made South Africa [London: Weidenfeld andNicolson, 1985], p. 208).

17. Wheatcroft offers a fascinating account of Jameson’s near miraculouspolitical rehabilitation after the public disgrace of the Raid (for which henarrowly escaped hanging). Little over eight years after the Raid, followinga term of fifteen months in an English prison, he was installed as PrimeMinister of the Cape Colony, remaining in power for four years (ibid.,p. 190).

18. Ann Orde, The Eclipse of Great Britain: The United States and British ImperialDecline, p. 12.

19. Wheatcroft, The Randlords, p. 182.20. Birkenhead, Rudyard Kipling, p. 232.21. Ibid., p. 213.22. To Charles Eliot Norton, 15 January 1900, Letters, vol. 3, p. 10.23. To Charles Eliot Norton, 19 May 1901; in Thomas Pinney, Letters, vol. 3,

p. 53.24. Ibid., p. 53.25. See Letters, vol. 3, pp. 41 and 45. Birkenhead explains how ‘[w]ith an eye

all ready on the next war, he regarded his club with deadly seriousness.He always shot in the competitions, adequately, in spite of his eyesight,coming over at three or four in the afternoon in his wide-brimmed hat andleather-patched clothes’ (Rudyard Kipling, pp. 233–234).

26. Ibid., p. 234.27. Ibid., p. 210.28. To Charles Eliot Norton, 15 January 1900, Letters, vol. 3, p. 10.29. Ibid., pp. 10–11.30. Birkenhead, Rudyard Kipling, p. 215.31. The Poetry of Rudyard Kipling: Rousing the Nation, p. 106.32. Smith, M. Van Wyk, Drummer Hodge: The Poetry of the Anglo–Boer War,

1899–1902 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), p. 98.33. Speech of March 31, 1897. Charles W. Boyd (ed.), Mr Chamberlain’s Speeches,

vol. II (London: Constable, 1914), p. 4.

200 Notes

Notes 201

34. Ibid., December 30, 1902, p. 88.35. Ibid., January 17, 1903, p. 104.36. Sidney Webb, ‘Lord Rosebury’s Escape From Houndsditch’, Nineteenth

Century and After, vol. CCXCV (1901), pp. 385–386.37. H.G. Wells, Anticipations (London: Chapman and Hall, 1902), p. 212.38. Arnold White, Efficiency and Empire (1901, Brighton: Harvester Press Limited,

1973), p. 117.39. Sally Ledger, ‘In Darkest England: The Terror of Degeneration in fin de siecle

Britain’, Literature and History, 4.2 (1995), p. 75.40. G.R. Searle, The Quest for National Efficiency: A Study in British Politics and

Political Thought, 1899–1914 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1971), p. 54. For anexample of the use of Germany as a model of municipal government,see Chiozza Money, Riches and Poverty (London: Methuen and Co., 1905),pp. 206–207.

41. Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform: English Social and ImperialThought, 1895–1914 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1960), p. 13.

42. Ibid., p. 93.43. Ibid., p. 93.44. National Review, vol. XXIII (1894), pp. 7–9; quoted in Semmel, Imperialism

and Social Reform, p. 92.45. Ibid., p. 112.46. Tariff Reform League Leaflet No. 212; quoted in Semmel, Imperialism and

Social Reform, p. 117.47. Ibid., p. 117.48. Ibid., p. 117.49. Ledger, ‘In Darkest England: The Terror of Degeneration in fin de siecle

Britain’, Literature and History, 4.2 (1995), p. 73.50. See Richard Price, An Imperial War and the British Working Class. Price argues

that the importance of the urban working classes to the war changed the faceof British party politics. To illustrate the point, he cites the urban focus ofthe political campaign fought by the Conservative Party during the so-called‘Khaki’ election of 1900, suggesting that the Party won the most urban seats,especially in Scotland, because the towns were most affected by ‘war fever’(ibid., p. 113).

51. J.A. Hobson, The Psychology of Jingoism (London: Grant Richards, 1901), p. 6.52. Ibid., p. 2.53. The Poetry of Rudyard Kipling: Rousing the Nation, p. 92.54. Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition (London: Hodder and Stoughton,

1940), p. 459.55. Ibid., p. 460.56. Homi Bhabha, ‘DissemiNation: time, narrative, and the margins of the

modern nation’, Nation and Narration (London: Routledge, 1990), p. 310.57. Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition, p. 460.58. Ibid., p. 311.59. ‘DissemiNation: time, narrative, and the margins of the modern nation’,

Nation and Narration, p. 294.60. Ibid., p. 301.61. The Five Nations (London: Methuen, 1903), p. 159.62. Ibid., p. 162.

63. Julian Ralph, War’s Brighter Side (London: C. Arthur Pearson, 1901), p. 51.

64. Speech to the House of Commons, 5 February 1900; in Charles W. Boyd(ed.), Mr Chamberlain’s Speeches, vol. II, p. 67.

65. Rudyard Kipling, The Five Nations (London: Methuen, 1903), p. 177.66. Kipling, ‘The Song of the Dead’, The Seven Seas (London: Methuen, 1896),

p. 6.67. ‘The Sin of Witchcraft’, The Times, 15 March 1900; reprinted in R.E. Harbord

(ed.), The Reader’s Guide to Rudyard Kipling’s Works, vol. V (Canterbury:Privately Printed, 1970), p. 2551.

