noun clause lengkap

Whose

Adding descriptive information for possessive nouns

Relative Pronoun for Personal Possession — whose

WHO – SUBJECT OR OBJECT PRONOUNWHOSE – SUBJECT OR OBJECT

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNWho replaces the subject noun of a modifying clause (relative clause) and who or whom to replace a object noun of a modifying clause (relative clause).

Whose replaces the possessive subject or object noun of a modifying clause (relative clause).

SUBJECT OF CLAUSE

The woman who is Greek is on the phone.She is Greek.

SUBJECT OF CLAUSE

The woman whose name is Greek is on the phone.

Her name is Greek. OBJECT OF CLAUSE

The woman who(m) you met is on the phone. You met her.

OBJECT OF CLAUSE

The woman whose husband you met is on the phone. You met her husband.

Adding a possessive clause with whose as the subject

JOIN THE SENTENCESINDEPENDENT

CLAUSEDEPENDENT

CLAUSE

1. Replace the possessive noun her with whose.The woman is on the phone.

Her name is Greek.

whose name is Greek

2. Insert the clause directly after the noun it modifies.

The woman whose name is Greek is on the phone.

3. Add commas if the clause adds extra information that is not essential to identifying who the person is. (a non-identifying, non-restrictive clause) See Some or All

The woman, whose name is Greek, is on the phone.

Adding a possessive clause with whose as the object


CLAUSEDEPENDENT

CLAUSE

1. Replace the object pronoun her with whose

The woman is on the phone.

You met her husband.

2. Move the relative pronoun to the front of the sentence.

whose husband you met

3. Insert the clause directly after the noun it modifies

The woman whose husband you met is on the phone.

4. Add commas if the clause adds extra information that is not essential to identifying who the person is. (a non-identifying, non-restrictive clause) See Some or All

The woman, whose husband you met, is on the phone.

Common Mistakes

http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/clauses-6.html




ERROR FIX *The woman whose husband we chatted with him lives next door.

The woman whose husband we chatted with [him] lives next door.

*The woman who her husband is from Uruguay is going to be the CEO of the company.

The woman whose husband is from Uruguay is going to be the CEO of the company. (Change who her to whose.)

*The runner who his balloons popped ran to the finish line naked!

The runner whose balloons popped ran to the finish line naked!

Of Which / With

She wrote a book!

Adding descriptive information for possessive nouns

Possessive Pronouns - People vs. Things

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN - PEOPLE & THINGS

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN - THINGS

Use whose to add a modifying clause with a possessive noun – people. Informally, whose is also used with inanimate nouns.

the X of which is the formal way to add a modifying clause with a possessive inanimate noun. There are several other ways as well.

The woman wrote a book. I have forgotten the name of the woman.

The woman whose name I have forgotten wrote a book. (formal)The woman with a name I have

She wrote a book. I've forgotten the name of the book.

She wrote a book the name of which I have forgotten. (formal) She wrote a book whose name I have

forgotten wrote a book. (formal/informal)

forgotten. (formal–informal)She wrote a book of which I have forgotten the name. (formal)She wrote a book that I have forgotten the name of. (informal)She wrote a book of which I have forgotten the name. (formal) She wrote a book with a name I have forgotten. (informal)

Inanimate Possessive

Of which

Of Which – Subject Clause


CLAUSE

DEPENDENT CLAUSE with subject

pronoun

1. Replace the object noun (book) with which. She wrote a book.The name of the book is America by Heart. [the name of which]

2. Insert the clause into the main sentence. 3. Add punctuation if needed. No punctuation is needed if the clause helps to identify which noun you are talking about. (identifying clauses)

She wrote a book the name of which is America by Heart.

Of Which – Object Clause



CLAUSE

DEPENDENT CLAUSE with object

pronoun

1. Replace the object noun (book) with which. She wrote a book.

I've forgotten the name of the book.

