Notes

1 Andre Malraux: 1901-45 and 1945-76

1. Malraux, Le Miroir des limbes, II, La Corde et les souris (Paris: Gallimard, 'Folio', 1976), 161. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as CS.

2. Malraux, Le Miroir des limbes, I, Antimemoires (Paris: Gallimard, 'Folio', 1972), 10. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthet­ically in the text as A.

3. For a detailed account of both Malraux's trips to Indochina, see Walter G. Langlois, Andre Malraux, The Indochina Adventure (London: Pall Mall Press, 1966). Subsequent quotations from this work are noted paren­thetically in the text.

4. Leon Trotsky, 'La Revolution etranglee'. This article and Malraux's response - 'Reponse a Trotsky' - appeared in La Nouvelle Revue Franraise, XXXVI, 211 (April 1931), 488-500 and 501-7 respectively. Although both pieces reappear in Andre Malraux, CCuvres completes, I (Paris: Gallimard, 'Bibliotheque de Ia Pleiade', 1989), Trotsky's art­icle does so in an inexplicably truncated form. For this reason all refer­ences are to the original articles, as in La Nouvelle Revue Fran raise, and all subsequent quotations are noted parenthetically in the text, those from Malraux's response as RAT. It should be noted that an English translation of these texts appears in R. W. B. Lewis (ed.), Malraux: A Collection of Critical Essays (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1964), 12-24. However the translation used here is my own.

5. Georges Altman, 'Les Conquerants d' Andre Malraux', L'Humanite, (22 October 1928), 4. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted parenthetically in the text.

6. Cf. Janine Mossuz, Andre Malraux et le gaullisme (Paris: Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1970), 246. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text.

7. See Gaeton Picon, Malraux par lui-meme (Paris: Le Seuil, 'Ecrivains de toujours', 1953), 13-14. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text.

8. Joseph Hoffmann, L'Humanisme de Malraux (Paris: Klincksieck, 1963), 2. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text.

9. See Altman, 'Les Conquerants d'Andre Malraux'. 10. See Brice Parain, 'La Fin de l'individualisme: A. Malraux, La Voie

royale', L'Humanite (4 November 1930), 4. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted parenthetically in the text.

11. Jean Preville, 'Andre Malraux', L'Humanite (11 December 1933), 4. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted parenthetically in the text.

220

Notes 221

12. Malraux, speech made on 23 December 1935, in Pour Thaelmann (Paris: Editions Universelles, 1936), 17-18.

13. See, for example: Paul Nizan, 'Le Temps du mepris par Andre Malraux', Monde (6 June 1935) republished in Susan R. Suleiman (ed.), Paul Nizan: pour une nouvelle culture (Paris: Grasset, 1971), 162-3.

14. Robert Sayre writes of the 'Stalinist commitment' present in L'Espoir: Sayre, 'L'Espoir and Stalinism', in Brian Thompson and Carl A. Vig­giani (eds), Witnessing Malraux: Visions and Re-visions (Middleton: Wesleyan University Press, 1988), 138.

15. For a detailed analysis of Malraux's film see, John J. Michalczyk, Andre Malraux's 'Espoir': the Propaganda/Art Film and the Spanish Civil War (University: Mississippi Romance Monographs Inc., 1977). Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text. The scenario of Sierra de Teruel together with numerous stills from the film was published in L'Avant-Scene Cinema, 385 (October 1989).

16. For Picon, Malraux's Resistance career began in 1940, see Picon, 5; Rodolphe Lacasse chooses 1942: Lacasse, Hemingway et Malraux: destins de /'homme (Montreal: Editions Cosmos, 1972), 232. Subsequent quo­tations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text.

17. See Malraux, Antimemoires, 143 and note. 18. For a sentimental account of Malraux's relationship with Josette Clotis

see Suzanne Chantal, Le Creur battant: Josette Clotis-Andre Malraux (Paris: Grasset et Fasquelle, 1976).

19. Malraux, 'La Psychologie de !'art', Verve, 1 (December 1937), 41-8. Subsequent quotations from this article are quoted parenthetically in the text as Verve.

20. Malraux, N'etait-ce done que cela? (Paris: Editions du Pavois, 1946). 21. La Lutte avec l'ange (Lausanne: Editions du Haut-Pays, 1943). The novel

was republished, again in Switzerland, as La Lutte avec l'ange (Geneva: Editions Albert Skira, 1945), as volume VI of Malraux's O?uvres com­pletes and then again in France as Les Noyers de /'Altenburg (Paris: Gallimard, 1948). Subsequent quotations from this work are from the Skira edition and are noted parenthetically in the text as N.

22. See Malraux, Antimemoires, 116-19. 23. Malraux, 'Adresse aux intellectuels' ('Speech to the Intellectuals'), a

speech delivered on 5 March 1948 in the Salle Pleyel in Paris, reprinted from 1949 as the 'Postface' to Malraux's first novel: Les Conquermlts, O?uvres completes, I (Paris: Gallimard, 'Bibliotheque de Ia Pleiade', 1989) 286. Subsequent quotations from the 'Postface' and from the novel are noted parenthetically in the text respectively as PFC and C. Unless otherwise indicated all references to texts by Malraux are to this edition of the first volume of his O?uvres completes.

24. Albert Beguin, 'Points de vue' in 'Interrogation a Malraux', Esprit, 149 (October 1948), 451.

25. Malraux, La Voie royale, 398. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as VR.

26. Malraux, Les Voix du silence (Paris: Gallimard, 'Galerie de Ia Pleiade', 1951), 11. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthet­ically in the text as VS.

222 Notes

27. Malraux, L'Homme precaire et Ia litterature (Paris: Gallimard, 1977), 16. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as HP.

28. Claude Tannery is more categorical and forcefully argues that art is not an 'antidestiny' for Malraux: see Tannery, Malraux, The Absolute Agnostic; or, Metamorphosis as Universal Law (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 215-42. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text.

29. Malraux, L'Intemporel (Paris: Gallimard, 1976), 121. Subsequent quo­tations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as IN.

30. Malraux, 'Pont-Egare par Pierre Very', La Nouvelle Revue Franraise, XXXVIII, 195 (December 1929), 838.

31. Cf. Alain Malraux, Les marronniers de Boulogne: Malraux, 'man pere' (Paris: Ramsay I de Cortanze, 1989), 268-95 and passim. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text.

32. See Malraux, La Reine de Saba: une 'aventure geographique' (Paris: Gallimard, 1993).

33. Malraux, La Tete d'obsidienne (Paris: Gallimard, 1974), 231. 34. All subsequent references to these four texts will be to this collected

edition from which, as already been indicated in note I, quotations are noted parenthetically in the text as CS.

35. See Michel Debre, 'L'Honneur d'avoir Malraux pour ministre', Le Figaro (24 November 1976), 4; Georges Marchais, 'Son ~uvre trouve l'une de ses sources dans les luttes de notre epoque', L'Humanite (24 November 1976), 1.

36. 'Un sondage IPSOS - Le Monde- Europe 1: La litterature franr;aise jugee par les professeurs de lycee', Le Monde (19 May 1989), 17.

37. But myths die hard. As recently as 1994 a historian has referred to Malraux as 'a former Communist adventurer'. See Sudhir Hazaree­singh, Political Traditions in Modern France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 274.

2 From Literary Cubism to Polemics and Metaphysics

1. Malraux, 'Des Origines de la poesie cubiste', La Connaissance, 1 (January 1920), 38-43. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted parenthetically in the text as OPC.

2. Malraux, 'Trois livres de Tailhade', La Connaissance, 2 (February 1920), 196-7.

3. For details of this period of Malraux's career see Walter Langlois, 'The Debut of Andre Malraux, Editor (Kra, 1920-22)', in Walter Langlois, Via Malraux: Essays by Walter Langlois, (Acadia University, Nova Scotia: The Malraux Society, 1986), 13-34; Andre Vandegans, La jeunesse litteraire d'Andre Malraux (Paris: Jean-Jacques Pauvert, 1964), 17-211. Subsequent quotations from these works are noted paren­thetically in the text.

4. Malraux, 'Exposition Galanis', reprinted in Melanges Malraux Mis­cellany, I, 2 (Autumn 1969), 7-10.

5. 'Mobilites', three prose poems appeared in Action, 4 (July 1920),

Notes 223

13-14; 'Prologue' in Action, 5 (October 1920), 18-20. 'Prologue', in a revised form, would be incorporated as the 'Prologue' in Lunes en papier, published some months later.

6. Malraux, Lunes en papier, 12-13. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as LP.

7. See Max Jacob, 'Preface' (1916), Le Cornet ii des (Paris: Gallimard, 1945), 17.

8. For the publication history and an analysis of Ecrit pour une idole ii trompe and Royaume-Farfelu, see Walter G. Langlois, 'Notice', Ecrit pour une idole ii trompe and Michel Autrand, 'Notice', Royaume-Farfelu, in Andre Malraux, Quvres completes, I, 865-81 and 1088-1108. Sub­sequent quotations from Royaume-Farfelu are noted parenthetically in the text as RF.

9. For detailed analyses of Malraux's aesthetics with particular refer­ence to the relationship between writing and the plastic arts, see Paul-Raymond Cote, Les Techniques picturales chez Malraux: Interroga­tions et metmnorplzose (Sherbrooke: Naamen, 1984); BrianT. Fitch, Reflec­tions in the Mind's Eye: Reference and its Problematisation in Twentieth Century Fiction (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991), 47-61; Geoffrey T. Harris, Andre Malraux: l'ethique com me fonction de l'esthetique (Paris: Lettres Modernes, 1972), 92-114. Subsequent quotations from these works are noted parenthetically in the text.

10. Malraux, 'L 'Imposture par Georges Bernanos', La Nouvelle Revue Fran~aise, XXX, 174 (March 1928), 407.

11. Malraux,' Art poetique par Max Jacob', La Nouvelle Revue Franraise, XIX, 107 (August 1922), 228.

12. Paul Valery, 'La Crise de l'esprit', La Nouvelle Revue Fran~aise, VI, 71 (August 1919), 325.

13. Clara Malraux, Le Bruit de nos pas, II, Nos vingt ans (Paris: Grasset, 1966), 156. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted paren­thetically in the text as Clara Malraux II.

14. See Clara Malraux, Le Bruit de nos pas, III, Les Combats et les jeux (Paris: Grasset, 1969), 114-21. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as Clara Malraux III.

15. See, for example, Jean Ajalbert, Les Destinies de l'Indochine (Paris: Louis­Michaud, 1908), 12.

16. See William J. Duiker, The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam 1900-1941 (London: Cornell University Press, 1976), 203.

17. See Georges Boudarel, 'L'Extreme gauche asiatique et le mouvement national vietnamien 1905-1925', in Pierre Brocheux (ed.), Histoire de l'Asie du sud-est: revoltes, refonnes, revolutions (Lille: Presses Univer­sitaires de Lille, 1981), 169-70.

18. Clara Malraux, Le Bruit de nos pas, IV, Voici que vient l'ete, (Paris: Grasset, 1973), 33. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as Clara Malraux IV.

19. Malraux, undated note, post-marked 24 August 1933, in Cahiers des Amis de Robert Brasillach, 22 (Summer 1977), 30.

20. Malraux: see Edmund Wilson, 'Andre Malraux', in R. W. B. Lewis ( ed. ), Malraux: A Collection of Critical Essays, 29-30. The translation is

224 Notes

mine. Subsequent quotations from this chapter are noted parenthet­ically in the text.

21. See Jean Lacouture, Malraux, une vie dans le siecle, 1901-1976 (Paris: Le Seuil, 1976), 94-7. All references to Lacouture's study are to this second, 1976 edition. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text.