68. The Five Nations, p. 212.69. Ibid., p. 177.70. Ibid., p. 192.71. M. Van Wyk Smith, Drummer Hodge: The Poetry of the Anglo–Boer War,

1899–1902, p. 86.72. The Five Nations, p. 87.73. Ibid., p. 102–103.74. Elleke Boehmer (ed.), Empire Writing: An Anthology of Colonial Literature

1870–1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 175.75. Ibid., p. 189.76. Ibid., p. 177.77. Boehmer (ed.), Empire Writing: An Anthology of Colonial Literature 1870–1918,

p. 95.78. Although he bemoaned ‘bad smart society’ (Efficiency and Empire [1901,

Brighton: Harvester Press Limited, 1973], p. 74), White ultimately remainedcommitted to an aristocratic principle of government, arguing that thereexisted a species of ‘true’ or proper aristocrat, who would rise to the top ofthe social hierarchy according to their superior efficiency: ‘The gentle folkwill always win in a crowd whenever they take the trouble – for aristocracyis nothing more than the most efficient people in the nation, whose effi-ciency has been graded up by generations of training’ (ibid., p. 23).

79. Ibid., pp. ix–x.80. The Five Nations, p. 135.81. White, Efficiency and Empire, p. 253.82. Ibid., p. 111.83. Ibid., pp. 113, 117 and 258.84. The Five Nations, p. 153.85. There is a curious ambivalence about the phrase ‘the black waste of it all’,

given the African labour and lands both races sought to control. The con-cept of atonement takes on a further resonance in connection with thismeaning.

86. Shanks, Rudyard Kipling: A Study in Literature and Political Ideas, p. 189.87. Chris Brooks and Peter Faulkner (eds), The White Man’s Burdens: An

Anthology of British Poetry of the Empire (Exeter: University of Exeter Press,1996), p. 320.

88. Ibid., p. 333.89. ‘Last Post’, For England’s Sake: Verses and Songs in Time of War, The Works of

W.E. Henley, vol. II (London: David Nutt, 1908), p. 157.90. ‘Envoy’, ibid., p. 162.

202 Notes

Notes 203

91. The Five Nations, pp. 107–108.92. Shanks, Rudyard Kipling, p. 178.93. The Five Nations, pp. 107–108.94. Speech to the House of Commons, 5 February 1900, Mr Chamberlain’s

Speeches, vol. II, p. 67.

Strange deaths in liberal England

1. On 28 January 1902 Kipling wrote to Wells expressing admiration forthe recently published Anticipations, in which Wells prophecies the riseof government by such authoritarian technocrats, and the disappear-ance of ‘old school’ political and military institutions (Letters, vol. 3,pp. 84–85).

2. The Burwash Edition: The Collected Works of Rudyard Kipling: UncollectedProse, vol. XXIII (New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1941),p. 486.

3. Ibid., pp. 486 and 493.4. Ibid., p. 486.5. Ibid., p. 492.6. To H.A. Gwynne, 28 May 1904, Letters, vol. 3, p. 155.7. The Collected Works of Rudyard Kipling: Uncollected Prose, vol. XXIII, p. 525.8. Ibid., p. 523.9. Ibid., p. 523.

10. Ibid., p. 529.11. Ibid., p. 484.12. Ibid., p. 487.13. Ibid., pp. 486 and 487.14. Ibid., p. 485.15. Ibid., p. 487.16. Ibid., p. 492.17. Ibid., p. 500.18. Ibid., p. 520.19. Traffics and Discoveries (London: Macmillan, 1904), pp. 166–167.20. Ibid., p. 160.21. Ibid., p. 162.22. Ibid., p. 161.23. Ibid., pp. 169–170.24. The Collected Works of Rudyard Kipling: Uncollected Prose, vol. XXIII, p. 487.25. Traffics and Discoveries, p. 170.26. Ibid., p. 171.27. To H.A. Gwynne, 23–24 August 1901, Letters, vol. 3, p. 68.28. Cultural Complexity: Studies in the Social Organisation of Meaning, p. 34.29. Traffics and Discoveries, p. 364.30. Ibid., p. 365.31. Ibid., p. 364.32. Lodge, ‘“Mrs Bathurst”: Indeterminacy in Modern Narrative’, in Phillip

Mallett (ed.), Kipling Considered (Basingstoke: Macmillan 1989), p. 71.33. Traffics and Discoveries, p. 359.

34. Ibid., p. 358.35. Ibid., p. 358.36. Ibid., p. 355.37. Ibid., p. 353.38. Ibid., p. 353.39. Ibid., p. 356.40. Ibid., p. 340.41. Ibid., p. 355.42. The Seven Seas, pp. 9–10.43. Something of Myself, p. 180.44. Ibid., p. 181.45. Ibid., p. 182.46. To John St Loe Strachey, 13 May 1902, Letters, vol. 3, p. 90.47. Something of Myself, p. 179.48. Ibid., p. 178.49. To Filson Young, April 1904, Letters, vol. 3, p. 150.50. Ibid., p. 150.51. Ibid., p. 150.52. Alun Howkins, ‘Kipling, Englishness and History’, in Angus Ross (ed.),

Kipling 86: Papers Read at Sussex in May 1986 (Sussex: University of SussexLibrary, 1987), pp. 25–29.

