nur 101 m. gardner copyright2/4/2013. in order to meet homeostasis, the body fluids must maintain a...
TRANSCRIPT
ACID BASE BALANCE
NUR 101M. GardnerCopyright2/4/2013
ACID /BASE BALANCE In order to meet homeostasis, the
body fluids must maintain a stable chemical balance of hydrogen ions in body fluids.
This is done by regulating their acidity /alkalinity.
Deviation from a normal value indicates that the client is experiencing an acid/base imbalance
ACID/BASE BALANCE ACID – substance that releases
hydrogen ions (H+)
BASE – accept hydrogen ions in solution
This relationship is measured as pH.
ABG’S Measurement of ABGs involves
analysis of several components: pH PCO2 PO2 HCO3
ABCS of ABGs
Arterial blood gas analysis pH – measures the hydrogen ion
concentration it is an indication of the blood’s
acidity or alkalinity. Normal pH of body fluids is 7.35-7.45 pH 7 is neutral pH <7 is acid, pH >7 is alkaline
(base) acidic----neutral----alkaline
ABGs
PaCO2/PCO2 35-45mmHg
Carbon dioxide/CO2 Reflects adequate ventilation by the lungs Hyperventilation occurs PaCO2 <35mmHg.
RR/depth increases the more carbon dioxide is exhaled
Hypoventilation occurs PaCO2>45mmHg. RR/depth decreases, more carbon dioxide is
retained – increasing the concentration of CO2
ABGsHCO3 /Bicarbonate normal range 22-26mE/L base regulated by the kidneys the kidneys excrete and retain HCO3 to
maintain a normal acid/base balance is a principal buffer of the ECF
compartment
< 22mEq/L – indicates metabolic acidosis >26meq/L – indicates metabolic alkalosis
ABGs
PO2 – oxygen in arterial blood Normal range – 90-100mmHg
Regulation of Acid/Base Balance
Several body systems are actively involved in maintaining the narrow pH range necessary for optimal function.
This includes buffers, respiratory system, renal system
Buffers maintain acid/base balance by neutralizing excess acids/bases
The lungs/kidneys help maintain a normal pH by either excreting/retaining acid/bases.
BUFFERS A strong acid added to the ECF
causes the bicarbonate to become depleted neutralizing the acid pH drops acidosis
A strong base is added to the ECF, depleting carbonic acid the pH rises alkalosis
Buffer reaction is immediate
Respiratory Regulation Lungs regulate acid/base balance by
eliminating or retaining carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon dioxide powerful stimulator of the respiratory center
CO2 +H2O=H2CO3 this reaction is reversible
Renal Regulation Kidneys kick in by excreting or
retaining bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
Slower to respond to changes hour/days to correct imbalances
Renal Regulation Excessive hydrogen ions are present
and the pH falls (acidosis) kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate & excrete hydrogen ions.
With alkalosis and high pH excess bicarbonate is excreted and hydrogen ions are retained.
ABG’s –Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45Pa CO2 35-45 mm Hg
PaO2 80 -100 mm Hg HCO3 22-26 mEq/L
O2 Saturation 95-100%
Acid –Base Imbalances Are classified as respiratory or
metabolic considering the general/underlying cause of the disorder.
Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis retention/excretion of CO2
Bicarbonate /hydrogen levels are regulated by the kidneys, any problems metabolic acidosis/alkalosis
Respiratory Acidosis Client hypoventilates CO2 builds up
in the bloodstream and the pH drops below normal.
Kidneys try to compensate by conserving bicarbonate raises the pH
pH <7.35PaCO2 >45HCO3 normal or elevated if
compensating
Respiratory Acidosis
Causes: asthma, COPD chest wall trauma sedation medications Acute lung conditions
Respiratory Acidosis
Clinical Manifestations apprehension dizziness muscular twitching warm flushed skin lethargy diminished/absent breath sounds
over the affected area
Respiratory Acidosis
Interventions bronchodilator chest physiotherapy suction T,C, & DB narcotic antagonist
Respiratory Alkalosis Pt. hyperventilating this causes the
lungs to blow off CO2.
ABGpH > 7.45pCO2 <35HCO3 - normal or below 22, if
compensating
Respiratory Alkalosis
CausesHyperventilation due to extreme anxiety pain inappropriate mechanical ventilator
settings elevated body temperature
Respiratory Alkalosis
Clinical Manifestations increase in rate & depth of
respirations tachycardia anxious, restlessness
Respiratory Alkalosis
Interventions treat the underlying disorder allay anxiety – prevent
hyperventilation monitor VS assist client to breathe in a paper bag
Metabolic Acidosis Bicarbonate levels are low in relation
to the amount of carbonic acid pH low.
ABG pH is below 7.35 pCO2 normal, if less than 35 may be
compensated HCO3 -- <22 mEq/L
Metabolic Acidosis
Causes starvation diarrhea poisoning diabetes
Metabolic Acidosis
Clinical Manifestations headache lethargy confusion tachypnea with deep respirations
Metabolic Acidosis
Interventions treat the underlying problem replace F/E sodium bicarbonate – IV monitor neurological status
Metabolic Alkalosis Commonly associated with
hypokalemia Increase levels of bicarbonate
ABG pH >7.45 pCO2 normal or above 45 if
compensating HCO3 >26
Metabolic Alkalosis
Cause Excessive acid loss from the GI tract Diuretic therapy
Metabolic Alkalosis
Clinical manifestations Slow, shallow respirations S&S are commonly associated with
an underlying condition
Metabolic Alkalosis
Interventions monitor VS maintain patent IV access monitor I&O replace F&E
ABG Analysis It is a respiratory problem if the pH
and CO2 are traveling in the opposite directions.
pH< 7.35 & CO2 >45 = Respiratory Acidosis
pH >7.35 & CO2<35 = Respiratory Alkalosis
ABG Analysis It is a metabolic problem if the pH &
HCO3 are traveling in the same directions
pH <7.35 and the HCO3 <22 = Metabolic Acidosis
pH >7.45 and the HCO3>26 = Metabolic Alkalosis
Identify the Balance pH – 7.30 pCO2 – 36mmHg HCO3 – 14mEq/L
pH – 7.52 pCO2 – 47 mmHg HCO3 – 43 mEq/L
THINK ABOUT THIS The patient comes to the ER with
complaint of vomiting for 3 days. Which acid base imbalance is she at risk for?
The patient has just returned from surgery. He was medicated twice with narcotic analgesics in the PACU. He is difficult to arouse and has a respiratory rate of 12. what acid/base imbalance is he at risk for?
RELAX
Some day you will know all of this!!!!!!!!