Notes

1 Global South and Supranational Internet Policymaking

1. Stephen D. McDowell and Philip E. Steinberg, “Non-state Governanceand the Internet: Civil Society and the ICANN,” Info 3, no. 4 (2001):280.

2. Milton L. Mueller, Networks and States (MA: MIT Press, 2010), 6–8.3. Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu, Who Controls the Internet? The Illusion of a

Borderless World (Oxford: Oxford U. Press, 2006).4. Marc Raboy, “The World Summit on Information Society and Its Legacy

for Global Governance,” Gazette: The International Journal for CommunicationStudies 66, no. 3–4 (2004): 225–226.

5. See Claudia Padovani, “Debating Communication Imbalances from theMacBride Report to the World Summit on the Information Society: An Anal-ysis of a Changing Discourse,” Global Media and Communication 1, no. 3(2005): 316–338.

6. See Kaarle Nordentstreng and Claudia Padovani, “From NWICO to WSIS:Another World Information and Communication Order,” Global Media andCommunication 1, no. 3 (2005): 264–272.

7. See Victor Pickard, “Neoliberal Visions and Revisions in Global Communi-cations Policy from NWICO to WSIS,” Journal of Communication Inquiry 31,no. 2 (2007): 118–139.

8. Raboy, “World Summit,” 225.9. See Marc Raboy and Normand Landry, Civil Society, Communication and

Global Governance: Issues from the World Summit on the Information Society(New York: Peter Lang, 2005), 25–35.

10. Bart Cammaerts and Nico Carpentier, “The Unbearable Lightness of Full Par-ticipation in a Global Context: WSIS and Civil Society Participation,” inTowards a Sustainable Information Society: Deconstructing WSIS, ed. Jan Servaesand Nico Carpentier (Bristol: Intellect, 2005), 17.

11. Lisa McLaughlin and Victor Pickard, “What is Bottom-up about GlobalInternet Governance,” Global Media and Communication 1, no. 3 (2005): 359.

12. Cees Hamelink, “Did WSIS Achieve Anything At All?” Gazette: The Interna-tional Journal for Communication Studies 66, no. 3–4 (2004): 282.

13. Andrew Calabrese, “The Symbolism of International Summits and Declara-tions: Reflections on the World Summit on the Information Society,” GMJMediterranean Edition 1, no. 2 (2006): 44.

14. Vijay Prashad, The Darker Nations (New York: New Press, 2007), 13.15. Lin Chun, The Transformation of Chinese Socialism (Durham, NC: Duke

University Press, 2006), 271.16. Bradley A. Thayer, “The Case for the American Empire,” in American Empire:

A Debate, ed. Christopher Layne and Bradley A. Thayer (New York: Routledge,2007), 33.

169

170 Notes

17. Stephen Gill, “The Emerging World Order and European Change: The Politi-cal Economy of European Union,” The Socialist Register: New World Order? 28(1992): 189.

18. Gill, “Emerging World Order,” 189.19. Gill, “Emerging World Order,” 190.20. Perry Anderson, “Depicting Europe,” London Review of Books 29, no. 18

(2007), accessed November 10, 2013, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n18/print/ande01_htmal

21. Thayer, “Case for the American,” 34.22. Benedicte Bull, Morten Boas, and Desmond McNeill, “Private Sector Influ-

ence in the Multilateral System: A Changing Structure of World Gover-nance,” Global Governance 10, (2004): 482–483.

23. See Leslie Sklair and Peter T. Robbins, “Global Capitalism and Major Cor-porations from the Third World,” Third World Quarterly 23, no. 1 (2002):81–100.

24. Raboy, “World Summit,” 228.25. Jan Aart Scholte, “Civil Society and Democracy in Global Governance,”

Global Governance 8 (2002): 283.26. “The multi-stakeholder participation in WSIS and its written and unwritten

rules,” WSIS [World Summit on Information Society], accessed November 10,2013, http://www.itu.int/wsis/basic/multistakeholder.html

27. Cammaerts and Carpenter, “Unbearable Lightness,” 18.28. Raboy, “World Summit,” 228.29. Ibid., 229.30. Ibid.31. See Yuezhi Zhao, “Between a World Summit and a Chinese Movie:

Visions of the ‘Information Society,’ ” Gazette: The International Journal forCommunication Studies 66, no. 3–4 (2004): 275; Paula Chakravartty, “WhoSpeaks for the Governed: World Summit on the Information Society, CivilSociety, and the Limits of Multistakeholderism,” Political and EconomicWeekly 41, no. 3 (2006): 250–257.

32. See Andrew Calabrese, “The Promise of Civil Society: A Global Movementfor Communication Rights,” Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies18, no. 3 (2004): 317–329; Raboy and Landry, Civil Society; Chakravartty,“Who Speaks,” 250–257; Cammaerts and Carpentier, “Unbearable Light-ness,” 17–49.

33. See Pickard, “Neoliberal Visions,” 118–139; Wolfgang Kleinwachter, “BeyondICANN vs. ITU?” Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies66, no. 3–4 (2004): 233–251.

34. Dan Schiller, Digital Capitalism (Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1999), xiv.35. Colleen Roach, “Cultural Imperialism and Resistance in Media Theory and

Literary Theory,” Media, Culture & Society 19, no. 1 (1997): 47.36. Herbert Schiller, “Not Yet the Post-imperialist Era,” in Communication

and Culture in War and Peace, ed. Colleen Roach (CA, USA: Sage,1993), 97.

37. Herbert Schiller, Communication and Cultural Domination (NY: InternationalArts and Sciences Press, 1976); Dallas Smythe, Dependency Road (New Jersey:Ablex Publishing, 1981); Ariel Dorfman and Armand Mattelart, How to ReadDonald Duck (New York: I.G. Editions, 1991 [1971]).

Notes 171

38. Thomas H. Guback, “Film as International Business,” Journal of Communication24, no. 1 (1969): 90–101.

39. Tapio Varis, “Global Traffic in Television,” Journal of Communication 24, no. 1(1973): 102–109.

40. Schiller, Communication and Cultural, 9.41. Smythe, Dependency, 92.42. Dorfman and Mattelart, How to Read, 11.43. Herbert Schiller, “Is There a United States Information Policy?” In Hope

and Folly: The United States and UNESCO, ed. William Preston Jr, EdwardS. Herman, and Herbert I. Schiller (Minneapolis: University of MinnesotaPress, 1989), 285–286.

44. Herbert Schiller, Mass Communication and American Empire (New York:Augustus M. Kelley, 1970), 30.

45. Oliver Boyd-Barrett, “Media Imperialism: Towards an International Frame-work for the Analysis of Media Systems,” in Mass Communication and Society,ed. James Curran, Michael Gurevitch, and Janet Woollacott (London: EdwardArnold, 1977), 117.

46. Boyd-Barrett, “Media Imperialism,” 120.47. Colin Sparks, Globalization, Development and Mass Media (London: Sage,

2007), 8.48. Peter Golding, “Media Professionalism in the Third World: The Transfer of

an Ideology,” in Mass Communication and Society, ed. James Curran, MichaelGurevitch, and Janet Woollacott (London: Edward Arnold, 1977), 291–292.

49. Roach, “Cultural Imperialism,” 48.50. Anthony Giddens, Consequences of Modernity (California: Stanford University

Press, 1990), 18.51. David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), 284.52. David Held and Anthony McGrew, “The Great Globalization Debate:

An Introduction,” in The Global Transformations Reader, ed. David Held andAnthony McGrew (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2000), 3.

53. Daya K. Thussu, “Mapping the Global Media Flow and Contra-flow,”in Media on the Move, ed. Daya Kishan Thussu (London: Routledge,2007), 23.

54. James Rosenau, “Governance in a New Global Order,” in Governing Glob-alization, ed. David Held and Anthony McGrew (London: Polity, 2002),70–71.

55. Sandra Braman, “The Emergent Global Information Policy Regime,” in TheEmergent Global Information Policy Regime, ed. Sandra Braman (UK: PalgraveMacmillan, 2004), 13.

56. David Held and Anthony McGrew, “Introduction,” in Governing Globaliza-tion, ed. David Held and Anthony McGrew (London: Polity, 2002), 9.

57. Held and McGrew, “Introduction,” 9.58. Rosenau, “Governance in a New Global Order,” 76.59. Immanuel Wallerstein, “The Three Instances of Hegemony in the History of

the Capitalist World-Economy,” in The Theoretical Evolution of InternationalPolitical Economy: A Reader, ed. George T. Crane and Abla Amawi (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1997), 251.

60. Robert J. Brenner speaks with Jeong Seong-jin, “Overproduction Not Finan-cial Collapse is the Heart of the Crisis: The US, East Asia, and the World,”

172 Notes

The Asia-Pacific Journal (May 6, 2009), accessed July 10, 2009, http://www.japanfocus.org/-Robert_Brenner__S_J_Jeong/3043

61. “Suddenly Vulnerable: Asia’s Two Big Beasts are Shivering. India’s Econ-omy is Weaker, but China’s Leaders have More to Fear,” Economist,December 11, 2008, accessed August 12, 2009, http://www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12773135&fsrc=nwlehfree

62. Thayer, “Case for American,” 32.63. Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin, “Global Capitalism and American Empire,”

Socialist Register 40 (2004): 13–15.64. Peter Gowan, Global Gamble: Washington’s Faustian Bid for World Dominance

(New York: Verso, 1999), 25–33.65. Susan Strange, “The Future of the American Empire,” in The Theoretical Evo-

lution of International Political Economy, ed. George T. Crane and Abla Amawi(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 259.

66. David Harvey, The New Imperialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press,2005), 42.

67. David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 2005), 2.

68. Edward S. Herman and Robert W. McChesney, The Global Media:The Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism (Washington, DC: Cassell,1997), 38.

69. Jill Hills, Telecommunications and Empire (Urbana: University of Illinois Press,2007), 21.

70. Braman, “Emergent Global Information,” 12.71. Ibid., 13.72. See S.D. Krasner, International Regimes (Ithaca: Cornell University Press,

1982); William J. Drake, “Asymmetric Deregulation and the Transforma-tion of the International Telecommunication Regime,” in The Dynamicsof Telecommunication Policy in Europe and the United States, ed. Eli Noamand Gerald Pogorel (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1994), 137–205; M. Zacher andB. Sutton, Governing Global Networks: International Regimes for Transportationand Communications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); JohnVolger, The Global Commons (London: Wiley, 2000).

73. Braman, “Emergent World Information,” 28.74. Ibid., 30.75. Jill Hills, Telecommunication and Empire (Urbana: University of Illinois Press,

2007).76. Hills, “Telecommunication,” 19.77. Ibid., 20.78. Ibid., 21.79. Kaarle Nordentstreng, “New Information Order and Communication Schol-

arship: Reflections on a Delicate Relationship,” in Illuminating the Blindspots:Essays Honoring Dallas W. Smythe, ed. Janet Wasko, Vincent Mosco, andManjunath Pendakur (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1993), 266.

80. Ralph Miliband, “The Capitalist State: Reply to Nicos Poulantzas,” New LeftReview 59 (1970): 53–59; Nicos Poulantzas, “The Problem of the CapitalistState,” New Left Review 58 (1969): 67–78.

81. Christopher Chase Dunn, “Interstate System and Capitalist World-Economy:One Logic or Two?” in The Theoretical Evolution of International Political

Notes 173

Economy: A Reader, ed. George T. Crane and Abla Amawi (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1997), 153–154.

