nuclear decay. nuclear symbols element symbol mass number, a (p + + n o ) atomic number, z (number...
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Nuclear Decay
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Nuclear Symbols
Element symbol
Mass number, A (p+ + no)
Atomic number, Z(number of p+)
U23592
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Balancing Nuclear Equations
nKrBanU 10
9136
14256
10
23592 3
Areactants = Aproducts
Zreactants = Zproducts
235 + 1 = 142 + 91 + 3(1)
92 + 0 = 56 + 36 + 3(0)
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Balancing Nuclear Equations #2
4222688Ra
226 = 4 + ____222
222
88 = 2 + ___86
86
Atomic number 86 is radon, Rn
Rn
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Balancing Nuclear Equations #3
nInU 10
13953
10
23592 2
235 + 1 = 139 + 2(1) + ____95
3992 + 0 = 53 + 2(0) + ____
3995
Atomic number 39 is yttrium, Y
Y
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Alpha Decay
Alpha production (a):
an alpha particle is a
helium nucleus ThHeU 23490
42
23892
Alpha decay is limited to heavy, radioactive
nuclei
ThU 23490
42
23892
242
242 orHe
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Alpha Radiation
Limited to VERY large nucleii.
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Beta Decay
Beta production (b):A beta particle is an electron ejected from the nucleus
ePaTh 01
23491
23490
Beta emission converts a neutron to a proton
0123491
23490 PaTh
0101 ore
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Beta Radiatio
n
Converts a neutron into a proton.
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Gamma Ray Production
Gamma ray production (g):
Gamma rays are high energy photons produced in association with other forms of decay.
Gamma rays are massless and do not, by themselves, change the nucleus
0023490
42
23892 2 ThHeU
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Gamma Ray Production
Gamma ray production (g):
Gamma rays are high energy photons produced in association with other forms of decay.Gamma rays are massless and do not, by themselves, change the nucleus
0023490
42
23892 2 ThHeU
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Positron Production
Positron emission:Positrons are the anti-particle of the electron
Positron emission converts a proton to a neutron
NeeNa 2210
01
2211
e01
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Electron Capture
Electron capture: (inner-orbital electron is captured by the nucleus)
Electron capture converts a proton to a neutron
0020179
01
20180 AueHg
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Types of Radiation
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NuclearStability
Decay will occur in such a way as to return a nucleus to the band (line) of stability.The most stable nuclide is Iron-56
If Z > 83, the nuclide is radioactive
Graphic – Wikimedia user : Napy1kenobi
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A Decay Series
A radioactive nucleus reaches a stable state by a series of steps
Graphic – Wikimedia Commons User Tosaka
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Half-life
Graphic - http://cafreetextbooks.ck12.org/science/CK12_Earth_Science_rev.pdf
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Decay Kinetics
Decay occurs by first order kinetics (the rate of decay is proportional to the number of nuclides present)
ktN
N
0
lnN = number of nuclides remaining at time t
N0 = number of nuclides present initially
k = rate constant
t = elapsed time
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Calculating Half-life
kkt
693.0)2ln(2/1
t1/2 = Half-life (units dependent on rate constant, k)
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Sample Half-Lives