notes on linguistic varieties

8/12/2019 Notes on Linguistic Varieties

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LINGUISTIC VARIETIESLinguistic Varieties and Variation

Interdisciplinary German Studies ConferenceMarch 1-2, 2014at the University of California, Berkeley

Werner F. Leopolds 1959 publication The Decline of German Dialectsforesaw a grim future for German dialect diversity, positing that the trend istoward a single colloquial standard over the whole territory. (Leopold, WernerF. 1959. The Decline of German Dialects. Word 15.) Such claims ofwidespread dialect leveling in the face of linguistic globalization andstandardization are not limited to German, and have persisted inmodern literature. Despite this, there is a widening field of literature exploringnew varieties of West Germanic, from dialects that mediate between standardand non-standard varieties such as the Dutch tussentaal regiolect, to post-vernacular Yiddish and such emerging multiethnolects as the GermanKiezdeutsch.

55 years after Leopolds prediction, the aim of this conference is to survey thepast, present, and future status of nonstandard varieties. This conferenceaims thus most broadly to explore the linguistic structure of German, Dutch,Yiddish, English, and other Germanic dialects, but also to investigate thestatus of Germanic dialects outside of their traditional political and geographiclines and in the face of the new language policy of multilingual Europe. Ourinquiry thus includes, but is not limited to the following questions: Where is theboundary between standard and non-standard? In what ways do non-standard varieties deviate from standard language? What are the effects ofstandardization on regional dialects, sociolects, and ethnolects? How havechanging (and disappearing) linguistic and political boundaries affected non-standard varieties? What characterizes the processes of dialect leveling anddialect emergence? How is variation represented in literature and multimedia?

http://german.berkeley.edu/news-events/archive/2013-14/linguistic-varieties-and-variation/

LINGUISTIC VARIETIES

VERNACULAR ANDSTANDARD LANGUAGE

LINGUA FRANCA,PIDGIN AND CREOLES

SOCIAL DIALECTS

- REGIONAL VARIATION

- SOCIAL VARIATION
http://german.berkeley.edu/news-events/archive/2013-14/linguistic-varieties-and-variation/http://german.berkeley.edu/news-events/archive/2013-14/linguistic-varieties-and-variation/http://german.berkeley.edu/news-events/archive/2013-14/linguistic-varieties-and-variation/http://german.berkeley.edu/news-events/archive/2013-14/linguistic-varieties-and-variation/http://german.berkeley.edu/news-events/archive/2013-14/linguistic-varieties-and-variation/


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Variety in linguistic

In sociolinguistics a variety , also called a lect , is a specific form ofa language or language cluster . This may

include languages , dialects, accents , registers,styles or other sociolinguisticvariation, as well as the standard variety itself .[1] "Variety" avoids theterms language , which many people associate only with the standardlanguage, and dialect , which is associated with non-standard varieties thoughtof as less prestigious or "correct" than the standard .[2] Linguists speak of bothstandard and non-standard varieties. "Lect" avoids the problem in ambiguouscases of deciding whether or not two varieties are distinct languages ordialects of a single language.

Variation at the level of the lexicon, such as slang and argot, is oftenconsidered in relation to particular styles or levels of formality (also calledregisters), but such uses are sometimes discussed as varieties themselves .[1]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)

What is meant by variety? In present-day linguistics the termvariety is used to refer to any variant of a

language which can be sufficiently delimited from another one. The groundsfor such differentiation may be social, historical, spatial or a combination ofthese.

The necessity for a neutral term such as variety arose from the loaded use ofthe term dialect : this was not only used in the neutral sense of a regionallybound form of a language, but also with the implication that the linguisticallymost interesting varieties of a language are those spoken by the older rural(male) population.

This view is understandable given the origin of dialectology in the nineteenthcentury, that is in the heyday of historical linguistics.

Nowadays, sociolinguistic attitudes are prevalent and the need for a termwhich can include the linguistic investigation of urban populations, both maleand female, from a social point of view became evident.

