noun phrases
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
NOUN PHRASE
English Grammar
Group members:
1. Le Thi Hoai Thanh2. Nguyen Hanh Le3. Tran Thi Ut Tram4. Hoang Thi Thu Huong5. Le Thi Thu Phuong6. Nguyen Thi Thu Trang
Noun – Noun classes
Noun classes
Proper nouns
Common nouns
Definition : Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas.
person
place
thing
idea
?
Noun – Noun classes
Proper nouns
Bill Clinton the Nile the UNICEF
geographical names
Personal names
institutions/ organizations
calendar itemsEaster
Noun – Noun classes
car
cars
Common nouns
Count Ns Non-count Ns
Singular
Plural
Singular
salt
Noun – Noun classes
Noun classes
Proper nouns Common nouns
Count Ns Non-count NsE.g. Tom, John
Singular
Plural Singular
table tables freedom
Noun Phrase
Example: The second black bag on the table is very nice.
art numeral adj head PP
WHAT IS A NOUN PHRASE ?
Definition: A noun phrase is a group word with a noun or a pronoun as the head & other constituents as modifiers.
Noun Phrase
Functions: noun phrases perform 6 major grammatical functions in the English language:
1. Subject: This book is very interesting.
S2. Direct Object: Mary kicked the ball.
Od
3. Indirect Object: He gives his father a hat.
Oi
Noun Phrase
4. Subject Complement Ex: He is a student. S Cs 5. Object Complement: Ex: We elected you team leader O Co6. Prepositional Complement Ex: I work in this company. PP Cpp
Basic noun phrase
Basic NP
(Determiners)
Head noun+
Determiners = words of close-system used before a N to “determine” the precise meaning of the N.
Pre-determiners
( Central ) Determiners
Post-determiners
Pre-determiners All, Both, Half
Multipliers
Fractions
such , what (exclamative).
Pre-determiners All, Both, Half
+ Before: - Articles ( a, an, the, zero articles)
Ex: All the time
- Possessive determiners (my, her ,his, etc.)
Ex: Both his sisters
- Demonstrative determiners ( this, that, these, etc.)
Ex: Half those days.
+ Not before: Quantitative determiners (no, each, any, some, enough, (n)either, every)
Pre-determiners All, Both, Half
+ Take partitive “ of-phrases” Optional with Nouns
Ex: All (of) the time
Obligatory with pronouns
Ex: All of them, both of us, Half of it
+ “All, both” occur after head, either immediately or after the operator
Ex: They (all) were (all) accepted.
Pre-determiners Multipliers Once, twice, three times, double, etc.
+ Used to denote the quality of the nouns Ex: Twice his strength Double their papers+ Occur with the determiners “a, every, each” and “per” to indicate frequency. Ex: Once a week Twice every day Three time each year
Pre-determiners Fractions one-third, two-fifths, three- quarters, etc .
+ The fraction have the alternative of-construction.
Ex: One-third (of ) the time .
Two-fifths (of) the students.
+ The indefinite article can replace “one”
Ex: He did it in one-third/ a third of the time it took me
Pre-determiners such , what (exclamative).
+ Occur before the head noun .
+ “ Such” combined with “all/no, quantifiers, cardinal numbers”
Ex:No/many/30 such incidents
( Central ) Determiners
(1)
Possessive : My, our, her, .etc...Wh-words, some, any (stressed), no
(2)
Zero Article some,
any (unstress
ed) enough
(3)
(A)n every, each, (n)either
(4)
This,
That
(5)
, Those
These
(6)
much
(central) Determiners respect to their co-occurrence with the noun classes
bottle
bottlesfurniture
Count Non-count
SINGULAR
PLURAL
( Central ) Determiners
(1)
Possessive : My, our, her, .etc...