53. George Newman, The Health of the State (London: Headley Brothers, 1907),p. vi. Quoted from the preface to the second edition.

54. See Hugh Brogan, Mowgli’s Sons: Kipling and Baden-Powell’s Scouts (London:Jonathan Cape, 1987).

55. The Health of the State, p. 67.56. Ibid., p. 168.57. Ibid., p. 1.58. Ibid., p. 24.59. Ibid., p. 24.60. Ibid., p. 34.61. David Matless, Landscape and Englishness (London: Reaktion Books, 1998),

p. 33.62. Ibid., p. 47.63. Ibid., p. 66.64. C.F.G. Masterman, The Condition of England (London: Methuen, 1909), p. 191.65. Ibid., p. 207.66. Ibid., p. 45.67. Charles Furth, Life Since 1900 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1956), p. 27.68. Kenneth Grahame, The Wind in the Willows (1908, London: Bloomsbury

Books, 1994), p. 92.69. Ibid., p. 92.70. Simon Nowell-Smith (ed.), Edwardian England, 1901–1914 (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1964), p. 45.71. Something of Myself, p. 177.72. To Filson Young, April 1904, Letters, vol. 3, p. 150.73. Traffics and Discoveries, p. 312.74. Ibid., p. 320.75. Ibid., p. 319.

204 Notes

Notes 205

76. Ibid., p. 303.77. Landscape and Englishness, p. 64.78. The Health of the State, pp. 109–110.79. Ibid., p. 110.80. Traffics and Discoveries, p. 324.81. Ibid., p. 324.82. The Health of the State, p. 112. See also George Newman’s Infant Mortality:

A Social Problem (London: Methuen, 1906), p. 17.83. Between 1901 and 1905 the infant mortality rate for Sussex (101 in every

1000 births) was extremely low in comparison with the industrial areas,particularly the Midlands, where the rate commonly reached 170 in every1000 (Infant Mortality: A Social Problem, pp. 22–23).

84. Ibid., p. 22.85. The name of the house echoes The Pilgrim’s Progress.86. Traffics and Discoveries, pp. 329–330.87. Ibid., p. 322.88. The Condition of England, p. 208.89. Traffics and Discoveries, p. 194.90. Ibid., p. 195.91. Ibid., p. 219.92. Ibid., p. 220.93. Ibid., pp. 228–229.94. Ibid., p. 235.95. Ibid., pp. 234–235.96. Ibid., p. 232.97. Ibid., p. 215.98. Ibid., p. 215.99. Ibid., p. 215.

100. Ibid., p. 216.101. J.B. Priestley, The Edwardians (London: Heinemann, 1970), pp. 84 and 87.102. Traffics and Discoveries, p. 213.103. Ibid., p. 212.104. Keats, ‘Ode to Psyche’, Elizabeth Cook, John Keats: A Critical Edition of the

Major Works (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 280.105. Blackwood’s, August, 1818. Quoted from Cook, Introduction, ibid., p. xxi.106. Traffics and Discoveries, p. 220.107. Ibid., p. 223.108. Ibid., p. 232.109. Ibid., p. 228.110. Ibid., p. 238.111. See Hermione Lee (ed.), Traffics and Discoveries (Harmondsworth: Penguin,

1992), p. 343.112. Charles Furth, Life Since 1900, p. 34.113. Traffics and Discoveries, p. 372.114. Ibid., p. 374.115. Ibid., p. 386.116. Ibid., p. 391.117. Ibid., p. 392.118. Ibid., p. 393.

206 Notes

Kipling’s tory anarchy

1. Something of Myself, p. 192.2. Ibid., p. 192.3. Ibid., p. 185.4. Ibid., p. 186.5. Ibid., p. 186.6. Ibid., p. 188.7. Ibid., p. 197.8. Ibid., p. 188.9. Ibid., p. 190.

10. Published in the febrile atmosphere that followed the South African war, thePuck stories echo the quest for Old England in contemporary works includ-ing, for example, Newbolt’s The Old Country: A Romance (London: Smith,Elder, 1906) and Ford Maddox Ford’s The Heart of the Country (London:A. Rivers, 1906). See also Masterman’s contribution to Oldershaw, L. (ed.),England: A Nation. Being the Papers of the Patriot’s Club (London: R. BrimleyJohnson, 1904).

11. Michel Foucault, ‘Nietzsche, Genealogy, History’, quoted in Matless,Landscape and Englishness, p. 10.

12. Edward Shanks, Rudyard Kipling, p. 230, and Martin Seymour-Smith, RudyardKipling (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990), p. 354.

13. Alfred Noyes, signed review (1906) in Roger Lancelyn Green (ed.), Kipling:The Critical Heritage (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971), pp. 300–301.

14. Quoted in Sarah Wintle (ed.), Introduction, Puck of Pook’s Hill(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), p. 24.

15. Susan Pederson, Family, Dependence, and the Origins of the Welfare State(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 71.

16. See Pederson’s reading of Wells’s Marriage (1912), Family, Dependence and theOrigins of the Welfare State, pp. 26–78.