The neutrality of the termvariety must be stressed. It simply refers to adistinguishable variant of a language. This means that there are a largenumber of varieties of any given language.

The sole criterion to be fulfilled by a particular variety is delimitation vis visother varieties. Dialects within a variety framework are frequently referred toas regional varieties and sociolects as social varieties, though thelabel dialect can be retained if used objectively.

https://www.uni-due.de/SVE/VE_Terminology.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylistics_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylistics_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylistics_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#cite_note-MeechamReesMiller-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#cite_note-MeechamReesMiller-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#cite_note-MeechamReesMiller-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#cite_note-Schilling-Estes-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#cite_note-Schilling-Estes-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#cite_note-Schilling-Estes-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexiconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexiconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexiconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#cite_note-MeechamReesMiller-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#cite_note-MeechamReesMiller-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#cite_note-MeechamReesMiller-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)https://www.uni-due.de/SVE/VE_Terminology.htmhttps://www.uni-due.de/SVE/VE_Terminology.htmhttps://www.uni-due.de/SVE/VE_Terminology.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#cite_note-MeechamReesMiller-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexiconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#cite_note-Schilling-Estes-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)#cite_note-MeechamReesMiller-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylistics_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics


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VERNACULAR AND STANDARD LANGUAGE

Standard and non-standard

In a country whose language shows a long written tradition it makes sense totalk of a codified standard. By implicit or explicit comparison with this standardone can then classify other varieties as non-standard (though notsubstandard, this is a loaded term). Countries usually have a term for theirstandard. In England there are various terms suchas The Queen sEnglish , Oxford English , BBC English , Received Pronunciation .

Only the last of these finds favour with linguists. Although the laypersons mayuse these terms indiscriminately and although they may not be able to beprecise about what they mean by them, they are always able to recognisethem and may not infrequently be in a position to imitate them also. Here onesees that the receptive ability of speakers is greater thattheir productive ability.

There are a number of further labels which are used to refer to languagevariation along various axes. Students should be aware of at least thefollowing three terms.

Diatopic Refers to variation in language on a geographical level.

Diastratic Refers to variation in language between social classes.

Diachronic Refers to variation in language over time.

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/standard_language

A particular variety of a language that is regarded as the most correct way ofwriting or speaking the language. (wikipedia)

We need to know Standard English , but we need to know it critically,analytically, and in the context of language history. We also need tounderstand the regularity of nonstandard variants. If we approach good andbad grammar in this way, the study of language will be a liberating factor--notmerely freeing learners from socially stigmatized usage by replacing thatusage with new linguistic manners, but educating people in what languageand linguistic manners are all about."(Edwin L. Battistella,Bad Language: Are Some Words Better ThanOthers? Oxford Univ. Press, 2005)

"[T]he conventions of linguistic usage are tacit. The rules ofstandardEnglish are not legislated by a tribunal but emerge as an implicit consensus

within a virtual community of writers, readers, and editors. That consensuscan change over time in a process as unplanned and uncontrollable as the
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/standard_languagehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/standard_languagehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/varietyhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/varietyhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/varietyhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/languagehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/languagehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/languagehttp://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/grammarterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/grammarterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/grammarterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/languageterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/languageterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/languageterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/usageterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/usageterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/usageterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/usageterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/languageterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/grammarterm.htmhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/languagehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/varietyhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/standard_language


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vagaries of fashion. No official ever decided that respectable men and womenwere permitted to doff their hats and gloves in the 1960s or to get pierced andtattooed in the 1990snor could any authority with powers short of MaoZedong have stopped these changes. In a similar manner, centuries ofrespectable writers have shrugged off long-forgotten edicts by self-appointedguardians of the language, from Jonathan Swifts denunciation of banter,mob, and sham to Strunk and Whites disparaging of to personalize, tocontact , and six people (as opposed to six persons )."(Steven Pinker, "False Fronts in the Language Wars." Slate , May 31, 2012)

"[Standard English is that] particular variety of English which is regarded byeducated people as appropriate for most types of public discourse, includingmost broadcasting, almost all publication, and virtually all conversation withanyone other than intimates. . . . .

