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188
Notes
Introduction: The Shifting Landscape
1. Charles Tennyson Turner, ‘An April Day’, Collected Sonnets Old and New (London: Kegan Paul, 1880), 135.
2. François Zourabichvili, ‘Six Notes on the Percept’, in Deleuze: A Critical Reader, ed. P. Patton (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 196.
3. Maurice Merleau- Ponty, The Primacy of Perception, ed. J. M. Edie (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964), 186.
4. Ibid., 178. 5. Hans- Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, tr. J. Cumming (London: Sheed &
Ward, 1975), 483. 6. Hans- Georg Gadamer, The Relevance of the Beautiful and Other Essays, tr.
N. Walker (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 162. 7. T. W. Adorno, ‘The Actuality of Philosophy’, Telos 31 (1977), 126–7. 8. Max Horkheimer, Critical Theory, tr. M. O’Connell (New York: Continuum,
1972), 230. 9. Henri Lefebvre, Critique of Everyday Life, tr. J. Moore (London: Verso, 1991),
180.10. Merleau- Ponty, The Primacy of Perception, 25.11. T. W. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, tr. E. B. Ashton (London: Routledge &
Kegan Paul, 1973), 163.12. T. W. Adorno, Notes to Literature, vol. II, tr. S. W. Nicholsen (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1992), 323.13. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, tr. H. Eiland and K. McLaughlin
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002), 473, 462.14. Denis Cosgrove, ‘Prospect, Perspective and the Evolution of the Landscape
Idea’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 10(1) (1985), 46.15. Ibid., 58.16. Walter Benjamin, ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’,
in Illuminations, tr. H. Zohn (London: Pimlico, 1999), 216. Subsequently cited as WA.
17. J. Duncan and N. Duncan, ‘(Re)Reading the Landscape’, Society and Space 6 (1988), 118.
18. Tim Ingold, The Perception of the Environment (London: Routledge, 2000), 193, 192.
19. Ibid., 207.20. Edward Relph, Place and Placelessness (London: Pion, 1976), 31.21. Ibid., 47.22. Ibid., 143.23. Denis Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (London: Croom
Helm, 1984), 269.24. Paul Rodaway, Sensuous Geographies (London: Routledge, 1994), 130–1.
Notes 189
25. T. W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, tr. R. Hullot- Kentor (London: Continuum, 2004), 81. Subsequently cited as AT.
26. The Nature Diaries and Notebooks of Richard Jefferies, ed. S. J. Looker (London: Grey Walls Press, 1948), 290.
27. Peter Bürger, Theory of the Avant- Garde, tr. M. Shaw (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 28.
28. Ibid., 29–30, 31.29. Thomas Hardy, The Complete Poems, ed. J. Gibson (London: Macmillan,
1976), 61.30. Frederic J. Schartz, ‘Walter Benjamin’s Essay on Eduard Fuchs’, in Marxism
and the History of Art, ed. A. Hemingway (London: Pluto Press, 2006), 119.31. ‘The Lady of Shalott’, The Poems of Tennyson, ed. C. Ricks (Harlow: Longmans,
1969), 354–61, ll. 37–8.32. Poems, 1412–17.33. Walter Benjamin’s Archive, tr. E. Leslie (London: Verso, 2007), 45.
1 ‘The Sea-Fairies’: The Sirens and the Administered Society
1. The Poems of Tennyson, ed. C. Ricks (Harlow: Longman, 1969), 255–6. Subsequently cited as Poems.
2. A. A. Markley, Stateliest Measures (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), 53.
3. John Holmes, ‘The Ionian Father: Tennyson and Homer’, Tennyson Research Bulletin 9(4) (2010), 333.
4. Ibid., 336. 5. Ibid., 337. 6. Homer, The Odyssey, tr. R. Fagles (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996), 273. 7. Ibid., 277. 8. Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Poems, ed. O. Doughty (London: Dent, 1961), 259. 9. W. M. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, ed. J. I. M. Stewart (Harmondsworth: Penguin,
1968), 738.10. Max Horkheimer and T. W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, tr. J. Cumming
(London: Allen Lane, 1973), 33. Subsequently cited as DE.11. Cited in Jack Lindsay, J.M.W. Turner (London: Cory, Adams & Mackay,
1966), 191. Turner insisted in the full title of this picture that ‘The author was in this storm on the night the Ariel left Harwich’. In Modern Painters I. Ruskin confirmed that Turner ‘had himself lashed to the mast of the Ariel and for four hours rode out a gale at sea’ (The Genius of John Ruskin, ed. J. D. Rosenberg (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), 10.)
12. Jürgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, tr. F. D. Lawrence (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987), 109.
13. David Held, Introduction to Critical Theory (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), 403, 404.
14. Ibid., 404.15. Jacques Rancière, ‘The Aesthetic Revolution and its Outcomes’, in The
Sublime, ed. S. Morley (London: Whitechapel Gallery, 2010), 67.
190 Notes
16. T. W. Adorno, ‘On an Imaginary Feuilleton’, in Notes to Literature, II, tr. S. W. Nicholsen (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 36.
17. Ibid., 34.18. Maurice Blanchot, The Sirens’ Song, tr. S. Rabinovitch (Brighton: Harvester,
1982), 60.19. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science, tr. J. Nauckhoff (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2001), 237.20. Franz Kafka, ‘The Silence of the Sirens’, in The Penguin Complete Short
Stories of Franz Kafka, ed. N. H. Glatzer (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983), 431.
21. Paul Connorton, The Tragedy of Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 69.
22. ‘Culture Industry Reconsidered’, in The Adorno Reader, ed. B. O’Connor (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 234.
2 ‘Impassioned Song’: Arthur Hallam and Lyric Poetry
1. Arthur Hallam, ‘On Some Characteristics of Modern Poetry’, in Victorian Scrutinies, ed. I. Armstrong (London: Athlone, 1972), 91. Subsequently cited as Hallam.
2. James Chandler, ‘Hallam, Tennyson and the Poetry of Sensation’, Studies in Romanticism 33 (1994), 533.
3. W. David Shaw, The Lucid Veil (London: Athlone, 1987), 58. 4. Letter of 25 August 1831; The Letters of Arthur Hallam, ed. J. Kolb (Columbus,
OH: Ohio State University Press, 1981), 473. 5. Isobel Armstrong, Victorian Poetry (London: Routledge, 1993), 31. 6. Ibid., 64. 7. Walter Benjamin, Illuminations, tr. H. Zohn (London: Pimlico, 1999), 152,
153. Subsequently cited as Benjamin. 8. The Poems of Tennyson, ed. C. Ricks (Harlow: Longmans, 1969), 213.
Subsequently cited as Poems. 9. Jason Rudy, Electric Meters (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2009), 58.10. Donald S. Hair, Tennyson’s Language (Toronto: Toronto University Press,
1991), 43.11. John Locke, An Essay on Human Understanding, ed. P. Nidditch (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1982), 117.12. Ibid., 117.13. William Walker, Locke, Literary Criticism, and Philosophy (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2006), 126.14. Locke, Essay, 162.15. Hair, Tennyson’s Language, 44, 46–7, 52.16. Eric Grifffiths, ‘Tennyson’s Idle Tears’, in Tennyson: Seven Essays, ed. P. Collins
(London: Macmillan, 1992), 41.17. Maurice Merleau- Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, tr. C. Smith (London:
Routledge, 2002), 5.18. Ibid., 7, 8, 9.19. Griffiths, ‘Tennyson’s Idle Tears’, 42.20. Merleau- Ponty, Phenomenology, 42, 43, 67.
Notes 191
21. Cited in Martin Blocksidge, A Life Lived Quickly (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2011), 49.
22. T. W. Adorno, ‘Lyric Poetry and Society’, in The Adorno Reader, ed. B. O’Connor (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 213. Subsequently cited as Adorno.
23. See Richard Maxwell, ‘Unnumbered Polypi’, Victorian Poetry 47 (2009), 7–23, and Julia Courtney, ‘“The Kraken”: Aunt Bourne and the End of the World’, Tennyson Research Bulletin 9(4), (2010), 348–55.
24. Stephen Dillon, ‘Canonical and Sensational: Arthur Hallam and Tennyson’s 1830 Poems’, Victorian Poetry 30 (1992), 96.
25. Walter Benjamin, ‘Diary Entries, 1938’, Selected Writings, vol. 3, ed. H. Eiland and M. W. Jennings (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2006), 340.
26. T. W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, tr. R. Hullot- Kentor (London: Continuum, 2004), 107.
27. Ibid., 112.28. Ibid., 112.
3 Locksley Hall: Progress and Destitution
1. J. F. C. Harrison, The Early Victorians (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1971), 12.
2. Locksley Hall, in The Poems of Tennyson, ed. C. Ricks (Harlow: Longmans, 1969), ll. 15–16, 690. Subsequently cited as LH.
3. Martin Heidegger, Poetry, Language, Thought, tr. A. Hofstadter (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 90. Subsequently cited in the text as PLT.
4. Catherine Hall, The Industrial Reformation of English Fiction, 1832–1867 (Chicago: Chicago University Press 1985), 114.
5. Kirstie Blair, ‘Tennyson and the Victorian Working- Class Poets’, in Tennyson among the Poets, ed. R. Douglas- Fairhurst and S. Perry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 294.
6. On the parallels between this passage and Saint- Simonian social theory see John Killham, Tennyson and the Princess (London: Athlone Press, 1958), 36–8.