17. Ibid., p. 32.18. Ibid., p. 48.19. David Thomson, England in the Nineteenth Century (1950, Harmondsworth:

Penguin, 1977), pp. 177 and 179.20. Ibid., p. 178.21. Puck of Pook’s Hill, p. 144.22. Ibid., p. 152.23. Ibid., p. 152.24. Ibid., p. 152.25. Ibid., p. 154.26. Ibid., p. 152.27. Ibid., p. 153.28. Ibid., p. 153.29. ‘A Centurion of the Thirtieth’, Puck of Pook’s Hill, p. 122.30. Ibid., p. 154.31. Ibid., p. 148.32. Ibid., p. 152.33. Ibid., p. 152.34. Kipling often used the Masonic term the ‘family square’ to refer to his relations.

Notes 207

35. ‘On the Great Wall’, Puck of Pook’s Hill, p. 189. Kipling portrays Mithraism(the Roman religion) as a kind of Freemasonry, which allows Parnesius torecognise his Saxon collaborator, the ‘Winged Hat’, Amal, as a fellow-Mason:‘“I addressed him a certain Question which can only be answered in a cer-tain manner. He answered with the necessary Word – the Word that belongsto the degree of Gryphons in the science of Mithras my God”’ (Puck of Pook’sHill), p. 205.

36. Puck of Pook’s Hill, p. 139.37. Ibid., p. 267.38. Ibid., p. 273.39. Ibid., p. 267.40. Thomson, England in the Nineteenth Century, p. 185.41. Puck of Pook’s Hill, pp. 269–270.42. Ibid., p. 274.43. Ibid., p. 274.44. Ibid., p. 274.45. Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition, p. 309.46. ‘Old Men at Pevensey’, Puck of Pook’s Hill, pp. 120–121.47. Ibid., p. 112.48. Kipling was aware of the bellicose German reportage frequently reprinted in

the English penny press – for example, the following article published in theDaily Mail at the beginning of the South African War: ‘England receives herdeath stroke in Africa.’ What a prospect for Germany! The United States ofSouth Africa, founded upon the broken-up British Empire, will be her naturalarch enemy, and Germany’s natural ally. Then at last the German race, too,will occupy one of the foreign continents (Twells Brex (ed.), ‘Scaremongerings’from the Daily Mail: The Paper that Foretold the War, 1896–1914 [London:The Daily Mail, 1914]). A copy of this volume of articles reprinted from theGerman press can be found in the library at Bateman’s.

49. Puck of Pook’s Hill, pp. 78, 74 and 83.50. Ibid., p. 89.51. ‘The Old Men of Pevensey’, ibid., p. 109.52. ‘The Knights of the Joyous Venture’, ibid., p. 94.53. Something of Myself, p. 189.54. Puck of Pook’s Hill, p. 297.55. Ibid., p. 301.56. See Bernard Crier, The Alien Invasion: the Origins of the Aliens Act of 1905

(London: Heineman, 1972), p. 61.57. Puck of Pook’s Hill, p. 289.58. Ibid., p. 297.59. Ibid., p. 297.60. Ibid., p. 283.61. Ibid., p. 289.62. Ibid., p. 303.63. Ibid., p. 291.64. Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition, p. 533.65. Something of Myself, p. 122.66. Thomas Pinney (ed.), Something of Myself and Other Autobiographical Writings,

p. 246.

Conclusion: the edge of evening

1. Between the Acts (1941, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1992), p. 1022. Ibid., pp. 47–48.3. Ibid., p. 47.4. Actions and Reactions, p. 147.5. Ibid., p. 148.6. Ibid., p. 154.7. Ibid., p. 156.8. G.K. Chesterton, Heretics (1905). Quoted from Kipling: The Critical Heritage,

pp. 295 and 297.9. Ibid., p. 295.

10. Puck of Pook’s Hill, p. 64.11. To Margaret Burne-Jones, 25 January–24 March, 1888, Letters, vol. 1, p. 151.

208 Notes

Bibliography

Works by Rudyard Kipling

Except where noted otherwise, quotations are from the Uniform Edition of theWorks of Rudyard Kipling (London, 1899–1937). Works of Rudyard Kipling arereproduced with the permission of A.P. Watt Ltd on behalf of The National Trustfor Places of Historical Interest or Natural Beauty. Individual titles and dates offirst publication are listed in the main text.

Quotations from the poems are from the individual Methuen volumes and thecomplete edition, Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition (London: Hodder andStoughton, 1940).

Correspondence

Gilbert, E.L. (ed.), ‘O Beloved Kids’: Rudyard Kipling’s Letters to his Children (1983,London: Zenith, 1984).

Pinney, T., The Letters of Rudyard Kipling, 4 vols to date (Basingstoke: Macmillan1990–).

Editions of uncollected and rarely collected works

Harbord, R.E. (ed.), The Reader’s Guide to Rudyard Kipling’s Works (8 vols, PrivatelyPrinted, Canterbury, Bournemouth, 1961–1972).

Pinney, T. (ed.), Something of Myself and Other Autobiographical Writings(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

———, Kipling’s India: Uncollected Sketches, 1884–88 (London: Macmillan, 1986).Rutherford, A. (ed.), Early Verse by Rudyard Kipling, 1879–89: Unpublished,

Uncollected, and Rarely Collected Poems (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).

Manuscripts

The Jungle Books, British Library, MS. 45,540.Stories 1892–1896, British Library, MS. 45,541.Kim, British Library, MS. 44,840.Letters of Travel and Boer Stories, British Library, MS. 45,542.The Seven Seas, British Library, MS. 44,841.

