nuclear power plants - set · background ˜ high population growth ˜ greater urbanization ˜...
TRANSCRIPT
Nuclear Power Plants
Kaleem Ahmad
Kaleem Ahmad, PhDSustainable Energy Technologies Center
1st December 2015
Outline
� Background� Advantages of Nuclear Energy� Nuclear Fission� Nuclear Power Plants� Role of SET in Assisting and Promoting Nuclear
Technology Development in the Kingdom � Conclusions
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Background� High population growth� Greater urbanization� Rapidly growing industrialization � KSA is the largest consumer of
petroleum in the middle east� Overall demand for fossil fuels is
estimated to grow from 3.4 to 8.3 million barrels of oil equivalent per day in 2028.
� If this growth continues, it will have major impact on oil export
http://www.kacare.gov.sa
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
National Strategy for Proposed Energy Mix of KSA
� Introduction of ~50% sustainable energy to Saudi Arabia's energy mix
� Nuclear energy is an integral partof Kingdom energy plan
It projects 17 GWe of nuclearcapacity by 2032
http://www.kacare.gov.saKaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
KACARE Vision for KSA
Kingdom of Energy Kingdom of SUSTAINALBE ENERGY
• Transform KSA into the Kingdom of Sustainable Energy• To maintain KSA leadership role in the global energy landscape
http://www.kacare.gov.sa Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Why Nuclear Energy
• Nuclear energy is a base loadenergy source that generatespower more than 90 percent ofthe time, 24 hours a day, 365days a year on average.
• Essential part of Kingdomenergy mix strategy accordingto a Royal Decree
•Readily available, reliable proven technology without contributing to climate change
•Cost for nuclear is competitive with oil and gas as well as with renewable energy
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
Nuclear energy is a vital component of a clean energy strategy.Currently nuclear generation avoids the emission of over two billion tonnes of carbon dioxide each year.Nuclear power has already prevented the release of around 56 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide since 1971 equivalent to two years of global emissions at current rates.
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Environnemental Pollutants in Fossil Fuels
Plant WasteCoal 44 000 tonnes of sulphur oxides
22 000 tonnes of nitrous oxides 320 000 tonnes of ash containing 400 tonnes of heavy metals
Nuclear 30 tonnes of high level radioactive spent fuel800 tonnes of low and intermediate level radioactive waste
A 1000 MW(e) coal plant produces annually an average
France over the past 30 years has, through a rapid expansion in nuclear power, lowered its CO2 emissions by more than 80%
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Energy Density Comparisons (fuel requirements)1 kg firewood 1 kWh
1 kg coal: 3 kWh
1 kg oil: 4 kWh
1 kg uranium: 50 000 kWh
(3 500 000 kWh with reprocessing)
2 .6 million t Coal: 2000 train cars(1300 t each)
2 million t oil: 10 supertankers30 t uranium: reactor core
(10 cubic meters)
Annual Fuel Requirements of 1000 MWe plant (Tonnes)
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Land requirement comparisons
Fossil and nuclear sites: 1–4 km²Solar thermal or photovoltaic(PV) parks:
20–50 km²(a small city)
Wind fields: 50–150 km²Biomass plantations: 4000–6000 km² (a province)
Area requirement for 1000 MWe
http://www.alternateenergyholdings.com/facts-about-nuclear-energy.aspx
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Nuclear Fission
A reaction in which an atomic nucleus of heavy elementsnotably uranium and plutonium splits by bombardment ofa neutron, with simultaneous release of large amounts ofenergy is called fission
U23899.3 %
U235 0.7 %
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Basics of a Power Plant
The basic premises for the majority of power plants is to:� Create heat� Boil Water� Use steam to turn a turbine� Use turbine to turn generator� Produce Electricity
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Nuclear ReactorA nuclear reactor is a system that contains and controls sustained nuclear chain reactions.Commercial reactors are used for generating electricity,
� Propulsion power for submarines/ships � Producing medical isotopes for imaging and cancer treatment � Conducting research, training and material testing.
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Nuclear Reactor Components
1. Fuel rodsThese contain U235 or Pu239. They
become very hot due to nuclear fission.
2. Control rodsMade of boron, when placed in-between
the fuel rods these absorb neutrons and so reducethe rate of fission.
3. ModeratorThis surrounds the fuel rods and slows
neutrons down to make further fission more likely.Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Uranium Fuel
235U only fissile nuclide – only 1 atom of 235U in 140 atoms of 238U
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Nuclear Reactor Components (cont.)4. Coolant
This transfers the heat energy of the fuel rods to the heat exchanger. Coolant be water, carbon dioxide gas or liquid sodium.
5. Steam GeneratorFeed water is converted into high pressure
steam using the heat energy of the coolant.