7. Alan Swingewood, Marx and Modern Social Theory (London: Macmillan, 1975), 68.
8. Anne Janowitz, Lyric and Labour in the Romantic Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 144.
9. Patrick Joyce, Visions of the People (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 29, 336.
10. Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994), 130.11. Patrick Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
1988), 9.12. T. W. Adorno, Minima Moralia, tr. E. Jephcott (London: New Left Books,
1974), 156.13. Cited in ibid., 23.14. Charles Kingsley, review in Fraser’s Magazine, 1850, in Tennyson: The Critical
Heritage, ed. J. D. Jump (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967), 179.15. August Strindberg, ‘Preface’ to Miss Julie, in The Father, Miss Julie, and the
Ghost Sonata, tr. M. Meyer (London: EyreMethuen, 1976), 95.
192 Notes
16. Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness, 36.17. Janowitz, Lyric and Labour, 143.18. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, tr. H. Eiland and K. McLoughlin
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002), 473. Subsequently cited in the text as AP.
19. T. W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, tr. R. Hullot- Kentor (London: Continuum, 2004), 107. Subsequently cited in the text as AT.
20. Michael Sanders, ‘Poetic Agency: Metonymy and Metaphor in Chartist Poetry’, Victorian Poetry 39 (2007), 114.
21. T. W. Adorno, History and Freedom, tr. R. Livingstone (London: Polity, 2006), 91.
22. Ibid., 92.23. Hans- Georg Gadamer, The Relevance of the Beautiful, tr. N. Walker (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1986), 162.24. Janowitz, Lyric and Labour, 157.25. Hans- Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, tr. J. Weinsheimer and D. G. Marshall
(New York: Continuum, 1998), 483.26. Isobel Armstrong, Victorian Glassworlds: Glass Culture and the Imagination,
1830–80 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 305, 309.27. Ibid., 310. De Quincey was reviewing John Pringle Nichol’s Contemplations
on the Solar System (1844). It was Pringle’s earlier Views of the Architecture of the Heavens (1837) which helped to establish the significance of the nebular hypothesis. Tennyson owned a copy of this volume, along with John Herschel’s Discourse on Natural Philosophy (1830), and Mary Somerville’s On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (1835).
28. On this issue see James A. Secord, Victorian Sensation (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2003). Literary allusions to the nebular hypothesis were not uniformly portentous, as witness the process ‘analagous to that of alleged formations of the universe’ in Far From the Madding Crowd (1874), when Bathsheba attempts to hive the bees and observes that the ‘bustling swarm had swept the sky in a scattered and uniform haze, which now thickened to a nebulous centre’ (Thomas Hardy, Far From the Madding Crowd, ed. S. Falck- Yi (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 178).
29. Poems of Tennyson, 176.30. Anna Henchman, ‘“The Globe We Groan In”: Astronomical Distance and
Stellar Decay in In Memoriam’, Victorian Poetry 41 (2003), 33.31. Pamela Gossin, Thomas Hardy’s Novel Universe (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007),
142.32. Henchman, ‘“The Globe We Groan In”’, 33.33. M. Millhauser, Fire and Ice (Lincoln: Tennyson Research Centre, 1971), 19.34. Ibid., 35.35. Poems of Tennyson, 412.36. Ibid., 717, 716.37. Ibid., 762.38. Jacob Korg, ‘Astronomical Imagery in Victorian Poetry’, Annals of the
New York Academy of Sciences, 360 (1981), 137–58.39. Thomas Hardy, Two on a Tower, ed. S. Ahmad (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1993), 268.40. Poems of Tennyson, 1048.
Notes 193
4 ‘The Northern Farmer’: Language and Homeland
1. T. W. Adorno, Notes to Literature, I, tr. S. W. Nicholsen (New York: Columbia University Press), 85.
2. Sir Charles Tennyson, ‘Foreword’, to G. Edward Campion, A Tennyson Dialect Glossary with The Dialect Poems (Lincoln: Lincolnshire & Humberside Arts, 1969), I. Subsequently cited as Glossary.
3. Ibid., II, V. 4. Ibid., VII. 5. Tennyson’s initial dialect poem, ‘The Northern Farmer, Old Style’, was
composed in 1861 and first published in Enoch Arden and Other Poems in 1864; ‘The Northern Farmer, New Style’ was also written in 1861, but not published until 1869, in The Holy Grail volume; ‘The Northern Cobbler’ and ‘The Village Wife’ were included in Ballads and Other Poems, 1881; ‘The Spinster’s Sweet-Arts’ appeared in Tiresias and Other Poems, 1885; ‘Owd Roä’ was published in Demeter and Other Poems, 1889; the final dialect poem was ‘The Church- Warden and the Curate’, published posthumously in The Death of Oenone, 1892.
6. Glossary, 1. 7. Tennyson consulted Ellis on the orthography of his dialect verse after
reading the two ‘Northern Farmer’ poems to him in March 1881. 8. See K. M. Peyt, The Study of Dialect (London: Andre Deutsch, 1980), ch. 3. By
a coincidence of naming, one of Ellis’s chief sources was Thomas Hallam, a railway book- keeper.
9. Peter Trudgill, The Dialects of England (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 5.10. Thomas Hardy, ‘Dialect in Novels’ (1881), in Thomas Hardy’s Personal Writing,
ed. H. Orel (London: Macmillan, 1967), 93.11. William Barnes, ‘The Saxon Dialects of Dorsetshire’, Gentleman’s Magazine,
January 1840, 31.12. Alan Chedzoy, ‘Mr Barnes and Mr Hardy: An Uneasy Friendship’, Hardy
Society Journal 5(2) (2009), 42.13. Sue Edney, ‘“Times be Badish Vor the Poor”: William Barnes and his Dialect
of Disturbance in the Dorset Eclogues’, English 58 (222), (2009), 212.14. Ibid., 217.15. G. Edward Campion, Lincolnshire Dialects (Boston: Richard Kay, 1976), 17.16. Ibid., 19, 42.17. Donald S. Hair, Tennyson’s Language (Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
1991), 72, 136.18. Patrick Joyce, Visions of the People (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1991), 275.19. Philip M. Tilling, ‘Local Dialect and the Poet: Dialect in Tennyson’s
Lincolnshire Poems’, in Patterns in the Folk Speech of the British Isles, ed. M. F. Wakelin (London: Athlone, 1972), 89.
20. Ibid., 99, 107.21. Alan Chedzoy, ‘“Those Terrible Marks of the Beast”: Barnes, Hardy and the
Dorset Dialect’, Hardy Society Journal 4 (3) (2008), 57.22. Ibid., 57.23. Arthur Coleridge, ‘Notes of Tennyson’s Talk’, in Tennyson and His Friends, ed.
Hallam, Lord Tennyson (London: Macmillan, 1911), 271.
194 Notes
24. Virginia Blain, ‘Tennyson and the Spinster’, Essays in Criticism XLIX (1999), 223. Tennyson was also acquainted with the popular northern dialect tradition: William Allingham records that in 1867 the poet had got hold of Edwin Waugh’s Lancashire Songs (1849). (William Allingham: A Diary, ed. H. Allingham and D. Radford (London: Macmillan, 1907), 149.)
25. Walter Benjamin, ‘The Storyteller’, in Illuminations, tr. H. Zohn (London: Pimlico, 1999), 93.
26. James Obelkevich, Religion and Rural Society: South Lindsey, 1825–1875 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), 236.
27. Ibid., 68. Obelkevich notes that in Louth at mid- century, ‘57 out of 105 women bearing illegitimate children were farmers’ servants’ (ibid.). He quotes a local dignitary’s opinion that ‘bastardy is not looked upon as a disgrace in a woman, nor is any discredit thrown upon the offending man’ (97).
28. Ibid., 144.29. Obelkevich cites the case of an old man’s refusal to help open a Viking
barrow because ‘the king of the boggarts is shut up inside that thear’ (281).30. F. M. L. Thompson, English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963), 223.31. Obelkevich, 26.32. Obelkevich, 50.33. Glossary, 3–9.34. Yopie Prins, ‘Victorian Meters’, in The Cambridge Companion to Victorian
Poetry, ed. J. Bristow (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 91.35. Ibid., 97.36. Ibid., 98.37. Joyce, Visions of the People, 263.38. Hans- Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, tr. J. Weinsheimer and D. G. Marshall
(New York: Continuum, 1998), 392, 393.39. Ibid., 537.40. Ibid., 394.41. Hans- Georg Gadamer, Heidegger’s Ways, tr. J. W. Stanley (Albany: State
University of New York Press, 1994), 78.42. Truth and Method, 397.43. Paul de Man, The Resistance to Theory (Manchester: Manchester University
Press, 1986), 92.44. Philippe Lacoue- Labarthe, Typography, tr. C. Fynsk (Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1998), 243.45. Conversation between Tennyson and Emily Ritchie in 1870; John Taplin,
‘Emily Ritchie’s Recollections of Tennyson’, unpublished MS, 13.46. Prins, 100–2.47. Ibid., 110.48. T. W. Adorno, Minima Moralia, tr. E. F. N. Jephcott (London: NLB, 1974),
102.49. T. W. Adorno, Hegel: Three Studies, tr. S. W. Nicholsen (Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press, 1993), 118.50. T. W. Adorno, Towards a Theory of Musical Reproduction, tr. W. Hoban
(Cambridge: Polity, 2006), 69.51. T. S. Eliot, ‘The Music of Poetry’, in On Poetry and Poets (London: Faber &
Faber, 1957), 31.
Notes 195
52. Larry McCauley, ‘“Eawr Folk”: Language, Class, and English Identity in Victorian Dialect Poetry’, Victorian Poetry 39 (2001), 287.
53. Ibid., 289.54. Joyce, Visions of the People, 268, 275.55. McCauley, ‘ “Eawr Folk”’, 291, 292.56. Brian Maidment, The Poorhouse Fugitives (Manchester: Carcanet, 1987),
356.57. McCauley, ‘ “Eawr Folk”’, 298.58. Edney, ‘ “Times be Badish”’, 228.59. Kirstie Blair, ‘Tennyson and the Victorian Working- Class Poet’, in Tennyson
among the Poets, ed. R. Douglas- Fairhurst and S. Perry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 284.