Material in the Rudyard Kipling Archive, the University ofSussex Library (figures correspond to box and file numbers)

Scrapbooks 28/1, 28/2, 28/3 and 28/4: press-cuttings of newspaper articles,stories and poems published in the Civil and Military Gazette, the Pioneer, and

209

The Week’s News, 1884–1891. Scrapbook 28/6: press cuttings from British andSouth African newspapers, 1899–1902.

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216

‘Absent-Minded Beggar, The’ (RK; poem), 126, 143

Adams, Brooks, 69, 75–6, 194, 195Adams, Henry, 69, 199Aesthetes, 63Afghanistan, 25–6, 27‘Africanism’, 84–5

in RK’s fiction, 85Aitken, E.H., 188Alien’s Act, 176Allahabad, vii, 190, 193

influence of Indian NationalCongress upon, 48–9

RK’s alienation from, 52–7RK’s move to, 34–7

Allen, Sir George:conflict with RK, 34–5employs RK on the Pioneer, 34

‘Among the Railway Folk’ (RK; article),45–6, 193

anti-alien leagues, 176Arctic, 98–103Auden, W.H.:

thoughts on RK, vi–viiAustralia, 130–1, 169

‘Baa Baa, Black Sheep’ (RK; story), 36, 53

Baldwin, Alfred, 46, 191, 192Baldwin, Stanley, 156Balestier, Beatty, 117, 195Balestier, Walcott, 62

literary collaboration with RK, 66–7Banerjee, Sir Surendranath, 35Barrack Room Ballads (RK; poetry), 197Baum, L. Frank, 73‘Below the Mill Dam’ (RK; story), 162–4Bengal:

colonial scholarship of, 13–14RK visits, 45

Beresford, George (‘M’Turk’), 5, 16Bering Sea dispute, 100Besant, Walter, 63

Betjeman, John, 152Bhabha, Homi, 31, 127–8, 189Birkenhead, Lord, 121, 194, 200Bismarck, Prince Otto Von, 124Bloemfontein, 137, 138Blunt, Wilfred, 163Boehmer, Elleke, 202Bok, Edward, 88, 196Bolt, Christine, 194Bombay:

parents at home in, 4RK’s memories of, 3–6

Borges, Jorge Luis, 181Boswell, James, 166Boy Scouts, 149Boyd, Charles W., 200, 202Brantlinger, Patrick, 31, 189, 195‘Bread upon the Waters’, 76–9‘Bridge Builders, The’, 88–9Brook, Rupert, 93Brooks, Chris, 202Brown, Robert Craig, 198Browning, Robert, 16, 35–6Bryan, William Jennings, 72–3, 81Buddhism, 97, 105–6, 108–9, 114‘Burgher of the Free State’ (RK; story),

137–40Burne-Jones, Georgiana, 4, 119Burne-Jones, Margaret, 6, 38, 185,

187, 190, 191, 193, 208Burrow, J.W., 186

Calcutta, 34renaissance of, 43RK visits and describes, 43–5

Canada, 100, 129, 131, 169Cantrell, Greg, 195Captains Courageous (RK; novel), 74–5,

79, 85Carlyle, Thomas, 11–12, 140, 186,

187, 188, 189echoed by RK, 20, 22–4, 182influence upon RK, 15–18

Index

Index 217

‘Centurion of the Thirtieth’ (RK; story), 170, 206

Chamberlain, Joseph, 82, 122, 129,130, 135

‘Chant Pagan’ (RK; poem), 128, 131Chen, Kuan-Hsing, 198Chesterton, G.K., 182‘Children, The’ (RK; poem), 177–8China:

RK visits and describes, 27‘Cities and Thrones and Powers’

(RK; poem), 171City of Dreadful Night (RK; article),

43–5, 46, 191–2Civil and Military Gazette (CMG;

Punjab newspaper), 188, 192focus upon Afghan affairs in, 25–6influence upon RK’s literary work, 7politics, policies and readership of,

7, 19, 35, 185RK joins, 6RK leaves, 34RK’s typical journalistic duties on,

24–5Clanton, Gene, 195‘Comprehension of Private Copper,

The’ (RK; story), 140–3Comte, Auguste, 27concentration camps, see also

South AfricaConrad, Joseph, 75, 123, 175‘conspicuous consumption’,

see Veblen, Thorstein‘Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin,

The’ (RK; story), 27–8Cook, Ramsay, 198Cornell, Louis, 187Council for the Preservation of Rural

England (CPRE), 150–1Crete, 181Crier, Bernard, 207Crofts, W.C., 184Curzon, George Nathaniel, 1st Baron

and 1st Marquis of, 163

Daily Express, 124Daily Mail, 124, 126, 127Day’s Work, The (RK; collection), 61,

76–95

Debs, Eugene V., 70, 81–2, 84‘Deep Sea Cables’ (RK; poem), 147Defoe, Daniel, 166Degler, Carl N., 195Departmental Ditties (RK; poems),

18–19, 61Dickens, Charles, 16, 51, 61Disney, Walt, 104Dreiser, Theodore, 195DuBois, W.E.B., 85Dufferin and Ava, Frederick

Blackwood, 1st Marquis of, 25Duncan, Sarah Jeanette, 132Dunsterville, Major-General Lionel

