notes on biological principles
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Notes on Biological Principles. Biology -. Science of life. Greek –. “bios” = life. “logos” = study of. What makes something alive?. “old school” Biology. / \. Botany. Zoology. (study of plants). (study of animals). More Divisions of Biology. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Notes on Biological Principles
Biology - Science of life
Greek – “bios” = life
“logos” = study of
What makes something alive?
“old school” Biology
/ \
Botany Zoology
(study of plants) (study of animals)
Microbiology – study of microorganisms
*Genetics – study of heredity
*Ecology – study of the interactions of living organisms and their environment
More Divisions of BiologyNote: asterisks = divisions we will study in this class
*Evolution – study of change in populations over multiple generations
*Taxonomy – study & organization of biodiversity
*Cytology – study of cells
Nine Life Activities that occur in all living things:
1. Nutrition – getting food
2. Digestion – chemical changing of food into a form that is useable
3. Absorption – getting water, ions, and/or food from the environment
4. Biosynthesis (assimilation) – using food and absorbed materials to make new life substances
Living things grow and develop
5. Respiration – process by which food is oxidized to release and repackage energy
6. Excretion – separation of waste products (from metabolism) from the organism
7. Secretion – manufacturing of special chemicals (hormones and vitamins) which affect other cells
8. Response – change due to stimuli from environment (ex: heat, light, or pressure)
• another term for response - irritability
• example of irritability - locomotion
9. Reproduction – cells dividing to produce new cells/ individuals
Can be asexual or sexual
Governed by a universal genetic code
Levels of organization in living organisms:
A. Protoplasm:
The organized chemicals and chemical activity in any living thing(s) that make life possible
Metabolism – the sum total of all chemical reactions which build up and tear down complex molecules
Protoplasm is where metabolism happens!
Protoplasm is life
Only living organisms organize protoplasm – “stuff of life”
• Life activities occur in protoplasm
• All life activities involve energy
• Homeostasis is maintained by and for the protoplasm
• Dogs pant• We produce insulin to lower blood sugar
• We breathe out CO2 and take in O2
B. Cells
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
Organisms can be unicellular or multicellular.
C. Tissues – cells that are alike in structure and function
4 types of human tissues:
nervousmuscularepithelialconnective
Add their functions to your notes
D. Organs – several tissues working together as a unit
E. Organ Systems – 11 Human Body
Systems & their basic functions
1. Digestive - nutrition
2. Reproductive – production of a new individual
3. Excretory – filters blood, removes wastes
4. Endocrine – regulates body, functions by hormones
5. Skeletal – body support & protection of organs
6. Muscular - movement
7. Circulatory – transportation of food, wastes & other solutes
8. Nervous – sends and receives messages to control and coordinate the body
9. Respiratory – takes in O2 and removes CO2
10. Integumentary – protection (example – skin)
11. Immune – protects against and fights disease
F. Organism
Levels of Organization
Organism
Groups of
Cells
Cells
Molecules
Individual living
thing
Tissues, organs, and
organ systems
Smallest functional
unit of life
Groups of atoms;
smallest unit of
most chemical
compounds Water DNA
Nerve cell
Nervous tissue Brain Nervous system
Bison
(Smallest)
Levels of Organization
*G. Population
*H. Community
*I. Ecosystem
*J. Biomes & Biosphere
Group of organisms of one type that
live in the same area
Populations that live
together in a defined area
Community and its
nonliving surroundings
The part of Earth that
contains all ecosystems
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Bison herd
Biosphere(Largest)
Review of MeasurementReview of Measurement
Science uses metric measurementScience uses metric measurement
Base units:Base units:
weight = gram
measurement of liquid =
measurement of length =
liter
meter
AbbreviationsAbbreviations kk hh dada g,l,mg,l,m dd cc mmPrefixPrefix KiloKilo hecthect
oodekdekaa
basebase decideci centicenti millimilli
Meaning Meaning 10010000
100100 1010 11 .1.1 .01.01 .001.001
Practice Problems:Practice Problems:
1)1)90 cm= __________mm90 cm= __________mm
2)2) 60 mL= __________ cL60 mL= __________ cL
3)3) 12.2mg= _________ g12.2mg= _________ g
4)4) 602 m= __________mm602 m= __________mm
5)5) 0.51L= __________ mL0.51L= __________ mL
900900
66
.0122.0122
602000602000
510510
A correct measurement will have exact numbers and one final estimated digit;
The number of digits in a correct measurement depends on the tool being used.
Answer:
41.63 cm 416.3 mm 0.4163 m
Answer:
373.32 g
Answer:
52.7 mL
Notes on Scientific Method
Goal of Science – investigate and understand nature
• Science is an organized use of evidence to learn about the natural world
• Science starts with observations – information gathered using the senses (data)
2 forms for gathering information
1. Quantitative – uses numbers (counting and measuring)
2. Qualitative – uses the senses
inferences – interpretation based on what you already know
Scientific Method – a logical, organized method of study (used to establish scientific principles)
5 Steps to the Scientific Method
1. State the problem
State the Problem
Hmmm?
What question will your experimentWhat question will your experimentanswer?answer?
State the Problem
2. Make an educated guess, hypothesis, about the answer based on what is known about the problem
Known Hypothesize
HypothesisHypothesis
Ex: If we turn the heat up on the Ex: If we turn the heat up on the stove, then the water will boil.stove, then the water will boil.
It is written as an “if” “then” It is written as an “if” “then” statementstatement
3. Design and conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis
Experiment
Controlled Experiments – must have 2 groups
a. control – under normal conditions, key factor is not allowed to change
b. Experimental – exposed to a variable
4. Analyze the data collected during the experiment
Collect and Record Data
What did the experiment show you?experiment show you?
Analyze the data collected during the experiment
5. State the conclusion
Come to a Conclusion
Ah Ha!
After much testing if the hypothesis explains how – it becomes a scientific principle
When a hypothesis explains why – it becomes a theory
Notes on the Microscope
Magnification – the power to increase an object’s apparent size
Resolution – the power to show detail clearly
Light microscope – uses light
Specimen – is the object being viewed
Must be thin enough to let light through
Magnifying glass – simple microscope
Compound light microscope – 2 kinds of lenses
1. Ocular – (eyepiece 10x)
2. Objective lens – (near the specimen)
Degree of magnification – determined by the lenses
x – stands for times
Total magnification – multiply the power of the objective by the power of the ocular
x
Objective Power of objective
Ocular Total Magnification
*Scan
*Low
*High
*Oil Immersion
4 10 40
10 10 100
40 10 400
100 10 1000
* objectives used in this class
How do you increase magnification?
Use a 20x ocular
• 2000x is usually as high a magnification as can be obtained with a compound microscope
Why is 2000x the limit for a compound microscope?
Above 2000x – decreased resolution
• magnification is no good if clarity (resolution) is lost
Above 2000x - you must have an electron microscope
Dissecting Microscope
ocular
arm
coarse adjustment
fine adjustment
base
light source
diaphragm
stage
stage clips
low power objective
high power objective
Scan objective
revolving nosepiece