"Standard English is not entirely uniform around the globe: for example, American users of standard English say first floor and I've just gotten aletter and write center and color , while British users sayground floor and I've

just got a letter and write centre andcolour . But these regional differences arefew in comparison with the very high degree of agreement about which formsshould count as standard. Nevertheless, standard English, like all livinglanguages, changes over time. . . .

"It is important to realize that standard English is in no way intrinsicallysuperior to any other variety of English: in particular, it is not 'more logical,''more grammatical,' or 'more expressive.' It is, at bottom, a convenience: theuse of a single agreed standard form, learned by speakers everywhere,minimizes uncertainty, confusion, misunderstanding and communicativedifficulty generally."(R.L. Trask, Dictionary of English Grammar . Penguin, 2000)

Origins of Standard English "By far the most influential factor in the rise ofStandard English was theimportance of London as the capital of England. . . . London English took aswell as gave. It began as a Southern and ended as a Midland dialect. By the15th century there had come to prevail in the East Midlands a fairly uniformdialect, and the language of London agrees in all important respects with it.

We can hardly doubt that the importance of the eastern counties . . . is largelyresponsible for this change. Even such Northern characteristics as are foundin the standard speech seem to have entered by way of these counties. Thehistory of Standard English is almost a history of London English."(Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable, A History of the English Language , 5thed. Prentice Hall, 2002)

"Half-way through the 17th century, the lexicographer Thomas Blountdeclares that the 'Babel' of the vernacular made England a 'self-stranger'nation--one growing alien to itself through this diversity of available forms. Hededicates his dictionary of 1656 to the cause of having 'English Englished.'

Arguably, in this context it is not the rise of astandard variety of language,but a new awareness of dialect and variability of discourse--the 'self-stranger'
http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/discourseterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/discourseterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/discourseterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/conversationterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/conversationterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/conversationterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dialectterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dialectterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dialectterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/Lexicographer-term.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/Lexicographer-term.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/Lexicographer-term.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/vernacularterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/vernacularterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/vernacularterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dialectterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dialectterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dialectterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dialectterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/vernacularterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/Lexicographer-term.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dialectterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/conversationterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/discourseterm.htm


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English of the Renaissance--that best defines the linguistic culture of earlymodern England."(Paula Blank, "The Babel of Renaissance English." The Oxford History ofEnglish , ed. by Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford Univ. Press, 2006)

"[T]here is no such thing (at present) as a Standard English which is notBritish or American or Australian, etc. There is no International Standard (yet),in the sense that publishers cannot currently aim at a standard which is notlocally bound."(Gunnel Melchers and Philip Shaw, World Englishes: An Introduction . Arnold,2003)

http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/standengterm.htm

standard language (also standard dialect or standardized dialect ) language variety used by a group of people in their

public discourse.[1] Alternatively, varieties become standard by undergoing aprocess of standardization, during which it is organized for description ingrammars and dictionaries and encoded in such reference works .[1] Typically,varieties that become standardized are the local dialects spoken in thecenters of commerce and government, where a need arises for a variety thatwill serve more than local needs. A standard language can beeither pluricentric[2] (e.g. English, German, Serbo-Croatian, French, and Portuguese ) or monocentric (e.g. Icelandic).[3] A standard writtenlanguage is sometimes termed by the German wordSchriftsprache .

The only requirement for a variety to be standard is that it can frequently beused in public places or public discourse.[1] The creation ofa prescriptive standard language derives from a desire fo r national (cultural, political, and social) cohesion with this considered as requiring an agreed-upon, standardized language variety. [citation needed ] Standard languagescommonly feature:

A recognized dictionary (standardized spelling and vocabulary) A recognized grammar A standard pronunciation (educated speech) A linguistic institution defining usage norms, e.g. Acadmie franaise, or Real Academia Espaola