The Possessive (‘my’, ‘your’, 'his’, etc.)Genitive (‘my father’s’, ‘Anne’s’, etc.)NoWhoseWhich (ever)What (ever)Some (stressed)Any (stressed)
Book
Books
Ink
+
Ex:
( Central ) Determiners
Ex:
Zero articleSome (unstressed)Any (unstressed)enough
Books
ink +
(2)
Zero Article some,
any (unstress
ed) enough
( Central ) Determiners
Ex:
An/aeveryeacheitherneither
Book
ink +
(3)
(A)n every, each, (n)either
( Central ) Determiners
Ex:
(4)
This,
That
This
That
+Book
ink
( Central ) Determiners
Ex:
(5)
, Those
These
Book
ink
+Those
These
( Central ) Determiners
Ex:
(6)
much
+Much Ink
Post-determiners
Cardinal numerals
Ordinal numerals
closed-system quantifiers
Opened-system quantifiers
Post-determiners
Cardinal numerals
- Apart from One , which can co-occur only with singular count nouns , all cardinal numerals ( two, three...) co-occur only with plural count nouns:
Ex: The two students The two carsDet post-det head Det post-det head
Post-determiners
Ordinal numerals
-In addtion to the ordinals which have a one-for-one relation with the cardinals ( fourth~four; twentieth-twenty), we consider here items like next, last, (an) other, additional, which resemble them grammtically and semantically.Ordinal numerals, exept first, co-occur only with count nouns.
Ex: The first three planes His last two bookDet post-det head Det post-det head
Post-determiners
close-system quantifiers
- Before count Ns: many , (a)few, several- Before non-count Ns: much, (a) little
Ex: The few words Much stressDet post-det head post-det head
Post-determiners
Open-system quantifiers
- Include : plenty of, a lot of, lost of, a great of, a large of etc.
- Verbs have number concord with the second nouns , not the quality nouns (lot, deal, lost, plenty, etc.)
Ex: Lots of food was on the table.
There was a lot of food on the table
Complex noun phrase
I. Structure
- Noun phrases play an important role in the construction of a sentence.
- Basic noun phrases can be pronouns, numerals or head nouns with different determiners while complex ones include pre-modification, head noun and post-modification
E.g.: All the 11 pupils playing football
Complex NP
Pre-modification
Head noun
+Post-modification
+
Structure
Structure
Pre-modification Head noun Post-modification
Three Three men In a boat
The Italian Expression For coffee
A Pen On the table
Structure
Modifiers before the noun are called pre-modifiers. All of the pre-modifiers that are present and the noun together form a noun phrase .
NOUN PHRASE pre-modifiers noun * ← white house * ← large man * ← post -modifiers—modifiers coming after a noun. a dream deferred → *
Head noun
A "head noun" is the main noun that is modified by other elements in a noun phrase.
It is important that you can find head nouns, because this allows you determine whether the phrase can take an indefinite article (if the head noun is a noncountnoun, then it cannot occur with 'a' or 'an')..
Like in the basic noun phrase, the head noun, first of all, is the central element and core component of the complex noun phrase.
It may be count or mass noun which dictates concord and (for the most part) other kinds of congruence with the rest of the sentence outside the noun phrase.
Head noun
Ex: The only girl in this class is hard working
head - All of the beautiful girls in my
class are kind - I like the car that you bought.
Car is the head noun because the adjective clause modifies it.
.
Head noun
Look at these examples. The head nouns are underlined. Notice that the head noun is NOT the noun right before the adjective clause.
Ex:. The people in Japan I met were very polite and friendly.
Modification
Modification
function
status
Restrictive Permanent
Non-restrictive
Temporary
Modification
Modification
function
statusstatus
Restrictive PermanentPermanent
Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive TemporaryTemporary
• helps identify the head &
indicate a
limitation on the possible
reference of the
head• tends to come after the head • tends to be given more prosodic
emphasis
than the head
E.g.: The flowers in your garden
are nice.
He visited his aunt who
often lent
him money.
Modification
Modification
function
statusstatus
RestrictiveRestrictive PermanentPermanent
Non-restrictive
TemporaryTemporary
• gives additional information to the head
but is not essential for identifying the head • the reference: unique or as member
of a class that has been independently identified• tends to come before the head• tends to be unstressed in pre-head
position E.g.: The book, which I gave you yesterday, is quite readable. (member of a class) She is his poor, old mother. (unique)
Modification
Modification
functionfunction status
Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive Permanent
RestrictiveRestrictive TemporaryTemporary
• Have reference to characteristic features
• Mainly the items which are placed in pre-
modification position E.g.: an ugly man the easy-going lady
Modification
Modification
functionfunction status
Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive PermanentPermanent
RestrictiveRestrictive Temporary
• Have reference only to a specific time
• Mainly those adjectives which have to be
predicate E.g.: A man who is timid = A timid man A man who is afraid # An afraid man
1. Defination
•Pre- modification including modifiers that stand before the head off complex NP.