60. Martin Heidegger, Discourse on Thinking, tr. J. Anderson and E. Freund (New York: Harper, 1966), 47.
61. Martin Heidegger, ‘The Nature of Language’ (1958), in On the Way to Language, tr. P. D. Hertz (San Francisco: Harper, 1982), 98–9.
62. Ibid., 99.63. Martin Heidegger, ‘Hebel – Friend of the House’ (1957), tr. B. V. Foltz and
M. Heim, Contemporary German Philosophy 3 (1983), 90. Subsequent page references given in the text.
64. Gerald Bruns, Heidegger’s Estrangements: Language, Truth, and Poetry in the Later Writings (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 3.
65. Ibid., 4.66. Ibid., 21.67. Ibid., 24.68. Ibid., 144.69. Ibid., 176.70. In conversation with Emily Ritchie in May 1873, Tennyson recalled an old
Lincolnshire farmer on his deathbed telling the parson, ‘what with steam- engines and what with the sun going round the earth…the sooner I get out of the world the better’ (cited in John Aplin, The Greatest Romance of My Life: Emily Ritchie’s Recollections of Tennyson (Lincoln: Tennyson Society, 2010, 15)). Joyce observes that the non- northern tradition of dialect verse often took the form of ‘protest against social and economic change in the countryside’ (Visions of the People, 267).
71. Heidegger, Discourse on Thinking, 54. Italics added.72. Oscar Wilde, ‘A Note on Some Modern Poets’, Woman’s World (December,
1888), 110.
5 Charles Tennyson Turner: Lyricism and Modernity
1. Charles Tennyson Turner, ‘Prefatory’, in Collected Sonnets, Old and New (London: Kegan Paul, 1880), 85. Subsequently cited as Sonnets.
2. Joseph Phelan, ‘Charles Tennyson Turner’s Prefatory Sonnets’, Tennyson Research Bulletin 9(2) (2008), 177, 184.
3. Alison Chapman, ‘Sonnet and Sonnet Sequence’, in A Companion to Victorian Poetry, ed. R. Cronin, A. Chapman and A. H. Harrison (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), 100.
196 Notes
4. T. W. Adorno, ‘Lyric Poetry and Society’, in The Adorno Reader, ed. B. O’Connor (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 212. Subsequently referred to as Adorno.
5. Jan Rosiek, Maintaining the Sublime: Heidegger and Adorno (Bern: Peter Lang, 2000), 411. In Adorno’s terminology Schein refers both to the sublimity and to the illusory or fictional nature of the artwork.
6. Pamela Gossin, Thomas Hardy’s Novel Universe (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), 150.
7. Shierry Weber Nicholsen, Exact Imagination, Late Work (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997), 163.
8. Robert Kaufman, ‘Adorno’s Social Lyric, and Literary Criticism Today’, in The Cambridge Companion to Adorno, ed. T. Huhn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 363.
9. Carol Christ, Victorian and Modern Poetics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1984), 55.
10. T. W. Adorno, Notes to Literature, vol. 1, tr. S. W. Nicholsen (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 43.
11. At the outset of their careers, in 1831, Arthur Hallam predicted that neither Charles nor Alfred ‘is at all likely to become extensively or immediately popular’, because they were writing ‘not to the world at large’ but ‘to the elect’ (Letter of 18 January, 1831; The Letters of Arthur Henry Hallam, ed. J. Kolb (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1981), 396.)
12. Christ, Victorian and Modern Poetics, 57.13. Roger Ebbatson, ‘The Lonely Garden: The Sonnets of Charles Tennyson
Turner’, in An Imaginary England (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), 66.14. Yopie Prins, ‘Victorian Meters’, in The Cambridge Companion to Victorian
Poetry, ed. J. Bristow (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 91.15. Octavio Paz, The Bow and the Lyre (Austin: University of Texas Press,
1973), 13.16. Christ, Victorian and Modern Poetics, 57.17. W. K. Wimsatt, The Verbal Icon (London: Methuen, 1954), 110.18. Martin Heidegger, On the Way to Language, tr. P. D. Hertz (New York: Harper &
Row, 1971), 67.19. Ibid., 155.20. Ibid., 101.21. Wimsatt, The Verbal Icon, 182.22. The Collected Sonnets of Charles Tennyson Turner, ed. F. B. Pinion and
M. Pinion (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1988), 21.23. Heidegger, On the Way, 108.24. Wimsatt, The Verbal Icon, 213.25. Emily Harrington, ‘The Measure of Time: Rising and Falling in Victorian
Meters’, Literature Compass 4(1) (2007), 338.26. Ebbatson, An Imaginary England, 67. On the close parallels between Alfred
Tennyson and Virgil see Norman Vance, The Victorians and Ancient Rome (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997).
27. Martin Heidegger, ‘The Question of Technology’, in Basic Writings, ed. D. F. Krell (London: Routledge, 1993), 313.
28. Ibid., 318.29. Ibid., 320, 322, 323.
Notes 197
30. Karl Marx, Grundrisse, tr. D. McLellan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971), 132.
31. Friedrich Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man, ed. E. M. Wilkinson and L. A. Willoughby (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), 35.
32. Ibid., 206.33. Heidegger, ‘The Question of Technology’, 325.34. Ibid., 330.35. Ibid., 333.36. Ibid., 335.37. Ibid., 337, 338.38. Chapman, ‘Sonnet and Sonnet Sequence’, 101, 105.39. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, 43.40. Adorno, Notes to Literature, 50.41. Coventry Patmore, ‘Essay on English Metrical Law’, in Poems (London:
George Bell, 1886), 230–1.42. Prins, ‘Victorian Meters’, 110.43. Patmore, ‘English Metrical Law’, 221.44. Matthew Campbell, Rhythm and Will in Victorian Poetry (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1999), 56, 57.45. Ibid., 63.46. See Roger Evans, ‘Tennyson’s “Crossing the Bar”: A Family Connection’,
Notes & Queries 46 (1999), 478–9.47. Campbell, Rhythm and Will, 158, 159.48. Max Horkheimer and T. W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, tr. J. Cumming
(London: Allen Lane, 1973), 157.49. Hartmut Böhme, ‘The Stony: Annotations on the Theory of the Sublime’, in
Das Erhabene, ed. C. Pries (Weinheim: Acta Humaniora, 1988), 141.50. Phelan, ‘Prefatory Sonnets’, 186.51. Campbell, Rhythm and Will, 208.52. Martin Heidegger, An Introduction to Metaphysics, tr. R. Manheim (New York:
Doubleday, 1961), 1.53. T. S. Eliot, ‘Reflections on Vers Libre’, in Selected Prose, ed. J. Hayward
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1953), 89.
6 Far From the Madding Crowd: Swampy Decomposition and Female Individualism
1. C. F. G. Masterman, From the Abyss (1902), cited in Peter Keating, ed., Into Unknown England, 1866–1913 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1976), 241.
2. Westminster Review, January 1875, cited in Thomas Hardy: The Critical Heritage, ed. R. G. Cox (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970), 33. On the ‘sensational’ properties of the novel as a whole see Richard Nemesvari, Thomas Hardy, Sensationalism, and the Melodramatic Mode (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), ch. 3.
3. Thomas Hardy, Far From the Madding Crowd, ed. S. Falck- Yi (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 295. Subsequently cited as FMC.
4. Galia Ofek, Representations of Hair in Victorian Literature and Culture (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009), 136, 137.
198 Notes
5. Rod Giblett, Postmodern Wetlands (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), 209.
6. Regenia Gagnier, Individualism, Decadence and Globalisation (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2010), 72, 73.
7. Gilles Deleuze, Essays Critical and Clinical, tr. D. W. Smith and M. Greco (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 22.
8. Linda M. Shires, ‘Narrative, Gender, and Power in Far From the Madding Crowd’, in The Sense of Sex, ed. M. Higonnet (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 49.
9. Ibid., 58.10. Ibid., 62.11. Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, tr. R. J. Hollingdale (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1986), 212.12. Giblett, Postmodern Wetlands, 5, 8.13. Charles Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844), ed. P. N. Furbank (Harmondsworth:
Penguin, 1968), 442.14. Richard Jefferies, After London (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 37.15. William Morris, The Sundering Flood (Brighton: Unicorn, 1973), 122–3.16. Arthur Conan Doyle, The Hound of the Baskervilles, ed. W. W. Robson (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1998), 67.17. John Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Progress (New York: Signet Classics, 1964), 23.18. Giblett, Postmodern Wetlands, 34, 33.19. Ibid., 127–8.20. Dr James Allen, writing in the Anthropological Review in 1869.21. Giblett, Postmodern Wetlands, 148.22. Walter Benjamin, ‘Franz Kafka’, in Illuminations, tr. H. Zohn (London:
Pimlico, 1999), 126, 127.23. Myth, Religion, and Mother- Right: Selected Writings of J.J. Bachofen, tr. R. Manheim
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973), 94. Subsequently cited as MR.24. Frederick Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, in Karl
Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1968), 452. Subsequently cited as OF. The political ambiguities of Bachofen’s text are discussed in Erich Fromm, The Crisis of Psychoanalysis (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973).
25. Walter Benjamin, ‘Johann Jacob Bachofen’, in Selected Writings, vol. 3, ed. H. Eiland and M. W. Jennings (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2006), 17.
26. T. W. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, tr. E. B. Ashton (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973), 262.
27. Ibid., 265.28. T. W. Adorno, Minima Moralia, tr. E. F. N. Jephcott (London: Verso, 2005),
30–1.