22. The reader is told that around 15 August 1925, following the disap­pearance of L'Indochine, Malraux left Saigon for Canton and that he only returned to Saigon in late December. No reference is made to the successor to L'Indochine - L'Indochine enchafnee - which began to appear in early November 1925 and to which Malraux was a regular contributor. See 'Note Historique' in O:uvres completes, 1003-4.

23. See, for example, Michalczyk, 33; Will Morrisey, Reflections on Malraux: Cultural Founding in Modernity (New York: University Press of Amer­ica, 1984), 19-20.

24. See, for example, Malraux, 'Sur quelles realites appuyer un effort annamite?', L'Indochine, 16 (4 July 1925), n.p.

25. See Malraux, 'Sur le role de !'administration', L'Indochine, 24 (16 July 1925), n.p.; 'Selection d'energies', L'Indochine, 49 (14 August 1925), n.p.

26. See Malraux, 'La Mortalite infantile et Ia repartition des impots', L'Indochine enchafnee, 7, n.d., n.p.

27. See Malraux, Antimemoires, 433. 28. Malraux, 'Sur queUes realites appuyer un effort annamite?' It should

be noted that although Annam was only one of the three coun­tries into which the colonial regime had divided Vietnam, the terms 'Annam' and' Annamite' were, at the time, regularly used to designate respectively the whole of Vietnam and its inhabitants.

29. Malraux, 'Selection d' energies'. 30. See Malraux, Antimemoires, 432-3. 31. See Malraux, Les Conquerants, 168-9. 32. Malraux, 'Selection d'energies'. 33. See, for example, Roland Dorgeles, Sur Ia route mandarine (Paris: Albin

Michel, 1925); Leon Werth, Cochinchine (Paris: Rieder, 1926), based on a series of articles entitled 'Notes d'Indochine' published in Europe, 33, 34, 35 (Sept., Oct., Nov. 1925).

34. Cf. Paul lsoart, 'Le Levant et l'Indochine, deux experiences coloniales', in De Gaulle et Malraux (Paris: Pion, 1987), 75-6. Nevertheless even in 1994, a special feature on Malraux in Le Point contained a chrono­logy which lists '1925: En Indochine. S'engage dans Ia lutte antico­lonialiste', 'Un autre Malraux', Le Point, 1143 (13 August 1994), 64.

35. Malraux, 'Les bonnes institutions et Ia maniere de s'en servir', L'Indo­chine enchafnee, 21, n.d., n.p.

36. Malraux, 'Ce que nous pouvons faire', L'Indochine enc/wfnee, 16, n.d., n.p.

37. Malraux, 'SOS', Marianne (11 October 1933), 3. 38. Malraux, La Tentation de /'Occident, 111. Subsequent quotations from

this work are noted parenthetically in the text as TO. 39. Paul Valery, 'La crise de !'esprit', 328.

Notes 225

40. Louis Aragon, Traite du sh;le (Paris: Gallimard, 1928), 78. 41. Malraux, 'D'une jeunesse europeenne' (Paris: Grasset, 'Les Cahiers

Verts', 70, 1927), 138. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as JE.

42. Malraux, La Condition humaine, 556. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as CH.

43. Malraux, 'Andre Malraux et l'Orient', 2. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted parenthetically in the text as AMO.

44. See Albert Camus, Le mythe de Sisyphe in Essais (Paris: Gallimard, 'Bibliotheque de la Pleiade', 1965), 1410; Jean-Paul Sartre, L'Etre et le neant (Paris: Gallimard, 1943), 332.

3 Les Conquerants

1. In 1928, in his review of Les Conquerants, Georges Altman referred to 'the Chinese revolution in which (Malraux) participated' (see Chap­ter I, p. 5); in 1992, Conor Cruise O'Brien felt able to affirm that 'Be­tween the wars [ ... ] Malraux had worked with the Communists in China and Indochina': Foreword, Andre Malraux, The Walnut Trees of Altenburg (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992), vii-viii. Sub­sequent quotations from this foreword are noted parenthetically in the text.

2. See Les Conquerants, 121, 166. 3. 'Interview de Sun Po, fils de Sun Yat-sen. Un des chefs du gouverne­

ment de Canton', L'Indochine, 24 (16 July 1925), n.p. 4. There is also a striking similarity between a despatch entitled

'L' Attaque de Shameen (Canton)' published under the heading 'Havas et Radios' in L'Indochine (26 June 1925) n.p., and one of the despatches posted on the narrator's steamer in the opening pages of Les Conquerants, 118-19.

5. Founded by Lenin in 1919 and dissolved in 1943, the Comintern was the name given to the Third International whose aim was to promote the Communist revolution on an international scale with the support of the Soviet Union.

6. Cf. Christiane Moatti, Le Predicateur et ses masques: les personnages d'Andre Malraux (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1987), 243. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text.

7. Leon Trotsky, 'La Signification de la treve de Rakovsky', La Verite, 22 (6 April 1934), 5. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted parenthetically in the text.

8. Cf. Lucien Goldmann, Pour une sociologie du roman (Paris: Gallimard, 1964), 79. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted paren­thetically in the text.

9. Malraux, 'Au tour des Conquerants', Correspondance de /'Union pour Ia Verite, xxxvii (1929), 6. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted parenthetically in the text as ADC.

10. Malraux's use of the term 'Cheka' is anachronistic here. The Cheka, Lenin's political police force, was created in late 1917 but dissolved

226 Notes

in December 1921 and replaced by the State Political Directorate or CPU. In 1923 the CPU became the OGPU, the Unified State Political Directorate. Koltchak was a Russian admiral who was executed in 1920 for having tried to resist the Bolshevik revolution.

11. See Les Conquerants, 160-1. 12. Significantly both Carine and Borodin are portrayed in the novel

as being ill, western victims of the East, notwithstanding the meta­physical connotations of their illness.

13. Malraux, Le Triangle noir (Paris: Gallimard, 1970), 130. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as TN.

14. Cf. Sergio Villani, 'Malraux's Saint-Just' in Brian Thompson, Carl A. Viggiani (eds), 1988, 40-7.

15. Cf. Geoffrey T. Harris, 'Les Conquerants ou la revolution telle qu'elle est aperrue en haut', Andre Malraux, VII, 'Les Conquerants', 2, 'Mythe, politique et histoire', (1987), 47-57.

16. Pierre Drieu la Rochelle, 'Malraux, l'homme nouveau', La Nouvelle Revue Franraise, xxxv, 207 (December 1930), 56.

17. V. F. S. Pareto (1848-1923): Italian economist and sociologist who maintained that society is based on the necessary distinction between the elite and the other social strata.

18. Following its success in Canton the fragile Kuomintang-Communist alliance began a military campaign in 1926 against the warlords who controlled northern China. By early 1927 the successful army was poised to take Shanghai, an episode which provides the setting for Malraux's third novel, La Condition lwmaine.

19. On this significant distinction see David Bevan, Andre Malraux: To­wards tlte Expression of Transcendence (Kingston and Montreal: MeGill­Queen's University Press, 1986), 73-81.

20. See Les Conquerants, 254; 'Au tour des Conquerants', 8. 21. Jean-Paul Sartre, Preface, Roger Stephane, Portrait de l'aventurier (Paris:

Union Generale d'Editions, 1972), 13.

4 La Voie Royale

1. Frederic Grover, 'Malraux et Drieu la Rochelle', Andre Malraux, I, 'Du "farfelu" aux Antimemoires', (1972), 65.

2. See, for example, La Voie royale, 439, 451. 3. There is little doubt that Malraux had been inspired by Joseph Conrad's

Heart of Darkness: see Clara Malraux II, 114. 4. Andre Malraux, 'Les bonnes institutions et !a maniere de s'en servir',

L'Indochine enchafnee, 21 (10 February 1926), n.p. 5. 'Un quart d'heure avec M. Andre Malraux' (Malraux interviewed by

Andre Rousseaux), Candide, 348 (11 November 1930), 3. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted parenthetically in the text.

6. See Les Conquerants, 244-5. 7. In his preface to D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover, Malraux wrote

of the British novelist: 'For this advocate of the couple, the other barely counts' (Pour ce predicateur du couple, /'autre ne compte guere); preface,

Notes 227

D. H. Lawrence, L'Amant de Lady Chatterley, (Paris: Gallimard, 1932), 10. In his essay on Laclos, first published in 1939, Malraux uses a term which is perfectly applicable to the case of Perken: 'the eroticisation of the will' (l'erotisation de Ia volonte; TN 48).

8. See Chapter 3, p. 61. 9. For an analysis of the evolution of the theme of fraternity in Malraux's

work, see Vinh Dao, Andre Malraux ou Ia quete de Ia fraternite (Geneva: Droz, 1991), 49-50 and passim. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text.

5 La Condition humaine

1. For a succinct analysis of the history of the AEAR, see: Nicole Racine, 'L'Association des Ecrivains et Artistes Revolutionnaires (AEAR)', Le Mouvement social, 54 (January-March 1966), 29-47.

2. For a study of the role played by the Communists in French intel­lectual life between the two world wars, see: J.-P. A. Bernard, Le Parti communiste jran9ais et Ia question litteraire (1921-1939) (Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1972); Nicole Racine, Les Ecrivains cmmmmistes en France 1926-1936 (Paris: Hachette, 1973).

3. See Chapter 2, pp. 31-2 and notes 19, 20. 4. Ilya Ehrenburg, Memoirs: 1921-1941 (New York: Grosset and Dunlap,

1966), 242. 5. Alfred Kazin, Starting out in the Thirties (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press,

1962), 20. 6. There are several references to this first uprising in the novel: see, for

example, CH 523, 695. 7. See, for example, CH 653. 8. Cf. Andre Brincourt, Malraux le malentendu (Paris: Grasset, 1986), 4.

Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text.

9. W. M. Frohock, Andre Malraux and the Tragic Imagination (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967), 58. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text.

10. For Malraux's own comments on Clappique's role in his work, see Frederic J. Grover, Six entretiens avec Andre Malraux sur des ecrivains de son temps (1959-1975) (Paris: Idees/Gallimard, 1978), 112.

11. Cf. Robert S. Thornberry, 'Mythomania and the Compensations of the Imagination', Me1anges Malraux Miscellany XI, 2 (Autunm 1979), 8.

12. See La Voie royale, 375-6 and passim. For biographical details con­cerning David de Mayrena see' Aux sources de LaVoie royale', LaVoie royale, in Andre Malraux, Ckuvres completes, 1145-63.

13. Cf. Jacqueline Machabei:s, 'Antimemoires, anti-miroir: la lec;on de Goya', Revue Andre Malraux Review, XXI, 1 (Spring 1989), 33.

14. Cf. Anne Greenfeld, 'The Baron de Clappique: Malraux through the Looking-Glass', Revue Andre Malraux Review XXIII, 1/2 (Spring/Fall 1991), 64-5.

15. Cf. Moatti, 297.

228 Notes

16. In the final section of La Corde et les souris, Malraux brings together two of the basic leitmotivs of his work, alienation and death. He estab­lishes a parallel between Gisors' explanation of Kyo's consternation, after hearing the recording of his own voice, and his own apprehen­sion of the distinction between death and his death. For an analysis of this text see Geoffrey T. Harris, 'Le Miroir des limbes: dernier dia­logue avec Ia mort', Europe, 727/728 (November/December 1989), 206-12.

17. Cf. Micheline Tison-Braun, Ce monstre incomparable . .. Malraux au l'enigme du moi (Paris: Armand Colin, 1983), 18.

18. Fran~oise Dorenlot, Malraux ou /'unite de pensee (Paris: Gallimard, 1970), 110. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted paren­thetically in the text.

19. Cf. Vinh Dao, 144. 20. Cf. Goldmann, 159. 21. See for example, A. J. Ayer, 'Andre Malraux: the Early Novels', in

Martine de Courcel (ed.), Malraux: Life and Work (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976), 55.