6. Reactor pressure vesselThis is a thick steal vessel designed to
withstand the very high pressure and temperature.Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Types of Nuclear Reactors1. Light Water Reactors
� Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)� Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
2. Heavy Water Reactors� Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR-
CANDU)
3. Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR)
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Pressurized Water Reactor(PWR)
� 3.2% U-235 Fuel� 2-4 Loops => Steam� UO2 Pellets in Zircaloy� ~32% Efficiency� Pressurizer� Steam Generator� Top entry control rod
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
AREVA EPR (European Pressurized Water Reactor)
� 1650 MWe� 36 – 37% Efficiency� Mixed Oxide (MOX)
Fuel� 60 – yr Service Life� 3 – 4 yr Construction� Multiple Barriers and
Simple Safety Systems
http://www.areva.com/EN/global-offer-419/epr-reactor-one-of-the-most-powerful-in-the-world.html
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) � 3.2% U-235 Fuel� UO2 Pellets in Zircaloy� ~32% Efficiency� Bottom entry control
rod� Direct cycle cooling
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR)
� 1350 MWe� 77% more compact than
BWR design� 39 month construction
period
TOSHIBA, Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Unit 6, Japan
GE
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
CANDU-Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)
� Natural UO2 Pellets (fuel)� Heavy water (coolant +
moderator)� Online refueling
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Liquid Metal Cooled Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR)
01
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23993min23
23992
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23892
PuNp
NpU
UUn
days
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Nuclear Electricity Generation of Top Countries
Nuclear power plants provided 12.3 percent of the world's electricity productionKaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Reactor Type Reactor Type Descriptive Name
Number of Reactors
Total Net Electrical Capacity[MW]
PWRPressurized Light‐Water‐Moderated and Cooled Reactor 282 263387
BWR Boiling Light‐Water‐Cooled and Moderated Reactor 78 74755
PHWRPressurized Heavy‐Water‐Moderated and Cooled Reactor 49 24549
GCR Gas‐Cooled, Graphite‐Moderated Reactor 15 8175LWGR Light‐Water‐Cooled, Graphite‐Moderated Reactor 15 10219FBR Fast Breeder Reactor 2 580Total 441 381665Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Nuclear Power Plants in Operation (Pakistan)
KANUPP C-1 C-2
Location Karachi Mianwali Mianwali
Capacity 137MW 325 MW 325 MW
Start of Construction 1966 1993 2005
Commercial Operation Dec 1972 Sep 2000 May 2011
Capacity Factor (2014) 25%Till Nov.
201483% 83 %
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Under Construction NPPs
Size and Type: 2x340 MW Pressurized Water ReactorsContractor: China National Nuclear Corporation
Details C-3 C-4
Contract Signing 20 Nov 2008 20 Nov 2008
Groundbreaking 5 Aug 2010 1 Apr 2011
First Concrete Pouring 4 Mar 2011 18 Dec 2011
IAEA Approval of Safeguards 8 Mar 2011 8 Mar 2011
Commercial Operation (as per contract)
Dec 2016 Oct 2017
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Under Construction NPPs (Contd.)
Size and Type: 2x1100 MW Pressurized Water ReactorsContractor: China National Nuclear Corporation
Details K-2 K-3
Contract Signing 18 Feb 2013
Groundbreaking 14 Mar 2014 Dec 2014
First Concrete Pouring 21 Aug 2015 Mar 2016
Commercial Operation (as per contract)
Nov 2020 Sep 2021
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Role of SET in Assisting and Promoting Nuclear Technology Development in the Kingdom
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Role of SET in Assisting and Promoting Nuclear Technology Development in the Kingdom
� Education and TrainingMaster Program in Nuclear Engineering Post Diploma Training Program for TechniciansPost Graduate Training program for Engineers/Scientists
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Nuclear Fuel, Safeguards and Security
� Nondestructive performance evaluation of nuclearmaterials by the laser induced breakdownspectroscopy (LIBS)
� Characterization of Saudi Arabian ore forqualitative and quantitative estimation of a nuclearfuel content
� Nuclear security and safeguards applications indetecting illegal nuclear materials
Role of SET in Assisting and Promoting Nuclear Technology Development in the Kingdom (cont.)
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Nuclear Reactor Safety� Power safety sensors and
communication devices forreactor safety
Spent Fuel� Spent fuel monitoring in
nuclear industry
Role of SET in Assisting and Promoting Nuclear Technology Development in the Kingdom (cont.)
Establishment of state-of-art lab for high performance thermoelectric energy harvester for nuclear energy applications
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Simulation• Developing simulation models and techniques, performing
safety analysis, designing passive safety system andnuclear hybrid energy system for small modular nuclearreactors including nuclear forensics.
Background counting• The center has facilities to provide services in low
background counting, neutron flux monitoring, generalgamma spectroscopy, radon emanation etc.
Calibration of Survey Meters• Survey meters are normally used in different industries and
hospitals to measure the radiations. The center has thefacility to calibrate survey meters with different standardradiation sources.
Role of SET in Assisting and Promoting Nuclear Technology Development in the Kingdom (cont.)
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center
Conclusions
� Nuclear energy is a crucial component of Kingdom’senergy mix strategy.
� Nuclear power is one of the major low-carbon energysource and could play a significant role in ensuringsustainable and reliable energy supplies while curbingGHG emissions in the Kingdom.
� Modern nuclear power plant designs are more inherentlysafe and are less capital intensive, thereby making themattractive as compared to other energy sources.
� SET can play a vital role in assisting and promotingKingdom’s program for development of nuclear energy.
Kaleem Ahmad, Sustainable Energy Technologies Center