7 ‘In Front of the Landscape’: Spectral Ressentiment
1. Selections from Richard Jefferies’ 1876 Notebook, ed. J. Pearson, The Richard Jefferies Society Journal 15 (2006), 5.
2. Thomas Hardy, ‘In Front of the Landscape’, in Complete Poems, ed. J. Gibson (London: Macmillan, 1981), 303–5.
Notes 199
3. Thomas Hardy’s Poetical Matter Notebook, ed. P. Dalziel and M. Millgate (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 39–40. Elsewhere in this notebook Hardy again speculates on the possibility of writing a ‘Series of Ghostly poems’, ibid., 50.
4. Dennis Taylor, Hardy’s Metres and Victorian Prosody (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 155.
5. J. Hillis Miller, ‘Topography and Tropography in Thomas Hardy’s “In Front of the Landscape”’, in Post- Structuralist Readings of English Poetry, ed. R. Machin and C. Norris (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 332.
6. Ibid., 333. 7. Ibid., 336. 8. Ibid., 341, 343. 9. Francesco Marroni, ‘“At Day- Close in November”: Hardy and the Spectral
Signs of a Landscape’, Thomas Hardy Journal 5(2) (2009), 58.10. Walter Benjamin, ‘The Task of the Translator’, in Illuminations, tr. H. Zohn
(London: Pimlico, 1999), 72, 73.11. Samuel Weber, Benjamin’ s- abilities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 2008), 66.12. Ibid., 68.13. Paul de Man, The Resistance to Theory (Manchester: Manchester University
Press, 1986), 84, 85.14. The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy, ed. M. Millgate (Basingstoke: Macmillan,
1984), 218.15. Walter Benjamin, The Origin of German Tragic Drama, tr. J. Osborne (London:
Verso, 1985), 166, 217.16. Elisabeth Bronfen, Over Her Dead Body (Manchester: Manchester University
Press, 1996), 72.17. Ibid., 120, 362.18. Terry Castle, ‘Phantasmagoria: Spectral Technology and the Metaphorics of
Modern Reverie’, Critical Inquiry 15 (1998), 29, 30, 31.19. Hugh Grady, ‘Notes on Marxism and the Lyric’, Contemporary Literature
22(4), (1981), 551.20. Walter Benjamin, ‘On Some Motifs in Baudelaire’ (1939), in Illuminations,
152, 153.21. Lawrence J. Starzyk, The Dialogue of the Mind with Itself (Calgary: Calgary
University Press, 1992), 22.22. T. W. Adorno, ‘Lyric Poetry and Society’ , in The Adorno Reader, ed. B. O’Connor
(Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 213.23. Paul de Man, ‘Lyrical Voice in Contemporary Theory’, in Lyric Poetry: Beyond
New Criticism, ed. C. Hosek and P. Parker (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985), 62.
24. Paul de Man, The Rhetoric of Romanticism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 76.
25. M. H. Abrams, The Correspondent Breeze (New York: Norton, 1984), 76–7.26. T. W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, tr. R. Hullot- Kentor (London: Continuum,
2004), 101.27. T. W. Adorno, ‘Heine the Wound’, Notes to Literature, I, tr. S. W. Nicholsen
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 85.28. Marroni, ‘“At Day Close”’, 62.
200 Notes
29. Adorno, ‘Lyric Poetry’, 214.30. Ibid., 216.31. T. W. Adorno, Minima Moralia, tr. E. F. N. Jephcott (London: Verso,
2005), 34.32. Ibid., 220.33. Letter to the Daily Chronicle, 28 December 1899, in Hardy: Personal Writings,
ed. H. Orel (London: Macmillan, 1967), 202.34. T. W. Adorno, Notes to Literature, I, tr. S. W. Nicholsen (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1991), 50.35. Adorno, ‘Lyric Poetry’, 215.36. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, 112.37. Yopie Prins, ‘Victorian Meters’, in The Cambridge Companion to Victorian
Poetry, ed. J. Bristow (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 91.38. Benjamin, ‘On Some Motifs in Baudelaire’, 194.39. Tim Armstrong, Haunted Hardy (London: Palgrave, 2000), 2, 3, 5.40. Ibid., 90.41. Julian Wolfreys, Victorian Hauntings (London: Palgrave, 2002), 2.42. Ibid., 5.43. Robert Browning, The Poems, II, ed. J. Pettigrew (Harmondsworth: Penguin,
1981), 455, 457.44. Jacques Derrida, cited in Life.After.Theory, ed. M. Payne and J. Schad (London:
Continuum, 2003), 15.45. Friedrich Nietzsche, ‘On the Genealogy of Morality’ (1887), in The Nietzsche
Reader, ed. K. A. Pearson and D. Large (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), 419.46. Ibid., 401.47. David B. Allison, Reading the New Nietzsche (Lanham, MD: Rowman &
Littlefield, 2001), 219.48. Gilles Deleuze, Nietzsche and Philosophy, tr. H. Tomlinson (London: Athlone
Press, 1986), 114.49. Friedrich Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, tr. W. Kaufmann (New York: Random House,
1967), 320.50. Timothy Bahti, Ends of the Lyric (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1996), 52.51. Ibid., 167.52. Benjamin, Origin of German Tragic Drama, 193.53. Susan Sontag, Against Interpretation (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1967), 7.54. Ibid., 6.55. Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, tr. R. J. Hollingdale (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1986), 241.56. Max Scheler, Ressentiment, tr. W. Holdheim (New York: Schocken Books,
1972), 39.57. Peter Widdowson, Hardy in History (London: Routledge, 1989), 138.58. Henrik Ibsen, Ghosts, tr. J. McFarlane and J. Arup (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1998), 126.59. Margaret Cohen, Profane Illumination (Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1993), 11.60. Hillis Miller, ‘Topography and Tropography’, 345, 343.61. Sigmund Freud, ‘The Uncanny’, in Art and Literature, tr. J. Strachey
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985), 340.
Notes 201
62. Ibid., 363–4, 345.63. Fredric Jameson, ‘Marx’s Purloined Letter’, New Left Review 209 (1995), 94–5.64. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, 336.65. M. Horkheimer and T. W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, tr. J. Cumming
(London: Allen Lane, 1973), 157.66. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, 299.67. On the publication history of Satires of Circumstance see R. L. Purdy, Thomas
Hardy: A Bibliographical Study (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), 160–72.68. Illuminations, 235.
8 ‘A Singer Asleep’: Hardy’s Envoi to Decadence
1. Thomas Hardy, ‘A Singer Asleep’, in The Complete Poems, ed. J. Gibson (London: Macmillan, 1981), 323–5.
2. Michael Millgate, Thomas Hardy: A Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 467.
3. Darrel Mansell, ‘Displacing Hallam’s Tomb in Tennyson’s In Memoriam’, Victorian Poetry 36 (1998), 98–9.
4. T. W. Adorno, ‘Lyric Poetry and Society’, in The Adorno Reader, ed. B. O’Connor (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 215.
5. Mansell, 106. 6. Ibid., 106. 7. Ibid., 103. 8. Peter M. Sacks, The English Elegy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1987), 23, 37. 9. S. T. Coleridge, The Major Works, ed. H. J. Jackson (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2000), 222.10. Soren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postcript, tr. H. V. Hong and
E. Hong (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 12.11. M. Jamie Ferreira, ‘Faith and the Kierkegaardian Leap’, in The Cambridge
Companion to Kierkegaard, ed. A. Hannay and G. Marino (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 215.
12. T. W. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, tr. E. B. Ashton (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973), 31.
13. Paul de Man, Blindness and Insight (London: Methuen, 1983), 45.14. John Schad, Victorians in Theory (Manchester: Manchester University Press,
1999), 72.15. Cited in ibid., 72.16. Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, tr. R. J. Hollingdale
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962), 68.17. De Man, Blindness and Insight, 46.18. Ibid., 48.19. Paul de Man, Allegories of Reading (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1979), 10.20. Thomas Hardy, Desperate Remedies, ed. M. Rimmer (Harmondsworth:
Penguin, 1998), 15.21. Thomas Hardy, A Pair of Blue Eyes, ed. A. Manford (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1985), 212.
202 Notes
22. Yopie Prins, Victorian Sappho (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999). See also Anthea Ingham, ‘A. C. Swinburne: The Causes and Effects of His Sapphic Possession’, PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011.
23. Paul Valéry, On Poets and Poetry, tr. J. R. Lawler (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971), 401,
24. Cited in Philip Henderson, Swinburne: The Portrait of a Poet (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974), 22.
25. Ibid., 22.26. Maurice Merleau- Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, tr. C. Smith (London:
Routledge, 2002), 507.27. Ibid., 510.28. Paul de Man, Blindness and Insight (London: Methuen, 1983), 180–1.29. A. C. Swinburne, Poems and Ballads and Atalanta in Calydon, ed. K. Haynes
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2000), 51.30. T. W. Adorno, History and Freedom, tr. R. Livingstone (London: Polity, 2006),
155.31. Jürgen Habermas, Philosophical- Political Profiles, tr. F. G. Lawrence (London:
Heinemann, 1983), 80.32. De Man, Blindness and Insight, 181.33. Letter of 1 April 1897. The Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy, ed. R. L. Purdy
and M. Millgate (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), II, 158.34. Thomas Hardy’s Poetical Matter Notebook, ed. P. Dalziel and M. Millgate
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 58.35. Friedrich Nietzsche, ‘The Case of Wagner’, in The Nietzsche Reader, ed.