Constitutional(legal) status (frequently as an official language) Effective public use (court, legislature, schools) A literary canon
http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/standengterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/standengterm.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoursehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoursehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-fineganp14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-fineganp14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-fineganp14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-fineganp14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-fineganp14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-fineganp14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German#Pluricentricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German#Pluricentricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German#Pluricentricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-fineganp14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-fineganp14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-fineganp14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_and_descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_and_descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_and_descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_uniformityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_uniformityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_uniformityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cohesionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cohesionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cohesionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canonhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canonhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canonhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cohesionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_uniformityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_and_descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-fineganp14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German#Pluricentricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-fineganp14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-fineganp14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoursehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/standengterm.htm


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Convenience speaking [4] Popularity and acceptance in the community[4] Population[4]

List of standard language and regulators

Language

Standardregister Regulator Non-standard dialects

Arabic PluricentricStandard ArabicThe Quran; several Arabic language

academies

spoken Arabic

Afrikaans

Standard Afrikaans Die Taalkommissie Afrikaans dialects

Basque StandardBasque Euskaltzaindia Basque dialects

Dutch Standard Dutch NederlandseTaalunie Dutch dialects

Danish Rigsdansk Dansk Sprognvn Danish dialects

CatalanStandardCatalan, Standa

rd Valencian

Institut d'EstudisCatalans , AcadmiaValenciana de laLlengua

Catalan dialects

Chinese StandardChinese

National LanguageRegulatingCommittee (PRC),National LanguagesCommittee (ROC/Taiwan), PromoteMandarinCouncil (Singapore)

Varieties of Chinese,Mandarindialects (Beijing,Taiwanese , Singaporean,Malaysian, Philippine)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-VahidR-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-VahidR-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-VahidR-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-VahidR-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-VahidR-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-VahidR-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Afrikaans&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Afrikaans&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Taalkommissiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Basquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Basquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskaltzaindiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Dutchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Dutchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Taaluniehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Taaluniehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rigsdansk&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rigsdansk&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansk_Sprogn%C3%A6vnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llenguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llenguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llenguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llenguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llenguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Language_Regulating_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Language_Regulating_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Language_Regulating_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Language_Regulating_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Languages_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Languages_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Languages_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese#Guan_.28Mandarin.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese#Guan_.28Mandarin.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese#Guan_.28Mandarin.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese#Guan_.28Mandarin.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese#Guan_.28Mandarin.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese#Guan_.28Mandarin.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Languages_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Languages_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Language_Regulating_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Language_Regulating_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Language_Regulating_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llenguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llenguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llenguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansk_Sprogn%C3%A6vnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rigsdansk&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Taaluniehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Taaluniehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Dutchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskaltzaindiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Basquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Basquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Taalkommissiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Afrikaans&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Afrikaans&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-VahidR-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-VahidR-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-VahidR-4


7/18

Farsi(Persian)

PluricentricStandardPersian (Standard IranianPersian (basedon Tehranidialect), Standar d Dari (AfghanPersian), and StandardTajik)

Academy of PersianLanguage andLiterature

Persian dialects

French

PluricentricStandardFrench ( AfricanStandardFrench, BelgianStandardFrench, Cambodian StandardFrench, Canadian StandardFrench, LaoStandard

French, FrenchStandardFrench, SwissStandardFrench, and VietnameseStandardFrench (mostStandardFrench dialects,except Belgian,

Canadian, andSwiss, are allbased onFrenchStandardFrench))

Acadmiefranaise, Officequbcois de lalanguefranaise, Councilfor the Developmentof French inLouisiana