22. In the 1946, definitive edition of La Condition lzumaine, Malraux added a short paragraph to the Hankow confrontation between Kyo and Vologuine which contains a clear reference to 'the struggle against the Trotskyists' (Ia lutte contre les trotskistes) within the Soviet Party. The paragraph begins: 'Vologuine was much less at ease' (Vologuine etait beaucoup plus mal ii l'aise) and ends: 'from Moscow to Shanghai' (de Moscou ii Shanghai; CH 610).

23. See Leon Trotsky, 'La Signification de Ia treve de Rakovsky', La Write. (6 April 1934), 2.

24. Cf. Nicole Racine 1973, 11a. 25. See, for example, La Voie royale, 417 and La Condition humaine, 718. 26. For an analysis of the role of the prison in Malraux's work, see Mary

Ann Frese Witt, Existential Prisons (Durham: Duke University Press, 1985).

27. Jean Freville, 'Les Livres: Andre Malraux', L'Humanite (11 December 1933), 10. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted paren­thetically in the text.

28. Paul Nizan, 'Litterature revolutionnaire en France', La Revue des Vivants (September I October 1932), 397. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted parenthetically in the text.

6 Le Temps du mepris

1. Paul Nizan, 'Andre Malraux par Paul Nizan' (Translated from the Literatournai'a Gazeta, Moscow, 12 June 1934), in Andre Malraux, I, 'Du "farfelu" aux Antimemoires', (1972), 132-3. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted parenthetically in the text.

2. Andre Malraux quoted by Ehrenburg, 241-2. 3. Andre Malraux, 'Les Intellectuels en face de l'URSS', Russie d'aujourd'

hui, (July 1933), 2. 4. See Chapter 1, p. 7.

Notes 229

5. Louis Aragon, 'Livres: Le Temps du mepris', Commune (September 1935), 85. Subsequent quotations from this article will be noted parenthet­ically in the text.

6. Walter G. Langlois,' Autobiographical Aspects of Malraux's novelLe Temps du mepris', L'Esprit Createur (Fall 1980), 21.

7. Andre Malraux, 'Intervention d' Andre Malraux', Andre Malraux, I, 146. 8. Ludwig Renn, German Communist intellectual arrested after the

Reichstag fire in February 1932. 9. Andre Malraux, speech made on 23 December 1935, in Pour Thaelmann,

17-18. . 10. Andre Malraux, Le Temps du mepris, 810. Subsequent quotations from

this work are noted parenthetically in the text as TM. 11. Andre Malraux, Le Temps du mepris (Paris: Gallimard, 1935), 5. This

dedication does not figure in the 1989 'Pleiade' edition of the novel. All subsequent quotations from this novel will however be taken from the 'Pleiade' edition.

12. Paul Nizan, 'Le Temps du mepris par Andre Malraux', Monde (6 June 19~5), reprinted in Susan R. Suleiman (ed.), Paul Nizan: pour une nouvelle culture, 162-3.

13. Paul Nizan, 'Une Litterature responsable', Vendredi (8 November 1935), reprinted in Nizan, Paul Nizan: intellectuel communiste (Paris: Maspero, 1970), 140.

14. David James Fisher, 'Malraux, Left Politics and Anti-Fascism in the 1930s', Twentieth CentunJ Literature, 'Andre Malraux Issue', XXIV, 3 (Fall 1978), 296.

15. Robert Jouanny, 'Notice', Le Temps du mepris, in Andre Malraux, Ckuvres completes, I, 1369.

16. See, for example, Vinh Dao, 206. 17. Cf. Lacouture, 259-60. 18. Cf. Frese Witt, 53. 19. See Les Conquemnts, 221-2; cf. Vandegans, 371-80. 20. Malraux's first account of the expedition appeared in L'Intransigeant,

the French daily which had put up most of the money for the venture, on May 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 1934. Later Malraux retold part of the story in Antimemoires, 84-101. For Malraux's full account of this burlesque episode, see Malraux, La reine de Saba: une 'aventure geographique' (Paris: Gallimard, 1993).

21. In Antimemoires, 'the return to earth' provides a glimpse of a human permanence after a close encounter with death. After flying through the storm on returning from the Yemen and landing in Bone (Al­geria) Malraux felt he was rediscovering life in the streets of the town (Antimemoires, 99-100). Later, during the Second World War, he had a similar impression after escaping from a tank trap, an experience transposed first in Les Noyers de /'Altenburg (184-95) and then in Antimemoires (316-29). The transposition of these experi­ences, linked more or less loosely to incidents in Malraux's own life, together with other predominantly novelistic ones, such as Vincent Berger's interpretation of the woodcutters in Les Noyers de /'Altenburg (98-9) constitutes a series of fleeting, intuitive apprehensions of man's

230 Notes

capacity to transcend time. Berger's subsequent intuition of the power of metamorphosis embodied by the Altenburg forest (Les Noyers, 105-6) is also transcribed in Antimi!lnoires (52-4).

22. Cf. Goldmann, 196. 23. My emphasis. 24. See, for example, '[the] red trade unions' (fles] syndicats rouges; TM

785); '[the] Red Front' (fie] Front rouge; TM 829). 25. Cf. Geoffrey T. Harris, De l'Indochine au RPF, une continuite politique:

les romm1s d'Andre Malraux (Toronto: Paratexte, 1990), 129. 26. Cf. Stephane 1965, 280-1. 27. Malraux, in Roger Stephane, Fin d'une jeunesse (Paris: La Table Ronde,

1957), 51. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthet­ically in the text.

28. Malraux, Preface, La Metamorphose des dieux, II, L'Irreel (Paris: Gallimard, 'Galerie de Ia Pleiade'; 1974). Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as JR.

29. See Walter G. Langlois, 'Malraux ala recherche d'un roman: Le Temps du mepris', Via Malraux, 137-50.

30. Malraux, 'Trotsky', Marianne (25 April1934), 3. Subsequent quotations from this interview are noted parenthetically in the text as 'Trotsky'.

31. Malraux, 'Conversation avec Andre Malraux. Questions et Reponses' (Translated from the Literatournaiil Gazeta, Moscow, 24 August 1934), in Andre Malraux, I, 'Du "farfelu" aux Antimemoires', (1972), 142.

7 L'Espoir

1. Andre Malraux, L'Espoir, Romans (Paris: Gallimard, 'Bibliotheque de Ia Pleiade', 1955), 755. Subsequent quotations from this novel are noted parenthetically in the text as E.

2. For a detailed account of the Spanish Civil War and of events lead­ing up to it see, Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War (London: Pelican Books, 1977 [Third Edition]).

3. For details of Malraux's activities in this context, I am indebted to Walter G. Langlois, 'Before L'Espoir: Malraux's Pilots for Repub­lican Spain' in Thompson, Viggiani (eds), 1988, 89-112. For details of Malraux's use of an Italian volunteer as a model for Marcelino in L'Espoir, see Langlois, 'Malraux's Anti-fascist Hero: Marcelino­Viezzoli', Revue Andre Malraux Review, XIX, 1-2; XX, 1, Special Issue, 'From the "Escadrille Espana" to L'Espoir', (Spring/Fall1987; Spring 1988), 76-88.

4. See Robert S. Thornberry, Andre Malraux et l'Espagne (Geneva: Droz, 1977), 24-5. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted paren­thetically in the text.

5. Andre Malraux, 'Magnifique conference d' Andre Malraux a!' A ten eo', Revue Andre Malraux Review, 'From the "Escadrille Espana" to L'Espoir', 151. Malraux's speech was made in Madrid on 22 May 1936.

6. See Thornberry, 1977, 41.

Notes 231

7. See Franc;:ois Trecourt, 'Tintin en Espagne', Le Monde des Livres (18 December 1987), 19.

8. Cf. Harris 1972, 57-9. 9. The International Brigades consisted of foreign, predominantly Com­

munist volunteers who fought on the Republican side. At the height of the conflict they numbered some 20 000. In L'Espoir their progress­ive appearance on the battle-front is used to indicate the gradually effective Communist organisation of the Republic's military response to the fascist war machine.

10. See 130-1 and note 5. 11. See Les Noyers de /'Altenburg, 105-6. 12. Cf. Harris 1990, 159 and passim. 13. Denis Marion, 'L'Espoir par Andre Malraux', Combat, (29 January 1938),

4. Cf. Jacques Madaule who suggested that Malraux's novel could have been subtitled 'Birth of an Army' ('Naissance d'une Armee'); 'Andre Malraux: L'Espoir', Esprit, (February 1938), 756.

14. Paul Nizan, 'L'Espoir: un roman d' Andre Malraux', Ce Soir, (13 Janu­ary 1938), 2. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted paren­thetically in the text.

15. One must assume that the reference here is limited to L'Espoir. 16. Bernard Wilhelm, 'Behind For Whom the Bell Tolls and L'Espoir: Pro­

paganda Rumble and Closet Journalists', North Dakota Quarterly LX, 2, 'Malraux, Hemingway, and Embattled Spain' (Spring 1992), 4.

17. Miguel Unamuno (1864-1936), the Spanish dramatist, philosopher and poet, was an inspirational force behind the Republican regime but his resolutely individualistic stance often made him a critical of Republican politics.

18. Louis Martin-Chauffier, 'Andre Malraux notre camarade', Vendredi, (22 January 1937), 1.

19. Letter from Trotsky to Andre Breton dated 22 December 1938 pub­lished as 'Leon Trotsky to Andre Breton', Partisan Review, VI, (1939), 126. For details on the GPU see, Chapter 3, note 10.

20. Malraux quoted in an unsigned piece published as 'Andre Malraux attaque par Trotski', Commune (May 1937), 1129.

21. Andre Therive, 'Andre Malraux, L'Espoir', Le Temps (20 January 1938), 3.

22. Andre Rousseaux, 'Andre Malraux: L'Espoir', Le Figaro Litteraire (1 January 1938), 6. ·

23. Robert Brasillach, 'Andre Malraux: L'Espoir', Action Franfaise (6 Janu­ary 1938), 5.

24. Clara Malraux, Le Bruit de nos pas, V, La Fin et /e commencement, (Paris: Grasset, 1976), 174. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as Clara Malraux V.

25. Denis Boak, 'L'Espoir: from the Transient to the Timeless', Revue Andre Malraux Review, 'From the "Escadrille Espana" to L'Espoir', 102.

26. 'What clinched everything was that the Communists- or so it seemed to me - were getting on with the war while we and the Anarchists were standing still [ ... ] They were the only people who looked capable of winning the war. The Russian arms and the magnificent

232 Notes

defence of Madrid by troops mainly under Communist control had made the Communists the heroes of Spain'; George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia (London: Seeker and Warburg, 1938), 65.

27. Julien Segnaire, 'L' Antimilitarisme du coronel', La Nouvelle Revue Fran-raise, 'Hommage a Andre Malraux, 1901-1976', L, 295 (July 1977), 33.

28. My emphasis. 29. See, for example, L'Espoir, 571-2, 580. 30. Reprinted in Revue Andre Malraux Review, 'From the "Escadrille

Espana" to L'Espoir', 152-8. 31. For details of Malraux's North American tour, see Thornberry 1977,

54-65. 32. There are many thematic similarities in the speeches and the novel,

but stylistically there is an essential distinction between the frankly propagandistic speeches seeking an immediate emotional response from an audience, and the intellectual appeal of the novel's albeit limited discursive dimension: d. Robert S. Thornberry, 'Malraux and L'Espoir: Propaganda and Beyond', Melanges Malraux Miscel­lany, VII, 1 I 2, (Spring-Autumn, 1975), 10-12. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted parenthetically in the text.

33. For details, see Michalczyk 1977, 28-30. 34. For an analysis of the parallels between the film scenario and the text

of the novel, see Michalczyk 1977, 38-43. 35. Max Aub, 'L'Histoire du film', L'Avant-Scene Cinema, 'Sierra de Teruel,

Espoir', 385, (October 1989), 16. 36. Andre Gide quoted in Picon 1953, 182. 37. For an analysis of cinematographic influences on Malraux's novels,

see, for example, Jean Carduner, La creation romanesque chez Malraux (Paris: Nizet, 1968), 149 and passim. For Malraux's own views on the cinema, see his Esquisse d'une psychologic du cinema (Paris: Gallimard, 1946).