[the name of which]

2. Move the relative pronoun to the front of the sentence.3. Insert the clause into the main sentence.

4. Add punctuation if needed. No punctuation is needed if the clause helps to identify which noun we are talking about. (identifying clauses)

She wrote a bookthe name of which I have forgotten.

Inanimate Possessive (less formal)

With

With – Subject Clause


CLAUSEDEPENDENT CLAUSE with

subject pronoun1. Replace the possessive object noun phrase (of the X) with with.Remove the verb.

She wrote a book.The name of the book is America by Heart.[with the name]

2. Insert the clause into the main sentence.

3. No punctuation is used. She wrote a book with the name America by Heart.


With – Object Clause


CLAUSEDEPENDENT CLAUSE

with object pronoun

1. Replace the possessive object noun phrase (of the X) with with.

She wrote a book.I've forgotten the name of the book.

[with a name]2. Move the relative pronoun to the front of the sentence.3. Insert the clause into the main sentence.

4. Remove a contraction (I've) if the syllable is stressed when speaking.

She wrote a book*with a name I've forgotten. with a name I have forgotten.

*Yellow highlighted words are examples of incorrect usage.

When / Where

"Flower Child" in San Franciscoin the 1960s.

Adding descriptive information for time or place

A modifying clause uses pronouns to connect the dependent clause to the independent clause.

where (pronoun for place) when (pronoun for time)

When and Where - object pronouns

WHEN - REPLACES AN OBJECT NOUNWHERE - REPLACES AN OBJECT

NOUNWhen is a time-relative pronoun that joins a Where is a location-relative pronoun that joins

modifying clause. In the example below, the clause modififies the city.

a modifying clause. In the example below, the clause modififies the years.

The city where the "flower children" lived, is a colorful city. The "flower children" lived there.

colorful = interesting and unusual

The years when the "flower children" thrived, was a colorful decade. The "flower children" thrived then.

decade = 10 year period; thrive = to live well and expand

Adding a Clause with Where



The city is a colorful place.

The "flower children" lived in this city.

1. Replace the object pronoun city with where.


where the "flower children" lived


The city where the "flower children" lived is a colorful place.

4. Add punctuation if the clause is nonidentifying.

San Francisco,where the "flower children" lived, is a colorful place. (Use commas.)

Adding a Clause with When



The time was a colorful decade.

The "flower children" thrived in this time.

http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/clauses-4.html#commas

1. Replace the object pronoun 1960s with when.


when the "flower children" thrived


The time when the "flower children" thrived was a colorful decade.

4. Add punctuation if the clause is nonidentifying.

The 1960s, when the "flower children" thrived, was a colorful decade. (Use commas.)

thrive (v.) – to become very successful or very strong and healthy

Where can replace:

AT WHICH ON WHICH IN WHICH

exact address or residencefloor, street location, geographical place

city, area, state, country

the house at which I work is nearby.

the floor on which I work is the twelfth.

the room in which I work is here.

the building at which I work is nearby.

the street on which I work is nearby.

the city in which I work is nearby.

the address at which I work is 310 Elm St.

the corner on which I workthe state in which I pay taxes is Utah.

the location at which I work the island on which I workthe country in which I pay taxes is the U.S.A.

* No commas are used.

When can replace:

AT WHICH ON WHICH IN WHICH

hour, time of the day day month, season, year, decade, century

the time at which I eat lunch is noon.

the day on which I was born was snowy.

the month in which I pay taxis is April.

the hour at which I eat lunch is the day on which I was born the season in which I vacation

http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/clauses-4.html#commas

12:00–1:00 p.m. was Tuesday. is summer.the time at which I eat lunch is 12:00 p.m.

the day on which I started school was June 1.

the years in which I worked were 2000-2011.

Using Commas

Identifying vs. nonidentifying clauses

AN IDENTIFYING CLAUSE A NON-IDENTIFYING CLAUSENo commas are used to set off a clause that provides information that helps identify the noun.

Commas are used to set off a modifying clause that provides additional information about a noun that is already clearly identified.

The area where the "flower children" lived was a colorful section of San Francisco.