(‘Stalky’), 5, 16

East India Company, 14Eliot, T.S. 126, 152Elizabethans, 165Elliot, Henry W., 99–100‘English Flag, The’ (RK; poem), 197Entente (Anglo-French), 174environmentalism, 99, 101–3Erikson, T.K., 192‘Error in the Fourth Dimension, An’

(RK; story), 89–92Eugenics, 122, 123–4, 125, 126, 127,

132–3, 149, 151, 202

Fabian socialism, 125, 132Fanon, Frantz, 191Farmer’s Alliance (American labour

movement), 70Fascism, vi, 83, 85, 178, 181Faulkner, Peter, 202film, 144–7Fiske, John, 198Five Nations, The (RK; poetry), 117–35,

129, 131, 201–3Fleet in Being, A (RK; collection), 119Ford, Ford Maddox, 205Forster, E.M., 156Foucault, Michel, 206freemasonry, 39–43, 83, 190–1,

206, 207Friend of the Free State (Bloemfontein

newspaper), 121, 129, 139From Sea to Sea (RK; collection), 61,

188–94

Froude, J.A., 187Furth, Charles, 204–5

Garland, Hamlin, 195Garrard, Florence Violet, 64George, Lloyd, 172Germany, 124, 176

RK’s thoughts on, 132, 137, 138,173, 174–5, 177, 178, 207

Ghazipur, 47Gilbert, Elliot, 197Gilded Age, 69Giridih, 46, 191Gosse, Edmund, 63Grahame, Kenneth, 152Great War (1914–18), 89, 136, 177–8Gwynne, H.A., 203

Haeckel Ernst, 174Hall, Stuart, 198Handlin, Oscar, 195Hannerz, Ulf, 143–4, 147, 203Hanson, Clare, 185Hardy, Thomas, 92, 197Hay, John, 68–9Henley, William Ernest, 62, 86–7,

195, 196Hill, Alexander, 53Hill, Edmonia, 53Hinduism, 35

caste system in RK’s fiction, 110–11in RK’s fiction, 48–51, 88–9, 106–9

Hitchens, Christopher, 89, 196Hobhouse, Emily, 143Hobsbawm, Eric, 188, 197Hobson, J.A., 120, 126, 201Holloway, Sarah (‘Aunty Rosa’), 4,

36, 53Howkins, Alun, 149Hume, Allan Octavian, 35, see also

Indian National CongressHunter, William Wilson, 12–15, 41,

110, 186, 199

Ilbert Bill, 7, 185imperial federation, 129, 169, 199‘In an Opium Factory’ (RK;

article), 191‘In Partibus’ (RK; poem), 64

‘In Sight of Mount Monadnock’ (RK; article), 72

‘In the House of Suddhoo’ (RK; story), 28–9

India, see also Punjabconflict between conservatives and

progressives of, 11–14educational policy of, 9–10legal reforms of, 9–10movements of independence in, 35RK travels in, 24–5, 26–7, 36–9, 43–8RK’s paternalist approach to, 6–7, 8RK’s respect for John Lawrence,

Governor of, 20–4RK’s response to self-government

and nationalist politics of,43–6, 48–53

types of colonial government in,9–15

utilitarian influence upon, 12–15Indian Mutiny, see also In the Year ’57Indian National Congress, 34–5, 48–9,

56Indian Penal Code, 15, 28infant mortality, 205‘information society’, 143, see also

mass communicationsIslam, 22–3, 30

in RK’s fiction, 32, 48–51Islam, Shamsul, 185

Jamalpur, 45–6James, Henry, 67Jameson, Leander Starr, 120Jatakas, see also BuddhismJeffries, Richard, 152Jewett, Sarah Orne, 195, 198Johnson, Robert Underwood, 188Johnson, Samuel, 166Jungle Books (RK; stories), vii, 61, 68,

96–114, 198–9

‘Kaa’s Hunting’ (RK; story), 111Karlin, Daniel, 198‘Kaspar’s Song in Varda’ (RK;

poem), 161Keats, John, 146, 158–62Kim (RK; novel), 9, 30–1, 86, 105–6,

189, 198

218 Index

Index 219

Kipling, (Joseph) Rudyard:BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS: achieves

success in London, 63; death of Balestier and marriage toCarrie, 67; death of daughter,Josephine, 118, 153; financialcollapse, 67; frustrated inAllahabad, 35–6, 39–42, 52–7;Indian childhood, 3–4; introduced to Hay–Adams circle, 68–9; joins staff of The Friend in Bloemfontein;121, leaves India for Londonvia the Far East and USA, 61–2;leaves USA and settles permanently in England, 117;loses son, John, in Great War,177–8; meets Walcott Balestier,66; moves to America, 67–8;publishes early stories andpoems, 18–19; purchasesBateman’s and settles inBurwash, 148; researches localSussex history for Puck stories,165; returns to India to work in the Punjab on CMG, 6–7;schooling in England, 4–5; suffers breakdown, 64; supportsSouth African war, 120–2;transferred to the Pioneer, 34;travels in Native States, 36–7;visits South Africa and meetsCecil Rhodes, 118–19

IDEAS AND OPINIONS: admirationfor Cecil Rhodes, 120; aestheticviews, 8, 20–4, 35–6, 166, 167;attitude to Decadents andAesthetes, 64; dislike of authorial explanation, 100;love of motoring, 147–64; on Catholicism, 182; on communism, 113; on democracy, 181; on empire and imperial decline, 118, 167, 171–2; on fascism, 178; on liberalism, 44, 64, 105, 115, 162–3, 168, 172–4; onsocialism, 80–4; on technologyand modernisation, 143–64,