2 From UNESCO to ICANN: Rise of a New Model of GlobalCommunication Policymaking

1. Schiller, “United States Information Policy,” 288.2. Ibid., 293.3. Dwayne R. Winseck and Robert M. Pike, Communication and Empire (Durham,

NC: Duke University Press, 2007), 262.4. Ibid., 262.5. Joseph A. Mehan, “UNESCO and the US: Action and Reaction,” Journal of

Communication 31, no. 4 (1981): 159.6. Ibid., 159.7. Ibid., 159–160.8. UN Chronicle, “Conclusions of UN Freedom of Information Conference

1948: Efforts to Reconcile Opposing Concepts,” UN Chronicle online edi-tion, accessed November 10, 2012, http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2002/issue3/110502_unconf_freedom_conclu.html

9. Ibid.10. Ibid.11. William Preston Jr, “The History of U.S.-Unesco Relations,” in Hope and

Folly: The United States and Unesco, 1945–85, ed. William Preston Jr, EdwardS. Herman and Herbert Schiller (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1989), 55.

12. Ibid., 55.13. Robert J.C. Young, Postcolonialism: A Historical Introduction (Malden, MA:

Blackwell, 2001), 191–192.14. Prashad, “Darker Nations,” 209.15. Ibid., 210.16. Jonathan F. Gunter, “An Introduction to the Great Debate,” Journal of

Communication 28, no. 4 (1978): 144.17. It died in the 1980s.18. See Mustapha Masmoudi, “The New World Information Order (excerpt from

the document submitted to the MacBride Commission),” in World Commu-nications: A Handbook, ed. George Gerbner and Marsha Siefert (New York:Longman, 1984), 14–27.

19. Kaarle Nordenstreng, “Defining the New International Information Order,”in World Communications: A Handbook, ed. George Gerbner and MarshaSiefert (New York: Longman, 1984), 34.

20. Colleen Roach, “The Movement for a New World Information andCommunication Order,” Media, Culture and Society 12, no. 3(1990): 283.

21. UNESCO, “Origin and Mandate, Appendix 3,” in Many Voices, One World,Report by the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems,ed. Sean MacBride (New York: UNESCO, 1980), 295.

22. UNESCO, “Origin and Mandate,” 296.

174 Notes

23. UNESCO, “A Documentary History of a New World Information andCommunication Order Seen as an Evolving and Continuous Process, 1975–1986,” Communication and Society 19, (1987): 42–43.

24. Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Juan Somavia, “General Comments: Appendix 1,”in Many Voices, One World, Report by the International Commission for the Studyof Communication Problems, ed. Sean MacBride (New York: UNESCO, 1980),281.

25. US Department of State, “The US View of Belgrade,” prepared under thedirection of Sarah Goddard Power, the US deputy assistant secretary forhuman rights and social affairs in the Bureau of International OrganizationalAffairs, Journal of Communication 31, no. 4 (1981): 144.

26. Mustapha Masmoudi, “General Comments: Appendix 1,” in Many Voices,One World, Report by the International Commission for the Study ofCommunication Problems, ed. Sean MacBride (New York: UNESCO, 1980), 280.

27. Herbert Schiller cited in Kusum Sing and Bertram Gross, “ ‘MacBride’: TheReport and the Response,” Journal of Communication 31, no. 4 (1981): 111.

28. Cees Hamelink cited in Kusum Sing and Bertram Gross, “ ‘MacBride’: TheReport and the Response,” Journal of Communication 31, no. 4 (1981): 112.

29. Department of State, “US View of Belgrade,” 142.30. Roach, “Movement for a New World,” 287.31. Department of State, “US View of Belgrade,” 148.32. UNESCO, “Documentary History,” 129–130.33. Roach, “Movement for a New World,” 284.34. George P. Shultz, “Letter to the Director General of Unesco,” Journal of

Communication 34, no. 4 (1984): 82–84.35. US Department of State, “A Memorandum Prepared by William G. Harley,

Communications Consultant, U.S. Department of State, Reflecting the Viewsof that Department on What the U.S. Government is Thinking and Doingabout UNESCO,” Journal of Communication 34, No. 4 (1984): 90.

36. Federico Mayor, “Press Statement,” October 7, 1988, cited in Roach, “Move-ment for a New World,” 287.

37. Colleen Roach, “The Western World and the NWICO: United They Stand?”in Beyond Cultural Imperialism, ed. Peter Golding and Phil Harris (London:Sage, 1997), 101.

38. Gerald Sussman, e-mail message to author, May 12, 2012.39. Prashad, “Darker Nations,” 14.40. Ibid.41. Yuezhi Zhao and Robert A. Hackett, “Media Globalization, Media Democra-

tization: Challenges, Issues, and Paradoxes,” in Democratizing Global Media:One World, Many Struggles, ed. Robert A. Hackett and Yuezhi Zhao (Lanham:Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), 14.

42. Amin Alhasan, “Communication and the Postcolonial Nation-State,” inNew Frontiers in International Communication Theory, ed. Mehedi Semati(Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004),65.

43. Dan Schiller and Vincent Mosco, “Introduction: Integrating a Continent fora Transnational World,” in Continental Order? Integrating North America forCybercapitalism, ed. Vincent Mosco and Dan Schiller (Lanham: Rowman andLittlefield, 2001), 6.

44. Department of State, “Memorandum,” 91.

Notes 175

45. Colin R. Blackman, “Convergence between Telecommunications and OtherMedia: How should Regulation Adapt?” Telecommunications Policy 22, no. 3(1998): 169; Jan van Cuilenburg and Denis McQuail, “Media Policy ParadigmShifts: Towards a New Communications Policy Paradigm,” European Journalof Communication 18, no. 2 (2003): 182.

46. William H. Melody, “Policy Objectives and Models of Regulation,” in TelecomReform: Principles, Policies and Regulatory Practices, ed. W.H. Melody (Lyngby:Technical University of Denmark, 1997), 11–24.

47. Dwayne Winseck, Reconvergence: A Political Economy of Telecommunications inCanada (New Jersey: Hampton Press, 1998), 7.

48. infoDev, ITU, “ICT Regulation Toolkit,” ITU, accessed June 10, 2009, http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/Section.2145.html

49. Hills, “Telecommunication,” 12.50. Schiller, “Digital,” 6–7; while Dan Schiller points out the role of big busi-

nesses, Robert Britt Horwitz in his book The Irony of Regulatory Reform: TheDeregulation of American Telecommunications (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1989) documents the role of two opposing political forces—the propo-nents of free market and left-liberal forces—in the processes of reregulationin the US. According to Horwitz, left-liberal forces attacked the regula-tory mechanism because they saw regulatory agencies, including the FCC,as being captured by the industries which the agencies were supposed toregulate. They suggested that, in order to get rid of the corporate con-trol of regulatory agencies, the existing regulatory structure needed to bedismantled. On the other hand, the conservatives and free market forcesargued that the vast bureaucracy of regulatory agencies and their pro-tectionist interventions were harmful to the overall development of theindustries.

51. Steven K. Vogel, Freer Markets, More Rules: Regulatory Reform in AdvancedIndustrial Countries (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), 37.

52. Vogel, “Freer Markets,” 233, 245.53. Schiller, “Digital,” 38; Vogel, “Freer Markets,” 38; Jill Hills, Deregulating

Telecoms (London: Frances Pinter, 1986), 113, 187.54. David Simon, “Neoliberalism, Structural Adjustment and Poverty Reduction

Strategies,” in The Companion of Development Studies, ed. Vandana Desai andRobert B. Potter (London: Arnold, 2002), 87–88.

55. Geisa Maria Rocha, “Redefining the Role of the Bourgeoisie in DependentCapitalist Development: Privatization and Liberalization in Brazil,” LatinAmerican Perspectives 21, no. 1 (1994): 82.

56. Ibid., 38.57. Manjunath Pendakur and Jyotsna Kapur, “Think Globally, Program

Locally: Privatization of Indian National Television,” in DemocratizingCommunication?: Comparative Perspective on Information and Power, ed.Mashoed Bailie and Dwayne Winseck (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 1997),204.

58. Michel Oskenberg, “China’s Political System: Challenges of the Twenty-FirstCentury,” The China Journal 45 (January 2001): 22.

59. Yuezhi Zhao, Communication in China (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield,2008), 6.

60. Ibid., 6.

176 Notes

61. Gholam Khiabany, “The Iranian Press, State, and Civil Society,” in Media,Culture and Society in Iran, ed. Mehdi Semati (New York: Routledge, 2008), 20.

62. Boyan Belev, “Privatization in Egypt and Tunisia: Liberal Outcomes and/orLiberal Policies?” Mediterranean Politics 6, No. 2 (2001): 69.

63. Larbi Sadiki, “The Search for Citizenship in Ben Ali’s Tunisia: DemocracyVersus Unity,” Political Studies 50 (2002): 497.

64. Cristina Venegas, “Will the Internet Spoil Fidel Castro’s Cuba?” in Democracyand New Media, ed. Henry Jenkins and David Thorburn (Cambridge, MA: TheMIT Press, 2003), 186–187.

65. Schiller, “Digital,” 44–45.66. Sean Siochru, Bruce Girard, and Amy Mahan, Global Media Governance:

A Beginner’s Guide (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), 68.67. William J. Drake, “WATTC—88: Restructuring the International Telecom-

munication Regulations,” Telecommunications Policy 12, no. 3 (1988):217–233.

68. Schiller, “Digital,” 50; Francesco Stolfi and Gerald Sussman, “Telecommu-nications and Transnationalism: The Polarization of Social Space,” TheInformation Society 17, no. 1 (2001): 54; Call back service: It allows a customerto dial a number to the US and receive a dial tone from a US company, andthen use its outbound switch to place a call. Call back service providers canuse the facilities of other countries’ telecommunication carriers without pay-ing any compensation since call back service is not within the jurisdictionof the ITU.

69. Ken Cheong and Mark Mullins, “International Telephone ServicesImbalances: Accounting Rates and Regulatory Policy,” TelecommunicationsPolicy 15, no. 2 (1991): 109–111.

70. Donald J. MacLean, “A New Departure for the ITU: An Inside View ofthe Kyoto Plenipotentiary Conference,” Telecommunications Policy 19, no. 3(1995): 188.

71. George A. Codding, “Evolution of the ITU,” Telecommunications Policy21 (1991): 280; George A. Codding, “The Changing Nature of the ITUPlenipotentiary,” Telecommunications Policy 15, no. 4 (1983): 322.

72. Donald J. MacLean, “Open Doors and Open Questions: Interpreting theResults of the 1998 ITU Minneapolis Plenipotentiary Conference,” Telecom-munications Policy 23, no. 2 (1999): 152.

73. A.J.M.S.A. Bhuiyan, “Universal Access in Developing Countries: A ParticularFocus on Bangladesh,” The Information Society 20, no. 4 (2004): 270.

74. Siochru, Girard, and Mahan, “Global Media,” 58.75. Robert Horwitz, “ ‘Negotiated Liberalization’: The Politics of Communication

Sectors Reform in South Africa,” in Media and Globalization: Why the StateMatters, ed. Nancy Morris and Silvio Waisbord (Lanham, Maryland: Rowmanand Littlefield, 2001), 39.

76. UNCTAD (United Nations Centre for Trade and Development), The Dig-ital Divide Report: ICT Diffusion Index 2005 (Geneva: UNCTAD, 2006),16, accessed March 12, 2009, http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/iteipc20065_en.pdf

77. Pierre Guislain and Christine Zhen-Wei Qiang, “Foreign Direct Investmentin Telecommunications in Developing Countries,” in Information and Com-munications for Development-Global Trends and Policies, 19 (Washington, DC:World Bank, 2006), accessed March 14, 2009, http://web.worldbank.org/

Notes 177

WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/0,,contentMDK:20831214∼pagePK:210058∼piPK:210062∼theSitePK:282823,00.html

78. Dan Schiller, “Poles of Market Growth? Open Questions about China, Infor-mation and the World Economy,” Global Media and Communication 1, no. 1(2005): 88.