The Haight, where the "flower children" lived, was a colorful area in San Francisco.

The years when the "flower children" thrived was a colorful decade.

The 1960s, when the "flower children" thrived, was a colorful decade.

Related pages: Identifying Clauses , Restrictive vs. Nonrestrictive clauses



Wh-ever

Adding a clause with an indefinite relative pronoun

Wh-ever Uses

WH- EVER REPHRASED

Whatever is a determiner that refers to "any" (not a particular thing.)

Whoever, whatever, whichever and however have similar open meanings: "It doesn't matter who/what/how", "any person, thing, way" or "an unknow person, thing, way"

RELATIVE DETERMINER (FREE CHOICE)Whatever you bake will be delicious. ("What ever you bake" is the subject of the sentence.)

Any thing (that) you bake will be delicious. (meaning – it's your selection)

RELATIVE DETERMINER (ANY, ALL)Take whatever ingredients (that) you need. ("whatever ingredients you need" is the object of the sentence.)

(You) take the/ any ingredients ingredients (that) you need.

RELATIVE DETERMINER (UNPREDICTABLE, UNKNOWN)Whatever the hour, he calls me. (T he clause "whatever the hour is" is shortened, omitting be.

He calls me regardless of the hour / no matter what the hour is.

ingredients – food that goes into a recipe

Wh–ever

As Relative Pronouns

Whoever Clauses

WHOEVER ANY PERSONWhoever means "It doesn't matter who", "any person who", "the unknown person who"; use a singular verb; use whoever for a subject or an object pronoun.

Rephrase as any person [who + clause]; the person is indefinite "any"

Whoever wants to know can ask me. (pronoun-subject of main clause)

Any person who wants to know can ask me.(subject of main clause & subject of modifying clause)

Who(m)ever you tell will be jealous. (pronoun-subject of main clause)

Any person who you tell will be jealous.(subject of main clause & object of modifying clause)

You told my secret to whoever asked you. (pronoun-object of main clause)

You told my secret to any person who asked you.(object of main clause & subject of modifying clause)

You told my secret to who(m)ever you met. (pronoun-object of main clause)

(Use whoever for the subject or object of the modifying clause.)

You told my secret to any person who you met.(object of main clause & object of modifying clause)

Whatever Clauses

WHATEVER ANY THINGWhatever means "It doesn't matter what", "any thing that", "the unknown thing that"; use a singular verb; use whatever for a subject

Rephrase as anything [that + clause]

or an object pronoun.

Whatever he says is true. (pronoun-subject of main clause)

Anything that he says is true.(subject of main clause & subject of modifying clause)

Whatever you want is yours. (pronoun-subject of main clause)

Anything that you want is yours.(subject of main clause & object of modifying clause)

You can have whatever you please/ wish / like. (pronoun-object of main clause)

You can have anything that you please/ wish / like.(object of main clause & subject of modifying clause)

You can have whatever you want. (pronoun-object of main clause)

You can have anything that you want.(object of main clause & object of modifying clause)

Whichever Clauses

WHICHEVER / WHATEVER (determiner) ANYWhichever is a determiner that makes no reference to a particular one.

Rephrase as any person / thing [that + clause]

Whichever person you ask, he will tell you the same. (any person)

Any person (that) you ask will tell you the same.

Whichever one you want, you may have. (any one / thing)

Any one (that) you want, you may have.

However Clauses

HOWEVER (adverb) REPHRASEDHowever means "It doesn't matter how", "any way that", "the way that"; use a singular verb; use

Rephrase as "no matter how" or "any way that".

however as an .DETERMINER (FREE CHOICE, ANY)However you dress, you always look good.

Any way you dress, you always look good.

You can explain it however you want (to).

You can explain it in any manner you want (to).

