nutrients building blocks of life notes

8/11/2019 Nutrients Building Blocks of Life Notes

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Overarching Theme - HomeostasisNUTRIENTS The Building Blocks of Life

Big Idea Organisms are made up of carbon-based molecules, simply stated, theamazing diversity of life is based on the incredible variety of carbon compounds.

Macromolecules- giant molecules made from thousands of smaller molecules joining together in process called

polymerization = monomers join together to make polymers

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- Biological macromolecules (a.k.a. nutrients) include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

I. CARBOHYDRATES (end in ose)

A) Functions Largest and fastest source of energy Generally the largest component of diet Except for plants, living things cannot produce If not used, turn into fat storage

B) StructureMade of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O)

C) Types1) Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

A. one single molecule (e.g. C 6H12O6 glucose)B. can be straight chain or ring structure


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C. Examples1) Glucose

Most common Primary energy source

Naturally found in honey

2) Fructose From fruits Sweeter than glucose

3) Galactose Found in milk

2)

Disaccharides (double sugars)A. Function The primary function of disaccharides is as a nutritional source of

monosaccharides. Many of the sugars found in foodstuffs aredisaccharides.

B. Structure Two simple sugar molecules linked, monomers (monosaccharides) link

together to make polymers (disaccharides or polysaccharides) See Figure 4-14 pg. 72


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C. Examples1) Sucrose

Made of glucose and fructose Common table sugar Brown sugar is less refined

2) Lactose Made of glucose and galactose Found in milk

3) Maltose Made of glucose and glucose Found in beer

3) Polysaccharides

A) Function Energy storage units Structural support

B) Structure Many monosaccharide molecules linked in long chains

C) Examples1) Starch

Plant polysaccharide

Found in bread, pasta, potatoes Long chain with branches


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2) Cellulose From cell wall of plants Cannot be digested by humans. Called fibre or roughage. Made of many glucose units linked together in alternating bonding

pattern.

II. LIPIDS (fats, oils and waxes)A) Functions

1. Supply energy2. Excellent energy storage compound3. Carry fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E and K)4. Insulation and protection of organs5. Provides structure and function of cell membrane

B) Structure
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Made of C, H and O Insoluble in water Most common type composed of glycerol and three fatty acids called triglyceride (see

page 73)

C) Typesi) Saturated

Animal fat No double bonds Firmer, used for frying

ii)Unsaturated Plant oils Contain at least 1 carbon-carbon double bond, therefore less H so, unsaturated

in terms of # of H

Most are liquid at room temperature Do not clump together as easily due to double bonds, therefore less likely to clogarteries = healthier

D) Steroidsi) Cholesterol


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Acts as a messenger for the nucleus, carries information from DNA toribosomes to make proteins

Contains ribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine

2) DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Spiral and arranged in a double helix (sort of like a twisted ladder) Contains deoxyribose sugar Displays complementary base pairing, GCAT, guanine always pairs with

cytosine and adenine always pairs with thymine

Confirm your learning Complete Chemicals of Life, Nutrient Structures and NucleicAcids worksheet s

Connection to Biological Theme Explain how each of the biological macromolecules discussed(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) contributes to maintaining cellular homeostasis.

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Connection to Biological Theme Explain how each of the biological macromolecules discussed(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) contributes to maintaining cellular homeostasis.

______________________________________________________________________________Carbohydrates Cells need energy to move things in/out/around cell and to perform other functions such as

reproductionSugars broken down during cellular respiration to make ATP, need an input of ATP to makemore ATPLipidsCells have a phospholipid cell membrane, so lipids help maintain shape/protection/form of cellitself, with no cell membrane would have no cell.Insulation to maintain proper temperature inside cells. Protection for cell to prevent damage ifit moves through body, like RBCs and WBCsProteinsProvide structure of cell, amino acids link together to create specific proteins needed for cell toperform its jobs.Also involved in repair, if cell is damaged in some way and in growth, so that cell can grow anddivide.Nucleic AcidsContain instructions for what the cell does and what it looks like cell function and activity.Ensures continuity of species through cell division. DNA replicates each time a cell divides toprovide a template/give instructions.

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