180–2; on the future, 136,179–83; response to feminism,63–4, 87–8

Kipling, Alice (RK’s mother), 4, 6Kipling, Alice ‘Trix’ (RK’s sister), 4, 63Kipling, Caroline (RK’s wife, ‘Carrie’),

67, 118, 148Kipling, Elsie (RK’s daughter), 119Kipling, John Lockwood (RK’s

father), 4Kipling, John, (RK’s son), 119, 177Kipling, Josephine (RK’s daughter),

96, 118, 153Kitchener, Field Marshal Horatio

Herbert, 1st Earl, 123, 143‘Knight of the Joyous Venture, The’

(RK; story), 175–6, 207Koran, 22Korda, Alexander, 104Kruger, Paul, 120Ku Klux Klan, 82

Labour Party, 172Lahore, 6, 8, 12, 17, 22, 25, 30, 35,

52, 193Lang, Andrew, 19, 63, 87Larkin, Philip, 152Lawrence, D.H., 156Lawrence, John, 9, 20–4, 182‘Leaves from a Winter Notebook’

(RK; article), 72Ledger, Sally, 124, 125Lee-Warner, William, 190Lee, Hermione, 205Letters of Travel (RK; collection), 195Lewis, C.S., 94, 145‘Lichtenburg’ (RK; poem), 130–1Life’s Handicap (RK; collection), 190Light That Failed, The (RK; novel), 64–6Lodge, David, 145Lodge, Henry Cabot, 68London, Jack, 195Lorne Lodge, 5, 53–5Lutyens, Sir Edwin Landseer, 149Lycett, Andrew, 187, 190, 194, 200

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 10Macdonald, Alice, 4Macdonald, Edith, 187, 193

Macdonald, George Browne, 4Mackay, Aberigh, 184McLane, John R., 190Macmillan, Frederick George, 63Magna Carta, 176Maine, Henry, 186Mallet, Phillip, 203‘Man who would be Kipling, The’

(RK; story), vii, 39–43mass communications:

in RK’s work, 39–43, 136–47,158–64

Masterman, C.F.G., 151, 153, 154,156, 204, 206

Matless, David, 151, 204Matthews, Brander, 196Memmi, Albert, 33, 184–5, 190Mill, James, 11, 14Mill, John Stuart, 11, 14, 15Milton, John, 25‘Miracle of Purun Bhagat, The’

(RK; story), 106–9‘Miss Youghal’s Sais’ (RK; story), 189Monkshood, G.F., 189Montgomery, Sir Robert, 10Morley, David, 198Morris, Mowbray, 63Morrison, Toni, 84Morton, H.V., 154Motoring, 148, 151–8‘Mrs Bathurst’ (RK; story), 144–7Mudie, Charles Edward, 196‘My Sunday at Home’ (RK;

story), 92–5

national efficiency, 123–5, 202Native States, 26, 36–9, 183Naulahka, The (RK with Wolcott

Balestier; novel), 62, 87Nazism, 178, 181Neider, Charles, 193New Zealand, 131, 169Newbolt, Sir Henry, 205Newman, George, 149–51, 154Norman history, 166, 174–5, 183Norton, Charles Eliot, 16,

187, 200Nowell-Smith, Simon, 204Noyes, Alfred, 167, 170

‘Old Men at Pevensey’ (RK; story), 207

Oldershaw, L., 206Omaha Convention, 71O’Malley, L.S.S., 9, 10–11, 22, 185‘On the City Wall’ (RK; story),

48–52‘On the Great Wall’ (RK; story), 107opium trade, 46, 191Orde, Ann, 200Orientalism, 68, 110‘Our Lady of the Snows’

(RK; poem), 131Owen, Wilfred, 93

Parry, Ann, 122, 199‘Parting of the Columns’

(RK; poem), 129Paterson, A.B. (‘Banjo’), 131–2Pederson, Susan, 168, 205‘Pig’ (RK; story), 32Pinney, Thomas, 184, 188,

195, 207Pioneer (Allahabad newspaper):

politics of, 34RK in conflict with, 35–6, 53RK joins, 34

Plain Tales from the Hills (RK; collection), 11, 18, 27–30, 31–3, 185, 189

Populist (People’s) Party, 70, 73racial controversy of, 195in RK’s fiction, 80–2

Poynter, Ambrose, 165Price, Richard, 200, 201Priestley, J.B., 160Puck of Pook’s Hill (RK; collection),

118, 165–78, 180, 206–8Punjab, 3, 6

administrator-historians of, 9–13influence upon RK’s literary style,

7–33non-regulation system of

government in, 9–12, 14, 15,16, 20, 29, 30, 185

RK leaves, 34RK’s loyalty to, 7, 17–18

‘Quiquern’ (RK; story), 101–3

220 Index

Index 221

Rahman, Abdur (Amir of Afghanistan),25–6, 118

Rajasthan, 36–9, 190Ralph, Julian, 202Ranger, Terence, 188Rawalpindi conference, 25–6Reade, Charles, 79‘Recessional’ (RK; poem), 177‘Red Dog’ (RK; story), 113‘Return, The’ (RK; poem), 130, 131Rhodes, Cecil, 42, 118–19, 120,

