o, canada!
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O, Canada!. The Road to Confederation, 1763-1867. Background. Much of modern-day Canada first claimed by France in 1534; “New France” stretched from Hudson Bay to Gulf of Mexico by 1712 Beginning in 1600s, England competed with France in N. America; made inroads on East Coast & Hudson Bay - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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O, Canada!
The Road to Confederation, 1763-1867
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Background
• Much of modern-day Canada first claimed by France in 1534; “New France” stretched from Hudson Bay to Gulf of Mexico by 1712
• Beginning in 1600s, England competed with France in N. America; made inroads on East Coast & Hudson Bay
• In 1713, France ceded Hudson Bay & Newfoundland to UK in the Treaty of Utrecht
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New France in 1712
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1713-1750
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• French territory eroded after 1750• Seven Year’s War (French & Indian War):
fought between 1754-1763, France loses to Britain
• Treaty of Paris (1763): France cedes all of Canadian lands to Britain, Louisiana to Spain
• Britain now controlled all of Canada, but inherited 70,000 French settlers
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North America in 1763
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Royal Proclamation of 1763• Issued by King George III,
renamed New France the Province of Quebec
• Organized Canadian borders, forbade settlers from crossing Appalachian Mountains
• British-appointed governor would run Canada, and could appoint an assembly when necessary
• British laws & customs established, Catholics excluded from jobs; first attempt to Anglicanize Canada
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Quebec Act (1774)
• Anglicanization quickly proves impossible. Why?• Newly arriving British are constantly at odds
with French Canadiens. They demand an assembly that will exclude French-speakers & Catholics
• James Murray: Canada’s first British governor; encouraged compromise between French & British Canadians
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James Murray & Guy Carleton
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• Territory: expands Quebec’s borders west & south (into modern-day U.S.)
• Religion: Canadians could legally practice Catholicism; still had to swear oath to the king, but did not mention Protestantism
• Government: appointed governor assisted by council, no elected assembly
• Law: French law & customs could be used in civil & private matters; British law used in criminal & public matters
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Effects of the Quebec Act
• Appeased British & French Canadians for almost 20 years
• Actually angered citizens of the Thirteen Colonies, and helped lead to the American Revolution. Remember why?
• After US Revolution ended in 1780s, thousands of Loyalists poured into Canada
• New influx of British Canadians provided need for a change in government structure
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Constitutional Act of 1791
• Designed to accommodate Loyalists, but still keep French Canadians happy
• Divided Canada into Upper Canada (Ontario) & Lower Canada (Quebec)
• Governor & council remained intact, but elected assemblies for both provinces formed
• Upper Canada used British law & customs only, while Lower Canada used French & British
• Problems emerge: Governor & council had ultimate power; elected assembly had little
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Canada from 1791-1830s
• Canada faced two main concerns: absorption into the United States, and friction between Upper & Lower provinces
• Though some Canadians admired republican-style government, considered US too radical
• War of 1812 furthered suspicions of southern neighbor, but also shaped Canadian identity
• Canadians began to want political & economic reforms to compete with US
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• Loyalists flock to Upper Canada between 1780s and 1815
• Industrialization, economic stress, overpopulation cause immigrants from British Isles to come to Canada
• Influx of Anglos help to Anglicanize Canada, make Canadiens increasingly anxious and nationalist
• 1830s saw economic distress, many faced starvation
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Family Compact
• Family Compact: a “clique” of British Canadians who emerged after 1812
• Canada did not have an official aristocracy, like Great Britain did; the FC was an attempt to essentially create one
• Rich people made up the FC; those who had land or were influential businessman; must be Anglo & connected to the English Church
• Centered in York (Ontario)• Quebec equivalent called “The Chateau Clique”
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1837 Rebellions
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Lower Canada
• LC was a divided society by 1837, in terms of language, religion, & economics
• Friction between executive councils (English) and elected assembly (French), especially over control of revenues
• Assembly viewed British rule & constitution favorably, but wanted an expansion of powers & liberties
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• Union Bill of 1822: secret bill proposed to parliament in London
• Proposed uniting UC & LC, making English the only official language, and establishing strong government control over Catholic Church
• Once uncovered, angered Lower Canadians and made many more radical
• Would eventually lead to 1837 rebellion
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Moderate turned Radical: Papineau
• Louis-Joseph Papineau would embody the LC rebellion
• Served in War of 1812, proclaimed himself loyal subject & admirer of Empire, though he was proud Canadien
• Elected Speaker of LC Assembly in 1815
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• Papineau became radical lead of the Patriote movement after the Union Bill of 1822
• Hysteria over mass immigration & cholera outbreak in LC in the 1830s
• Montreal Election Riot of 1832, British kill 3• 92 Resolutions of 1834 demanded more power to
the elected assembly• Radicals take up arms in 1837, but suppressed by
British; Papineau flees to US
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Battle of Saint-Eustache
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Upper Canada• Elected assembly frustrated by lack
of power, rule of the Family Compact
• Assembly wanted end to political corruption & special privileges for Anglican Church, but demands were ignored
• William Lyon MacKenzie: Scottish radical, moved to York in 1820 & immediately started trouble; est. newspapers arguing for a more republican style government
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• British parliament passes Ten Resolutions in 1836, which limits assembly’s powers; last straw for MacKenzie & republicans
• MacKenzie “trains” paramilitary forces, they seize the York armory in Dec 1837, then consume large amounts of booze; British forces crush rebels
• Rebels retreat to Navy Island & proclaim “Republic of Canada”
• Rebellion completely crush by November 1838 at the Battle of the Windmill
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The Durham Report• Britain did not want to
lose anymore colonies, so a fact-finding commission was conducted
• John Lambton, Lord Durham sent to Canada to submit official report on the state of affairs
• “Two nations warring in the bosom of a single state”
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1. Unite Upper & Lower Canada into 1 province2. Encourage Anglo immigration to Canada3. Roll back the freedoms given to French
Canadiens in Royal Proclamation & Quebec Act4. More responsible government: governor-
general more of a figurehead, while real power lies w/ elected assembly
• Durham’s recs were controversial
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Confederation
• British Parliament adopts Durham’s recs• Act of Union 1840 unites LC & UC into a single colony –
The Province of Canada• Province would have a single legislature, British still
hope to assimilate Canadiens• Appointed leg. councils abolished in 1849• Reciprocity Treaty: signed with US in 1855, boon for
economy• Britain encourages confederation in order to cut costs of
its growing empire
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• Charlottetown Conference 1864: Maritime provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, PE Island agree to greater Canadian union
• Quebec Conference 1864: delegates agree on Confederation plan
• Delegates propose bi-cameral parliament: house of commons based on pop., senators will be selected by governor-general
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• Impetus for Confederation supported by suspicions of the US
• Proposal sent to London, passed British North America Act of 1867
• Province of Canada becomes Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867
• Dominion composed of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, & Nova Scotia
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“Father of Canada” John A. Macdonald
• Born in Scotland, came to Canada in 1820
• Instrumental in Confederation process
• First Prime Minister of Canada• Usually conservative, but open-
minded• Dreamed of united Canada, and
a transcontinental railway linking the country from sea to sea