8 Les Noyers de ['Altenburg

1. Cf. Bevan 1986, 59. 2. For publication details of Les Noyers de /'Altenburg, see Chapter I, 11

and note 21. 3. For details of the Young Turks movement, see Stanford J. Shaw and

Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modem Turkey, II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 273-339.

4. See La Condition humaine, 734. 5. Some twelve years later Malraux would write: 'Over the last fifty

years psychology has reinstated the demons within man', Depuis cinquante ans, Ia psychologic reintegre les demons dans 1'/wmme, 'L'homme et le fantome', L'Express (21 May 1955), 15.

6. See Les Noyers, 20. 7. Armand Hoog, 'Malraux, Mollberg, and Frobenius', in Lewis (ed.),

Malraux: A Collection of Critical Essays, 86. 8. Michel Casenave, 'Le mystere des Noyers', Le Magazine Litteraire,

'Andre Malraux, l'art et l'histoire', 234 (October 1986), 33.

Notes 233

9. Cf. Cruise O'Brien, xviii-xx. 10. Cf. John W. Greenlee, 'Malraux, History and Autobiography: The

Seven Pillars of Wisdom Revisited', Me?anges Malraux Miscellany, VII, 1-2 (Spring-Autumn 1975), 28.

11. Cf. Susan McLean McGrath, 'The Artist's (Auto)biography in Les Noyers de !'Altenburg', Revue Andre Malraux Review XVIII, 2 (Fall1986), 127. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted parenthetically in the text.

12. See Chapter 4, 79-81. 13. Andre Malraux, 'Sur !'heritage cultureL Commune, 37 (September

1936), 1. Subsequent quotations from this article are noted paren­thetically in the text as SHC.

14. Cf. Maria Teresa de Freitas, 'Permanence et metamorphose: theorie et pratique de !'art chez Malraux', Revue Andre Malraux Review, XXI, 1 (Spring 1989), 21.

15. McLean McGrath's article, 'The Artist's (Auto)biography in Les Noyers de !'Altenburg', analyses in detail this dimension of the novel.

16. See Walter G. Langlois,' Andre Malraux, 1939-1942, d'apres une cor­respondance inedite', Andre Malraux, t 'Du "farfelu" aux Antimem­oires', (1972), 109, 119.

17. See Chapter t p. 11. For an analysis of the writing of 'Le Demon de I' Absolu', see Maurice Lares, 'Genese d'un texte malrucien, un inedit, Le Demon de l'Absolu', in Christiane Moatti and David Bevan (eds), Andre Malraux. Unite de l'homme, unite de l'ceuvre (Paris: La Documentation Fran<;aise, 1989), 59-80.

18. For a very readable account of Lawrence's life, see Michael Yardley, Backing into the Limelight: A Biography ofT. E. Lawrence (London: Harrap, 1985). Quotations from this study are subsequently noted parenthet­ically in the text.

19. For a detailed analysis of these parallels, see Virginia Cunningham, 'T. E. Lawrence and Malraux: 1929-1946', Me?anges Malraux Miscel­lany, XVI, I (May 1984), 2-30.

20. W. H. Brook in A. W. Lawrence (ed.), T. E. Lawrence by his Friends (London: Cape, 1937), 167.

21. Pierre Boeke!, 'Malraux, les dernieres confidences', Paris Match (5 December 1986), 4. The parallels between Lawrence and Malraux are tirelessly underlined in the more popular French history journals. See, for example, 'Les Aventuriers du XX" siecle', Enquete sur l'Histoire, 3 (Summer 1992).

22. See, for example, Pierre de Boisdeffre, Andre Malraux (Paris: Editions Universitaires, 1960), 23; Frohock, 4.

23. For details of Malraux's connection with Jeune-Annam, see Geoffrey T. Harris, 'Malraux et le communisme en Indochine' in C. Moatti, D. Bevan (eds), Andre Malraux. Unite de l'homme, unite de l'ceuvre, 296-8; see also Chapter 10, pp. 209-10 and note 19.

24. There are of course resemblances between Malraux and his nar­rator too: Malraux also joined a tank regiment in 1939 and was taken prisoner.

25. See Les Noyers, 113-15, and Guy Suares, Andre Malraux, Past, Present

234 Notes

and Future (London: Thames & Hudson, 1974), 14, 23, 24, 31. For an analysis of the confrontation between the child and the alleged spy see Geoffrey T. Harris, 'Andre Malraux: Multiple Ways of Being', Revue Andre Malraux Review XXIV, 1/2 (1992-93), 92-3.

9 Art's Precarious Timelessness

1. See Guy Penaud, Andre Malraux et Ia Resistance (Perigueux: Pierre Fanlac, 1986), 79.

2. Charles de Gaulle, Memoires de guerre, III, Le Salut 1944-1946 (Paris: Livre de Poche 1968), 314. According to one historian, Malraux be­lieved, in 1945-6, that 'French politics would soon be reduced to a titanic confrontation between Gaullism and Communism'. See Hazareesingh, Political Traditions in Modern France, 295-6.

3. Leon Blum (1872-1950), who presided over the first Popular Front government in France from June 1936 to June 1937, was also a journ­alist and author of several books irkluding Stendhal et le beylisme (1914).

4. Malraux, 'Liberte et volonte' (Speech delivered at the first RPF na­tional conference in Marseilles, 17 April 1948), 'Malraux: paroles et ecrits politiques 1947-1972', Espoir: Revue de l'Institut Charles de Gaulle, 2, (1973), 14.

5. Malraux, in Claude Mauriac, Un autre de Gaulle: journal 1944-1954 (Paris: Hachette, 1970), 144. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text.

6. Michel Winock, 'Malraux ministre', Le Monde (6 August 1986), 15. 7. Cf. Chapter 1, 18-19. 8. Malraux in an interview for Italian television, 15 April 1975, quoted

in D. G. Bevan, Invincible Dialogue: Malraux, Michelmzgelo and Michelet (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1991), 37. David Bevan underlines the affinit­ies between the Renaissance artist's sculptures and the aspirations of Malraux's own heroes.

9. See Chapter 1, 18-19. 10. Malraux, La Metamorplwse des dieux, I, Le Surnaturel (Paris: Gallimard,

'Galerie de la Pleiade', 1977), 266. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as SUR.

11. The two otl1er 'medusas' referred to here are, of course, Michelangelo and Rembrandt.

12. Malraux, 'Introduction au premier musee imaginaire de la sculp­ture mondiale', Le Musee imaginaire de Ia sculpture mondiale, I, (Paris: Gallimard, 'Galerie de la Pleiade', 1952), 16-17. Subsequent quota­tions from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as MISM.

13. See Chapter 4, 80-1. 14. E. H. Gombrich, 'Malraux's Philosophy of Art in Historical Perspect­

ive', in de Courcel (ed.), Malraux: Life and Work, 169. 15. John F. Moffitt,' Andre Malraux and the Dama de Elche', Revue Andre

Malraux Review, XXI, 2; XXII, 1-2, Special Issue, 'Metamorphosis and the Creative Process' (Fall 1989; Spring/Fall 1990), 76.

16. Malraux, 'Preface a Sanctuaire', La Nouvelle Revue Franfaise, XLI, 242 (November 1933), 747.

Notes 235

17. Malraux, Oraisons funebres (Paris: Gallimard, 1971), 38. Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as OF.

18. See, for example, VS 45-8; IR 133-41. 19. See IR 162. 20. Malraux, Saturne: le desti11, /'art et Goya (Paris: Gallimard, 1978), 90.

Subsequent quotations from this work are noted parenthetically in the text as S.

21. Malraux, 'Exposition Fautrier', La Nouvelle Revue Fran~aise, XL, 233 (February 1933), 345.

22. See Tannery, Malraux the Absolute Agnostic, 215-42. 23. Charles Daniel Blend, Andre Malraux, Tragic Humanist (Columbus:

Ohio State University Press, 1963). 24. See Hoffmann, L'Humanisme de Malraux, 367-77. 25. Jacqueline Machabei:s, 'Portrait de I' artiste: le Rembrandt de Malraux',

Revue A11dre Malraux Review, 'Metamorphosis and the Creative Pro­cess', 138.

10 Le Miroir des limbes: An exercise in Metamorphosis

1. See Chapter 1, 22-3. 2. See Malraux, Antimemoires, 38. 3. Cf. Robert Elbaz, The Changing Nature of the Self A Critical Study of the

Autobiographical Discourse (London: Croom Helm, 1988), 131. 4. See Chapter 2, note 20. 5. Cf. Bevan 1986, 6-7. 6. Between 23 and 25 March 1944 some 500 Resistance fighters were

wiped out on the Glieres plateau near Annecy (Haute-Savoie) by a combined force of 12 000 German troops and Vichy militiamen.

7. See Chapter 6, 118. 8. See Antimemoires 20 and 22 respectively. 9. Cf. Geoffrey T. Harris, 'Note on Le Miroir des limbes: a convoy of uto­

pias and aspirations', Me1anges Malraux Miscellany, XIII, 2 (Autumn 1981), 24-5. See also Chapter 3, 61-2.

10. Cf. Tison-Braun, 127-35. 11. See La Corde et les souris, 613. 12. See La Corde et /es souris, 551, 557, 566-7. 13. See La Corde et les souris, 556-7. 14. For a detailed analysis of this episode see Geoffrey T. Harris, 'Le Miroir

des limbes: dernier dialogue avec Ia mort', 206-12. 15. Malraux felt the need to repeat this argument in volume II of Le Miroir

des limbes. See La Corde et les souris, 309. 16. See Alain Malraux, 258-9 and passim. That Malraux tried to estab­

lish this distance between himself and those around him is confirmed by Clara Malraux who writes: '[Malraux] n'a jamais accompli un geste spontane envers qui que ce f(it, meme ses plus proches'; Clara Malraux, Le Bruit de nos pas, VI, Et pourtant j'etais libre (Paris: Grasset, 1979), 242.

17. Nguyen A'i-Qoc (1890-1969), who in 1941 assumed the name Ho Chi Minh, is the legendary Vietnamese Communist leader who forced the French out of Indochina and subsequently, as president of North

236 Notes

Vietnam, became one of the principal architects of the American defeat in Vietnam.

18. See La Corde et les souris, 281-2. 19. See Daniel Ht§mery, 'Tha Thu Thau: l'itineraire politique d'un revolu­

tionnaire vietnarnien pendant les annees 1930', in Pierre Brocheux (ed.), Histoire de l'Asie du sud-est: revoltes, reformes, revolutions, 203.

20. See Lacouture 1976, 97. 21. Cf. La Condition humaine, 723. Ralph Tarica underlines this and other

similar parallels: see Tarica, 'On Dreams and the Human Mystery in Malraux's Miroir des limbes', in Thompson, Viggiani (eds), 1988, 185-6 and note 8, 214.

22. See Antimemoires, 95-9. 23. See La Corde et les souris, 410; 'La Psychologie de 1' art', Verve, 42;

L'Homme precaire et Ia litterature, 149-50. 24. See La Corde et les souris, 62-70. 25. While there may be some reason for suspecting that L'Indochine was

financed by the Kuomintang - see Harris, 'Malraux et le communisme en Indochine' in C. Moatti, D. Bevan (eds), Andre Malraux. Unite de l'cruvre unite de 1'/wmme, 298- there is little or no evidence to connect it with the Jeune-Annam movement: see note 19 above.