123, 200‘Rikki-tikki-tavi’ (RK; story), 104–5Roberts, Frederick Sleigh (Lord), 34,

121, 137, 177Roman history, 165

in RK’s fiction, 169–72Roosevelt, Theodore, 68–9, 95Rowe, John Carlos, 68, 194Rutherford, Andrew, 194

Said, Edward, 68, 187, 190Saintsbury, George, 63Salvatore, Nick, 196Sampson Low, 63Saville Club, 63Saxon history, 166, 171School Meals Act, 168Searle, G.R., 201Second World War, 179Semmel, Bernard, 124, 125, 129Sennet, Richard, 47–8, 192Seven Seas, The (RK; poetry), 202, 204Seymour-Smith, Martin, 205Shakespeare, William, 54–5Shanks, Edward, 133, 134Sharp, Cecil, 149Shaw, Barton C., 195Shaw, George Bernard, 125Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 172Shils, Edward, 195Shwartz, Michael, 194Simla, 4, 18, 27, 38‘Sin of Witchcraft, The’ (RK; article),

130Sleeman, W.H., 109Smith, M. Van Wyk, 171Social Imperialism, 124–5Soldiers Three (RK; collection), 192

Something of Myself (RK; autobiography), 3, 6, 72, 184, 185, 187, 189, 190, 193–7,199, 200, 204, 206, 207

‘Song of the Dead’ (RK; poem), 202South Africa, 117–19, 142–3, 147

colonial involvement in conflict,129–31

impact of the conflict upon RK’ssocial identity and belonging,153–6, 158–62

impact of war on British social andimperial reform, 123–4, 126,132–3, 148–9

negotiation of post-war socialchange in RK’s rural fictions,148–9, 157–8, 163–4

pro-war jingoism, 133technological and informational

repercussions, 136–47war in, 119–35

Southsea, 4, 53, 114Spencer, Herbert, 27Stalky & Co. (RK; collection), 5‘Steam Tactics’ (RK; story), 157–8Stevenson, Robert Louis, 75Stokes, Eric, 10, 186, 187Strachey, John St Loe, 204Swinburne, Algernon, 133

Tariff Reform League, 124Temple, Richard, 10In the Year ’57 (RK; article), 10, 15,

19–24, 27–8, 45, 110, 182, 185‘They’ (RK; story), 152–7Thomas, Edward, 93Thomson, David, 206, 207Thorburn S.S., 11–13, 29, 185‘Thrown Away’ (RK; story), 32‘Tiger! Tiger!’ (RK; story), 110–11Times, The, 134Tompkins, J.M.S., 159Traffics and Discoveries (RK;

collection), 136–64, 203–6transatlantic culture, 62, 67, 86,

113–14, 137–8, 140, 143, 144Transvaal, 122, 137, 139‘Treasure and the Law, The’

(RK; story), 175–7

Trevelyan, C.E., 186Tudors, 167

in RK’s fiction, 172–3Twain, Mark, 62, 74, 76, 79

United Services College, Devon (USC), 5, 16

United States of America, viiimpact of American capitalism and

industry upon RK’s writings,71–84, 89–92

influence of mobile, multi-ethnicsociety on RK’s writing, 96–114

rise of organised labour and thePopulist (People’s) Party, 69–71

RK attacks American socialism andorganised labour, 74–84, 113

RK brokers imperial values to, 75–6,82, 86–95, 96–103

RK criticises industrial power andmass culture of, 71–2, 86–7

RK introduced to the Hay-Adamscircle, 68–9

RK’s concern for Anglo-Americanrelations, 67, 89–95, 98–103,113–14

Urbanisation, 43–6, 72, 97, 123,125–8, 132, 135, 149, 150, 151,156–7, 201

Utilitarianism, 10, 11, 12, 14–15, 21,28, 29, 30, 32, 186

Van de Water, Frederick, 195Veblen, Thorstein, 71Venezuela crisis, 92, 97, 113,

117, 120Viswanathan, Gauri, 186

‘Wage Slaves, The’, 173–4‘Walking Delegate, A’, 81–2Weaver, General James B., 71, 80Webb, Sidney, 123, 125, 149Wee Willie Winkie (RK; collection),

190, 193Week’s News (literary supplement

to the Pioneer), 35Welfare State, 169Wells, H.G., 123, 168, 201, 203Westward Ho!, Devon, 5Wheatcroft, Geoffrey, 200Wheeler & Co. (publisher; Indian

Railway Library), 37, 63‘White Man’s Burden, The’

(RK; poem), 86, 129‘White Seal, The’ (RK; story), 98–101White, Arnold, 176, 202White, Edward Lucas, 198White, Gilbert, 152Wiebe, Robert, H., 196Wilde, Oscar, 63Willcocks, Sir William, 148William II, Kaiser, 120‘William the Conqueror’ (RK;

story), 87–8Wintle, Sarah, 205‘Wireless’ (RK; story), 158–62Woodward, C. Vann, 195Woolf, Virginia, 156, 179–80Woolsack, The, 119‘Wressley of the Foreign Office’

(RK; story), 32Wurgaft, Lewis D., 185

Yeats, W.B., vi‘Young Queen, The’ (RK; poem), 131Young, Filson, 204

222 Index