DETERMINER (NO MATTER HOW)However much she tries, she'll never be quiet. however + adverb

She'll never be quiet no matter how much she tries. (even if she tries very hard)

However rich you are, you cannot buy true friendship. however + adjective

You cannot buy true friendship no matter how rich you are. even if you are very

However cleverly he speaks, he cannot hide his dishonesty. however + adverb

He cannot hide his dishonesty no matter how cleverly he speaks. even if he speaks very cleverly

Wh-ever Clauses

Clause Order

Changing clause order

INITIAL SENTENCE POSITION MEDIAL SENTENCE POSITIONWh-ever pronouns can be used in initial sentence position to introduce a modifying clause.

Or they can be used in the middle of the sentence to introduce a modifying clause.

Whichever one you want, you can have. You can have whichever one you want. (any one .... that)

Whenever you please, you can phone meYou can phone me whenever you please. (any time .... that)

Wherever we went, people talked about us.People talked about us wherever we went. (any place .... that)

However you travel, it will take a day to get there

It will take a day to get there however you travel. (any manner .... that)

Rewording Wh-ever Clauses

WH-EVER CLAUSE CLAUSE REPHRASED

These sentences can be rephrased by returning the words to standard order.

These are the underlying sentence structures: "any" or "no matter"

Whoever telephones, tell them I am out. (Any person who, no matter who)

Tell [them] whoever telephones that I am out. Delete "them".Tell any person who telephones that I am out.

Whoever you are, I'm not opening the door. (No matter who, regardless of who)

I'm not opening the door for whoever you are. Add "for".I'm not opening the door no matter who you are.

Whatever your reason is, make sure it is a good one. (No matter what, regardless of what)

(You) make sure your reason is a good one whatever it is.Make sure your reason is a good one no matter what it is.

Whatever she said to you, you can believe. (No matter what)

You can believe whatever she said to you.You can believe anything/something that she said to you.

Wh–ever

Whichever one you want, you can have

Word Forms

Whatever/Whichever as a determiner

DETERMINERADVERB (IN AN

ADVERBIAL PHRASE)In these sentences, whichever and whatever are more like determiners — any/some in a modifying clause.

Whatever occasion arrives, she bakes. She bakes for some/any occasion that arrives.

Whatever reasons she had, she went out. She went out for some/any reason that she had.

Whichever day you choose, just let us know.

Let us know any day that you choose.

Determiners are words that come before nouns such as: a, an, one, some, any, this, that, these, those, much many, my, you, ours, few, less, several, all, both, etc.)

Whatever/Whichever as an adverb

http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/agr-determiners.html

ADVERB (IN AN ADVERBIAL PHRASE) REPHRASEDIn these sentences, whichever and whatever are more like adverbs in phrases (telling when, where, why or what for). Note that the noun is the object of a prepositional phrase.

When rephrased, the adverbial expression becomes the object of a preposition.

Whatever the occasion, she bakes. What for? She bakes for some/any occasion.

Whatever the reason, she went out. Why?She went out for some/any reason.

Whichever the day, just let us know. When?Just let us know on which day / in which month / at which time.

Commonly Confused Words

Homonyms, Expressions & Slang

Whoever vs. Who ever!

WH–QUESTIONS + EVER WH–EVER QUESTIONSIn these questions, ever is used to express surprise or unexpected occurrence. The words in these expressions resemble the wh-ever words, but have different meanings.

The Wh-ever words below introduce modifying clauses and express any or no matter ... that

Who ever is that? Who is that, I wonder. (surprise, curiosity)

Whoever that is, will you tell them to come back later? (no matter who)

What ever have you done? What did you do? It's not what I expected. (dissatisfaction, anger)

Whatever you have done, we will be excited to see. (no matter what)

How ever did you do that? How did you do that? I am amazed. (surprise, admiration)

However you choose to do it is all right with us. (any manner that)

Why ever didn't you tell me you were unhappy? Why didn't you tell me? It was expected of you. (surprise, disappointment)

However (no matter how) vs. However (but)

HOWEVER (adverb) HOWEVER (conjunction)No matter how; any manner; adverb But conjunction for contrast.However she dresses, she always looks stylish. (no matter how)

She wanted to get dressed up. However, the event was casual.