K. Pearson and D. Large (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), 455.36. T. W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, tr. R. Hullot- Kentor (London: Continuum,
1997), 309.37. Ibid., 310.38. Ibid., 312.39. Ibid., 328.40. Jason R. Rudy, Electric Meters (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2009),
142.41. Ibid., 142–3.42. Catherine Maxwell, Swinburne (Tavistock: Northcote, 2006), 121.43. Linda Dowling, Language and Decadence in the Victorian Fin de Siècle
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 177.44. Ibid., 178.45. Ibid., 94.46. Thomas Hardy’s Personal Writings, ed. H. Orel (London: Macmillan, 1966),
93, 101.47. Gilles Deleuze and the Boundaries of Philosophy, ed. C. Boundas and
D. Olkowski (London: Routledge, 1994), 25–6.48. T. W. Adorno, ‘Charmed Language’, in Notes to Literature, II, tr. S. W. Nicholsen
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 198.49. Ross C. Murfin, Swinburne, Hardy, Lawrence, and the Burden of Belief (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1978), 81, 83.50. Ibid., 114.51. T. W. Adorno, Quasi Una Fantasia, tr. R. Livingstone (London: Verso, 1998),
216.
Notes 203
52. Georg Lukács, ‘Realism in the Balance’, in Aesthetics and Politics, ed. R. Taylor (London: NLB, 1977), 57.
53. Ibid., 47.54. Ibid., 53.55. Raymond Williams, The Country and the City (London: Chatto & Windus,
1973), 198.56. Ibid., 198–9.57. Maurice Blanchot, The Sirens’ Song, tr. S. Rabinovitch (Brighton: Harvester,
1982), 117.58. Emmanuel Levinas, Proper Names, tr. M. B. Smith (Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1996), 137.
9 The Machine in the Wheatfield: Steam- Power in the Victorian Countryside
1. David Ricardo, The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (London: Dent, 1963), 263.
2. Ibid., 264, 266, 271. 3. Thomas Carlyle, Selected Writings, ed. A. Shelston (Harmondsworth: Penguin,
1971), 64. 4. Ibid., 66–7, 84. 5. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, tr. H. Eiland and K. McLoughlin
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002), 461. 6. Richard Jefferies, The Hills and the Vale, ed. E. Thomas (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1980), 134–5. Subsequently cited as HV. 7. Richard Jefferies, ‘Patchwork Agriculture’, The Examiner (July 31, 1875),
855. 8. E. J. T. Collins, ‘The Age of Machinery’, in G. E. Mingay, ed., The Victorian
Countryside (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), 208. 9. W. J. Keith, Richard Jefferies (London: Oxford University Press, 1965),
40, 49.10. Richard Jefferies, The Open Air (London: Dent, n.d.), 107.11. Richard Jefferies, Field and Hedgerow (London: Longmans, Green, 1910), 230.
Subsequently cited as FH.12. ‘The Power of the Farmers’, The Richard Jefferies Society Journal 19
(2010), 6.13. ‘Thoughts on the Labour Question’, The Richard Jefferies Society Journal 8
(1999), 13.14. Keith Ansell Pearson, Viroid Life (London: Routledge, 1997), 153.15. This essay conflates two pieces originally published in the Magazine of Art,
March and November 1882, under the titles ‘The Beauty of the Fields’ and ‘New Facts in Landscape’.
16. Martin Heidegger, ‘The Question Concerning Technology’, in Basic Writings, ed. D. F. Krell (London: Routledge, 1993), 325. Subsequently cited as BW.
17. Richard Jefferies, The Life of the Fields (London: Chatto & Windus 1908), 114. Subsequently cited as LF.
18. Keith, Richard Jefferies, 89.
204 Notes
10 Prophetic Landscapes: Hardy and Jefferies
1. Walter Benjamin, One- Way Street and Other Writings, tr. E. Jephcott and K. Shorter (London: Verso, 1985), 98, 99.
2. Cited in John McCole, Walter Benjamin and the Antonimies of Tradition (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), 282.
3. George Steiner, After Babel (London: Oxford University Press, 1975), 147. 4. Ibid., 148, 217. 5. Ibid., 148. 6. Martin Buber, The Prophetic Faith, tr. C. Witton- Davies (New York: Harper &
Row, 1949), 90. 7. Ibid., 175. 8. Ibid., 178. 9. Steiner, After Babel, 147.10. Mikhail Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination, tr. C. Emerson and M. Holquist
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 143, 144.11. Ibid., 84.12. The Poems of Tennyson, ed. C. Ricks (Harlow: Longmans, 1969), 717. On the
proleptic qualities of this poem see Roger Ebbatson, An Imaginary England (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005).
13. Gaston Bachelard, On Poetic Imagination and Reverie, tr. C. Gaudin (Dallas: Spring Publications, 1987), 36.
14. W. J. T. Mitchell, Landscape and Power (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1994), 1.
15. David Matless, Landscape and Englishness (London: Reaktion Books, 1998), 12, 18.
16. Walter Benjamin, Illuminations, tr. H. Zohn (London: Pimlico, 1999), 84.17. Richard Jefferies, The Story of My Heart (Dartington: Green Books, 2002),
18–19. Subsequently cited in the text as SH.18. The Portable Emerson, ed. M. van Doren (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), 144.19. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature, Addresses and Lectures (London: Routledge,
n.d.), 15–16. See Roger Ebbatson, ‘“The Great Earth Speaking”: Jefferies and the Transcendentalists’, in The Literary Utopias of Cultural Communities, ed. M. Corporaal and E. J. van Leeuwen (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2010), 129–39.
20. Cited in Rüdiger Safranski, Martin Heidegger: Between Good and Evil, tr. E. Osers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 3.
21. Martin Heidegger, Basic Writings, ed. D. F. Krell (London: Routledge, 1993), 196. Subsequently cited as BW.
22. ‘On the Downs’, in The Hills and the Vale, ed. E. Thomas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 273, 275.
23. The Notebooks of Richard Jefferies, ed. S. J. Looker (London: Grey Walls Press, 1948), 230.
24. Ibid., 233, 264, 280.25. Ibid., 283.26. Ibid., 290.27. Benjamin, One- Way Street, 103–4.28. Edward Comentale, Modernism, Cultural Production, and the British Avant-
Garde (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 4.29. Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, ed. J. Grindle and S. Gatrell (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1988), 109. Subsequently cited as TD.
Notes 205
30. Thomas Hardy, The Return of the Native, ed. S. Gatrell (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 4.
31. Roger Webster, ‘From Painting to Cinema: Visual Elements in Hardy’s Fiction’, in T. R. Wright, ed., Thomas Hardy on Screen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 30.
32. ‘The Storm Cloud of the Nineteenth Century’, in John Ruskin: Selected Writings, ed. D. Birch (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 277.
33. ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’, The Collected Poems of Wilfred Owen, ed. C. Day Lewis (London: Chatto & Windus, 1967), 55.
34. Ivor Gurney, ‘Canadians’, Collected Poems, ed. P. J. Kavanagh (Manchester: Carcanet, 2004), 143.
35. T. W. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, tr. E. B. Ashton (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973), 345.
36. Thomas Hardy, Jude the Obscure, ed. P. Ingham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 17.
37. Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, in Collected Works, vol. 13 (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975), 272.
38. Ibid., 273.39. Jude the Obscure, 8.40. Cited in Alfred Schmidt, The Concept of Nature in Marx (London: NLB, 1971),
130.41. J. Hillis Miller, Topographies (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), 19.42. Ibid., 55.43. Jude the Obscure, 9.44. Miller, Topographies, 241.45. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, tr. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson (Oxford:
Blackwell, 1962), 420–1.46. Miller, Topographies, 244, 245.47. Ibid., 253.48. These phrases occur in three lectures of 1933–34, reprinted in The Heidegger
Controversy, ed. R. Wolin (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 33 ff.
49. Cited in Jürgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, tr. F. Lawrence (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987), 157.
50. T. W. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, 89.51. Leo Löwenthal, ‘Knut Hamsun’, in The Essential Frankfurt School Reader, ed.
A. Arato and E. Gebhardt (Oxford: Blackwell, 1978), 320, 321, 322.52. Ibid., 326, 328.53. Comentale, Modernism, Cultural Production, 96.54. Cited in John McCole, Walter Benjamin and the Antinomies of Tradition
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), 179.55. Walter Benjamin, ‘Theories of German Fascism’, in Selected Writings, vol. 2,
ed. M. W. Jennings, H. Eiland and G. Smith (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1999), 318–19.
56. Walter Benjamin, ‘ Theological- Political Fragment’, in Selected Writings, vol. 3, ed. H. Eiland and M. W. Jennings (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002), 306.
57. Esther Leslie, Synthetic Worlds: Nature, Art and the Chemical Industry (London: Reaktion Books, 2005), 226.
58. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, tr. H. Eiland and K. McLoughlin (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1999), 390.
206 Notes
59. Paul de Man, ‘The Temptation of Permanence’, in Critical Writings, ed. L. Waters (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), 32.
60. Wilfred Owen, letter of 1917, cited in Jon Stallworthy, Wilfred Owen (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 159.
61. Wilfred Owen, ‘Cramped in the Funnelled Hole’, The Poems, ed. J. Silkin (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985), 113.
11 The Springs of Wandel: Ruskin, Proust, Benjamin
1. John Ruskin, ‘Fiction Fair and Foul’, in The Genius of John Ruskin, ed. J. D. Rosenberg (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), 435, 436.
2. Walter Benjamin, ‘A Berlin Chronicle’, in One- Way Street, tr. E. Jephcott and K. Shorter (London: Verso, 1997), 314.
3. Carol Jacobs, ‘Benjamin, Topographically Speaking’, in Walter Benjamin: Theoretical Questions, ed. D. S. Ferris (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), 107.
4. Sigrid Weigel, Body and Image Space (London: Routledge, 1996), 111. 5. Ibid., 112. 6. John Ruskin, The Crown of Wild Olive (Orpington: George Allen, 1882), 2, 3. 7. Sheila Emerson, Ruskin: The Genesis of Invention (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1993), 65. 8. David Carroll, ‘Pollution, Defilement and Decomposition’, in Ruskin and
Environment, ed. M. Wheeler (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 65.