79. Gurucharan Das, “The Indian Model: An Economy Unshackled,” For-eign Affairs, July/August 5, 2006, accessed February 9, 2009, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/61728/gurcharan-das/the-india-model

80. Horwitz, “Negotiated Liberalization,” 38.81. Guislain and Qiang, “Foreign Direct Investment,” 25.

3 Uniqueness of ICANN

1. IAB (Internet Architecture Board). “A Brief History of the Internet Advi-sory/Activities/Architecture Board,” IAB, accessed October 27, 2009, http://www.iab.org/about/history.html

2. Daniel Pare, Internet Governance in Transition: Who is the Master of thisDomain? (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), 16.

3. S. Romano and M. Stahl, RFC 1020: Internet Numbers, November 1987,accessed March 12, 2009, http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1020

4. Pare, Internet Governance, 19.5. ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). “Coop-

erative Agreement between NSI and US Government, January 1, 1993,”accessed September 8, 2009, ICANN, http://www.icann.org/nsi/coopagmt-01jan93.htm

6. John Postel, RFC 1591: Domain Name System Structure and Delegation,March 1994, accessed September 8, 2009, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1591.txt

7. Milton Mueller, “ICANN and Internet Governance: Sorting Through theDebris of Self-regulation,” Info 1, no. 6 (1999): 501.

8. Mueller, “ICANN and Internet Governance,” 501.9. “Establishment of a Memorandum of Understanding on the Generic Top

Level Domain Name Space of the Internet Domain Name System,” February28, 1997, accessed September 10, 2009, http://www.itu.int/net-itu/gtld-mou/gTLD-MoU.htm

10. “Internet Domain Names: Information Session, Meeting of Signatoriesand Potential Signatories of the Generic Top Level Domain Memoran-dum of Understanding,” April 29, 1997, keynote address, ITU, accessedSeptember 11, 2009, http://www.itu.int/newsarchive/projects/dns-meet/KeynoteAddress.html

11. Mueller, “ICANN and Internet Governance,” 502.12. Madeline Albright, cited in Mueller, “ICANN and Internet Governance,” 502,

footnote 18.13. “A Framework for Global Electronic Commerce,” USDoC, accessed

October 9, 2009, http://s3.amazonaws.com/lcp/cibercultura/myfiles/A-Framework-for-Global-Electronic-Commerce-Al-Gore.pdf; “Requests for com-ments on the Registration and Administration of Internet Domain Names,”USDoC, July 1, 1997, accessed September 15, 2009, http://www.ntia.doc.gov/federal-register-notice/1997/request-comments-registration-and-administration-internet-domain-names

178 Notes

14. “Green Paper (A Proposal to Improve Technical Management of InternetNames and Address, Discussion Draft),” USDoC, January 30, 1998, accessedSeptember 15, 2009, http://www.ntia.doc.gov/federal-register-notice/1998/improvement-technical-management-internet-names-and-addresses-proposed-

15. “Green Paper.”16. Ibid.17. Ibid.18. Ibid.19. Ibid.20. Ibid.21. “White Paper (Management of Internet Names and Addresses),” USDoC,

June 1998, accessed September 19, 2009, http://www.icann.org/general/white-paper-05jun98.htm

22. “Memorandum of Understanding between the US Department of Com-merce and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers,” ICANN,November 25, 1998, accessed October 5, 2009, http://www.icann.org/general/icann-mou-25nov98.htm

23. Stuart Lynn, “President’s Report: ICANN—The Case for Reform” (California:ICANN, February 24, 2002), accessed October 4, 2009, http://www.icann.org/general/lynn-reform-proposal-24feb02.htm

24. “Second Status Report to the Department of Commerce Under ICANN/USGovernment Memorandum of Understanding,” ICANN, June 30, 2000,3, accessed October 4, 2009, http://www.icann.org/en/general/statusreport-30jun00.htm

25. “ICANN Profile.” ICANN, accessed September 4, 2009, http://www.caslon.com.au/icannprofile.htm

26. “ICANN Board of Directors,” ICANN, accessed September 10, 2013, http://www.icann.org/en/general/board.html

27. Siochru, Girard, and Mahan, “Global Media,” 87.28. Ibid.29. “Affirmation of Commitments by the United States Department of Com-

merce and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers,”NTIA (National Telecommunications Information Administration, US),September 30, 2009, accessed August 10, 2009, http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-30sep09-en.htm#affirmation

30. GAC, ICANN. “Communique 17.” Montreal, Canada, June 22, 2003,accessed August 30, 2009, https://gacweb.icann.org/display/gacweb/GAC+17+Meeting+Montreal%2C+Canada+-+22-25+June+2003

31. GAC, ICANN. “Communique 21.” Cape Town, South Africa, November29, 2004, accessed August 30, 2009, https://gacweb.icann.org/display/gacweb/GAC+21+Meeting+Cape+Town%2C+South+Africa+-+30+November+2004

32. Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M Kostecki, The Political Economy of theWorld Trading System (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 467.

33. Hoekman and Kostecki, Political Economy, 466.34. Hans Klein, “ICANN and Internet Governance: Leveraging Technical

Coordination to Realize Global Public Policy,” The Information Society 18(2002): 196.

Notes 179

35. See McDowell and Steinberg, “Non-state Governance,” 279–298; WolfgangKleinwachter, “The Silent Subversive: ICANN and the New Global Gover-nance,” Info 3, no. 4 (2001): 259–278.

4 Resistance to the ICANN Model of InternetGovernance

1. EU, “Statement on Draft Action Plan of the World Summit on the Infor-mation Society (WSIS) at PrepCom 2,” Geneva Phase, December 10, 2002,Document WSIS/PC-2/CONTR/36-E.

2. Ibid.3. Ibid.4. Brazil, “Brazilian Presentation on Draft Declaration and Action Plan

at PrepCom 2,” Geneva Phase, January 7, 2003, Document WSIS/PC-2/CONTR/57-E.

5. Brazil, “Brazilian Government Contribution at PrepCom 3,” May 31, 2003,Geneva Phase, Document WSIS/PC-3/CONTR/60-E.

6. Brazil, “Government Contribution.”7. Cuba, “Comments and Proposals of the Government of the Republic of Cuba

on the Draft Declaration of Principles and Draft Action Plan of the WSIS,”June 12, 2003, Document WSIS/PC-3/CONTR/104-E.

8. Iran, “Iran at PrepCom 3 at Geneva Phase,” June 14, 2003, DocumentWSIS/PC-3/CONTR/83-E.

9. Mohammad Khatami, “Speech at the Geneva Summit, Before the WSIS,”Geneva, December 10, 2003.

10. US, “US Comments on the March 21st Version of the WSIS Draft Declarationand Action Plan at PrepCom 3,” Geneva Phase, May 30, 2003, DocumentWSIS/PC-3/CONTR/47-E.

11. CCBI, “CCBI Comments on Draft Declaration of Principles and Draft ActionPlan, 21 March 2003,” May 5, 2003, Document WSIS/PC-3/CONTR/10-E.

12. CCBI, “CCBI Comments on the WSIS Draft Declaration and ActionPlan (dated November 14, 2003),” November 27, 2003, Document WSIS-03/GENEVA/CONTR/189-E.

13. CCBI, “Comments on Draft Declaration of Principles.”14. CCBI, “Comments on Draft Declaration and Action.”15. Civil Society Human Rights and Internet Governance Caucus, WSIS, “State-

ment by the Civil Society Human Rights Caucus,” PrepCom 2, Tunis Phase,Geneva, February 23, 2005.

16. Civil Society Plenary, WSIS, “Shaping Information Societies for HumanNeeds, Civil Society Declaration to the World Summit on the InformationSociety,” Geneva, December 8, 2003.

17. Civil Society Plenary, WSIS, “Shaping Information Societies,” 22.18. Ibid.19. WGIG, “Preliminary Report of the Working Group on Internet Gover-

nance,” February 21, 2005, Document WSIS-II/PC-2/DOC/5-E, accessedNovember 18, 2009, http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs2/pc2/off5.doc

20. WGIG, “The Members of the Working Group on Internet Governance(WGIG),” accessed March 12, 2010, http://www.wgig.org/members.html

180 Notes

21. China, “China’s Comments to the WGIG on Draft Working Papers: Identify-ing Issues for Internet Governance,” February 11, 2005, accessed March 31,2010, http://www.wgig.org/docs/Comment-China.doc

22. China, “Comments to the WGIG.”23. Brazil, “Summary of the Brazilian Proposal to the Interministerial Group on

Information Society, Subgroup on Internet Governance,” June 3, 2003.24. Ibid.25. Ibid.26. Civil Society Internet Governance Caucus, “Statement on Behalf of the Civil

Society Internet Governance Caucus,” Geneva, February 16, 2005.27. Ibid.28. CCBI, “CCBI Comments on the Working Group on Internet Governance

(WGIG) Report,” August 5, 2005, Document WSIS-II/PC-3/CONTR/25-E.29. CCBI, “Comments on the WGIG Report.”30. WGIG, “Preliminary Report.”31. Brazil, “Brazilian Statement,” September 30, 2005, Document WSIS-II/PC-

3/DT/19-E.32. India, “Statement of the Indian Delegation in the Meeting of the Sub-

Committee-A on Internet Governance during the PrepCom 3,” Tunis Phase,Tunisia, September 20, 2005.

33. Ibid.34. Iran, “Iran at PrepCom 3.”35. Ibid.36. South Africa, “South Africa’s General Statement on Internet Governance,”

PrepCom 3, Tunis Phase, Tunis, September 20, 2005.37. Saudi Arabia, “Saudi Arabia (on behalf of the Arab Group),” Tunis,

September 30, 2005, Document WSIS-II/PC-3/DT/25-E.38. EU, “EU Proposal for Addition to Chair’s Paper Sub-Com A on Internet Gov-

ernance, Paragraph 5 ‘Follow-up and Possible Arrangements’,” PrepCom 3,Tunis Phase, September 30, 2005, Document WSIS-II/PC-3/DT/21-E.

39. US “Comments on the Report of the WGIG,” PrepCom 3, Tunis Phase, 2005,Document WSIS-II/PC-3/CONTR/035-E.

40. Ibid.41. Ibid.42. Ibid.43. US, “Domain Names: US Principles on Internet’s Domain Name and

Addressing System,” accessed November 30, 2009, http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/USDNSprinciples_06302005.htm

44. CCBI, “Comments on the Working Group.”45. Ibid.46. Ibid.47. Ibid.48. WSIS Executive Secretariat, “Compilation of Comments Received on the

Chair’s Paper (DT/10), Chapter Three: Internet Governance,” September 29,2005, Document WSIS-II/PC-3/DT/14 (Rev. 2)-E.

49. David Gross, quoted in Victoria Shannon, “Tug of War over Net TakesCenter Stage,” International Herald Tribune, November 14, 2005, accessedNovember 15, 2009, http://www.iht.com/bin/print_ipub.php?file=/articles/2005/11/13/business/net.php

50. Ibid.

Notes 181

51. Lisa Porteus, “Who Should Control the Internet?” Fox News, November 10,2005, accessed November 14, 2009, http://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_story/0,3566,175096,00.html

52. Ibid.53. Frederick Kempe, “How the Web was Run: The US and Europe are at

Odds but There May Yet be a Way Out,” The Wall Street Journal Online,October 25, 2005, accessed November 18, 2009, http://www.wgig.org/news/Thinking%20Global.pdf

54. “Media on Internet Governance,” ITU, accessed November 8, 2009, http://www.wgig.org/meetings.html

55. WSIS, “Compilation of Comments Received on the Chair’s Paper (DT/10),Chapter Three: Internet Governance,” September 29, 2005, Document WSIS-II/PC-3/DT/14 (Rev.2)-E.

56. Kofi A. Annan, “The U.N. isn’t a Threat to the Net,” Washington Post, Novem-ber 5, 2005, A 19, accessed August 10, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/04/AR2005110401431.html

57. This letter was published in Register, a British magazine, accessedNovember 20, 2009, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/02/rice_eu_letter

58. “US Retain Hold of the Internet,” BBC News, November 16, 2005, accessedNovember 13, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4441544.stm

59. Civil Society Plenary, “Much More Could Have Been Achieved,” Civil Soci-ety Statement at the World Summit on the Information Society, Tunis,December 18, 2005.