• modifiers is a word (adj, adv…) that describes an other word or group of words or restrict its, meaning in some way. IT is the unit of forming a structure element.
• modification is the act or process of changing something in order to improve it or make it more acceptable. It is the structure element
Premodification
OverviewPremodificationPremodification
PredeterminerPredeterminer
DeterminerDeterminerDeterminerDeterminer
SentenceSentence
AdverbialAdverbial
AdjectivesAdjectives
Noun modifierNoun modifier
Post-determinerPost-determiner
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
participleparticiple
PremodificationPremodification
determinerdeterminer
AdverbialAdverbial
SentenceSentence
Noun modifierNoun modifier
DeterminerDeterminer
participleparticiple
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
PredeterminerPredeterminer
DeterminerDeterminer
Post-determinerPost-determiner
Overview
PremodificationPremodification
AdjectivesAdjectives
AdverbialAdverbial
SentenceSentence
Noun modifierNoun modifier
DeterminerDeterminersizesize
opinionopinion
materialmaterial
origionorigion
colorcolor
shapeshape
ageage
purposepurpose
participleparticiple
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
PremodificationPremodificationopinionopinion
SizeSize
shapeshape
ColorColor
originorigin
materialmaterial
purposepurpose
ageage
Beautiful, good
AdjectivesAdjectives
AdverbialAdverbial
SentenceSentence
Noun modifierNoun modifier
DeterminerDeterminer
participleparticiple
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
PremodificationPremodification
sizesize
opinionopinion
shapeshape
ColorColor
originorigin
materialmaterial
purposepurpose
ageage
Big, small
AdjectivesAdjectives
AdverbialAdverbial
SentenceSentence
Noun modifierNoun modifier
DeterminerDeterminer
participleparticiple
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
PremodificationPremodification
ageage
opinionopinion
shapeshape
ColorColor
originorigin
materialmaterial
purposepurpose
sizesize
Big, smallAdjectivesAdjectives
AdverbialAdverbial
SentenceSentence
Noun modifierNoun modifier
DeterminerDeterminer
participleparticiple
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
PremodificationPremodification
ageage
opinionopinion
shapeshape
ColorColor
originorigin
materialmaterial
purposepurpose
sizesize
Old, youngAdjectivesAdjectives
AdverbialAdverbial
SentenceSentence
Noun modifierNoun modifier
DeterminerDeterminer
participleparticiple
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
PremodificationPremodification
shapeshape
opinionopinion
ageage
ColorColor
originorigin
materialmaterial
purposepurpose
sizesize
Square, round
AdjectivesAdjectives
AdverbialAdverbial
SentenceSentence
Noun modifierNoun modifier
DeterminerDeterminer
participleparticiple
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
PremodificationPremodification
ColorColor
opinionopinion
ageage
ShapeShape
originorigin
materialmaterial
purposepurpose
sizesize
Blue, red…
AdjectivesAdjectives
AdverbialAdverbial
SentenceSentence
Noun modifierNoun modifier
DeterminerDeterminer
participleparticiple
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
PremodificationPremodification
originorigin
opinionopinion
ageage
ShapeShape
ColorColor
materialmaterial
purposepurpose
sizesize
English, chinese
AdjectivesAdjectives
AdverbialAdverbial
SentenceSentence
Noun modifierNoun modifier
DeterminerDeterminer
participleparticiple
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
PremodificationPremodification
materialmaterial
opinionopinion
ageage
ShapeShape
ColorColor
orifinorifin
purposepurpose
sizesize
metal.,
AdjectivesAdjectives
AdverbialAdverbial
SentenceSentence
Noun modifierNoun modifier
DeterminerDeterminer
participleparticiple
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
PremodificationPremodification
materialmaterial
opinionopinion
ageage
ShapeShape
ColorColor
orifinorifin
materialmaterial
sizesize
metal.,
AdjectivesAdjectives
AdverbialAdverbial
SentenceSentence
Noun modifierNoun modifier
DeterminerDeterminer
participleparticiple
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
The adjective order
article
opinion
size age
shape
color origin material
purpose
noun
a silly old English man1.