11 Conclusion

1. See Le Monde (25 November 1976), 12. 2. See Antimemoires, 127-35. 3. See Chapter 9, note 5. 4. Charles de Gaulle, Memoires d'espoir, I, Le Renouveau 1958-1962 (Paris:

Plon, 1970), 285. 5. Malraux, 'Liberte et volonte', Espoir: Revue de l'Institut Charles de Gaulle,

2 (1973), 14. 6. Malraux, Preface, D. H. Lawrence, L'Amant de Lady Chatterley, 10-11.

Select Bibliography

PRIMARY SOURCES

Unless otherwise indicated, the texts by Malraux listed below are contained in Andre Malraux, O:uvres completes, I (Paris: Gallimard, 'Bibliotheque de la Pleiade'; 1989). The dates in parenthesis following the titles of texts con­tained in the Oeuvres completes are those of the original editions. The edi­tions figuring in this selected bibliography are those cited throughout this study. Only the most recent of any translations available are listed here.

Full bibliographical details of other primary sources cited in this study but not listed here are to be found in the Notes.

Books

Lunes en papier (1921). La Tentation de /'Occident (1926); translated by Robert Hollander as The

Temptation of the West (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992). 'D'une jeunesse europeenne' (Paris: Grasset, 'Les Cahiers Verts', 1927). Les Conquerants (1928); translated by Stephen Becker as The Conquerors

(Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992). Royaume-Farfelu (1928). LaVoie royale (1930); translated by Stuart Gilbert as The Royal Way (New York:

Smith and Haas, 1935). La Condition humaine (1933); translated by Alastair MacDonald as Storm in

Shanghai and reissued as Man's Estate (London: Methuen, 1948). Le Temps du mepris (1935); translated by Haakon M. Chevalier as Days of

Wrath (New York: Random House, 1936). L'Espoir, Romans (Paris: Gallimard, 'Bibliotheque de la Pleiade', 1955; ori­

ginal edition 1937); translated by Stuart Gilbert and Alastair MacDonald as Man's Hope (New York: Random House, 1938).

La Lutte avec l'ange; Les Noyers de /'Altenburg (Geneva: Skira, 1945; original edition 1943); translated by A. W. Fielding as The Walnut Trees of Altenburg (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992).

Esquisse d'une psychologic du cinema (Paris: Gallimard, 1946). N'itait-ce done que cela? (Paris: Editions du Pavois, 1946). Les Voix du silence (Paris: Gallimard, 'Galerie de la Pleiade', 1951); trans­

lated by Stuart Gilbert as The Voices of Silence (Garden City: Doubleday, 1953; London: Seeker and Warburg, 1954).

Le Musee imaginaire de Ia sculpture mondiale, I, II, III (Paris: Gallimard, 'Galerie de la Pleiade', 1952-1954).

La Mitamorplwse des dieux (Paris: Gallimard, 'Galerie de la Pleiade', 1957); translated by Stuart Gilbert as The Metamorphosis of the Gods (Garden City: Doubleday, 1960; London: Seeker and Warburg, 1960).

Le Triangle nair (Paris: Gallimard, 1970).

237

238 Select Bibliography

Oraisons funebres (Paris: Gallimard, 1971). Le Miroir des limbes, I, Antinu!moires (Paris: Gallimard, 'Folio', 1972). The

original edition (1967) has been translated by Terence Kilmartin as Anti­memoirs (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968) and as Antimemoirs (London: Hamilton, 1968)

La Metamorphose des dieux, II, L'Irreel (Paris: Gallimard, 1974). Le Miroir des limbes, II, La Corde et les souris (Paris: Gallimard, 'Folio', 1976). La Metamorplwse des dieux, III, L'Intemporel (Paris: Gallimard, 1976). La Metmnorphose des dieux, I, Le Surnaturel (Paris: Gallimard, 1977). This

volume is a republication of the original version of La Metamorphose des dieux (1957).

Et sur Ia terre . .. (Paris: Maeght, 1977). L'Homme precaire et Ia Iitterature (Paris: Gallimard, 1977). Saturne: le destin, /'art et Goya (Paris: Gallimard, 1978). This is a revised

version of Saturne: essai sur Goya (1950), translated by C. W. Chilton as Satum; An Essay on Goya (New York and London: Phaidon, 1957).

Sierra de Teruel: Espoir, in L'Avant-Scene Cinema, 385 (October 1989). La Reine de Saba: une 'ave11ture geographique' (Paris: Gallimard, 1993).

Articles, prefaces, speeches, interviews

'Des Origines de la poesie cubiste', La Con11aissance, 1 (January 1920), 38-43.

'Andre Malraux et l'Orient', Les Nouvelles Litteraires (31 July 1926), 2. 'Au tour des Co11querants d' Andre Malraux', Correspondance de /'Union pour

Ia Write, xxxvii, special issue, (1929), 1-55. 'Reponse a Trotsky', La Nouvelle Revue Fran~aise, XXXVt 221 (April 1931),

501-7. This, Malraux's reply to Trotsky's critique of Les Conquerants, is republished in Les CXuvres completes, but given that Trotsky's appraisal appears in a truncated form in the latter, all references to it and to Mal­raux's response are to the original versions. A translation by Beth Archer of both Trotsky's article and Malraux's reply, appear in R. W. B. Lewis (ed.), Malraux: A Collection of Critical Essays (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Halt 1964), 12-24.

Preface, D. H. Lawrence, L'Amant de Lady Chatterley (Paris: Gallimard, 1932).

'Exposition Fautrier', La Nouvelle Revue Fran~aise, XL, 233 (February 1933), 345-6.

'S.O.S', Marianne (11 October 1933), 3. 'Preface a Sanctuaire de W. Faulkner' La Nouvelle Revue Fran~aise, XU, 242

(November 1933), 744-7. 'Trotsky', Marianne (25 April 1934), 3. 'Sur !'heritage culture!', Commune, 37 (September 1936), 1-9. 'La Psychologie de l'art', Verve, 1 (December 1937), 41-8. 'L'Appel aux intellectuels', (Speech delivered in Paris, 5 March 1948 and

reprinted as the 'Postface' to Les Conquerants from 1949). 'Malraux: paroles et ecrits politiques 1947-1972', Espoir: Revue de I'Institut

Charles de Gaulle, 2 (1973).

Select Bibliography 239

SECONDARY SOURCES

Books

Andre Malraux, l'homme des univers (Paris: Comite National Andre Mal­raux, 1989). Proceedings of colloquium held in Paris 5-7 December 1986, organised by the Comite National Andre Malraux.

Andre Malraux. Unite de l'reuvre, unite de l'homme (Paris: La Documentation Franc;aise, 1989). Proceedings of colloquium held at Cerisy, 7-17 July 1988, organised by David Bevan and Christiane Moatti.

Bevan, David, Andre Malraux: Towards the Expression of Transcendence (Kingston: MeGill-Queen's University Press, 1986).

Bevan, David, Invincible Dialogue: Malraux, Michelangelo and Michelet (Amster­dam: Rodopi, 1991 ).

Blend, Charles D., Andre Malraux: Tragic Humanist (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1963).

Boak, Denis, Andre Malraux (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968). Brincourt, Andre, Malraux le malentendu (Paris: Grasset/Fasquelle, 1986). Cadwallader, Barrie, Crisis of the European Mind. A Study of Andre Malraux

and Drieu Ia Rochelle (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1981). Carduner, Jean, La creation romanesque chez Malraux (Paris: Nizet, 1968). Cazenave, Michel, Andre Malraux (Paris: Balland, 1985). Courcel, Martine de, (ed.), Malraux: Life and Work (London: Weidenfeld and

Nicolson, 1976). Cote, Paul-Raymond, Les Techniques picturales chez Malraux: interrogations et

metamorphose (Sherbrooke: Naamen, 1984). Dao, Vinh, Andre Malraux ou Ia quete de Ia fraternite (Geneva: Droz, 1991). De Gaulle et Malraux (Paris: Plon, 1987). Proceedings of colloquium held in

Paris, 13-15 November 1986, organised by the Institut Charles de Gaulle. Dorenlot, Franc;oise E., Malraux au /'unite de pensee (Paris: Gallimard, 1970). Elbaz, Robert, The Changing Nature of the Self: A Critical Study of the Autobio­

graphical Discourse (London: Croom Helm, 1988). Fitch, BrianT., Les deux univers romanesques d'Andre Malraux (Paris: Lettres

Modernes, 1964). Fitch, BrianT., Reflections in the Mind's Eye: Reference and its Problematization

in Twentieth Century Fiction (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991). Frese Witt, Mary A., Existential Prisons (Durham: Duke University Press,

1985). Frohock, Wilbur M., Andre Malraux and the Tragic Imagination (Stanford:

Stanford University Press, 1967). Goldmann, Lucien, Pour une sociologic du roman (Paris: Gallimard, 1964). Goldberger, Avriel, Visions of a New Hero (Paris: Lettres Modernes, 1965). Grover, Frederic J., Six entretiens avec Andre Malraux sur des ecrivains de son

temps (1959-1975) (Paris: Gallimard, 1978). Harris, Geoffrey T., Andre Malraux: l'ethique comme fonction de l'est/zetique

(Paris: Lettres Modernes, 1972). Harris, Geoffrey T., De l'Indochine au RPF, une continuite politique: les romans

d'Andre Malraux (Toronto: Paratexte, 1990).

240 Select Bibliography

Hoffmann, Joseph, L'Humanisme de Malraux (Paris: Klincksieck, 1963). Kline, Jefferson T., Andre Malraux and the Metamorphosis of Death (New York:

Columbia University Press, 1973). Lacasse, Rodolphe, Hemingway et Malraux: destins de /'homme (Montreal:

Cosmos, 1972). Lacouture, Jean, Malraux, une vie dans le siecle, 1901-1976 (Paris: Seuil, 1976). Langlois, Walter G., Andre Malraux the Indochina Adventure (London: Pall

Mall, 1966). Langlois, Walter G., Via Malraux (Wolfville: The Malraux Society, 1986). Lewis, R. W. B. (ed.), Malraux: A Collection of Critical Essays (Englewood Cliffs:

Prentice-Hall, 1964). Madsen, Axel, Malraux (New York: William Morrow, 1976). Malraux, Alain, Les marronniers de Boulogne: Malraux, 'man pere' (Paris:

Ramsay I de Cortanze 1989). Malraux, Clara, Le Bruit de nos pas, II, Nos vingt ans (Pads: Grasset, 1966). Malraux, Clara, Le Bruit de nos pas, Ill, Les Combats et les jeux (Paris: Grasset,

1969). Malraux, Clara, Le Bruit de nos pas, IV, Voici que vient l'ete (Paris: Grasset,

1973). Malraux, Clara, Le Bruit de nos pas, V, La Fin et le commencement (Paris:

Grasset, 1976). Malraux, Clara, Le Bruit de nos pas, VI, Et pourtant j'etais libre (Paris: Grasset,

1979). Michalczyk, John]., Andre Malraux's 'Espoir': The Propaganda/Art Film and

The Spanish Civil War (Mississippi: Romance Monographs, 1977). Moatti, Christiane, Le predicateur et ses masques. Les personnages d'Andre

Malraux (Paris: Sorbonne, 1987). Morrisey, Will, Reflections on Malraux: Cultural Founding in Modernity (New

York: University Press of America, 1984). Mossuz, Janine, Andre Malraux et le gaul/isme (Paris: Fondation Nationale

des Sciences Politiques, 1970). Penaud, Guy, Andre Malraux et Ia Resistance (Perigueux: Pierre Fanlac, 1986). Picon, Gaetan, Malraux par lui-meme (Paris: Seuil, 1953). Raymond, Gino, Andre Malraux: Politics and the Temptation of Myth

(Aldershot: Avebury, 1995). Rubin Suleiman, Susan, Authoritarian Fictions: The Ideological Novel as a Lit­

erary Genre (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983). Sabourin, Pascal, La Reflexion sur /'art d'Andre Malraux (Paris: Klincksieck,

1972). Stephane, Roger, Fin d'une jeunesse (Paris: Table Ronde, 1954). Stephane, Roger, Portrait de l'aventurier (Paris: Grasset, 1965). Stephane, Roger, Andre Malraux: entretiens et precisions (Paris: Gallimard,

1984). Suares, Guy, Andre Malraux, Past, Present, Future (London: Thames and Hud­

son, 1974). Takemoto, Tadao, Andre Malraux et Ia cascade de Nachi (Paris: Julliard, 1989). Tannery, Claude, Malraux. The Absolute Agnostic; or, Metamorphosis as Univer­

sal Law (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

Select Bibliography 241

Thompson, Brian, Viggiani, Carl A. (eds), Witnessing Andre Malraux: Visions and Re-visions (Middleton: Wesleyan University Press, 1984).