60. Ibid.61. Huang Ju, “Speech at the Tunis Summit,” Tunis, November 17, 2005.62. Mohammed Soleymani, “Speech at the Tunis Summit,” Tunis, November 18,

2005.63. Dayanidhi Maran, “Speech at Tunis Summit,” Tunis, November 16, 2005.64. Maran, “Speech.”65. Thabo Mbeki, “Speech at the Tunis Summit,” Tunis, November 16, 2005.66. Ignacio Gonzalez Planas, “Speech in the Second Phase of the WSIS,” Tunis,

November 16, 2005.67. Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, “Speech at the Second Phase of the WSIS,” Tunisia,

November 17, 2005.68. See Zhao, “Between a World Summit.” Chakravartty, “Who Speaks.”

A.J.M.S.A. Bhuiyan, “Peripheral View: Conceptualizing the Information Soci-ety as a Postcolonial Subject,” International Communication Gazette 70, no. 2(2008): 99–116.

69. Dan Schiller, How to Think about Information (Urbana: University of IllinoisPress, 2007), 139.

5 Bridging Digital Divide: Neoliberal Means with StateControl(?)

1. Marc Warshauer, “Dissecting the Digital Divide: A Case Study in Egypt,”The Information Society 19, no. 4 (2003): 297.

2. Based on Global Internet Geography, 2006, cited in UNCTAD, DigitalDivide Report, 2006, 1.

3. TeleGeography, “GLobal Internet Geography”, 2012.

182 Notes

4. Ibid.5. UNCTAD, “Digital Divide Report,” 8.6. Lawrence Landweber, “CSNET: A Brief History,” 1991, cited in Janet Abbate,

Inventing the Internet (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), 185.7. Merit 1995, cited in Abbate, Inventing the Internet, 193.8. B.E. Carpenter et al., “Two Years of Real Progress in European HEP Net-

working: A CERN Perspective,” Computer Physics Communications 45 (1987):83–92.

9. Larry Press, William Foster, Peter Wolcott, and William McHenry,“The Internet in India and China,” First Monday 7, no. 10 (2002),accessed October 25, 2009, http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_10/press/index.html

10. Anindo Ghosh, “Outlook White Paper: Private Internet Service Providers inIndia,” 1998, accessed October 26, 2009, http://www.india50.com/isp.html

11. Virtual Brazil, “History of Internet in Brazil,” accessed September 5, 2007,http://www.v-brazil.com/science/history-internet-brazil.html

12. “The Internet Timeline of China,” CNNIC (China Network InformationCenter), accessed November 24, 2009, http://www1.cnnic.cn/IDR/hlwfzdsj/201306/t20130628_40563.htm

13. Zixue Tai, The Internet in China: Cyberspace and Civil Society (New York:Routledge, 2006), 128.

14. Barbara Slavin, “Internet in Iran: Internet Boom Alters Political Process inIran”, The USA Today, June 12, 2005, accessed December 10, 2009, http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-06-12-iran-election-internet_x.htm

15. Press, Foster, Wolcott, and McHenry, “Internet in India.”16. Venegas, Christina, “Will the Internet Spoil Fidel Castro’s Cuba?” in Democ-

racy and New Media, ed. Henry Jenkins and David Thorburn (Cambridge,MA: MIT Press, 2003), 179–202.

17. “Internet in Tunisia.”18. Abbate, Inventing the Internet, 191.19. Stephen Wolff, “Merit Retires NSFNET Backbone Service.” E-mail to Com-

Priv and Farnet Members, November 26, 1991, 1, cited in Abbate, Inventingthe Internet, 192.

20. Now Verizon Business, after its merger with Verizon Communications.21. Abbate, Inventing the Internet, 196.22. PSINet was bought by Cogent in the early 2000s and has its history available

on the Cogent’s web page accessed June 3, 2009, http://www.cogentco.com/en/about-cogent/history

23. Vint G. Cerf, “How the Internet Came to be,” The Online User’s Encyclope-dia, ed. B. Aboba. Addison-Wesley, 1993.

24. Abbate, Inventing the Internet, 198.25. Ibid.26. Michael Kende, “The Digital Handshake: Connecting Internet Back-

bones,” OPP Working Paper no. 32, Office of Plans and Policy, Fed-eral Communication Commission, Washington DC, September 2000,accessed September 5, 2007, http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/OPP/working_papers/oppwp32.pdf

27. OECD, “Internet Traffic Exchange: Developments and Policy” (DSTI/ICCP/TISP(98)1/FINAL), 1998, 15, accessed September 10, 2007, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/11/26/2091100.pdf

Notes 183

28. Abbate, Inventing the Internet, 199.29. “Fact Sheet: A Brief History of the Internet and NSF,” NSF, accessed

August 13, 2003, http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=103050

30. OECD, “Internet Traffic Exchange,” 23.31. OECD, Internet Traffic Exchange and the Development of End-

to-End International Telecommunication Competition (March 2002),12, accessed October 20, 2009, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/47/20/2074136.pdf

32. John Markoff, “Internet Traffic Begins to Bypass the US,” The New YorkTimes, August 30, 2008, accessed October 25, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/business/30pipes.html

33. Ibid.34. Kende, “Digital Handshake,” 12.35. Jason Oxman, “The FCC and the Unregulation of the Internet,” OPP Work-

ing Paper No. 31, Office of Plans and Policy Federal CommunicationsCommission, Washington DC, July 12–13, 1999, accessed July 15, 2009,http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/OPP/working_papers/oppwp31.pdf

36. Kende, “Digital Handshake,” 9.37. “Telecommunications Act of 1996,” FCC, US, accessed November 17, 2008,

http://www.fcc.gov/telecom.html38. Daniel R. Headrick, The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and Interna-

tional Politics, 1851–1945 (US: Oxford university Press, 1991), 60.39. Ibid., 60.40. Ibid., 62.41. Ibid., 28.42. Ashok Jhunjhunwala, “Case Study: India (Enabling Rural India with Infor-

mation Technologies),” ITU, August 2004, accessed August 25, 2009, http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ni/digitalbridges/docs/casestudies/India.pdf

43. UNCTAD, “Digital Divide Report,” 26.44. Datamonitor, Internet Access Industry Profile: India, June 2009, http://web.

ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/bsi/pdf?vid=3&hid=12&sid=ebd70bfb-de28-4c93-b957-bf29cb19b9ef%40sessionmgr12

45. Jhunjhunwala, “Case Study.”46. Datamonitor, “Internet Access Industry Profile: Brazil,” June 2009, http://

web.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/bsi/pdf?vid=6&hid=12&sid=f8b64bc2-eb93-4f87-9fed-5e2f76681ee7%40sessionmgr10

47. Ami Albernaz, “The Internet in Brazil: From Digital Divide to Democ-racy?” May 3, 2002, accessed June 30, 2008, http://www.aaplac.org/library/AlbernazAmi03.pdf

48. Claudio Pinhanez, “Internet in Developing Countries: The Case of Brazil,”1995, accessed June 30, 2008, http://www.research.ibm.com/people/p/pinhanez/publications/netbrasil.htm

49. Albernaz, “Internet in Brazil.”50. CNNIC, “The 19th Survey Report,” 2007, accessed November 15, 2009,

http://www.apira.org/data/upload/pdf/Asia-Pacific/CNNIC/19threport-en.pdf

51. Datamonitor, “Internet Access Industry Profile: China,” June 2009, http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/bsi/pdf?vid=3&hid=12&sid=383cd1b1-db2e-4aee-a75a-92dc70857bc4%40sessionmgr10

184 Notes

52. CNNIC, “The 24th Survey Report,” July 2009, accessed November 25, 2009,http://www.apira.org/data/upload/24th_MAKggG.pdf

53. CNNIC, “24th Survey.”54. Marcia Wilson, “The Development of the Internet in South Africa,”

Telematics and Informatics 16 (1999): 104.55. Russell Southwood et al., “Assessing Consumer Activity in the Telecoms

and Internet Sectors in Africa,” accessed July 31, 2009, http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/publications/Russell_CconsumerdftV2.pdf , 63

56. Datamonitor, “Internet Access in South Africa: Industry Profile,”June 2009, http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/bsi/pdf?vid=3&hid=12&sid=640d2897-5cb1-4a0c-a072-d2e019269e47%40sessionmgr10

57. Wilson, “Development of the Internet,” 103.58. Babak Rahimi, “Cyberdissent: The Internet in Revolutionary Iran,”

MERIA (Middle East Review of International Affairs) 7, no. 3 (2003),accessed November 30, 2008, http://www.payvand.com/news/03/sep/1156.html

59. Claire Voeux and Julien Pain, “Going Online in Cuba: Internet underSurveillance,” Reporters Without Borders, October 2006, 3, accessed July 15,2008, http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf

60. Voeux and Pain, “Going Online,” 5.61. Based on the ITU statistics database, accessed May 25, 2007, http://www.

itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Indicators/Indicators.aspx#62. UNCTAD, “Digital Divide Report,” 49–52.63. Sha Zukang, “Statement at PrepCom 1,” Geneva Phase, WSIS, Geneva,

July 1, 2002.64. Wang Xudong, “Speech at the Geneva Summit,” Geneva, December 10,

2003.65. Huang Ju, “Speech at the Tunis Summit.” Tunis, November 17, 2005.66. Ibid.67. Ibid.68. Brazil, “Presentation on Draft Declaration.”69. Ibid.70. Brazil, “Government Contribution.”71. Ivy Matsepe Casaburri, “Speech at the Geneva Summit,” December 11,

2003.72. Mbeki, “Speech at Tunis.”73. Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, “Speech at the Opening Session of the First Phase

of the WSIS, Geneva Summit,” Geneva, December 10, 2003.74. Ben Ali, “Speech.”75. Tunisia, “Tunisian Working Paper for the Second Meeting of the Preparatory

Committee of the WSIS,” Geneva, December 3, 2002. Document WSIS/PC-2/CONTR/4-E.

76. India, “Statement of the Indian Delegation.”77. Vinod Vaish, chairman of Telecom Commission, India, “Statement at

the Asian Regional Conference of WSIS,” Tokyo, 13–15 January, 2003,Document WSIS/PC-2/CONTR/69-E.

78. Vinod Vaish, “Statement by the Delegation of India at PreparatoryCommittee-I Meeting of World Summit on the Information Society(WSIS),” Geneva, July 1–5, 2002.

Notes 185

79. Ricardo Alarcon de Quesada, “Speech at the WSIS,” Geneva, December 11,2003.

80. Ibid.81. Ibid.82. Planas, “Speech at the Tunis Summit.”83. Soleymani, “Speech at the Tunis Summit.”84. Khatami, “Speech.”85. Ibid.86. EU, “Statement on Draft Action Plan.”87. Civil Society Coordination Group, “Civil Society Statement to PrepCom 2

on Vision, Principles, Themes and Process for WSIS,” December 18, 2002,Document WSIS/CSCG/5.

88. Civil Society Coordination Group, “Statement to PrepCom 2.”89. Civil Society Plenary, “Shaping Information Societies,” 7.90. Ibid., 17.91. Ibid., 20.92. US, “Comments on March 21st.”93. US, “Comments on the Report of the WGIG.”94. US, “Comments on the Report.”95. John Marburger, “Speech at the WSIS Geneva summit,” Geneva,

December 11, 2003.96. CCBI, “Comments on Draft Declaration of Principles.”97. Ibid.98. CCBI, “Draft Declaration of Principles.”99. Kende, “Digital Handshake,” 34.