Varieties of French

GermanPluricentricStandardGerman ( Austrian Standard

Rat fr deutscheRechtschreibung German dialects
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Persianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Persianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Persianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Persianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Persianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehrani_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehrani_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehrani_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehrani_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_(Persian_dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_(Persian_dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_(Persian_dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_(Persian_dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_(Persian_dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language#Varietieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_French_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_French_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_French_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_French_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_French_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_French_(dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_French_(dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_French_(dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_French_(dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_French_(dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Development_of_French_in_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Development_of_French_in_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Development_of_French_in_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Development_of_French_in_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Development_of_French_in_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Development_of_French_in_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German#Pluricentricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German#Pluricentricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German#Pluricentricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German#Pluricentricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_f%C3%BCr_deutsche_Rechtschreibunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_f%C3%BCr_deutsche_Rechtschreibunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_f%C3%BCr_deutsche_Rechtschreibunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_f%C3%BCr_deutsche_Rechtschreibunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German#Pluricentricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German#Pluricentricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German#Pluricentricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Development_of_French_in_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Development_of_French_in_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Development_of_French_in_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Development_of_French_in_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_French_(dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_French_(dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_French_(dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_French_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_French_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_French_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language#Varietieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_(Persian_dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_(Persian_dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_(Persian_dialect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehrani_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehrani_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Persianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Persianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Persianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language


8/18

German, German StandardGerman and Swiss StandardGerman)

Irish An CaighdenOifigiil Foras na Gaeilge Connacht Irish, MunsterIrishand Ulster Irish

Italian Standard Italian

Accademia dellaCrusca, ConsiglioNazionale delleRicerche, Societ

Dante Alighieri

Regional Italian

ModernGreek

StandardModern Greek

official introductionunder ConstantineKaramanlis in 1976

Varieties of Modern Greek

Hindustani

language(HindiandUrdu)

PluricentricStandardHindustani (Hindi StandardHindustani andUrdu StandardHindustani)

Central HindiDirectorate, National Language Authority ofPakistan

Hindi language belt

Macedonian

StandardMacedonian

Institute forMacedonianlanguage "KrsteMisirkov"

Macedonian dialects

Malay

PluricentricStandard Malay(Bahasa Baku,includes BahasaMalaysia/Melayu and BahasaIndonesia)

Dewan Bahasa danPustaka , MajlisBahasa Brunei Indonesia Malaysia

Malayan languages

Norwegi Nynorsk, Bokm Sprkrdet Norwegian dialects
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foras_na_Gaeilgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foras_na_Gaeilgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_della_Cruscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_della_Cruscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_della_Cruscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiglio_Nazionale_delle_Ricerchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiglio_Nazionale_delle_Ricerchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiglio_Nazionale_delle_Ricerchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiglio_Nazionale_delle_Ricerchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiglio_Nazionale_delle_Ricerchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Dante_Alighierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Dante_Alighierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Dante_Alighierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Dante_Alighierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Italianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Modern_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Modern_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Karamanlishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Karamanlishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Karamanlishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Karamanlishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Hindi.2C_Urdu_and_Hindi-influenced_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Hindi.2C_Urdu_and_Hindi-influenced_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Hindi.2C_Urdu_and_Hindi-influenced_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Hindi.2C_Urdu_and_Hindi-influenced_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hindi_Directoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hindi_Directoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hindi_Directoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Language_Authority_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Language_Authority_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Language_Authority_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Language_Authority_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Language_Authority_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Language_Authority_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language_(Hindi_belt)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Macedonianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Macedonianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Macedonian_language_%22Krste_Misirkov%22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Macedonian_language_%22Krste_Misirkov%22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Macedonian_language_%22Krste_Misirkov%22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Macedonian_language_%22Krste_Misirkov%22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Macedonian_language_%22Krste_Misirkov%22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Bahasa_Brunei%E2%80%93Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Bahasa_Brunei%E2%80%93Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Bahasa_Brunei%E2%80%93Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Bahasa_Brunei%E2%80%93Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Bahasa_Brunei%E2%80%93Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Bahasa_Brunei%E2%80%93Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Bahasa_Brunei%E2%80%93Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Bahasa_Brunei%E2%80%93Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Language_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Language_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Bahasa_Brunei%E2%80%93Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Bahasa_Brunei%E2%80%93Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Bahasa_Brunei%E2%80%93Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Macedonian_language_%22Krste_Misirkov%22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Macedonian_language_%22Krste_Misirkov%22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Macedonian_language_%22Krste_Misirkov%22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Macedonian_language_%22Krste_Misirkov%22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Macedonianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Macedonianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language_(Hindi_belt)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Language_Authority_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Language_Authority_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Language_Authority_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Language_Authority_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hindi_Directoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hindi_Directoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Hindi.2C_Urdu_and_Hindi-influenced_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Hindi.2C_Urdu_and_Hindi-influenced_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Hindi.2C_Urdu_and_Hindi-influenced_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Karamanlishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Karamanlishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Modern_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Modern_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Italianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Dante_Alighierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Dante_Alighierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiglio_Nazionale_delle_Ricerchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiglio_Nazionale_delle_Ricerchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiglio_Nazionale_delle_Ricerchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_della_Cruscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_della_Cruscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foras_na_Gaeilgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Standard_German