Thornberry, Robert S., Andre Malraux et l'Espagne (Geneva: Droz, 1977). Tison-Braun, Micheline, Ce monstre incomparable . .. Malraux ou l'enigme du

moi (Paris: Armand Colin, 1983). Vandegans, Andre, Lajeunesse litteraire d'Andre Malraux (Paris: Jean-Jacques

Pauvert, 1964). Villani, Sergio (ed.), Andre Malraux: Stylistic Aspects Stylistiques (North York:

Captus University Publications, 1990).

Special Issues and Journals dedicated to Malraux

Full bibliographical details of articles on Malraux cited in this study but not listed here are to be found in the Notes.

Andre Malraux (Paris: La Revue des Lett res Modernes, 1972-). L'Avant-Scene Cinema, special issue on Sierra de Teruel, 385 (October 1989). Europe, special issue on Malraux, 727-8 (November /December 1989). L'Herne, special issue on Malraux (1982). Magazine Litteraire, special issue, 'Andre Malraux: I' art et l'histoire', 234

(October 1986). Melanges Malraux Miscellany (Laramie, 1969-83; Edmonton, 1983-86). North Dakota Quarterly, special issue, 'Malraux, Hemingway, and Embattled

Spain', LI, 2 (Spring 1992). New York Literary Forum, special issue on Malraux, 3 (1979). La Nouvelle Revue Franraise, special issue on Malraux, L, 295 (July 1977). Revue Andre Malraux Review (Edmonton, 1986-). Twentieth Century Literature, special issue on Malraux, XXIV, 3 (Fall 1978).

Index

Page references in bold denote a major section/ chapter devoted to a subject.

absurd, the see human condition, absurdity of

action, 20, 39, 119, 201, 202 European obsession with, 40-1

adventure Voie royale, La, 5, 67-70, 72

AEAR (Association des Ecrivains et Artistes Revolutionnaires ), 7, 82, 111, 114

Ajalbert, Jean, 223n Alexander the Great, 204-6 Algerian war, 15-17, 18 alienation, 36-8, 42, 96

and non-communication, 96 see also solitude

Alsace-Lorraine Brigade, 10-11, 165

Altman, Georges, 5, 49, 134, 220n, 225n

'Andre Malraux et l'Orient', 41, 63 'Andre Malraux Squadron', 8, 131 Annam see Indochina Antimemoires (Anti-Memoirs), 12,

23, 34, 188, 190, 196, 207 reconstructed dialogues, 22 see also Miroir des limbes, Le

Apollinaire, Guillaume, 25 Aragon, Louis, 7, 36, 114, 115,

225n, 229n art

against time in Noyers de L'A/tenburg, Les, 161-3

as anti-destiny, 19, 20, 177, 185-6, 189, 197

artistic creation, 21, 164, 177, 178 autonomy of work of art, 20, 21,

27, 28, 182-3, 184-5, 186 history of, 20, 22, 23, 174-7, 187 psychology of, 29, 42, 177 transcendence, 21, 23, 168, 188,

198

see also artist; metamorphosis; Miroir des limbes, Le; plastic arts, essays on

artist, 42, 207 biography of, 177, 197 champion of man's ability to

resist absurdity of human condition, 171-2

creator of autonomous reality, 29

elitism, 172, 193, 194 as hero, 171-3, 193, 194, 217 history of, 174-7 and resurrection of works of the

past, 19, 80, 81 role of, 161, 181, 182-4 and transcendence, 163, 193

Association des Ecrivains et Artistes Revolutionnaires, see AEAR

Aub, Max, 9, 149, 232n audio-visual media see film autobiography, 5, 68

see also Miroir des limbes, Le 'Autour des Conquerants d'Andre

Malraux', 51-2, 57, 64, 66, 73, 79

Autrand, Michel, 223n Ayer, A. J., 228n

Banteay Srei, 3 Barbusse, Henri, 70 Baudelaire, Charles, 26, 178 Beckett, Samuel, 24 Beguin, Albert, 221n Berl, Emmanuel, 51 Bernanos, Georges, 28, 223n Bernard, J.-P. A., 227n Bertagna, Louis, 23 Bevan, David, 171, 226n, 232n,

233n, 234n, 235n, 236n

242

Index 243

biography of an artist, 177, 197 see also Miroir des limbes, Le

Blend, Charles, 191, 235n Blum, Leon, 130, 170, 234n Boak, Denis, 143, 231n Bockel, Pierre, 233n Boisdeffre, Pierre de, 233n Bonaparte, Napoleon, 207 Bolsheviks (Bolshevism), 34, 52,

56 Borgia, Caesar, 183, 206 Borodin, Mikhail, 31, 45, 49, 50,

83, 85 in Conquerants, Les, 31, 46-7,

50-1, 57, 65, 99, 103-4, 133, 134

Botticelli, Sandra, 183-4 Boudarel, Georges, 223n Braque, Georges, 26, 186, 201, 202 Brasillach, Robert, 32, 143, 223n,

231n Breton, Andre, 7, 231n Brincourt, Andre, 174, 227n Brocheux, Pierre, 223n, 236n Brook, W. H., 233n

Caesar, Julius, 205 Cambodia see Indochina Camus, Albert, 24, 42, 225n Carduner, Jean, 232n Cazenave, Michel, 153, 232n Cervantes, Miguel S., 164 Cezanne, Paul, 185, 211 Chantal, Suzanne, 221n Chardin, Jean-Baptiste, 188 Chen-yi, Marshal, 204, 209 Chenes qu'on abat . .. , Les (Felled

Oaks), 22, 23, 196 see also Miroir des limbes, Le

Chevasson, Louis, 3 Chiang Kai-shek, 45, 83, 84, 85-6,

103 Chinese People's Nationalist Party

see Kuomintang Chinese Revolution, 5, 34, 113

and Condition humaine, La 82-4, 85

and Conquerants, Les, 43, 44-6

myth of Malraux's participation in, 6, 14, 31-2, 82, 166

Chou-En-lai, 208-9 Churchill, Winston, 199 Cimabue, Giovanni, 20, 174-5, 187 cinema, 21, 175, 192-3 Clotis, Josette, 10, 11, 199, 221n Cochinchina see Indochina collectivity, 65-6, 89, 106, 127

elimination of hero as individual in Espoir, L', 132-40

emergence of in Condition humaine, La, 98-106, 79, 108, 109-10, 122, 128

in Noyers de /'Altenburg, Les, 154-5

quest for, 65-6, 79, 98, 218 in Temps du mepris, Le, 126 see also fraternity; individualism

colonialism, 34 French colonial policy, 3, 29-30,

31, 33 Comintern

in Condition humaine, La, 6, 83, 85, 86, 103-5

in Conquerants, Les, 46, 47, 49, 54, 55

see also Soviet Union Communism (Communists), 31,

216 depicted in Miroir des limbes, Le

205 depiction of conflict with

Kuomintang in Condition humaine, La, 6, 45, 83, 84-6, 102-4

effect of German-Soviet pact on, 13

individualism in, 128 and Malraux see Malraux, Andre propaganda in Espoir, L', 142,

143-6, 149 in Resistance, 13, 169 in Spain, 145-6 see also French Communist Party

Condition humaine, La (The Human Condition), 5-6, 47, 50, 78, 82-112, 119, 140, 142, 157

alienation in, 88-9, 90, 96-7

244 Index

Condition humaine, La (The Human Condition) - continued

characters, 83, 87-98 conflict within Kuomintang­

Communist alliance, 6, 45, 83, 84-6, 102-4

emergence of collectivity I fraternity, 79, 98-106, 108, 109-10, 122, 128

execution-yard scene, 102, 107, 108-9, 110, 122, 124, 125, 128, 138, 139, 154, 155

fraternal transcendence, 108, 109-10, 138, 153-4

Hankow confrontation, 103-5, 106, 109, 110, 124

historical setting, 82-7 individualism of characters, 38,

88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99 metaphysical victory, 106-10 opening assassination scene, 84,

87, 88 political commitment, 99-101,

102, 103, 105, 106, 111 political failure, 102-6, 138

Connaissance, La, 25 Conquerants, Les (The Conquerors),

4-5, 6, 7, 28, 43-66, 88, 118, 127, 142, 193

autobiographical, 5, 32, 43-4 creativity, 19 debate on see 'Au tour des

Conquerants d' Andre Malraux'

function of setting, 87 Carine, 50-60

individualism, 52, 53, 57-8, 64, 71, 90, 92, 119

isolation from revolution, 58-9, 60, 62, 134

metaphysical hero, 60-6 quest for human permanence,

64-5 struggle against absurdity of

human condition, 61, 62, 63-4, 65, 72-3, 77, 162

and Kuomintang, 34, 43, 45-6 Malraux's response to Trotsky,

50, 51, 57, 64

narrator in, 48, 51, 58, 78 political thematics, 43-9, 83 Trotsky's interest in, 4, 5, 6,

43-4, 49-50, 58, 104 Conrad, Joseph, 226n 'convoy of utopias and

aspirations', 190-5 Corde et les souris, La (The Rope

and the Mice), 2, 23, 42, 96, 196, 198

see also Miroir des limbes, Le Corniglion-Molinier, Edouard, 118,

199 cosmos, 90, 125, 126, 140, 157, 179 Cote, Paul Raymond, 223n Courcel, Martine de, 228n creation, 185

artistic, 21, 164, 177, 178 cubism, literary, 2, 25-9 Cunningham, Virginia, 233n

death, 2, 22, 41-2, 199-200 heroes' challenge to, 91, 141 Malraux's brush with, 201-4 as metaphysical reality, 61-2,

199 in Lunes en papier, 26-7 in Miroir des Umbes, Le, 198-204 obsession with in Voie royale, La,

72, 75-81 Debre, Michel, 23, 222n decay see decomposition decomposition

in Voie royale, La, 74, 75-7, 80 Defoe, Daniel, 164 Delacroix, Eugene, 184, 186, 188 Demoiselles d'Avignon, Les (Picasso),

25 'Demon de 1' absolu, Le' ('The

Demon of the Absolute'), 11, 164, 165

Derain, Andre, 1, 26 dialogue

in Miroir des limbes, Le, 22, 23, 204, 211, 213-14

Dimitrov, Georgi, 7, 114 Donatello, 182, 183 Dorenlot, Fran<;oise, 228n Dorgeles, Roland, 224n

Index 245

Dostoyevsky, Theodor, 164 Doyon, Louis-Rene, 25, 26 Drieu la Rochelle, Pierre, 59, 111,

226n Duiker, William J., 223n 'D'une jeunesse europeenne' ('Of a

European Youth'), 4, 12, 21, 64, 97, 201

new metaphysics, 36-42

Ecrit pour une idole il trompe (Written for an Idol with a Trunk), 27

Ehrenburg, Ilya, 82, 227n, 228n Eisenstein, Sergei, 18 Elbaz, Robert, 235n El Greco, 188 elite (elitism), 136

and artist, 172, 193, 194 collective ethos of in Condition

humaine, La, 101, 110, 111 commitment to collective ideal,

218-19 in Espoir, L', 133, 136, 139, 145,

146 see also 'men of History'