100. “ITU-T Recommendation D. 50: International Internet Connection,” (ITU-T D.50 [10/2000]), ITU, accessed July 30, 2008, http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-D.50-200010-S/en

101. WSIS Executive Secretariat, “Compilation of Comments.”102. Ibid.103. Zixue Tai, “Internet in China,” 134.104. Yuezhi Zhao, “ ‘Universal Service’ and China’s Telecommunication Miracle:

Discourses, Practices and Post-WTO Accession Challenges,” Info 9, no. 2/3(2007): 115.

105. Ibid., 115106. Ibid., 116.107. Ibid., 111.108. Ibid.109. Ibid.110. R.S. Jain, “Spectrum Auctions in India: Lessons from Experience,” Telecom-

munications Policy 25, no. 10–11 (2001): 673–674.111. Albernaz, “Internet in Brazil,” 9.

6 Multilingualism: Does It Legitimize the ICANN Model?

1. David Maher, Ram Mohan, and Philipp Grabensee, “Deploying Interna-tionalized Domain Names (IDNs),” in The Power of Ideas: Internet Gover-nance in a Global Multi-Stakeholder Environment, ed. Wolfgang Kleinwächter

186 Notes

(Germany: Germany-Land of Ideas, 2007), 145, accessed November 15, 2013,http://images.arataacademy.com/seiiti-arata-online-learning-page-90.pdf

2. David Crystal, Language and the Internet (Cambridge: CUP, 2001), 216.3. Mark Warschauer, Technology and Social Inclusion (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

2004), 87.4. Mark Warschauer and Inez De Florio-Hansen, “Multilingualism, Identity,

and the Internet,” 2003, 5, accessed September 30, 2008, http://www.gse.uci.edu/person/warschauer_m/docs/multilingualism.pdf

5. Paul Twomey, “Effect of Multilingualism on the Internet,” at the NSF/OECDWorkshop on Social and Economic Factors Shaping the Future of the Inter-net, Virginia, January 31, 2007, accessed September 28, 2008, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/12/18/38014552.pdf

6. WGIG, “Background Report.” June 2005. Accessed November 15, 2009,http://www.itu.int/wsis/wgig/docs/wgig-background-report.pdf

7. N. Borenstein and N. Freed, RFC 1341: MIME (replaced by RFC 2045), June1992, accessed June 30, 2008, http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1341.html

8. Ibid.9. Twomey, “Effect of Multilingualism,” 2.

10. Mary Brandel, “1963: The Debut of ASCII,” July 6, 1999, accessedOctober 17, 2007, http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9907/06/1963.idg/index.html

11. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project[online]. Santa Barbara, CA: University of California (hosted), Gerhard Peters(database), accessed October 30, 2007, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=28724

12. Brian Carpenter, Request for Comments (RFC) 1958: Architectural Principlesof the Internet (June 1996), 1–7, accessed September 16, 2008, https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1958.txt

13. Ibid.14. “ICANN Comments on NSI Registry Multilingual Domain Name Testbed,”

ICANN, August 25, 2000, accessed September 16, 2008, http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/comment-25aug00.htm

15. Ibid.16. Twomey, “Effect of Multilingualism,” 3.17. “Standards for ICANN Authorization of IDN Registrations in Registries with

Agreements,” ICANN, March 13, 2003, accessed April 30, 2009, http://www.icann.org/en/meetings/riodejaneiro/idn-topic.htm

18. A. Costello, RFC 3492: Punycode: A Bootstring Encoding of Unicode forInternationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA), March 2003,accessed April 29, 2009, http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3492.txt

19. “ICANN Announcement: Deployment of Internationalized Domain Names,”ICANN, June 20, 2003, accessed April 30, 2009, http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-20jun03.htm

20. Ibid.21. Twomey, “Effect of Multilingualism,” 3.22. Michael Geist, “Multilingual Domain Name Delay a Barrier to Net Diversity,”

Toronto Star, June 4, 2007, Accessed April 15, 2009, http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/2000/159/

Notes 187

23. Ibid.24. “ICANN Rio de Janeiro Meeting Topic: Internationalized Domain Names,

Standards for ICANN Authorization of Internationalized Domain NameRegistrations in Registries with Agreements,” ICANN, March 13, 2003,accessed May 31, 2009, http://www.icann.org/en/meetings/riodejaneiro/idn-topic.htm

25. Hong Xue, “The Voice of China: A Story of Chinese Character DomainNames,” Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law 12, no. 2(2004): 563.

26. Ibid., 563.27. “Internet Timeline of China.”28. Hong, “Voice of China,” 566.29. Ibid., 564.30. Ibid.31. Chen Yen, cited in Hong, “Voice of China,” 568.32. “Character Debate: CNNIC Opposes Foreign Firms Registering Chinese Char-

acter Domain Names,” China Online, November 3, 2000, accessed April 24,2009, http://www.chinaonline.com/issues/internetpolicy/NewsArchive/cs-protected/2000/November/C00110208.asp

33. Hong, “Voice of China,” 582–583.34. Gautam Sengupta, “An Academic’s Perspective on Promoting Multilingual

Internet in India,” Submission to Internet Governance Forum, Greece 2006,accessed November 28, 2009, http://www.intgovforum.org/Substantive_1st_IGF/NLIC%20-%20Promoting%20Multilingual%20Internet%20in%20India.rtf

35. Ibid.36. Ibid.37. Joyojeet Pal, “The Developmental Promise of Information and Communi-

cations Technologies in India,” Contemporary South Asia 12, no. 1 (2003):110.

38. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, “South Africa,” accessed October 29, 2008,http://search.eb.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/eb/article-260107

39. Marcia Wilson, “The Development of the Internet in South Africa,”Telematics and Informatics 16 (1999): 109.

40. Kathleen Thorpe, “Multilingualism and Minority Languages in SouthAfrica—A Discussion Paper,” 13, 2002, accessed October 19, 2008, http://www.inst.at/trans/13Nr/thorpe13.htm

41. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, “Brazil,” accessed October 29, 2008, http://search.eb.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/eb/article-222833

42. Ibid.43. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, “Cuba,” accessed October 29, 2008, http://

search.eb.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/eb/article-5439844. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, “Iran,” accessed October 29, 2008, http://

search.eb.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/eb/article-23004245. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, “Tunisia,” accessed October 29, 2008,

http://search.eb.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/eb/article-4660546. “IDRC in Tunisia,” IDRC, accessed October 29, 2008, http://www.idrc.ca/

uploads/user-S/12040933661Tunisia_eng_web.pdf

188 Notes

47. Ronald A.T. Judy, “Some Notes on the Status of Global English in Tunisia,”Boundary 26, no. 2 (1999): 9.

48. “IDRC in Tunisia.”49. S. Granville, H. Kanks, M. Mphahlele, Y. Reed, P. Watson, M. Joseph and

E. Ramani, “English with or without G(u)ilt: A Position Paper on Languagein Education Policy for South Africa, Language and Education,” Language andEducation 12, no. 4 (1998): 254–272.

50. Ibid., 258.51. Crystal, “English as a Global,” 4–5.52. David Block, “Globalization, Transnational Communication and the

Internet,” International Journal on Multicultural Societies 6, no. 1(2004): 26.

53. Robert Philipson and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, “Linguistic Imperialism,” inConcise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics, 2001.

54. Mark Warschauer, Ghada R. El Said and Ayman Zohry, “Language ChoiceOnline: Globalization and Identity in Egypt,” Journal of Computer Medi-ated Communication 7, no. 4 (2006), accessed March 28, 2009, http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol7/issue4/warschauer.html

55. Brazil, “Statement at PrepCom 1 for the World Summit on InformationSociety,” Geneva, July 1–5, 2002.

56. Maran, “Speech.”57. Ben Ali, “Speech at the Second Phase.”58. Khatami, “Speech.”59. Civil Society Coordination Group, “Civil Society Statement on Vision,

Principles.”60. Civil Society Plenary, “Shaping Information Societies,” 14.61. EU, “Statement on the Draft Action Plan.”62. EU, “EU Contribution to the Draft Declaration of Principles and on the

EU Views on the Action Plan,” May 31, 2003, Document WSIS/PC-3/CONTR/74-E.

63. US, “Comments on the Report,” 3.64. CCBI, “Comments on Draft Declaration.”65. WGIG, “Report of the Working Group,” 6.66. Herbert Schiller, “Not Yet the Post-imperialist Era,” in Communication and

Culture in War and Peace, ed. Colleen Roach (UK: Sage, 1993), 109.67. Omar Souki Oliveira, “Brazilian Soaps Outshine Hollywood,” in Beyond

National Sovereignty: International Communication in the 1990s, ed. KaarleNordenstreng and Herbert I. Schiller (Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publish-ing, 1993), 128.

68. Ibid., 128.69. Warschauer and De Florio-Hansen, “Multilingualism,” 5.70. Daniel Dor, “From Englishization to Imposed Multilingualism: Globaliza-

tion, the Internet, and the Political Economy of the Linguistic Code,” PublicCulture 16, no. 1 (2004): 102.

71. Chris Potts, Cited in Gray Robert, “Make the most of Local Differences,”Marketing, April 13, 2000: 28.

72. Nancy Fraser, “Rethinking Recognition,” New Left Review 3 (2000), accessedApril 9, 2009, http://newleftreview.org/?view=2248

73. Ibid.

Notes 189

7 Intellectual Property Rights on the Internet: The GlobalSouth’s Struggle for a Lenient Regime

1. Michael Perelman, Steal this Idea: Intellectual Property Rights and the CorporateConfiscation of Creativity (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 29.

2. Jennifer Gibbs, Kenneth L. Kraemer and Jason Dedrick, “Environmentand Policy Factors Shaping Global E-Commerce Diffusion: A Cross-countryComparison,” The Information Society 19, no. 1 (2003): 13.

3. “Digital Music Report 2009,” IFPI, accessed March 21, 2010, http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_resources/dmr2009.html

4. “FAQs: Does Piracy Really Hurt the Movie Industry,” MPAA, accessedMarch 21, 2010, http://www.mpaa.org/contentprotection/faq

5. Roland V. Bettig, “Critical Perspective on the History and Philosophy ofCopyright,” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 9 (1992): 131–155.

6. Bruce Bugbee, The Genesis of American Patent and Copyright Law (Washington,DC: Public Affairs Press, 1967), cited in Betting, “Critical Perspective,” 138.

7. Bettig, “Critical Perspective,” 69.8. R.V. Vaidyanatha Ayyar, “Interest or Rights? The Process and Politics of

a Diplomatic Conference on Copyright,” The Journal of World IntellectualProperty 1, no. 1(1998): 9.

9. Ayyar, “Interest or Rights?” 12.10. Binod C. Agrawal, “Culture, Communication and the Meaning of Intel-

lectual Property Rights in South Asia: A Critical Analysis,” in IntellectualProperty Rights and Communications in Asia: Conflicting Traditions, ed. PradipN. Thomas and Jan Servaes (New Delhi: Sage, 2006), 172.

11. Lucie Montgomery and Michael Keane, “Learning to Love the Market: Copy-right, Culture and China,” in Intellectual Property Rights and Communicationsin Asia: Conflicting Traditions, ed. Pradip N. Thomas and Jan Servaes (NewDelhi: Sage, 2006), 132.

12. Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, “Integrating Intellectual Prop-erty Rights and Development Policy: Report of the Commission on Intel-lectual Property Rights,” September 2002, 17–19, accessed March 12, 2010,http://www.iprcommission.org/papers/pdfs/final_report/CIPRfullfinal.pdf

13. Nagesh Kumar, “Intellectual Property Rights, Technology and EconomicDevelopment: Experiences of Asian Countries,” Study Paper 1b, Com-mission on Intellectual Property Rights, 2002, 4, accessed March 10,2010, http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/FTAs/Intellectual_Property/IP_and_Development/IPR_TechnologyandEconomicDevelopment-Nagesh_Kumar.pdf

14. Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, “Integrating Intellectual Prop-erty Rights,” 21.

