Course Contents NURSERY MANAGEMENT &

CERTIFICATION SYSTEM Hort 507: 4(3-2)

Lecture No.

Course Description

1 Introduction and Importance 2 Introduction and Importance3 Types of horticultural nurseries4 Types of horticultural nurseries5 Management practices (water) insect-pests6 Management practices (water)7 Management practices (nutrient)8 Management practices (nutrient9 Management practices (weeds)10 Management practices (weeds)11 Management practices (Diseases)12 Management practices (Diseases)13 Management practices (Insects-pest)14 Management practices (Insects-pest)

Theory

15 Protection against temperature extremities and radiation16 Protection against temperature extremities and radiation17 Important nursery operations18 Important nursery operations19 Propagation methods and their importance20 Propagation through seed20 Propagation method (Budding)21 Propagation method (Grafting)22 Propagation method (Grafting)23 Propagation method (Cutting)24 Propagation method (Layering)25 Propagation method (Division)26 Rootstocks for Temperate Fruits 27 Rootstocks for Temperate Fruits28 Rootstocks for Temperate Fruits29 Rootstocks for Tropical Fruits30 Rootstocks for Tropical Fruits31 Rootstocks for Subtropical fruits32 Rootstocks for Subtropical fruits33 Rootstocks for Ornamentals34 Rootstocks for Vegetables

35 Raising of stock seedlings36 Raising of stock seedlings37 Pre-sowing treatments of seeds38 Pre-sowing treatments of seeds39 Apomixis and Polyembryony40 Stionic Interactions41 Graft compatibility and incompatibility42 Use of growth regulators for propagation 43 Certification systems and standards 44 Certification rules and regulations and procedures45 Certification of planting material and nursery plants, 46 Marketing of nursery plants.47 Presentations by students48 Presentations by students

Practical No. Description1 Seed identification of ornamental plants2 Seed identification of vegetable crops3 Seeds germination test I4 Seeds germination test II5 Selfing and crossing techniques in winter vegetables 6 Selfing and crossing techniques in winter annuals7 Harvesting of winter annuals8 Collection of seeds of winter annuals9 Harvesting of winter vegetables10 Extraction of seeds of winter vegetables11 Drying of seeds12 Packaging of seeds13 Storage of seeds14 Selfing and crossing techniques in summer vegetables15 Visits to the seed markets16 Visits to the seed markets

Practical

Books Recommended1. Agarwal, R. M. 1980. Seed Technology. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, New Dehli, Bombay. India.2. George Raymond, A. T. 1985. Vegetable Seed Production: Longman Group New York, London.3. Robert, E. H. 1974. Viability of Seeds. Chapman and Hall Ltd. London. 4. Thompson, J. R. 1979. An Introduction to Seed Technology. John Wiley and Sons. New York, Toronto.5. Sharma, V. K. 1996. Plant Nurseries Techniques, Production & Management Indus Publishing Co. New Delhi.6. Khare, D. and M.S. Bhale 2005. Seed Technology. Scientific Publishers PO Box 91. New Delhi. India7. Pradeepkumar. T, Kumar, Pradeep Management of Horticultural Crops: Vol.11 Horticulture Science Series: 2008 Publishing Co. New India.

8. Jack Ingels. Ornamental horticulture: science, operations & management. 2009. Publishing Co Cengage Brain

A nursery is a place where plants are propagated and grown to usable

size. Nurseries are of various types.

Nurseries are broadly classified on the basis of types of production

and types of sale like, fruit nurseries, medicinal plant nurseries, forest

nurseries, retail nurseries, mail order nurseries, etc.

Selection of type of nursery enterprise depends on market scenario

and demand of surrounding area.

Introduction

Importance• Some species are not annual good seed bearer, but need to be planted

annually. To meet the need of seedlings of such species, nursery is important.

• Slow growing species need a nursery to be planting out to avoid competition

• Roadside and urban plantation always need a nursery for their plantation• The best method of introduction of exotics is only by nursery• Planting of nursery-grown plants is the surest method of artificially

regenerating poor and barren sites.• Casualty replacement is only possible by the plants grown in the nursery.

1. Fruit Plant Nurseries: Fruit nurseries are essential for production

of grafts and rootstocks of Pomological Crops

2. Vegetable Nurseries: All vegetables like tomato, cabbage, onion,

etc are raised by seedlings up to proper age for transplanting.

Seedlings are produced from seeds which are very expensive.

3. Ornamental Plant Nurseries: Ornamental and floricultural crops

require special practices regarding their propagation and early

growth.