Eluard, Paul, 2 Escadrille Espana (later 'Andre

Malraux Squadron'), 8, 131 Espoir, L' (Man's Hope), 8-9, 13,

45, 117, 129-49, 161 based on Malraux's experiences,

131-2, 147-8 Communist propaganda, 142,

143-6, 149 elimination of hero as

individual, 132-40 elite in, 133, 136, 139, 145, 146 film (Sierra de Teruel), 9, 137,

140, 148-9 from ethics and metaphysics to

politics and commitment, 140-6, 147

mountain-rescue scene, 137-8, 139, 155

political I historical background, 129-31

realmetaphysik and realethik, 147-8

response to, 9, 140, 143 struggle against absurdity of

human condition, 9, 140-1 symbol of apple tree, 138, 155

essays on the plastic arts see plastic arts, essays on

Europe(ans), 62 alienation of, 36-7, 39 Malraux and politics of, 111-12 obsession with action, 40-1 recourse to introspection, 39-40 rise of fascism in, 7, 111

existentialism, 2, 4, 36, 42, 67, 73, 79, 88-9, 96

Faisal, Prince, 164 fantastic texts, 27-8, 117-18

Lunes en papier, 2, 26-7, 28, 93 Royaume-Farfelu, 27-8, 42, 93,

118, 197 in Temps du mepris, Le, 117-18

fascism, 110, 111 Malraux and anti-, 7, 8, 10,

113-21, 131 rise of in Europe, 7, 111 see also Temps du mepris, Le

Faulkner, William, 179 Fautrier, Jean, 186, 235n film, 21, 175, 192-3 First Congress of Soviet Writers

(1934), 7, 113-14, 127 First World War, 29, 36-7 Fisher, David J., 229n Fitch, BrianT., 223n Franco, General Francisco, 8, 13,

130, 131, 146, 148 fraternity, 79, 137

in Condition humaine, La, 79, 98-106, 108, 109-10, 122

in Espoir, L', 137, 138 in Temps du mepris, Le, 118,

121-4 ultimate in Noyers de /'Altenburg,

Les, 152-6 in Voie royale, La, 79, 81

Freitas, Maria T. de, 233n French Communist Party, 7, 13, 14

reaction to Malraux's work, 6-7, 9

246 Index

French Resistance see Resistance Frese Witt, Mary Ann, 228n, 229n Freud, Sigmund, 39, 177, 201, 202,

203 Freville, Jean, 111, 134, 220n, 228n Frohock, Wilbur M., 87-8, 105,

116, 143, 167, 227n, 233n

Galanis, Demetrios, 26, 222n Gallen, General, 45, 83

in Conquerants, Les, 55 Gandhi, Mahatma, 45, 199 Gauguin, Paul, 195, 211 Gaulle, Charles de

Malraux's allegiance to, 10-11, 13, 14-15, 23, 150, 169, 170, 216

Memoires de guerre, 1, 169, 196, 197, 206, 217-18, 234n

in Miroir des limbes, Le, 22, 198-9, 205-6, 207, 209

resignation, 14, 196 return to power, 15-16, 171, 196 tribute to Malraux, 217-18, 236n see also Gaullism

Gaullism, 14, 17, 219 RPF, 2, 8, 14-15, 171, 216 see also Malraux, Andre

German-Soviet pact, 13 Gide, Andre, 7, 11, 24, 114, 149,

232n Giono, Jean, 7 Giotto, 174-5, 182-3, 185, 211 Giraudoux, Jean, 217 Coded, General Manuel, 130 Goldmann, Lucien, 143, 225n,

228n, 230n Gombrich, Ernst, 176, 234n Gothic period, 181-2, 187, 191 Goya, Francisco de, 19, 178, 185,

211, 219 Greek antiquity, 185, 188-9 Greek art, 178-80, 183, 188-9, 191,

193 Greek tragedy, 161-2, 179, 180,

190, 191 Greene, Graham, 16 Greenfeld, Anne, 227n Greenlee, John W., 233n

Gris, Juan, 26 Grover, Frederic, 67, 226n, 227n

Harding, Warren G., 29 Harris, Geoffrey T., 223n, 226n,

227n, 230n, 231n, 233n, 224n, 235n, 236n

Hazareesingh, Sudhir, 222n, 234n Heidegger, Martin, 91 Hemery, Daniel, 236n Hemingway, Ernest, 221n, 231n hero(es), 14, 16, 28, 41, 76, 94, 141,

167, 183 artist as, 171-2, 193-4, 217 characteristics, 78-9 disindividualism of in Espoir, L',

132-40 and emergence of collectivity in

Condition humaine, La, 100-2 Malraux as, 204, 208-10 parallels with de Gaulle, 207 role of politics in composition

of, 110-11 history

of art, 20, 22, 23, 174-7, 187 framework for fiction, 167-8 see also time

Hitler, Adolf, 7, 13, 82, 117, 129, 212

Ho Chi Minh, 31, 33, 209, 235n Hoffmann, E. T. A., 27 Hoffmann, Joseph, 191, 220n, 235n Homme precaire et Ia litterature,

L' (Precarious Man and Literature), 19, 21-2, 168, 174, 175, 178, 189, 190, 191, 197, 211

Hoog, Armand, 153, 232n Hates de passage (Passing Guests),

23, 196 see also Miroir des limbes, Le

Hugo, Victor, 178 human condition, absurdity of, 4,

29 artist's role in resisting, 171-2 combat of art against, 20-1, 191 and cosmos, 90, 140 heroes attempts to transcend, 91,

124, 172, 174

Index 247

human condition, absurdity of -continued

struggle against in Conquerants, Les, 61, 62, 63-4, 65, 72-3, 77, 162

and subconscious, 39-40 in Voie royale, La, 71, 73, 76, 108

human permanence, 37 and art, 19, 20, 163, 171, 188-9,

217 quest for, 118, 155 search for in Noyers de

/'Altenburg, Les, 156-7 humanism, 2, 4, 19, 20, 22, 28, 79,

182, 190-1, 200, 215 Humanite, L', 5, 6, 49, 111

imperialism see colonialism individualism, critique of, 4, 12,

36, 39-40, 64, 65-6, 128 see also collectivity

Indochina, 2-3, 31, 43 Malraux's political stance, 33-5,

36 Malraux's trips to, 2-3, 5, 30,

31, 32, 36 Indochine, L' (L'indochine enchafnee),

3-4, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34-5, 36, 43, 69, 127, 212

bztemporel, L' (The Timeless), 19, 173, 174, 175, 176-7, 184-5, 190, 192-3, 194

see also Metmnorphose des dieux, La: plastic arts, essays on

International Association of Writers for the Defence of Culture, 8, 130-1

introspection, 39-40, 41, 42, 151, 201, 202

Irreel, L' (The Unreal), 19, 173, 175, 176, 178, 180, 182, 183-4, 189, 191

see also Metamorphose des dieux, La; plastic arts, essays on

Isoart, Paul, 224n isolation see solitude

Jacob, Max, 2, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 223n

Jeune-Annam, 32, 166, 210, 212, 236n Joan of Arc, 201 Jouanny, Robert, 116, 229n

Kandinsky, Vassili, 192 Kazin, Alfred, 82, 227n Kennedy, John F., 18, 199, 204 Kessel, Joseph, 30 Koltchak, Alexander, 52, 226n Konk, 216-17 Kra, Simon, 2, 26 Kuomintang, 30-1, 34, 43, 44, 104

and Communist alliance in Condition humaine, La, 6, 45, 83, 84-6, 102-4

depicted in Conquerants, Les, 45-6, 54

Malraux's association with, 30, 32, 34

Lacasse, Rodolphe, 221n Laclos, Choderlos de, 227n Lacouture, Jean, 224n, 229n, 236n Lagrange, Leo, 130 Langlois, Walter G., 114, 220n,

222n, 223n, 229n, 230n, 233n Laos see Indochina Lares, Maurice, 233n Lautreamont, 27 Lawrence, A. W., 233n Lawrence, D. H., 226-7n, 236n Lawrence, T. E. (of Arabia), 164-6,

167, 169, 170, 233n study of ('Demon de l'absolu,

Le'), 11, 21, 164, 165 Lazare, 23, 42, 96, 196, 200-1

see also Miroir des limbes, Le leader, 59

see also elite Leger, Fernand, 26 Lenin, 204, 225n Lewis, R. W. B., 220n, 223n, 232n Lindon, Jerome, 16 literary cubism see cubism, literary literature, 21, 168, 175, 189, 190

see also Homme precaire et Ia litterature, L'

Lunes en papier (Paper Moons), 2, 26-7, 28, 93

248 Index

Lutte avec l'ange, La (Jacob Wrestling), 11 see also Noyers de /'Altenburg, Les

Machabels, Jacqueline, 195, 227n, 235n

Madaule, Jacques, 231n Maison de Ia culture, 17-18 Malraux, Alain, 206, 222n, 235n Malraux, Andre

and AEAR, 7, 82, 111, 114 and Algerian War, 16-17, 18 and Alsace-Lorraine Brigade,

10-11, 165-6 and anti-fascism, 7, 8, 10,

113-21, 131 book-spotter-cum-editor, 2,

25-6 childhood, 2 co-editor of Indochine, L'

(Indochine enchafnee, L') see Indochine, L'

Communism, 7, 8, 34, 35, 117, 128, 145-6, 169, 170

depersonalisation of death, 201-4

and Gaullism, 1-2, 11, 12-18, 23, 150, 169, 170, 216

as hero, 204, 208-10 and Indochina adventures, 2-3,

5, 30, 31, 32, 36 legend, 1, 3, 6, 10, 16, 24, 82,

166, 210 as Malraux see Miroir des limbes,

Le as Minister of State for Cultural

Affairs, 16, 17-18 and myth of Chinese Revolution

participation, 6, 14, 31-2, 82, 166

political 'about-face', 1, 11, 12-13, 14, 205

political stance in Indochina, 33-5, 36

present perception of, 23-4 and Queen of Sheba expedition,

22, 118, 213 and Resistance, 10-11, 13, 169,

209, 212

as revolutionary novelist, 31-2, 82, 113-14

and RPF, 1-2, 8, 14-15, 171, 216 similarities between Vincent

Berger and, 166-7 similarities between Lawrence of

Arabia and, 165-6 and Spanish Civil War, 8-9, 12,

129-31, 142-3, 145-6, 147, 148

speeches, 201 standard biographical portrait, 1 and Thalmann Committee, 7,

114-15 Malraux, Clara, 3, 10, 30, 33, 64,

143, 166, 223n, 226n, 231n, 235n

Malraux, Claude, 10 Malraux, Roland, 10 Manet, Edouard, 186

Olympia, 21, 184-5, 188, 192 Mao Tse-tung, 22, 170, 204, 208,

209, 213 Marcel, Gabriel, 51 Marchais, Georges, 23, 222n Marion, Denis, 9, 140, 231n Martin-Chauffier, Louis, 142-3,

23ln Martin du Gard, Roger, 16 Mauriac, Claude, 171, 234n Mauriac, Fran~ois, 16, 24 Mayrena, David de, 94, 227n McLean McGrath, Susan, 167,

233n memoirs, 12, 22, 196, 202

against history in Noyers de /'Altenburg, Les, 164-8

see also Antimemoires Memoires de guerre (de Gaulle), 1,

169, 197, 206, 217-18 'men of History', 198, 204-7, 208,

209, 211, 214 Mermoz, Jean, 199 Metmnorphose des dieux, La, 19, 174,

175, 176, 177, 180, 184, 191, 192

see also Intemporel, L'; Irreel, L'; plastic arts, essays on; Surnaturel, Le

Index 249

metamorphosis, 12, 19-21, 22, 23, 79-81, 161, 168, 177-8, 180, 189, 191, 217

and literature, 21 in Miroir des Iimbes, Le, 198, 204,

210-15, 217 and Museum Without Walls, 20,

186-90 in Voie royale, La, 79-80, 81, 161

metaphysics, 2, 20, 22, 81, 147, 153-4

in Condition humaine, La, 87, 106-10

in Conquerants, Les, 60-5 in Espoir, L', 141-2 in Temps du mepris, Le, 124-8 in Voie royale, La, 70-5, 78 new, 35-42