15. Kumar, “Intellectual Property Rights,” 6–7.16. Jorg Reinbothe, The WIPO Treaties 1996: The WIPO Copyright Treaty and the

WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty: Commentary and Legal Analysis(London: Butterworths, 2002), 1.

17. Schiller, “How to Think,” 46.18. Ibid.19. USTR (United States Patents and Trademarks Office), “Intellectual

Property and National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the

190 Notes

Working Group in Intellectual Property Rights,” November 1995,211–212.

20. James Boyle, “The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction ofthe Public Domain,” Law and Contemporary Problems 33 (2003): 41, accessedFebruary 10, 2010, http://www.law.duke.edu/pd/papers/boyle.pdf

21. Ibid.22. Ibid.23. US, “Comments on the Report.”24. CCBI, “Comments on the Working Group.”25. Khatami, “Speech.”26. EU, “EU Contribution to the Draft Action Plan,” PrepCom 3, Geneva Phase,

June 19, 2003, Document WSIS/PC-3/CONTR/139-E.27. Civil Society Plenary, “Shaping Information Societies.”28. US, “Comments on the Report.”29. CCBI, “Comments on Draft Declaration.”30. Pradip N. Thomas and Jan Servaes, “Introduction,” in Intellectual Property

Rights and Communications in Asia, ed. Pradip N. Thomas and Jan Servaes(New Delhi: Sage, 2006), 12.

31. Reinbothe, WIPO Treaties, 2.32. Abdulqawi A. Yusuf, “TRIPs: Background, Principles and General Provi-

sions,” in Intellectual Property and International Trade: The TRIPS Agreement, ed.Carlos M. Correa and Abdulqawi A. Yusuf (Boston: Kluwer Law International,1998), 9.

33. Communication from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba,Egypt, India, Nigeria, Peru, Tanzania, Uruguay, and Pakistan, MultilateralTrade Negotiations, The Uruguay Round: Groups of Negotiations on Goods(GATT) Negotiating Group on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Prop-erty Rights including Trade in Counterfeit Goods, May 1990, Document:MTN.GNG/NG11/W/71.

34. Vandana Shiva, cited in Pradip and Servaes, “Introduction,” 13.35. “Overview: The TRIPS Agreement,” WTO, accessed March 10, 2010, http://

www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel2_e.htm36. Tshimanga Kongolo, “TRIPS, the Doha Declaration and Public Health,” The

Journal of World Intellectual Property 6, no. 2 (2003): 374.37. Ibid., 374.38. Paul Vandoren and Jean Charles Van Eechhaute, “The WTO Decision on

Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and PublicHealth: Making It Work,” The Journal of World Intellectual Property 6, no. 6(2003): 780.

39. ICTSD (International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development) andIISD (International Institute for Sustainable Development), Doha RoundBriefing Series 1, no. 5 (2003), 3.

40. Jayashree Watal, “TRIPS and the 1999 WTO Millennium Round: Some Reflec-tions on Future Issues Related to IPRs in the WTO and the Way Forwardfor Developing Countries,” The Journal of World Intellectual Property 3, no. 1(2000): 7–8.

41. Ibid., 8.42. Peter Drahos, “Developing Countries and International Intellectual Prop-

erty Standard-Setting,” Study Paper 8, Commission on Intellectual Property

Notes 191

Rights, 2002, 3, accessed February 15, 2010, http://www.iprcommission.org/papers/pdfs/study_papers/sp8_drahos_study.pdf

43. USTR, “Special 301 Report,” 2007, 16, accessed, January 10, 2010, http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/reports-and-publications/archives/2007/2007-special-301-report

44. WIPO, “Basic Proposal for the Substantive Provisions of the Treaty on Cer-tain Questions Concerning the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works tobe Considered by the Diplomatic Conference,” August 30, 1996, 2, Doc-ument: CRNR/DC/4, accessed November 18, 2009, http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/diplconf/en/crnr_dc/crnr_dc_4.pdf

45. WIPO, “Basic Proposal for the Substantive Provisions of the Treaty for theProtection of the Rights of Performers and Producers of Phonograms to beConsidered by the Diplomatic Conference,” August 30, 1996, 3, Document:CRNR/DC/5, accessed November 18, 2009, http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=2483

46. WIPO, “Plenary Meeting Minutes,” The Diplomatic Conference, August 26,1996, 55–56, 43, 47, CRNR/DC/101, accessed January 11, 2010, http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/diplconf/en/crnr_dc/crnr_dc_101.pdf

47. US, “Amendment to Articles 3,9 and 12 of the Draft Treaty No. 1,” DocumentCRNR/DC/29, accessed March 13, 2010, http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/diplconf/en/crnr_dc/crnr_dc_29.pdf

48. WIPO, “Agreed Statements on the WIPO Copyright Treaty,” December 20,1996. Document CRNR/DC/96, accessed March 12, 2010, http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/diplconf/en/crnr_dc/crnr_dc_96.pdf

49. Ibid.50. Ibid.51. E.S. Nwauche, “African Countries’ Access to Knowledge and the WIPO

Digital Treaties,” The Journal of World Intellectual Property 8, no. 3(2005): 372.

52. “WIPO Copyright Treaty,” WIPO, accessed March 10, 2010, http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html#preamble

53. Ibid.54. Arpad Bogsch, “Summary Minutes: Main Committee II,” August 26, 1996,

Document CRNR/DC/103, accessed March 9, 2010, http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/diplconf/en/crnr_dc/crnr_dc_103.pdf

55. IFPI, “KAZAA Settles with Record Industry and Goes Legitimate,” 27 July2006, accessed January 10, 2010, http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_resources/piracy-report-current.html

56. Eduardo Gelbstein and Jovan Kurbalija, “Internet Governance: Issues, Actorsand Divides,” 82, accessed February 8, 2010, http://www.diplomacy.edu/isl/ig

57. EC, “Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council,”accessed February 4, 2010, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=EN&numdoc=32001L0029&model=guichett

58. Alan Story, “Study on Intellectual Property Rights, the Internet, and Copy-right,” Study Paper 5, Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, 2002,4, accessed January 10, 2010, http://www.iprcommission.org/papers/pdfs/study_papers/sp5_story_study.pdf

192 Notes

59. Yonghua Zhang, “China’s Efforts for International Cooperation in Copy-right Protection,” in Intellectual Property Rights and Communications in Asia,ed. Pradip N. Thomas and Jan Servaes (New Delhi: Sage, 2006), 159.

60. Ibid., 177.61. GAO (United States Government Accountability Office), “Intellectual Prop-

erty: US Efforts have Contributed to Strengthened Laws Overseas, butChallenges Remain,” September 23, 2004, 3–4, accessed February 10, 2010,http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04912.pdf

62. USTR, “Special 301,” 4–5.63. Ibid.64. Ibid., 15.65. Ibid., 21.66. Peter Drahos, “BITs and BIPs: Bilateralism in Intellectual Property,” The

Journal of World Intellectual Property 4, no. 6 (2001): 803.67. Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, “Integrating Intellectual Prop-

erty Rights,” 162.

8 Cybersecurity and States: Same Bed, Different Nightmares

1. WSIS, ITU, “Declaration of Principles,” December 12, 2003, Document WSIS-03/GENEVA/DOC/4-E, accessed February 20, 2010, http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/dop.html

2. US-CERT, “Quarterly Trends and Analysis Report, 2007,” accessed February16, 2010, https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=475708

3. Noam Chomsky, Pirates and Emperors, Old and New, New Edition (Cambridge,MA: South End Press, 2003), vii.

4. Rhonda L. Callaway and Julie Harrelson-Stephens, “Toward a Theory of Ter-rorism: Human Security as a Determinant of Terrorism,” Studies in Conflict &Terrorism 29 (2006): 773.

5. Edward Herman, The Real Terror Network: Terrorism in Fact and Propaganda(Boston: South End Press, 1982), 7.

6. Chomsky, Pirates and Emperors, 130.7. Recently the Obama administration has discarded this term.8. Dorothy E. Denning, “Activism, Hacktivism, and Cyberterrorism: The Inter-

net as a Tool for Influencing Foreign Policy,” in Networks and Netwars,ed. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt (California: Rand Corporation,2001), 281.

9. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, “The Advent of Netwar (revisited),” in Net-works and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy, ed. John Arquillaand David Ronfeldt (US: Rand Corporation, 2001), 6–7.

10. “China Spying ‘Biggest US Threat’,” BBC News, November 15, 2007, accessedJanuary 28, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7097296.stm

11. “Data on Cybercrime,” CSIA, accessed January 31, 2008, http://www.csialliance.org/resource/csiadatacompilation.html. However, since its mergerwith the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) in April2008, CSIA no longer maintains this online data source.

12. GAO (US Government Accountability Office), “Cybercrime: Public and Pri-vate Entities Face Challenges in Addressing Cyber Threats,” June 15, 2007,accessed January 28, 2010, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07705.pdf

Notes 193

13. See Barry Glassner, The Culture of Fear: Why Americans are Afraid of the WrongThings (New York: Basic Books, 1999), xxxvi.

14. Prashad, “Darker Nations,” 75.15. Arshin Adib-Moghaddam, “The Pluralistic Momentum in Iran and the

Future of the Reform Movement,” Third World Quarterly 27, no. 4 (2006):666.

16. Chomsky, “Pirates and Emperors,” 130.17. Ibid.18. Yuezhi Zhao, “Neoliberal Strategies, Socialist Legacies: Class, Nation, and

State Transformation in China,” in Global Communications: Towards aTranscultural Political Economy, ed. Paula Chakravartty and Yuezhi Zhao(Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008), 48–49.

19. Sha, “Chinese Statement at PrepCom 1.”20. Wang, “Strengthening Cooperation.”21. Huang, “Statement at Tunis Summit.”22. Brazil, “Brazil at PrepCom 2.”23. Brazil, “Government Contribution at PrepCom 3.”24. Ibid.25. Ibid.26. Ibid.27. India, “Comments from Department of Telecommunications, Govern-

ment of India on the Draft Declaration of Principles and Draft ActionPlan,” PrepCom 3, Geneva phase, May 30, 2003, Document WSIS/PC-3/CONTR/48-E.

28. Brazil, “Government Contribution.”29. South Africa, “General Statement.”30. Ibid.31. Marburger, “Speech at the WSIS.”32. US, “Comments on the Report.”33. Ibid.34. Ibid.35. Ibid.36. US, “Comments on March 21st.”37. Denmark, “Statement on Behalf of the EU at PrepCom 1 of the WSIS,”

Geneva phase, Geneva, 2002.38. EU, “Statement at PrepCom2.”39. EU, “Reflections of the European Union.”40. EU, “Statement at PrepCom 2.”41. EU, “Contribution to the Draft Declaration.”42. EU, “Contribution to the Draft Action Plan.”43. Ibid.44. CCBI, “Comments on Draft Declaration.”45. CCBI, “Comments on the Working Group.”46. Ibid.47. Ibid.48. Ibid.49. Ibid.50. Civil Society Plenary, “Much More,” 7.51. WGIG, “Background Report.”