2. a huge round metal bowl
3. a small red sleeping bag
Premodifying adjective intensifying
reverse
Gennerally attribute only
a real hero, a definite loss, a complete fool, a close friend
Restrictive adjectives
restrict the reference of the noun exclusively, particularly or chiefly
a certain person the exact answerthe only occasion the very man.
attributive only
adjectives which cannot pre-modify the head, but can be predicative
faint, ill, well, able, afraid,etc.
PremodificationPremodification
participleparticiple
AdverbialAdverbial
SentenceSentence
Noun modifierNoun modifier
DeterminerDeterminer
adjectiveadjective
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
-ed-ed
-ing-ing
Premodification by participle
-ing participle: temporary: the approaching train (=the train which is approaching) Permanent: an interesting book (=a book that interests readers).
Premodification by participle
-ed participle: passive: the broken vase (=the vase that was broken) Non-passive: a retired teacher (=a teacher who has retired)
Premodification
adverbial
participleparticiple
SentenceSentence
Noun modifierNoun modifier
DeterminerDeterminer
adjectiveadjective
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
Premodification by adverbs
Adverbial modifiers
Standing before noun to modify it.The chidren are playing nearly houseMy house have to go to far-away school.Eg: I visited his far-away hometown.
Premodification
Noun modifier
participleparticiple
SentenceSentence
adverbialadverbial
DeterminerDeterminer
adjectiveadjective
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
Overview
Noun modifiers
“a children book” “a children book” means a book for children the city council, the love story…Or I bought a new computer game
In these cases the noun pre-modifier is closely connected to the head noun that the two can almost be considered one word.
This illustrates that when nouns pre-modify other nouns they always come next to the head noun ; nothing else can come between them
Premodification
sentence
participleparticiple
Noun modifierNoun modifier
adverbialadverbial
DeterminerDeterminer
adjectiveadjective
Multiple premodifi-cationMultiple premodifi-cation
Overview
I gave him “I don’t know” answer.I got angry with his I-don’t-care attitude.
Sentence modifiers
Premodification
Multiple premodifi-cation
participleparticiple
Noun modifierNoun modifier
adverbialadverbial
DeterminerDeterminer
adjectiveadjective
SentenceSentence
Overview
Premodifiers head noun
Deter adj participle denonial
Predet det postdet gen age col shape… -ing/-ed adj noun
This beautiful new white Japanese cat.
The old pentagonal crumbling church tower.
Multiple premodifi-cation
+ multiple head with one modifierOld man and women
+modified modifierA noun can be premodified by either adjective or noun….
The meat production increase measures.
The extremely beautiful pictures.
Post – modification
Definition of post – modificationPost – modification ( also called post –
modifiers ) comprising all the items placed after the head.
The girl speaking English fluently. Head post – modification The man who is standing outside is my
neighbor. Head post - modifier
Types of post – modification
Relative clauseEx : the girl who is playing in the ground is
my daughter. Nonfinite clauseEx : the girl playing in the ground is my
daughter. Prepositional phrase/adverbEx : she loves the monitor in your class.
Relative clauseDeterminer head post modifiers The man who told
you the secret. Finite
clause The girl speaking
English fluently
Nonfinite clause A book with the
white cover
Prepositional phrase The road back Adverb
Relative clause
Post – modification by relative clause ( finite clause ) which can be restrictive or non – restrictive.
People who live in Vietnam are friendly and hospitable.
Restrictive relative clause The boy who lives next door is very kind
and polite. Restrictive relative clause Tom’s father, who is 78, goes swimming
everyday. Non- restrictive
Relative clause Restrictive relative clause_ help to definite the head noun_it is a essential clause to clarify it_ no commas between a noun and a
restrictive relative clause. Non – restrictive relative clause_ give additional information_ it is not essential_ non – restrictive relative clauses are
separated from their noun by commasThere are a number of relative clauses
beginning with relative English pronoun ‘ who, whom, whose, that ‘ ( for personal ); which, that, what ( for things)….
Nonfinite clause
Post – modification of the noun phrase is possible with all three of non – finite clause types : to – infinitive, -ing, -ed.
The next flight to arrive was from London To – infinitive The beautiful girl speaking English fluently -ing clause The vase broken during the row -ed clause
prepositional phrase A man from Britain who I was talking about
last night. prepositional phrase relative
clause The book on the bathroom floor is swollen
from shower steam. Prepositional phrase