9/18

an l

Polish Standard Polish Polish LanguageCouncil Polish dialects

Portuguese

PluricentricStandardPortuguese (Brazilian StandardPortuguese andEuropeanStandardPortuguese )

Academia dasCincias de Lisboa,Classe deLetras, AcademiaBrasileira de Letras

Portuguese dialects

Serbo-Croatian

PluricentricStandard Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian StandardSerbo-Croatian, Croatian StandardSerbo-Croatian,Montenegrin StandardSerbo-Croatian, and SerbianStandard Serbo-Croatian)

University ofSarajevo, Zagreb,Podgorica, and Belgrade; Matica

hrvatska and Maticasrpska

South Serbian dialects (Torlakian) and West Croatiandialects (Kajkavianand akavian)

Slovenian

StandardSlovenian

Slovene Academyof Sciences and Arts

Slovene dialects, PrekmurjeSlovene, Resian dialect

Somali Standard SomaliMinistry ofEducation, Cultureand HigherEducation (Somalia)

Somali languages

Spanish

PluricentricStandardSpanish (Pluricentric AmericanStandard

Real AcademiaEspaola, Association of SpanishLanguage

Spanish dialects and varieties
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Polish&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Polish&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Language_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Language_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias_de_Lisboa,_Classe_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias_de_Lisboa,_Classe_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias_de_Lisboa,_Classe_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias_de_Lisboa,_Classe_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias_de_Lisboa,_Classe_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sarajevohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sarajevohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sarajevohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zagrebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zagrebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montenegrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montenegrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montenegrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montenegrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Belgradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Belgradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Belgradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_hrvatskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_hrvatskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_hrvatskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_hrvatskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_hrvatskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_srpskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_srpskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_srpskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_srpskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#Torlakian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torlakianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torlakianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torlakianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#.C4.8Cakavian_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#.C4.8Cakavian_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#.C4.8Cakavian_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#.C4.8Cakavian_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajkavian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajkavian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakavian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakavian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakavian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Slovenian&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Slovenian&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Somali&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Higher_Education_(Somalia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Higher_Education_(Somalia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Higher_Education_(Somalia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Higher_Education_(Somalia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Higher_Education_(Somalia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1olahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1olahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1olahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varietieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varietieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varietieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1olahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1olahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Higher_Education_(Somalia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Higher_Education_(Somalia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Higher_Education_(Somalia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Higher_Education_(Somalia)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Somali&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Slovenian&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Slovenian&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakavian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajkavian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#.C4.8Cakavian_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#.C4.8Cakavian_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torlakianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#Torlakian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_srpskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_srpskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_hrvatskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_hrvatskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_hrvatskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Belgradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montenegrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montenegrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zagrebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sarajevohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sarajevohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias_de_Lisboa,_Classe_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias_de_Lisboa,_Classe_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias_de_Lisboa,_Classe_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias_de_Lisboa,_Classe_de_Letrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Portuguesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Language_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Language_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Polish&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language


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Spanish, Canarian StandardSpanish, andEuropeanStandardSpanish)

Academies

Swahili

StandardSwahili basedon the Kiungujadialect(Zanzibar)

the Inter-TerritorialLanguageCommittee

Mombasa dialect, others

Swedish StandardSwedish Swedish LanguageCouncil, Svenskasprkbyrn

Swedish dialects

EXAMPLES : Arabic [edit] Arabic comprises many varieties (many mutually unintelligible), that are

considered a single language, because the standardized Arabicregister, Literary Arabic (misleadingly referred to as, Modern Standard

Arabic), is generally intelligible to literate speakers who learned Literary Arabic. It is based upon simplified Classical Arabic, the language ofthe Quran of the 7th century CE.