194 Notes

52. OECD, “Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and Networks:Toward a Culture of Security,” 2002, accessed February 5, 2010, http://www.oecd.org/internet/ieconomy/15582260.pdfOECD%20Guidelines%20INTERNET%20version%20-%20English.pdf

53. “Council of Europe Treaties,” Council of Europe, accessed February 11, 2010,http://www.conventions.coe.int

54. Gelbstein and Kurbalija, “Internet Governance,” 61.55. Ibid.56. WGIG, “Background Report.”57. Jeffrey L. Snyder, “US Export Controls on Encryption Software,” The Journal

of World Intellectual Property 1, no. 1 (1998): 42.58. Schiller, “How to Think,” 53–54.59. Ibid., 54.60. Ibid.61. McConnell International, “Cyber Crime . . . and Punishment? Archaic Laws

Threaten Global Information,” A Report Prepared by McConnell Interna-tional, December 5, 2000, accessed December 30, 2009, http://www.witsa.org/papers/McConnell-cybercrime.pdf

62. Jeff Tyson, “How Carnivore Worked,” accessed January 24, 2010, http://www.howstuffworks.com/carnivore.htm/printable

63. Center for Democracy and Technology, “Digital Search & Seizure: Updat-ing Privacy Protection to Keep Pace with Technology,” Washington,DC: February 3, 2006, accessed January 24, 2010, http://www.cdt.org/publications/digital-search-and-seizure.pdf

64. Kim Zetter, “Is the NSA Spying on US Internet Traffic?” June 21, 2006,accessed January 28, 2010, http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2006/06/21/att_nsa/index.html

65. President’s Working Group, US, “The Electronic Frontier: The Challenge ofUnlawful Conduct Involving the Use of the Internet,” A Report of the Pres-ident’s Working Group on Unlawful Conduct on the Internet, March 2000,accessed July 12, 2006, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2000/March/111ag.htm

66. George W. Bush, “National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace,” White House,February 2003, accessed June 10, 2007, http://www.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/publications/cyberspace_strategy.pdf

67. Open Net Initiative, “Internet Filtering in China in 2004–2005: A Coun-try Study,” April 13, 2005, 3, accessed March 15, 2007, http://opennet.net/country/china

68. Greg Watson, “China’s Golden Shield: Corporations and the Development ofSurveillance Technology in the People’s Republic of China,” 2001, accessedSeptember 15, 2008, http://go.openflows.org

69. “Cisco Systems to be Key Supplier for Building China’s Nation-wide IPBackbone,” Cisco Systems, October 14, 1998, accessed September 10,2008, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Cisco+Systems+to+be+Key+Supplier+for+Building+China’s+Nation-Wide+IP. . .-a053081092

70. Liu Baijia, “China Launches New Generation Internet,” China Daily,December 27, 2004, accessed September 14, 2008, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-12/27/content_403512.htm

Notes 195

71. Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu, Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a BorderlessWorld (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 10; however, recently Googlehas created a lot of noise by protesting China’s Internet censorship efforts,which critics see as an effort by Google to refurbish its brand identity sinceit fell behind the Chinese search engine Baidu in the Chinese market. SeeNicholas D. Kristof, “Google Takes a Stand,” The New York Times, January14, 2010, accessed February 12, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/14/opinion/14kristof.html

72. Leslie Harris, “The Slippery Slope of Web Censorship,” October 25, 2007,accessed December 20, 2009, http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=3771510

73. China, “Regulations on the Administration of Internet Access Ser-vice Business Establishments [Internet Cafes],” September 29, 2002,accessed October 12, 2009, http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/exp/explaws.php

74. China, “Chapter 1, Internet Service Providers [Internet cafes] Operating Reg-ulations,” cited in Derek E. Bambauer et al., “Internet Filtering in Chinain 2004–2005: A Country Study”, Berkman Center for Internet & Soci-ety at Harvard Law School, Research Publication, no. 2005–2010, April 15,2005.

75. “Computer Information Network and Internet Security, Protection and Man-agement Regulations,” China, December 30, 1997, accessed July 27, 2009,http://www.asianlii.org/cn/legis/cen/laws/cinaispamr904

76. Digital Freedom Network, “Attacks on the Internet in China,” May 24, 2001,accessed June 17, 2009, http://www.dfn.org/focus/china/netattack.htm

77. Jim Erickson, “Blocking and Tackling: Is China Cracking Down on InternetActivists?” Asiaweek, August 14, 1998, accessed June 30, 2009, http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/98/0814/feat1.html

78. ICTRC (Iran CSOs Training & Research Center), “A Report on the Status ofthe Internet in Iran,” November 5, 2005, accessed August 7, 2009, http://www.genderit.org/upload/ad6d215b74e2a8613f0cf5416c9f3865/A_Report_on_Internet_Access_in_Iran_2_.pdf

79. Open Net Initiative, “Internet Filtering in Iran in 2004–2005: A CountryStudy,” 3, accessed April 7, 2008, http://opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/files/ONI_Country_Study_Iran.pdf

80. Ibid., 3–4.81. This was claimed by a hard-line Iranian newspaper called Kayhan in an

editorial titled “CIA Runs Spider Web in Iran” on September 29, 2004,accessed January 14, 2009, http://horder.com/weblog/archives/012304.shtml

82. Aaron Scullion, “Iran’s President Defends Web Control,” BBC online,December 12, 2003, accessed August 17, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3312841.stm

83. ICTRC, “Report on the Status of the Internet,” 9.84. Open Net Initiative, “Internet Filtering in Tunisia in 2005: A Country Study,”

4, accessed April 7, 2008, http://opennet.net/studies/tunisia85. Open Net Initiative, “Internet Filtering in Tunisia,” 7.86. Voeux and Pain, “Going Online Cuba,” 3.87. Ibid., 4.

196 Notes

88. McConnell, “Cyber Crime . . . and Punishment?” 5.89. Ibid.

9 New Multilateralism for Internet Policymaking

1. Chantal Mouffe, “Democratic Citizenship and the Political Community,” inDimensions of Radical Democracy, ed. Chantal Mouffe (Verso: London, 1992),226.

2. Giovanni Arrighi, Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty-First Century(London: Verso, 2007), 10.

3. Ibid., 379.4. Ibid.5. Ibid., 384.6. Ibid.7. Samir Amin, Beyond US Hegemony: Assessing the Prospects for a Multipolar World

(New York: Zed Books, 2006), 106.8. Ibid.,150.9. Ibid.

10. Ibid., 109–110.11. Ibid., 147.12. Bhuiyan, “Conceptualizing Information Society,” 109.13. Moravcsik, cited in Anderson, “Depicting Europe,” 20.14. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (New York: Interna-

tional Publishers, 1971), 229–238.15. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected

World (New York: Vintage Books, 2001), 19.16. Ibid., 21.17. Ibid., 23.18. Ibid.19. Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” 1968, accessed April 24,

2007, http://dieoff.org/page95.htm20. Lessig, “Future of Ideas,” 22.21. Ibid., 23.22. Zhao, “Communication,” 342.

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Index

“A” root server, 43, 44, 48active audience theory, 10african civil society caucus, 67american media system, 9, 11Amin, Samir, 159, 160The Arab proposal, 65Arab Spring, 155, 167ARPANET, 40, 75, 76Arrighi, Giovanni, 158–60ASCII Characters, 100–2

Bandung, 24, 158, 159Bandung Conference, 24Beijing Consensus, 158The Berne Convention for the

Protection of Literary and ArtisticWorks, 117–19, 122, 125, 129, 131

Bollywood, 110, 133Braman, Sandra, 11, 14Brazil, 3, 4, 11, 32, 33, 36, 37, 45, 48,

51–3, 58, 59, 64, 68, 74, 76, 82,83, 85, 86, 88, 91, 94, 96, 97,105–8, 110, 121, 124–6, 133, 138,143–5, 154, 155, 159, 160,162, 167

Anatel, 36, 96Brazilian Internet community, 59Brazilian Internet governance

structure, 59Brazilian proposal, 53Embratel, 36, 82Fund for Universalization of

Telecom (FUST), 96Telebras, 36, 82Telemar, 36, 82

Bretton Woods Agreement, 12

Calabrese, Andrew, 3capitalist class, 15capitalist state, 15CCBI, 6, 54, 59, 64, 66–8, 109, 114,

120, 121, 144, 146, 147

CERTs, 148China, 3, 4, 12, 24, 26, 29, 30, 33, 36,

37, 45, 48, 56, 58, 59, 68, 76, 77,83, 85-87, 91, 93, 95, 101–5, 107,110, 116, 121, 124–8, 132, 134,136, 137, 139, 140, 142–4, 151–5,157–63, 167

Baidu, 152China mobile, 37, 83China Telecom, 37, 83, 152The Chinese Academic Network, 76Chinese character domain names,

103, 104Chinese Domain Name Consortium

(CDNC), 104CERNET2, 152Ministry of Information Industry

(MII), 37, 95, 103, 104Ministry of Industry and

Information Technology (MIIT),37, 83, 95, 152

Telephone to every village, 95Wangbas, 83, 153

civil society, 7, 11, 14, 15, 17, 19, 34,36, 52–5, 57–65, 67, 68, 70, 72,85, 88, 90–2, 98, 102, 109, 110,114, 120, 126, 136, 144–7, 160,161, 163, 164, 165

Civil Society Gender Caucus, 67civil society Geneva declaration, 54,

109, 120, 164civil society Internet Governance

Caucus, 6, 54CJK guidelines, 104communication policymaking, 3,

14–17, 20, 38, 50, 60, 69, 163global communication

policymaking, 3, 5, 15, 17, 20,32, 70, 160

international communicationpolicymaking, 30

217

218 Index

communication policymaking –continued

supranational communicationpolicymaking, 17, 20, 21, 38, 60

transnational communicationpolicymaking, 16, 17, 156

comprador class, 159computer security incident response

teams (CSIRTs), 146copyright, 19, 113–22, 125–8, 130–2,

134, 149, 161Council of Europe’s Convention on

Cybercrime, 146Council of Registrars (CORE), 41Country Report on Terrorism, 141CRIS, 7Cuba, 3, 4, 33, 37, 52, 53, 56, 68, 71,

76, 77, 84–7, 89, 91, 97, 106, 121,126, 136–8, 141–3, 149, 152, 154,155, 157, 160–3, 167

cultural diversity, 8, 97, 108, 109, 112cultural imperialism, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16cultural industries, 9, 10cybercafes, 82, 84, 153, 154cybercrime, 7, 19, 50, 59, 60–2,

136–40, 143, 146–51, 154–7, 161cybersecurity, 19, 60–3, 71, 136, 137,

139, 140, 141, 143–9, 151, 153,155, 156

Cybersecurity Industry Alliance(CSIA), 140

cyberterrorism, 19, 137–40, 148–50,154, 161

The Declaration and the Action Plan,Geneve Summit, WSIS, 54

decolonization, 4, 26, 29democratization, 26democratization of access, 89de-monopolization, 26denial of service attack, 139developed countries, 1, 27, 123developing countries, 1–3, 27, 52–4,

59–62, 64, 65, 69, 87, 88, 92, 118,121, 123, 124, 131

digital divide, 8, 17, 18, 50, 51, 63, 71,73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87–95,97, 108, 156, 160, 164

Digital Freedom Initiative, 91

digital inclusion, 83The Digital Millennium Copyright Act

(DMCA), 131digital opportunity, 85, 91Digital Solidarity Fund, 87the Dunkel-Text, 122

e-Commerce, 7, 45, 61, 64, 111, 124,136, 145

The Electronic Frontier, 141end-to-end principle, 100, 101, 158epistemic communities, 14EU, 4, 5, 7, 11, 17, 42, 52, 58, 64, 66,

68, 69, 72, 76, 85, 89–92, 94, 108,109, 114, 119, 120, 122, 124, 125,127, 128, 130–5, 144, 146, 147,149, 161, 163, 164

EU proposal, 52, 68European Commission, 42, 57

fair use, 118, 130Falun Gong, 143, 151FCC, 32, 35, 80, 81The Federal Wiretap Act, 150The First Enclosure Movement, 119first world, 3, 26, 148, 163first world states, 25, 28, 29, 32, 72,

75, 76, 148, 163Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), 37Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

(FISA), 150free flow of information, 9, 13, 20–5,

29, 38, 48freedom of expression, 8, 22, 31, 59,

61, 136, 137, 143, 144, 147, 155,156, 163, 165

The GAC, 44, 46, 48, 49, 62, 157The Generalized System of Preferences

(GSP), 119Geneva summit, 54, 89, 144, 164global communication, 2, 7, 13, 21,

24, 39, 72, 93, 111, 112, 114,150, 164

global communication policymaking,3, 5, 15, 17, 20, 32, 69, 70, 160,163, 173

global culture of cybersecurity, 136,144–6, 148, 164

Index 219

global future 2020, 141global governance, 2, 11, 14global informational capitalism, 8the global Internet, 4, 8, 59, 71, 72,