9. Mark Frost, ‘“The Circles of Vitality”: Ruskin, Science and Dynamic Materiality’, Victorian Literature and Culture 39(2) (2011), 370.
10. Maurice Merleau- Ponty, The Phenomenology of Perception (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962), vii.
11. Michael Sheringham, French Autobiography: Devices and Desires (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 21.
12. Walter Benjamin, ‘On Language as Such and On the Language of Men’, in One- Way Street, 119.
13. Ibid., 121, 123.14. Walter Benjamin, The Origin of German Tragic Drama, tr. J. Osborne (London:
Verso, 1985), 224.15. Martin Heidegger, ‘What Are Poets For?’ in Poetry, Language, Thought, tr.
A. Hofstadter (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), 89.16. Ibid., 109, 110, 112.17. Ibid., 115.18. John Ruskin, ‘The Storm Cloud of the Nineteenth Century’, in Selected
Writings, ed. D. Birch (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 277.19. ‘To the Planetarium’, in One- Way Street, 103, 104.20. Cited in Samuel Weber, Benjamin’ s- abilities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 2008), 232.21. Ibid., 233, 234.22. Phillip Mallett, ‘The City and the Self’, in Ruskin and Environment, 52.23. Letter of 1846, cited in Jonah Siegel, Desire and Excess (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 2000), 205.24. Emerson, Ruskin: Genesis of Invention, 221.
Notes 207
25. Walter Benjamin, ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’, in Illuminations, tr. H. Zohn (London: Pimlico, 1999), 228.
26. Graeme Gilloch, Myth and Metropolis (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997), 66, 91.27. Walter Benjamin, Berlin Childhood Around 1900, tr. H. Eiland (Cambridge,
MA: Belknap Press, 2006), 79.28. Ibid., 80.29. One- Way Street, 52, 53.30. On the cultural implications of Berlin Childhood, see Gerhard Richter, Walter
Benjamin and the Corpus of Autobiography (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2000).
31. One- Way Street, 59.32. Bernd Huppauf, ‘Benjamin’s Imaginary Landscape’, in With the Sharpened
Axe of Reason, ed. G. Fischer (Oxford: Berg, 1996), 36.33. Diary entry, 13 May 1931, cited in Rainer Nagele, ‘Thinking Images’, in
Benjamin’s Ghosts, ed. G. Richter (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002), 36, 37.
34. Maurice Blanchot, The Sirens’ Song, tr. S. Rabinovitch (Brighton: Harvester, 1982), 73.
35. Marcel Proust, Remembrance of Things Past, vol. 3, tr. C. K. Scott Moncrieff and T. Kilmartin (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981), 1020.
36. Georgio Agamben, Potentialities, tr. D. Heller- Roazen (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), 267.
37. Ibid., 912.38. Walter Benjamin, ‘The Image of Proust’, in Illuminations, 198.39. Esther Leslie, ‘Telescoping the Microscopic Object: Benjamin as Collector’,
in The Optic of Walter Benjamin, ed. A. Coles (London: Black Dog Publishing, 1999), 68.
40. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, tr. H. Eiland and K. McLaughlin (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002), 420.
41. Ibid., 460.42. Ibid., 462.43. Ibid., 463.44. John Ruskin, Praeterita, ed. A. O. J. Cockshut (Keele: Ryburn Publishing,
1994), 448, 449.45. Ibid., 449.46. T. W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, tr. R. Hullot- Kentor (Minnesota: University of
Minnesota Press, 1997), 70.47. Ibid., 112, 180.48. William Arrowsmith, ‘Ruskin’s Fireflies’, in The Ruskin Polygon, ed. J. Dixon Hunt
and F. M. Holland (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982), 212, 213.
12 Traversing the South Country, 1850–1914
1. Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, tr. R. J. Hollingdale (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 181.
2. Edward Thomas, The South Country (London: Dent, 1993), 8.3. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, tr. D. Nicholson- Smith (Oxford:
Blackwell, 1991), 21.4. Ibid., 33.
208 Notes
5. Roberto Dainatto, Place in Literature (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009), 9. 6. Ibid., 9, 11. 7. George Borrow, Lavengro: The Scholar, the Gypsy, the Priest (London: Dodo
Press, 2009), 199. Subsequently cited as L. 8. George Borrow, The Romany Rye (London: Cresset Press, 1958), 112.
Subsequently cited as RR. 9. Cited in Making a Difference, ed. G. Greene and C. Kahn (London: Methuen,
1985), 87.10. Regenia Gagnier, Individualism, Decadence and Globalisation (Basingstoke:
Palgrave, 2010), 131.11. T. W. Adorno, Minima Moralia, tr. E. Jephcott (London: Verso, 2005), 170, 185.12. Katie Trumpener, ‘The Time of the Gypsies’, Critical Inquiry 18 (1992), 857,
870, 853.13. Edward Thomas, George Borrow (Teddington: The Echo Library, 2006), 130.14. Ian Duncan, ‘Wild England: George Borrow’s Nomadology’, Victorian Studies
41 (1998), 384.15. Thomas, Borrow, 135.16. Lefebvre, Production of Space, 64, 234.17. Richard Jefferies, The Story of My Heart (Dartington: Green Books, 2002),
18–19. Subsequently cited as SH.18. Maurice Merleau- Ponty, The Phenomenology of Perception (London: Routledge &
Kegan Paul, 1962), vii.19. Ibid., 249.20. Richard Jefferies, ‘On the Downs’, in The Hills and the Vale, ed. E. Thomas
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 270. Subsequently cited as HV.21. The Notebooks of Richard Jefferies, ed. S. J. Looker (London: Grey Walls Press,
n.d.), 284, 286.22. Edward Thomas, In Pursuit of Spring (Holt: Laurel Books, 2002), 127.23. Ibid., 142.24. William Wordsworth, ‘Guilt and Sorrow; or Incidents upon Salisbury Plain’,
in The Poems, vol. 1, ed. J. O. Hayden (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), 119. Subsequently cited as Poems.
25. For a full account of the ownership of the monument in the nineteenth century see Barbara Bender, ‘Stonehenge – Contested Landscapes’, in Landscape: Politics and Perspectives, ed. B. Bender (Oxford: Berg, 1993), 245–79.
26. Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, ed. J. Grindle and S. Gatrell (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 379, 381. On Hardy’s archaeological reading of landscape more generally see Allison Adler Kroll, ‘Hardy’s Wessex, Heritage Culture, and the Archaeology of Rural England’, Nineteenth- Century Contexts 31(2010), 335–52.
27. ‘Shall Stonehenge Go?’, in Thomas Hardy’s Personal Writings, ed. H. Orel (London: Macmillan, 1967), 196, 197, 199.
28. Thomas Hardy, The Complete Poems, ed. J. Gibson (London: Macmillan, 1976), 306.
29. W. H. Hudson, Afoot in England (London: Dent, n.d.), 246. Subsequently cited as AE.
30. W. H. Hudson, A Shepherd’s Life (London: Methuen, 1951), 5. Subsequently cited as ASL.
31. Christopher Tilley, The Materiality of Stone (New York: Berg, 2004), 221.
Notes 209
32. Christopher Tilley, A Phenomenology of Landscape (New York: Berg, 1994), 21.33. V. S. Naipaul, The Enigma of Arrival (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), 15.
13 The Spiritual Geography of Edward Thomas
1. Edward Thomas, ‘Lights Out’, The Annotated Collected Poems, ed. E. Longley (Tarset: Bloodaxe, 2008). Subsequently cited as ACP.
2. Martin Heidegger, Off the Beaten Track, tr. J. Young and K. Haynes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 68. Subsequently cited as OBT.
3. Hans- Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, tr. J. Weinsheimer and D. G. Marshall (New York: Continuum, 1998), 269.
4. Ibid., 269. 5. Ibid., 269. 6. Michel Collot, La Poésie Moderne et la Structure d’Horizon (Paris: PUF, 1989), 27. 7. Ibid., 34. 8. Ibid., 9. 9. Edward Thomas, ‘The Childhood of Edward Thomas’, in Selected Poems and
Prose, ed. D. Wright (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981), 136.10. Edward Thomas, A Literary Pilgrim in England (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1980), 142.11. Edward Thomas, A Language Not to Be Betrayed, ed. E. Longley (Manchester:
Carcanet, 1981), 169–70.12. Edward Thomas, Richard Jefferies (London: Dent, 1938), 178.13. A Language, 203.14. Ibid., 201.15. Martin Heidegger, Poetry, Language, Thought, tr. A. Hofstadter (New York:
Harper Collins, 2001), 129. Subsequently cited as PLT.16. Martin Heidegger, On the Way to Language, tr. P. D. Hertz (New York: Harper
& Row, 1982), 136. Subsequently cited as WL.17. Edward Thomas, The South Country (London: Dent, 1993), 114.18. Martin Heidegger, Gelassenheit, tr. J. M. Anderson and E. H. Freund
(New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 73.19. Ibid., 87.20. Martin Heidegger, An Introduction to Metaphysics, tr. R. Manheim
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959), 150.21. Gadamer, Truth and Method, 257.22. Bruce Foltz, Inhabiting the Earth (New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1995), 157.23. Walter Benjamin, ‘A Berlin Chronicle’, in One- Way Street and Other Writings,
tr. E. Jephcott and K. Shorter (London: Verso, 1997), 314.24. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, tr. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson (Oxford:
Blackwell, 1962), 100.25. Martin Heidegger, ‘Building Dwelling Thinking’, in Basic Writings, ed. D. F. Krell
(London: Routledge, 1993), 243. Subsequently cited as BW.26. Mark Wigley, The Architecture of Deconstruction (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1993), 98.27. Ibid.,102.28. Foltz, Inhabiting the Earth, 165.29. Martin Heidegger, Existence and Being (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1949), 281.