We can get this done however you want to do it. (no matter how / in any manner)

We can get this done; however, he doesn't want to.

Whatever - Slang

WHATEVER MEANING

"You put the DVD into the wrong drive.""Oh, whatever. " (WEV in text messaging)

Whatever is used in an argument to concede (admit but not admit) so that the argument will be over. The speaker avoids an argument, "agree to disagree".

"Look, if you don't put the soap in first and then add the clothes, you'll get bleach spots on your colored clothing and you don't want that, do you?""Whatever..."

Whatever is used to end / leave / escape a conversation that is becoming too long with unnecessary or personally irrelevant information. "Enough"

Common Mistakes

ERROR FIX

Whatever is the reason, she doesn't want to eat.

For whatever reason, she doesn't want to eat. (for some / any reason that)

Whatever the reason, she doesn't want to eat. (no matter what the reason that)

She doesn't want to eat for some reason. (the reason is unknown)

She doesn't want to eat for any reason. (no reason exists)

You told my secret to whoever. ('Whoever' is awkward standing alone as an object pronoun.)

You told my secret to anyone / everyone. (Rephrase using an indefinite pronoun.)You told my secret to whoever you met. (Rephrase using a modifying clause.)

All of Which

Using quantity expressions to add modifying clauses

Modifying Clauses with Quantity Expressions

[QUANTITY] OF WHICH [QUANTITY] OF WHOMA quantity expression can be used to add a modifying clause for an inanimate noun, thing.

A quantity phrase can be used to add a modifying clause for an animate noun, people.

Disneyland, all of which belongs to the Disney Company, is located in Anaheim.

California has a lot of visitors, most of who(m) visit Disneyland.

Disneyland, most of which is crowded with people, is a favorite tourist site.

Walt Disney was devoted to his children, all of who(m) adored their father.

Sleeping Beauty's Castle, all of which is half- Disney fans, many of who(m) Mr. Disney met

scale, is located in Fantasy land.personally, praised his projects.

The quantifying expression [quantity] of whom is used as the subject or object of the modifying clause. Whom (not who) is used because it is the object of the prepositional phrase of.

Examples of Quantity Phrase Pronouns

some of whichmany of who(m)

most of whose (cars)

none of who(m)

two of who(m)

half of who(m) both of which neither of who(m) each of whichall of whose (money)

both of whose (names)

several of which

a few of which a little of which a number of who(m)

Quantity Phrases can be used before which, whom or whose +noun.

Sentence Transformation

Using Quantity Phrases to Join Clauses

"Most of which"

JOIN THE SENTENCES INDEPENDENT CLAUSEDEPENDENT

CLAUSE

The Disney Company has several parks.

All of them are run by Disney.

http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/agree4a.html

1. Replace the pronoun all of them with all of which


all of which are run by Disney.

3. Add commas if the clause adds non-identifying information.

The Disney Company has several parks

, all of which are run by Disney.

Disney – Walt Disney Parks and Resorts

"Most of whom"


CLAUSEDEPENDENT

CLAUSE

California has a lot of visitors.

Most of them come to see Disneyland.

1. Replace the pronoun most of them with most of whom. (Whom is used because it is the object of the prepositional phrase "of")


most of whom come to see Disneyland.

3. Add commas if the clause adds non-identifying information.

California has a lot of visitors

, most of whom come to see Disneyland.

"Most of whose"



She listens to Lady Gaga.

Most of her songs have been hits.

1. Replace the pronoun most of her songs with most of whose songs


most of whose songs have been hits.

3. Add commas if the clause adds non- She listens to Lady , most of whose songs have

identifying information. Gaga been hits.

Common Mistake

ERROR FIX

*On my trip, there were forty people, most of who were from Italy.

On my trip, there were forty people, most of whom were from Italy.Whom (not who) is used because it is the object of the prepositional phrase of.

noun clause lengkap

Documents

balloons popped

buy true friendship

main clause

adding descriptive

san francisco

main clause

possessive

adverbial