77, 81, 163Global Internet Council, 62Global Internet Policy Council

(GIPC), 62global Internet politics, 1, 4, 5, 8, 156global political economy, 8, 12,

13, 160global public good, 53Global Public Policy and Oversight, 65Global Trends 2015, 141global war on terror, 139, 143globalization, 8, 10, 11, 16, 106–8,

119, 141globalization paradigm, 8, 10, 16globalization theories, 16governance, 11Gramsci, Antonio, 6, 164The green paper, 42–4The Group of 14, 121, 122gTLD-MOU, 41

hegemonic global media system, 13hegemonic world order, 12Hills, Jil, 14, 32Hindutva, 143Hollywood films, 9, 11human rights, 2, 6, 54, 59, 72, 138,

143, 144, 147, 154, 157

ICANN-led Internet governanceframework, 51, 52, 98

ICANN Model of InternetGovernance, 14, 17, 18, 20, 39,52, 53, 55, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67,69, 71

ICTs, 1–3, 52, 71, 73, 85, 88–91, 108,109, 157, 160, 163

IDN, 101, 102, 104, 109IDNA, 102, 103imperialism, 9, 10

British imperialism, 118linguistic imperialism, 118US imperialism, 15, 142

India, 3, 4, 11, 24, 29, 32, 36, 37, 45,48, 56, 64, 76, 81, 82, 85–9, 91,

97, 105, 108, 110, 116, 121, 124,126, 127, 130, 133, 143–5, 154,155, 158–60, 162

film industries, India, 11Indian IT Act 2000, 154Indian proposal, 127ISCII, 105VSNL, 82

information commons, 90–2, 165information network security, 144intellectual property regime, 18

international intellectual propertyregime, 161

intellectual property rights, 8, 17–19,47, 48, 50, 113–15, 117, 119, 121,123, 125, 127, 129, 131,133–5, 157

interdependence, 11, 158International Ad hoc Committee

(IAHC), 41international Internet costs, 93International Internet Council

(IIC), 62International Program for the

Development of Communication(IPDC), 28

Internet Architecture Board (IAB), 40,41, 43, 100

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA), 39, 41–5, 48, 65, 67

Internet backbones, 18, 61, 74, 79Internet exchange points, 78–80, 90,

93, 94Internet governance

existing Internet governanceframework, 55, 58, 61–3,72, 111

global Internet governance, 15,59, 62

Global Internet Governance Forum(GIGF), 62

global Internet governance game, 71Internet governance conflict, 3, 4,

18, 51, 68, 71, 139, 163Internet governance controversy,

72, 163, 164Internet Governance Forum, 62, 69,

70, 72

220 Index

Internet governance – continuedInternet governance framework, 18,

51, 52, 54, 55, 58, 60–3, 67, 68,70–2, 98, 111

Internet governance institutions, 62Internet governance issues, 8, 55,

59–61, 64, 66, 67, 72Internet governance mechanism, 60Internet governance model, 51Internet governance process, 59Internet governance structure, 64,

69, 112Internet governance subcommittee,

63, 109new Internet governance

framework, 55, 58, 60, 63,67, 68

Internet infrastructure, 18, 61, 73, 78,81, 90–2, 137, 157

Internet interconnection costs, 61, 88,90–5

Internet management, 42–4, 53, 54,59, 62, 163

Internet policy issues, 5, 17, 60, 112,161, 163, 167

Internet policymaking, 20, 39, 54, 59,63, 70, 71, 85, 108, 110, 137, 144,156, 157, 159, 160, 161,163–5, 167

global Internet policymaking, 3, 4,7, 15, 17, 18, 38, 49, 53, 71, 72,97, 136, 160, 161, 163–5

Supranational InternetPolicymaking, 19

Internet protocol, 39, 53Internet related public policy issues,

55, 67Internet root, 15, 18, 51, 52, 157Internet security, 1, 17, 18, 46, 51,

136, 137, 139, 140, 144–9, 151,161, 164

IP addresses, 8, 39–42, 45, 52, 53, 58,60–3, 65, 67, 100, 152

Iran, 3, 4, 24, 33, 37, 49, 51, 53, 56,64, 65, 68, 76, 77, 84–7, 89, 91,106, 108, 120, 136, 137, 141–3,149, 151–5, 157, 160–3, 167

Telecommunication Company ofIran (TCI), 84, 153

ISP, 80, 92, 152, 154ITU, 1, 2, 14, 17, 20, 31, 34–6, 39, 41,

42, 45, 47–50, 55, 92–4, 147, 148ITU Plenipotentiary Conference, 35ITU-T Recommendation D.50, 92

Joint Project Agreement (JPA), 44

key principles of Internetmanagement, 59

Kleinwachter, Wolfgang, 7

least developed countries, 58, 87, 123Lessig, Lawrence, 165, 166liberalization, 13, 31–3, 35–7, 75, 95lingua franca, 10, 105, 106, 108, 162

MacBride commission, 26, 27, 58McLaughlin, Lisa, 2malicious activities, 137management of domain names, 42management of the root zone files, 59many voices, one world, 27Marshall Plan, 12, 23MCI, 36, 38, 45, 78, 81, 126media content flows, 20, 38media imperialism, 9, 10military-industrial nexus, 9models of managing broadcasting and

telecommunications, 30Monterrey UN Summit, 5Mouff, Chantal, 16, 19, 156multilateral environment, 16multilateral organizations, 5, 45multilateralism, 14, 41, 52, 54, 156–8,

159, 161–5, 167multilingual characters, 18multilingual content, 88, 98, 99,

100, 110multilingualism, 8, 17, 18, 51, 55, 61,

62, 88, 91, 92, 97, 99, 101, 103,105, 107–9, 111, 112

multilingualization of the internet,18, 60, 97, 98, 103, 108–12, 161

multistakeholder process, 15, 160multistakeholderism, 2, 54

National Security Agency (NSA), 151national treatment, 117, 118, 125, 130

Index 221

neighboring right, 122, 127, 130neocorporatism, 2neoliberal logic, 34neoliberalism, 3, 13, 17, 30, 34, 38, 71,

83, 93, 95, 111, 119, 135, 148,159, 160, 165, 172

netwar, 139New International Information Order

(NIIO), 25non-aligned Movement, 4, 8, 24Nordenstreng, Kaarle, 2, 26the North, 3, 4, 9, 11, 18, 47, 52, 73,

74, 83, 85, 87, 113, 119, 121, 123,131, 149, 158, 159, 168

NSF, 40, 41, 42, 75–9NSF Net, 76–8NTIA, 42, 44, 66NWICO movement, 4, 16, 18, 20, 28,

29, 51, 60, 118

Oliveira, Souki, 110open source software, 88, 90–2, 94, 95,

132, 133

P2P file sharing, 114Paris Convention for the Protection of

Industrial Property, 47, 117, 118,122, 123

patent rights, 18, 113Patents and Designs Act of 1911, 116The Patriot Act, 150peering, 60, 80, 92, 93The Perez Motta Text, 124phishing, 137, 139Prevention of Organized Crime Act

(POCA), 155private property rights, 13privatization, 13, 18, 31–3, 36, 64, 65,

75, 77, 79, 95public good, 53, 145, 156, 157, 165public interconnection points, 79Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), 148public utility, 31public-private partnership, 53, 92, 151

radical democracy, 16, 19, 156redistribution, 94, 112, 162regime theory, 8, 14, 16

Report from the Working Group onInternet Governance, 60

Roach, Colleen, 26, 29Rome Convention, 118, 122, 127root zone file, 40, 48, 66

Schiller, Daniel, 8, 30, 32, 33, 37, 72,119, 149, 150

Schiller, Herbert, 9, 21, 110, 111the second enclosure movement, 119settler colonies, 4The Single European Act, 4SMTP, 99South Africa, 3, 4, 33, 36, 37, 45, 56,

64, 65, 73, 76, 77, 83, 85–8, 91,94, 96, 97, 105, 107, 121, 124,125, 126, 132, 133, 143–5, 154,155, 160, 162, 167

Independent CommunicationsAuthority of South Africa(SATRA), 36

South Korea, 4, 73Soviet Union, 3, 4, 17, 20, 22–6, 28,

33, 77, 142, 164Special 301, 134SRI-NIC, 39, 40state theory, 15, 16The Statute of Queen Anne, 116structural adjustment programs

(SAPs), 32submarine cable networks, 81supranational communication

policymaking, 17, 20, 21, 30,38, 60

Supranational Internet Policymaking,1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 169

technological determinism, 21Telecommunication Act 1996, 81Telesur, 4third world, 3, 15, 16, 20, 24, 110, 158Tier 1 backbones, 80, 81time-space distanciation, 10Title 22 of the United States Code, 140Tokyo Round of GATT

Negotiations, 121top-level domains, 40, 43, 44, 50,

102, 103

222 Index

The Trade and Investment FrameworkAgreement (TIFA), 134

transit, 80, 88, 92, 93transitional states, 16transnational capitalist class, 6, 159transnational communication, 10,

12–17, 156, 163, 165transnational communication order,

12, 16transnational corporations, 1, 5, 6,

9–11, 15, 49transnational political economic

order, 12TRIPS, 114, 115, 120, 122–5, 127, 128,

130–2, 134, 162Tunisia, 1–4, 33, 37, 48, 64, 65, 71, 76,

77, 84–8, 91, 106, 108, 126, 137,143, 151, 153–5, 157, 160–2, 167

publinets, 84, 154Tunisian Internet Agency (ATI),

84, 154typical colonies, 4

UDRP, 45, 114UN Freedom of Information

Conference, 22undersea cable, 18, 73UNESCO, 17, 20–31, 33, 35, 37, 39,

45, 47–50, 118United Nations General Assembly, 146universal access, 31, 51, 84, 87, 88–92,

94–7, 162universal access fund, 96, 162Universal Copyright Convention, 118The Uruguay Round of GATT

Negotiations, 121US, 1, 3–5, 7–9, 11–18, 20–30, 32,

34–46, 48–53, 60, 64, 66–87,90–4, 97, 98, 106, 108, 109,114–28, 130–7, 139–47, 149–66

US Computer Fraud and Abuse Act,150

US Department of Commerce(USDOC), 42–5, 50, 62, 149, 160

US Department of Defense (USDoD),39, 40, 75

US military-industrial-universitycomplex, 7

US proposal, 69, 94US Treasury-Wall Street clique, 13

Venezuela, 4VeriSign, 6, 48, 50, 101, 102, 104,

157, 160Verizon, 6, 38Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd (VSNL), 82Voices 21, 7voluntary multilateralism, 41

War of Movement, 164Washington Consensus, 13, 158Wassenaar Arrangement, 149Western modernity, 3, 4The White Paper, 44WICANN, 63WIPO, 19, 20, 39, 41, 44, 45, 47–50,

114, 115, 118–22, 125, 127, 131,132, 135

WIPO Copyright Treaty, 114WIPO Performances and Phonograms

Treaty (WPPT), 114Working Group of Internet

Governance (WGIG), 55, 58–60,63, 64, 89, 93, 109, 112, 148

World Telecommunication PolicyForum (WTPF), 35

The Worldwide Administration ofTelegraph and TelephoneConference (WATTC), 34

WSIS, 1–3, 5–7, 18, 51, 55, 69, 71, 72,85, 90–2, 94, 95, 98, 108, 109,112, 114, 120, 121, 144–7,163–5, 167

WTO, 5, 19, 32–4, 36, 37, 39, 45,48–50, 82, 95, 114, 115, 120–5,127, 131, 132, 134, 162

WTO mode of regulation, 50The WTO Telecom Agreement, 34

Zhao, Yuezhi, 33, 95, 143