210 Notes
30. Edward Thomas, Poems and Last Poems, ed. E. Longley (London: MacDonald & Evans, 1973), 278.
31. The Collected Poems of Edward Thomas, ed. R. G. Thomas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), 194.
32. Ibid., 190.33. Matthew Hollis, ‘If We Could See All’, Dymock Poets and Friends 8 (2009), 46.34. Martin Heidegger, Pathmarks, ed. W. McNeill (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1998), 236.
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Dowling, Linda Language and Decadence in the Victorian Fin de Siècle. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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Lukács, Georg ‘Realism in the Balance’, in Aesthetics and Politics, ed. R. Taylor. London: NLB, 1977.
Matless, David Landscape and Englishness. London: Reaktion, 1998.
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The Phenomenology of Perception, tr. C. Smith. London: Routledge, 2002.
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215
Index
Abrams, M.H. 97Adorno, Theodor 77, 90, 106, 110,
112, 113, 138, 153and administered society 3, 36,
66, 76, 91, 98, 134, 161and ‘aesthetic shudder’ 6Aesthetic Theory 10, 12, 36on artworks 36–7, 45–6, 99, 111on commodity culture 45and decadence 110and dialect 56, 57on history as discontinuous 46on lyric poetry 35, 64–5, 66–7,
75‘Lyric Poetry and Society’ radio
talk 34, 63, 97and lyrical self 63, 97and nature 11, 14–15on Sirens 24, 25, 26study of Hegel 57
Agamben, Georgio 152alienation 2, 4, 9, 13, 16, 55, 66–7,
138, 164allegorical gaze 125, 139allegory 96Allison, David 100 Anti- Corn Law campaign 41Armstrong, Isobel 30, 47Armstrong, Tim 99Arrowsmith, William 153art/artworks 7, 15, 36, 36–7, 44, 45
Adorno on 36–7, 45–6, 99, 111and aura 15, 17, 28, 148Benjamin on changing status
of 13–14, 15and nature 10, 11–12, 148
art for art’s sake 13, 15, 110artistic memory 147astronomy 46–7aura 3, 5, 6, 12, 13–14, 16, 33, 134,
140, 153and art/artworks 15, 17, 28, 148definition 18, 33
disintegration of 12, 13, 34, 147, 148
indeterminacy of 15and nature 13, 153objectivation of 45
autobiographical form 152
Babbage, CharlesNinth Bridgewater Treatise 48
Bachelard, Gaston 127–8Bachofen, J.J. 87, 88–90
Mother-Right 87, 90Bahti, Timothy 100Bakhtin, Mikhail 127Baring, Rosa 46Barnes, William 51–2, 58, 112Baudelaire, Charles Pierre 30–1, 67,
110beauty 18, 36, 110–11
artistic 12auratic 14natural 10–12, 15, 64, 65, 99, 150poetic 31
Being 2, 7, 9, 68, 78, 119, 120, 123, 129–30, 137, 174, 178, 180, 182, 183, 185
being- in-the-world 2, 7Benjamin, Walter 6, 12–14, 16, 30,
36, 53, 87, 96, 140, 179The Arcades Project 116, 147,
150–1, 152and aura 5, 12, 14, 33, 45, 103Berlin Childhood 142–3, 148–50and changing status of
artwork 13–14, 15and dialectical image 5–6, 44–5,
149essay on Bachofen 88and Great War 139on lyric poetry 30, 97and memory 142–54, 179 One- Way Street 149, 150on prophecy 125
216 Index
Benjamin, Walter – continued‘The Storyteller’ 128‘To the Planetarium’ 131–2
Bergson, Henri 30, 149, 151Matter and Memory 149
Berkeley, George 32Bhabha, Homi 42Biedermeier effect 127Blain, Virginia 53Blair, Kirstie 40, 58Blanchot, Maurice 114, 151Borrow, George 158–62, 173–4
Lavengro 158, 160, 166The Romany Rye 158, 159–62
Brantlinger, Patrick 42, 44Brecht, Bertholt 36Bronfen, Elisabeth 96Browning, Robert
‘St Martin’s Summer’ 99–100Bruns, Gerald 60Buber, Martin 126Bunyan, John
Pilgrim’s Progress 86Bürger, Peter 13–14
Campbell, Matthew 76Campion, Edward 50capitalism 12, 27, 110, 125Carlyle, Thomas
‘Signs of the Times’ 115Carroll, David 144Castle, Terry 96Chandler, James 29Chapman, Alison 63, 75Chartist poetry 40, 44, 45, 46Chedzoy, Alan 52–3childhood memory 148Christ, Carol 65, 66, 68Cohen, Margaret 101Coleridge, S.T. 69, 76
Biographia Literaria 107Collot, Michel 172, 173Comentale, Edward 132, 139commodity culture 45, 109Conan Doyle, Arthur
The Hound of the Baskervilles 86Condition- of- England debate 46Connorton, Paul 27Corn Law League 38
Cosgrove, Denis 6, 9countryside
and technology 115–24, 164Critical Theory 3Culture
Commodity 45, 109mass 109and nature 7, 12, 127
culture industry 13, 27–8, 109, 111
Dainatto, Roberto 158de Man, Paul 56, 95, 97, 107, 108,
109, 110, 140de Quincey, Thomas 47deathbed 53Decadent Movement 106, 109–10,
113, 114Deleuze, Gilles 85, 100, 112Derrida, Jacques 100, 144dialect 51–2, 56, 57, 60, 61, 112
Lincolnshire 50, 52–3, 61dialect poems/poetry 57, 58, 59–60
and Barnes 51–2, 58Heidegger on 59, 60and Tennyson 50–61
dialectical image 5–6, 45, 149Dickens, Charles
Martin Chuzzlewit 85–6Dillon, Steven 36Donne, W.B. 34dreams 127–8, 150–1Duncan, Ian 162dwelling 7–8, 59, 129, 130, 136–8,
137, 180in Hardy’s novels 137, 166poetic 183
eco-criticism 3Edney, Sue 51, 58elegy 106Eliot, T.S. 57, 79Ellis, A.J.
Early English Pronunciation 51Emerson, Sheila 144, 148
‘Nature’ 129enclosure 54, 127enframing 74, 119, 120, 122Engels, Friedrich
Origin of the Family 88
Index 217
English Dialect Society 50Englishman’s Review 29enlightenment 27experience (Erfarhrung) 12
Ferreira, Jamie 107First World War see Great WarFoltz, Bruce 177, 183Foucault, Michel 107Frankfurt School 3, 7, 30, 102Freud, Sigmund 87, 95, 102Frost, Mark 144Frost, Robert 178
Gadamer, Hans-Georg 3, 4, 46, 55–6, 171–2, 176
Gagnier, Regenia 85gender 2, 85George, Stefan
‘The Word’ 183, 184ghosts 96, 99–101Giblett, Rod 84, 85, 86–7Gilloch, Graeme 148Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 130Gossin, Pamela 47Great War 128, 139, 140, 141, 146,
170Griffiths, Eric 32, 33Gurney, Ivor 134
Habermas, Jürgen 25Hair, Donald 31, 32, 52Hall, Catherine 40Hallam, Arthur 65, 66
‘The Bride of the Lake’ 34Hamsun, Knut 138–9Hardy, Thomas 4, 7, 8, 51, 52, 74
‘Channel Firing’ 167‘A Christmas Ghost Story’ 98Desperate Remedies 108Far From the Madding Crowd 83–91,
137‘I Have Lived with Shades’ 112–13‘In Front of the Landscape’ 92–103‘The Men Who March Away’ 103A Pair of Blue Eyes 108and prophetic landscapes 125–7,
132–41The Return of the Native 133
‘A Singer Asleep’ 104–14Tess of the d’Urbervilles 126, 132–6,
137, 140, 166–7‘To Outer Nature’ 14Two on a Tower 49Under the Greenwood Tree 137The Well-Beloved 110Wessex novels 102, 107Wessex Poems 112
Harrington, Emily 71hearing 60Hebel, Johann Peter 59Hegel, G.W.F. 12, 57Heidegger, Martin 69, 129–30, 141,
170–1, 174, 177–87‘The Age of the World
Picture’ 170–1Being and Time 129‘Building Dwelling Thinking’ 136–7‘Conversation on a Country
Path’ 175diagnosis of destitution 40and dialect 58–9on dialect poetry 59, 60and dwelling 7–8, 9, 59, 129, 130,
136, 180, 183‘The End of Philosophy’ 130‘The Nature of Language’
lecture 183, 185‘On the Origin of the Work of
Art’ 129and ‘the Open’ 7, 130, 175, 178‘Poetically Man Dwells’
lecture 183‘The Question Concerning
Technology’ 73, 119on Rilke 49and technology 5, 61, 73, 74–5,
119–20, 121, 122, 123, 137, 146, 170
‘What Are Poets For’ 39Held, David 25Henchman, Anna 47, 48Herschel, John 47
Philosophical Transactions 48Herschel, William 47–8hetaerism 87–8, 89Hölderlin, Friedrich 56, 119, 147–8,
175, 180, 182, 183
218 Index
Hollis, Matthew 186Holmes, John 22–3Homer 22
The Odyssey 23, 24Homeric hexameters 56Horkheimer, Max 4, 24, 27, 77Hudson, W.H. 174
Afoot in England 167–8‘A Shepherd’s Life’ 168
Ibsen, Henrik 110–11Ghosts 101