Michalczyk, John J., 221n, 224n, 232n

Michelangelo, 171, 184, 185, 188, 234n

Michelet, Jules, 234n Miroir des limbes, Le (The Mirror of

Limbo), 23, 167-8, 196-215 art of metamorphosis, 198, 204,

210-15, 217 autobiography, 196-8 de Gaulle in, 22, 198-9, 205-6,

207, 209 death, 198-204 depersonalisation of death,

201-4 dialogue, 22, 23, 204, 211,

213-14 Malraux as hero, 204, 208-10 Malraux as Malraux, 196-7, 199,

202, 202-3, 208-9, 211-12 'men of History', 198, 204-7,

208, 209, 211, 214 Moatti, Christiane, 225n, 227n,

233n, 236n modern art, 179, 185, 186, 188 Modernism, 25, 29 Moffitt, John F., 176, 234n Monin, Paul, 3, 30, 33 Montaigne, Michel, E. de, 21, 164 Morand, Paul, 30, 31 Morrisey, Will, 224n

Moscow see Soviet Union Mossuz, Janine, 220n Moulin, Jean, 199, 201, 202, 209,

218 Mouvement de Liberation Nationale,

13, 216 Musee imaginaire de Ia sculpture

mondiale, Le (The Imaginary Museum of World Sculpture), 19, 180, 193

see also plastic arts, essays on 'Museum without Walls', 20, 168,

173, 186-90, 192, 193, 214 Mussolini, Benito, 9, 60, 129

Nationalists, Chinese see Kuomintang

Nazism, 7-8, 153 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 22, 199, 200,

204, 207, 208 Nguyen Ai'-Qoc see Ho Chi Minh Nietzsche, Friedrich, 153, 162, 163,

164 Nizan, Paul, 13, 111-12, 113, 115,

126, 140, 142, 221n, 228n, 229n, 231n

Noyers de /'Altenburg, Les (The Walnut Trees of Altenburg), 11-12, 22, 138, 150-68, 171, 172, 190, 193, 194

and act of creative writing, 168 action, 20, 151-2, 154, 155 art against time, 161-3 attack on psychology, 151-2 biographical dimension, 11, 12,

164-5, 166-7 colloquium scenes, 11-12, 151,

153, 154, 156, 161, 162, 164 Franco-German relations, 153 gas attack I tank-trap scenes, 152,

153, 154, 156-8, 160 historical links, 150 memoirs against history, 164-8 parallels between Lawrence of

Arabia and Berger, 164-5 parallels between Malraux and

Berger, 166-7 quest for fundamental man,

156-61

250 Index

Noyers de /'Altenburg, Les (The Walnut Trees of Altenburg) -continued

symbol of walnut trees, 155-6, 159-60, 203

ultimate fraternity, 152-6, 160

O'Brien, Conor Cruise, 153, 225n, 233n

Olympia, see Manet, Edouard Organisation de l'annee secrete, 17 'Origines de Ia poesie cubiste, Des'

('On the Origins of Cubist Poetry'), 25

Orwell, George, 145, 232n Ottoman Empire, 150, 151, 164

Parain, Brice, 67, 220n Pareto, Vilfredo, 59, 226n Pascal, Blaise, 87, 107, 163, 164 Penaud, Pierre, 234n permanence, human see human

permanence Phidias, 20, 178, 183, 187, 188, 218 Picasso, Jacqueline, 23 Picasso, Pablo, 2, 18, 25, 178, 185,

199, 211, 217, 218 Malraux dialogue with in Miroir

des limbes, Le, 22-3, 211 Picon, Gaetan, 87, 91, 217, 220n,

221n, 232n plastic arts, essays on, 11, 12,

18-21, 28, 29, 169-95 art as anti-destiny, 19, 20, 177,

185-6, 189, 197 art as supreme value, 184-5 artist as hero, 171-3, 193-4, 217 central theme, 19 'convoy of utopias and

aspirations', 190-5 familiar themes and heroes,

169-73, 174 Gothic period, 181-2, 187, 191 Greek art, 178-80, 183, 187,

188-9, 191 history of the artist, 174-7 metamorphosis see

metamorphosis modern art, 179, 186, 188

Museum without Walls, 20, 168, 173, 186-90, 192, 193, 214

Renaissance, 178, 179-80, 183, 185, 186, 188-9

resume of, 18-19 role of artist, 161, 181, 182-4 Romanesque style, 181, 187, 193 timelessness, 21, 80, 176-7, 178,

188, 189, 190 Pontigny, 11 Popular Front

France, 8, 130, 170 Spain, 8, 130

Poussin, Nicholas, 186, 189 Proust, Marcel, 24 Psychologic de /'art, La (The

Psychology of Art), 18, 19, 29, 80, 162

see also Voix du silence, Les psychology, 42, 151-2, 177, 206

Queen of Sheba adventure, 22, 118, 119, 210, 213

Racine, Nicole, 227n, 228n Raphael, Sanzio, 184 Rassemblement du Peuple

Fran<;:ais see RPF Rembrandt, Harmensz van R., 20,

184, 185, 188, 192, 211, 234n Renaissance, 178, 179-80, 183, 185,

186, 187, 188-9 Renn, Ludwig, 115, 229n 'Reponse a Trotsky', 50, 51, 57, 64 Resistance, French, 10-11, 13, 169,

209, 212 Communists in, 13, 169

'return to earth', 118, 159, 213, 229-30n

Reverdy, Pierre, 25 Revolution, Chinese see Chinese

Revolution Romanesque period, 181 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 197 Rousseaux, Andre, 72, 75, 226n,

23ln Royaume-Farfelu, 27-8, 42, 93, 118,

197

Index 251

RPF (Rassemblement du Peuple Fran~ais) 1-2, 8, 14-15, 171, 216

Saint-Exupery, Antoine de, 199 Saint-Just, Louis, 56-7, 170, 226n Salles, Georges, 211 Sanctuary (Faulkner), 179 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 16, 24, 42, 65-6,

88, 91, 225n, 226n Satume, le destin, /'art et Goya

(Saturn, Destiny, Art and Goya), 19

see also plastic arts, essays on Sayre, Robert, 221n Segnaire, Julien, 145-6, 232n Senghor, Leopold, 204, 208, 213,

215, 217 Shaw, Ezel K., 232n Shaw, Stanford ]., 232n Sierra de Teruel (film), 9, 137, 140,

148-9 solitude

in Condition humaine, La, 96-7 in Conquerants, Les, 58-9, 60, 62 solitary hero in Temps du mepris,

Le, 119-21 see also alienation

Soviet Union, 12-13, 216 and German pact, 13 Malraux's support of, 12, 114,

143 policy towards China, 6, 31, 44,

49, 57, 86, 104 Soviet Writers' Congress (1934), 7,

113-14, 127 Spanish Civil War, 8-9, 12,

129-31, 140, 142-3, 145-6, 147, 148

film on, see Sierra de Terue/ see also Espoir, L'

Stalin, Joseph, 6, 12-13, 14, 49, 104, 117, 143, 198, 199

Stephane, Roger, 127, 169, 174, 226n, 230n

Stevenson, Robert L., 67, 68 Suan2s, Guy, 233n subconscious, 39-40, 42, 94, 120,

202

Suleiman, Susan R., 117, 122, 143, 144, 220n, 229n

Sun Po, 43, 45, 225n Sun Yat-sen, 30-1, 44, 45, 84, 225n Sumaturel, Le (The Supernatural),

19, 174, 175-6, 180, 181-2, 183, 187, 188, 191, 1n 193

see also Metamorplwse des dieux, La

Tannery, Claude, 178, 189, 222n, 235n

Tarica, Ralph, 236n Tchang Tso-ling, 45, 83 Tcheng Tioung-ming, 45 Temps du mepris, Le (Days of

Contempt), 7-8, 106, 112, 113-28, 149, 159, 193

airplane scene, 125-6 collective message, 119, 121-4,

126 and Communism, 116, 117,

126-7 deprivation of action in, 119-20 failure as a novel and as

propaganda, 127, 142 as an ideological novet 116,

117-18, 122, 125-7, 147 and Malraux's commitment to

anti-fascism, 115 metaphysical community,

124-8 preface, 126 reaction to by Communists, 115,

126, 127 solitary hero, 119-21 traces of fantastic writing,

117-18 virile fraternity, 121-4, 125-6

Tentation de L'Occident, La (The Temptation of the West), 4, 12, 21, 62, 63, 64, 75, 76, 111, 200, 201

new metaphysics, 36-42 Tete d'obsidienne, La (Picasso's

Mask), 22-3, 196 see also Miroir des limbes, Le

Thalmann, Ernst, 114, 115 Thalmann Committee, 7, 114-15

252 Index

Therive, Andre, 231n Third International see Comintern Thomas, Hugh, 230n Thompson Brian, 22ln, 226n, 236n Thornberry, Robert S., 144, 227n,

230n, 232n time, 187

chronological, 20, 169, 176, 178, 191

historical, 19, 22, 109, 176 timelessness

of art, 21, 80, 176-7, 178, 188, 189, 190, 192, 196

Tintoretto, Jacopo, 186, 189 Tison-Braun, Micheline, 228n,

235n Titian, 178, 183, 184, 185, 207 Tonkin see Indochina transcendence, 137, 153, 163

and art, 21, 23, 168, 188, 198 fraternal in Condition humaine,

La, 108, 109-10, 138, 153-4

human, 23, 37, 38, 193, 218, 219 transfiguration, 28 Trecourt, Fran~ois, 23ln Triangle nair, Le, 57 Trotsky, Leon, 18, 104, 117, 128,

181, 220n, 225n, 228n, 230n, 231n

approach to Conquerants, Les, 4, 5, 6, 43-4, 49-50, 58, 61, 64, 104

criticism of Malraux's pro-Stalinist stance in Spain, 143

Malraux's response to, 50, 51, 57, 64

Unamuno, Miguel, 134, 141, 231n United States, 29, 148 USSR see Soviet Union

Valery, Paul, 11, 29, 36, 223n, 224n

Vandegans, Andre, 222n, 229n Van Gogh, Vincent, 118, 211

Vermeer, Jan, 192 Verne, Jules, 67, 68 Verve, 174, 211 Very, Pierre, 222n Vietnam see Indochina Viggiani, Carl A., 22ln, 226n, 236n Villani, Sergio, 226n Vinh Dao, 227n, 228n Virgil, 135 Vlaminck, Maurice de, 2 Voie royale, La (The Royal Way), 5,

6, 19, 28, 43, 67-81, 94, 99, 109, 120, 161

adventure, 5, 67-70, 72 concept of fraternity, 79, 81 concept of metamorphosis,

79-80 Grabot as ultimate symbol of

the inhuman, 74-5 heroes' struggle against decay,

75-8, 80-1 influence of Malraux's Indochina

experience on, 5, 68, 69 jungle as allegory of human

condition, 73-4, 89, 108 metaphysical novel, 70-5, 78 obsession with death, 72, 75-9 storyline, 68-70 struggle against absurdity of

human condition, 71, 73, 76, 108

Voix du silence, Les (The Voices of Silence), 18-19, 20, 96, 161, 168, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 180, 187-8, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 217

see also plastic arts, essays on

Werth, Leon, 224n Wilhelm, Bernard, 140, 142, 146,

231n Wilson, Edmund, 32, 166, 197,

223n Winock, Michel, 234n

Yardley, Michael, 166, 233n Young Turks, 151, 166