Chinese [edit] The Chinese language ( ) comprises a wide varieties of spoken forms,

which are known as fangyan ( , regional speech). The major spokenvariants are (i) Mandarin, (ii) Wu, (iii) Yue, and (iv) Min. These spokenvariants are not mutually intelligible, so referring to them by the English term

dialect is inaccurate, since this generally denotes mutualintelligibility. Standard Chinese is based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin,and is the official language of the People's Republic of China, the Republic ofChina (Taiwan), and Republic of Singapore. It is calledPutonghua ( ,common speech) in the PRC, Guoyu ( , national language) in Taiwan,and Huayu ( , Chinese language) in Singapore.

The Chinese language also enjoys official status in Hong Kong (togetherwith English) and in Macau (together with Portuguese ). However, Standard

Chinese is not widely spoken in these territories. The majority of thepopulation speaks, and often writes, Cantonese .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Swahilihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Swahilihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Swahilihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Inter-Territorial_Language_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Inter-Territorial_Language_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Inter-Territorial_Language_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Swedishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Swedishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Swedishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Language_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Language_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Language_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_spr%C3%A5kbyr%C3%A5nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_spr%C3%A5kbyr%C3%A5nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_spr%C3%A5kbyr%C3%A5nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_spr%C3%A5kbyr%C3%A5nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_spr%C3%A5kbyr%C3%A5nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_spr%C3%A5kbyr%C3%A5nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Language_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Language_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Swedishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Swedishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Inter-Territorial_Language_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Inter-Territorial_Language_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Inter-Territorial_Language_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Swahilihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Swahilihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas


11/18

English [edit] In British English the standard, known as Standard English (SE), is historically

based on the language of the medieval English court of Chancery.[5] The lateseventeenth and eighteenth centuries saw the establishment of this standardas the norm of "polite" society, that is to say of the upper classes .[6] Thespoken standard has come to be seen as a mark of good education andsocial prestige.[7] Although often associated with the RP accent , SE can bespoken with any accent.[8]

The dialects of American English vary throughout the US, but the General American accent is the unofficial standard language for being consideredaccentless; it is based on Midwestern English, distributed withinan isogloss area encompassing the states

of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and to someextent Nebraska.[citation needed ]

Filipino [edit] Filipino is the standardised form of the Manila dialect of Tagalog, and is an

official language of the Philippines. Most regions of the Philippines have adifferent Philippine language as their first language, but all Filipinos learnTagalog in school. Tagalog is thus used as the lingua franca . Nationaltelevision is almost exclusively in Tagalog. National printed media is

sometimes in Tagalog but more often in English. Finnish [edit] The basic structure and words of standard Finnish (yleiskieli ) are mostly

based upon the dialects of Western Finland, because Mikael Agricola, whocodified the written language in the sixteenth century, was from Turku, theregional centre of the time. Finnish was developed to integrate all of thenations dialects, and so yield a logical language for proper writtencommunication. One aim was national unification, in accordance tothe nationalistic principle; the second aim was linguistic regularity andconsistency, even if contradicting general colloquial usage, e.g. in StandardFinnish, ruoka becomes ruoan , and the pronunciation is ruuan .

French [edit] Parisian French is the standard in French literature. German [edit] Standard German was developed for several centuries, during which time

writers tried to write in a way intelligible to the greatest number of readers andspeakers, thus, until about 1800, Standard German was mostly a writtenlanguage. In that time, northern Germany spoke Low German dialects much
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chanceryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chanceryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoglosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoglosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoglosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Agricolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Agricolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Agricolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Agricolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikiped

notes on linguistic varieties

Documents