Classification According to Plants Propagated:

Fruit Plant Nursery

Vegetable Nursery

Ornamental Plant Nursery

Classification According to Plants Propagated:

4. Forest Plant Nursery: Forest plants are essential for synthesis of

gums, honey, timber and fuel. They are important in afforestation

programs. There is lack of forest plant nurseries.

5. Medicinal Plant Nursery: Many wild plants have medicinal values

and are exploited for this. Nurseries play an important role in

preservation of such species, they also act as a resource for many

pharmaceutical industries.

6. Hi-Tech Nurseries: Tissue culture and other modern techniques

are used in such nurseries for raising of seedlings in controlled

climate.

Classification According to Plants Propagated:

1. Retail Nurseries: Retail nurseries raise a variety of plants for sale to the general public.

2. Wholesale Nurseries: Wholesale nurseries usually grow a limited range of plants on large scale for large clients or retail nurseries.

3. Private Nurseries: Private nurseries grow plants exclusively for a single client. These nurseries are owned or contracted by the client itself.

4. Mail Order: Mail Order Nurseries are privately owned, retail or wholesale nurseries which provide customers a facility of shipment right up to the door step.

Classification According to Type of Sale:

1. Public Nurseries: Nurseries which are owned by some department of the government like forest department, social forestry department, Agriculture Department, etc.

2. Private Nurseries: Nursery business which is owned by an individual.

3. Cooperative Nurseries: Nurseries which are owned and managed by a group of individuals like Self Help Groups, etc.

4. Assisted Nurseries: Nurseries which are developed under various schemes of Horticultural Board, Employment Guarantee Schemes, etc

Classification According to Type of Ownership:

Types of Nurseries • A. On the basis of irrigational facility, nurseries are classified into:• Dry Nursery: It is ‘a nursery that is maintained without any irrigation or

other artificial watering.’• Wet Nursery: It is ‘a nursery that is maintained by irrigation or other

artificial watering during the dry periods’.• B. On the basis of size of seedlings, nurseries are classified into the

following types:• Seedling nursery: A nursery which has only seedling beds, i.e., in which

seedlings only are raised, no transplanting being done is called seedling nursery.

• Transplant nursery: A nursery which has only transplant beds, in which seedlings are transplanted for preparation for forest planting is called transplant nursery.

C. On the basis of duration of their use, nurseries are classified into:

• Temporary Nursery : It is a nursery that is maintained for supplying stock for a short period after which it is abandoned. Normally, it is constructed in the plantation area & usually small in size. It is suitable for hilly regions. – Main features:

• Constructed for a short period of time and smaller is size.• Manuring is not necessary• Mostly located near/inside the planting area and which is approprite

chiefly for casualty replacement.• Elaborate soil preparation is not necessary.• Cost of transportation of seedlings to the planting sites is low• Seedlings of different species for mixed crops• Gap between lifting the stock from the nursery and actual planting is less• Special supervision is not required

– Advantages • Usually constructed in newly cleared sites fairly rich in humus and so,

manuring is not required. Eucalyptus nurseries are an exceptionto the general rules.

• Minimum trouble with the weeds, destructive insects and diseases.• Enables raising of species in their optimum altitudinal zone in hills.• Cheap transport of planting stock without any serious damage or shock.

– Disadvantages • Comparatively costly.• Difficult to supervise.• Proper supervision is not possible as it is made out of way places.• Due to lack of irrigation facility, the growth of seedlings is, usually slow

and heavy mortality.

• Permanent Nursery: It is a nursery that is maintained for supplying nursery plants for a long time on a permanent basis. It is intended to meet the requirements of one or more ranges and it is relatively larger in extent. – Main features

• Fit for large and intensive work and intensively managed• Established wheres all the facilities are available, i.e., easy supervision,

communication facilities, labors, etc.• Intensive Manuring and soil working are done in perpetuity• Used for large scale afforestation works, or distribution to the villagers

under community and private forestry programme.• A large labour forces, tools and equipments are available• Original cost of formation is high but is cheaper in the long run• Regular skilled supervision is done

– Advantages • Varieties of planting stocks supply; such as root- shoot cuttings, grafted

plants, layering, budding, poly pot seedlings, etc.• Duration of service life is long and production cost is reasonable.• Meet the requirement of more ranges.• Supervision cost is low and can be easily supervised.• Easy transport of nursery stocks due to nearness of roads.• Plants are raised year after year for a long time on same site.

– Disadvantage • Transportation of seedlings is difficult and costlier.• Establishment cost is high.• Manuring of beds annually & intensive soil working is essential.• Requires large labour forces through out the year which is difficult to

available in agricultural seasons.