image, dialectical 5–6, 45, 149India 42Ingold, Tim 7, 8International Exhibition (1862) 71involuntary memory 147, 152Irigaray, Luce 159–60
Jacobs, Carol 143Jameson, Fredric 102Janowitz, Anne 41, 44, 46Jefferies, Richard 2, 5, 10, 92,
116–25, 174After London 86, 126, 164The Dew Morn 129‘Notes on Landscape
Painting’ 120–2‘On the Downs’ 5, 123, 130–1,
164‘One of the New Voters’ 117‘The Power of the Farmers’ 118and prophetic landscapes 125–32,
136–41and the South Country 162–4,
165‘Steam on Country Roads’
117–18The Story of My Heart 11, 123, 126,
128–9, 130, 135, 136, 138, 162–4, 165
‘The Story of Swindon’ 117‘Thoughts on the Labour
Question’ 118‘Unequal Agriculture’ 116‘Walks in the Wheatfields’ 119
Jeffers, Robinson‘Subjected Earth’ 125
Joyce, Patrick 41, 52, 55, 57, 58
Kafka, Franz 87‘The Silence of the Sirens’ 26–7
Kaufman, Robert 64Keats, John 29, 31Keith, W.J. 117, 123–4Kierkegaard, Soren 107Kingsley, Charles 43Knox, Robert
The Races of Man 43Korg, Jacob 48–9 Lacoue- Labarthe, Philippe 56language
and homeland in ‘The Northern Farmer’ 50–61
see also dialect‘leap’
and Coleridge 107and de Man 107Kierkegaardian 107Sappho’s 106–7, 108Swinburne’s 107, 108, 110
Lefebvre, Henri 4, 157–8, 162Leslie, Esther 140, 152Levinas, Emmanuel 114Lincolnshire dialect 50,
52–3, 61Locke, John
Essay Concerning Human Understanding 31–2
Longley, Edna 172Löwenthal, Leo 138–9Lubbock, John 166Lukács, Georg 113lunar eclipses 64lyric poetry
and Adorno 35, 64–5, 66–7, 75and Benjamin 30, 97and Hallam 29–37and modernity 30–1, 62–79and society 34
lyrical self 63, 97
McCauley, Larry 57machinery 29, 30, 64, 72, 73–5
and the countryside 5, 115–24Maidment, Brian 58Mallarmé, Stéphane
‘Tombeau de Verlaine’ 109, 110Mallett, Phillip 147
Index 219
Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition (1857) 148
Mansell, Darrel 106Markley, A.A. 22Marroni, Francesco 95, 98Marx, Karl 73
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts 135
Masterman, C.F.G. 83Matless, David 128matriarchy 87, 88, 89Maxwell, Catherine 111memory 144, 147, 179
artistic 147and Benjamin 142–54, 179and Bergson 149, 151childhood 148involuntary 147, 152and Ruskin 142–54voluntary 147
Merleau- Ponty, Maurice 2–3, 4–5, 7, 32, 33, 108–9, 144–5, 168
Miller, Hillis 94–5, 102, 136, 138Topographies 136
Millhauser, M. 48Mitchell, W.J.T. 128modernity 44, 170–1
and lyric poetry 30–1, 62–79monomania 144Morris, William
The Sundering Flood 86Murfin, Ross 112
Naipaul, V.S.The Enigma of Arrival 169
National Monuments Preservation Bill 166
natural beauty 10–12, 15, 64, 65, 99, 150
natureas agent of permanence and
change 8and art/artworks 10, 11–12, 148and aura 13, 153Biedermeier assimilation of 127and culture 7, 12, 127and technology 115–24, 164and women 159
nebular hypothesis 47–8New Poor Law 38Nietzsche, Friedrich 26, 85, 100,
101, 110, 157
Obelkevich, James 53, 54Odysseus 23, 24, 25, 26, 27Ofek, Galia 84‘Open, the’ 7, 175, 178Orion Nebula 46–7, 48Owen, Wilfred 134
paradise 145, 153Patmore, Coventry 76patriarchy 87, 159Paz, Octavio 68Pearson, Keith Ansell 120People’s Charter 38perception 4, 6, 32, 33, 150, 171perceptual space 8phantasmagoria 96Phelan, Joseph 62, 78phenomenology 2–3, 4, 145, 163philosophy
and poetry 32–3Pinion, Frank 70place
relationship with landscape 8–9placelessness 9‘poetry of sensation’ 29, 31–3, 35Prins, Yopie 55, 56, 67, 76, 99, 108prophetic landscapes 125–41Proust, Marcel 30, 31, 145, 151, 152
Rancière, Jacques 26reflection 31, 33, 64, 152, 171region/regionalism 7–8, 158regional dialects 50–1Relph, Edward 9remembrance 152ressentiment (resentment) 100–3Ricardo, David
Principles of Political Economy 115Rilke, Rainer Maria 39, 49, 175, 178,
180Rodaway, Paul 10Rosiek, Jan 63Rossetti, D.G.
‘A Sea Spell’ 23
220 Index
Rudy, Jason 31, 111Ruskin, John 2, 7, 10, 142–54
The Crown of Wild Olive 143–5, 149, 152
Fiction, Fair and Foul 142lectures to Manchester Art Treasures
Exhibition (1857) 148and memory 142–54Praeterita 143, 153‘Storm Cloud of the Nineteenth
Century’ 134, 144, 145, 146, 153
Sacks, Peter 106Saintsbury, George 55Salisbury Plain 165, 167, 168, 169Sanders, Michael 45Sappho 106–7, 108Schad, John 107Scheler, Max 101Schiller, Friedrich 74Schwartz, Frederic 14Second World War 185sensation 32–3poetry of 29, 31–3, 35Shaw, David 30Shelley, Percy Bysshe 29, 31Sheringham, Michael 145Shires, Linda 85Sirens 21–6Skeat, Walter 50sonnets 75 see also Tennyson Turner,
CharlesSontag, Susan 100–1South Country 3, 7–8, 9, 157–69, 174Starzyk, Lawrence 97steam-power 115–24 steam- threshing machines 5, 73–4Steiner, George 126, 127Stonehenge 165–8Strindberg, August 44swamp
in Hardy’s Far from the Madding Crowd 83–91
representations of 85–6Swinburne, A.C. 105–6, 107, 108–10,
111, 112‘Anactoria’ 109Hardy’s elegy to 104–15‘The Lake of Gaube’ 111
‘leap’ 107, 108, 110Poems and Ballads 13, 106, 108,
109Swingewood, Alan 41
Taylor, Dennis 94technology 5, 12, 73, 74–5, 170
and the countryside 115–24, 164and Heidegger 5, 61, 73, 74–5,
119–20, 121, 122, 123, 137, 146, 170
Tennyson, Alfred 7, 30, 77dialect poems 50–61‘The Dying Swan’ 33, 55‘The Golden Year’ 48, 127‘The Kraken’ 6, 35–7‘The Lady of Shalott’ 15–17Locksley Hall 38–49‘The Lotos-Eaters’ 27‘Mariana’ 34–5Maud 49‘Merlin and the Gleam’ 17–18‘The Northern Farmer’ 50–61‘Ode to Memory’ 31‘The Palace of Art’ 33, 48phonetic system 52Poems, Chiefly Lyrical 29, 30The Princess 48‘The Sea-Fairies’ 11, 21–8’The Spinster’s Sweet-Arts’ 53’Timbuctoo’ 47
Tennyson Turner, Charles 11, 62–79‘An April Day’ 1, 2, 6, 10, 11,
14–15‘The Barmouth Sea-Bridge’ 71‘A Brilliant Day’ 65‘The Buoy Bell’ 78–9‘Drowned in the Tropics’ 77‘The Forest Glade’ 69‘A Forest Lake’ 67–8‘ Gold- Crested Wren’ 62‘The Greatness of England’ 71‘The Half-Rainbow’ 65–6‘The Hydraulic Ram’ 72‘The Ocean’ 76‘On Board the Jersey Steamer’ 76‘On the Eclipse of the Moon of
October’ 63–4‘The Process of Composition’ 62
Index 221
‘Resuscitation of Fancy’ 62‘The Sea-Fairies’ Answer’ 77and sonnet form 62–3‘The Steam- Threshing
Machine’ 72–5‘A Summer Twilight’ 68–9‘The Telegraph Cable to India’ 71‘Time and Twilight’ 66‘To the Gossamer Light’ 62‘Wind on the Corn’ 70‘The Wood-Rose’ 70
Thackeray, WilliamVanity Fair 23–4
Thomas, Edward 10, 157, 162‘As the Team’s Head-Brass’ 185‘The Ash Grove’ 187‘The Dark Forest’ 175death of 186‘Digging’ poems 178–9‘February Afternoon’ 184–5‘Good Night’ 182‘The Green Roads’ 177‘Home’ 181‘House and Man’ 180‘I never saw that land’ 178‘In Memoriam’ 177In Pursuit of Spring 164–5, 176‘Liberty’ 176‘Lob’ 171‘The New House’ 181‘November’ 172‘The Other’ 171, 176, 179‘Over the Hills’ 173‘The Owl’ 181–2‘Roads’ 177‘A Tale’ 176‘The Wasp-Trap’ 180‘Words’ 183–4
Thompson, F.M.L. 54
Tilley, Christopher 168Tilling, Philip 52time-space 127translation 95Trudgill, Peter 51Turner, J.M.W.
Snow Storm 24
uncanny 102universe 47–8
Valéry, Paul 108vertical time 168Volk 138, 171voluntary memory 147
Walker, William 32Wandel River 5
Ruskin’s springs at 8, 9, 143–5, 146, 149, 151–2
war 139–40Weber, Samuel 95, 147Webster, Roger 133Weigel, Sigrid 143Western Front 8, 9, 103, 150, 182,
185–6Widdowson, Peter 101Wigley, Mark 181Wilde, Oscar 61Williams, Raymond 114Wimsatt, W.K. 69, 69–70Wolfreys, Julian, Victorian
Hauntings 99Wordsworth, William 29, 31
‘Guilt and Sorrow’ 165‘workers’ monarchy’ 36Wright, Joseph 51
Zourabichvili, François 1–2