transportation, air pollution and human health @ health canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. organisation...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada Mathieu Rouleau Fuels Assessment Section, Water & Air Quality Bureau
CARTEEH – Transportation, Air Quality, and Health Symposium February 20, 2019
![Page 2: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Presentation outline
1. Our organisation and mandate
2. Health impact assessments for transportation sectors
3. Literature reviews of transportation strategies
4. Exposure research initiatives on transportation
5. Closing remarks
2 Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 3: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians
• Maintain and improve their health • Prevent and reduce risks
o Water and Air Quality Bureau
• Air Division Evidence-based decisions to address the health impacts of air pollution Support policy development & regulatory actions Inform the public on action they can take to protect their health
Transportation activities: HIAs, CBAs, RAs, RIAS and exposure research
3 Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 4: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2. Health Impact Assessments Transportation sectors
4 Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 5: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
2. Health Impacts Assessments
5
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
AQ modeling system allows to investigate different “what if” emission scenarios & compare them with a reference scenario
Output: Magnitude and location of proposed changes in emissions and air quality Health benefit estimates & cost estimates
Meteorological model
Emissions processing system
AQ MODEL (AURAMS, GEM-MACH)
Ambient Concentrations O3, PM2.5, NO2, etc.
Canadian and US emission inventories for all sources
Policy or Sector scenarios
AQBAT Human health benefit estimates Morbidity & mortality
Air Quality Modeling System
Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 6: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
2. HIAs associated with transportation emissions
• Air quality benefits assessments tool (AQBAT) to quantify adverse health outcomes o Concentration response functions (CRFs) o PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2 and O3
o Willingness to pay values
• Example: All on-road vehicle emissions *
6
Endpoint outcomes/ year Costs (CAN) Model year
Premature deaths 1700 $12.7B 2014
Asthma symptom days 25,000,000 $25M
* Preliminary results; please do not cite
Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 7: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
3. Reviews Transportation strategies
7 Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 8: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3. Reviews of transportation management strategies • Evaluate the impact of transportation options on emissions, air quality,
exposure and population health :
i. Traffic management strategies (lead: A. Bigazzi, UBC) ii. Freight modal shift (lead: T. Ramani, TTI) iii. Personal travel modal shift (lead: D. Scott, McMaster U)
• The reviews highlighted:
Lack of Canadian data Need for greater monitoring and accountability Transportation-related improvements in air quality and population health
require coordinated and concerted interventions.
• Publications are available
8 Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 9: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
4. Exposure research initiatives Transportation modes
9 Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 10: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Canadian Atlantic Marine Air Pollution Study (CAMAPS) • In 2012, regulations implemented to reduce air pollution from marine vessels in
Canada & to define a North American Emission Control Area (ECA).
• Pre- and post-ECA air quality monitoring in the port city of Halifax, NS
• Data sources: o National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) site o Field campaigns in 2011-12 and 2016-17
10
Project lead: [email protected]
Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
How did the large vessel marine fuel sulfur Regulations influence ambient air pollutant exposures in a Canadian port city?
![Page 11: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
o Mean decrease of 73% in ambient SO2 ↓ 2 ppb all directions ↓ 4–7 ppb harbour inlet Current SO2 levels show little directionality
Suggests marine ships no longer
dominant SO2 source in Halifax
CAMAPS – Did the ECA improve air quality? Hourly mean PM2.5 concentrations (ug/m3)
Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
o Mean decrease of 26% in ambient PM2.5
↓ 1.7 ug/m3 all directions Slightly greater ↓ for harbour inlet
Suggests less effective for ship PM2.5 OR Marine & local sources don’t dominate
o Ongoing PM2.5 source apportionment
PRE-3.5% 2010-11
ECA1-1.0%
2013-14
ECA2-0.1% 2015-16
![Page 12: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
5. Closing remarks Road work ahead
12 Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 13: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Closing remarks • Promote HC initiatives and research on transportation
• Improve estimates of health impacts attributable to air pollution,
specifically from transportation
• Ongoing work associated with multiple modes
• Addressing knowledge gaps via research
• Always looking for opportunities to collaborate o Data analysis & interpretation o Communications and outreach
13 Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 14: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Acknowledgements Health Canada colleagues o [email protected] – Marine and Rail
o [email protected] – Bus, Metro & Car commuters
o [email protected] – In-vehicle Ventilation
o [email protected] – Integrated Urban Modelling
Collaborators for transportation literature reviews
o Alex Bigazzi, [email protected] o Tara Ramani, [email protected] o Darren Scott, [email protected]
14 Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 15: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Thank you / Merci
[email protected] , senior evaluator Fuels Assessment Section
Air Health Effects Assessment Division Health Canada
15 Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 16: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
References • Bigazzi AY; Rouleau M (2017). Can traffic management strategies improve urban air quality? A review of the evidence. Journal of
Transport & Health 7 (2017) 111–124 • Health Canada (2018). Health impacts of air pollution in Canada – an estimate of premature mortalities. Cat.: H144-51/2017E-
PDF. http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.846412/publication.html • Matz C; Stieb D; Egyed M; Brion O; Johnson M (2017). Evaluation of daily time spent in transportation and traffic-influenced
microenvironments by urban Canadians. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 10.1007/s11869-017-0532-6 • Scott D (2018). Impacts on emissions, air quality, population exposure and health associated with modal shifts in personal travel
options – a review. Prepared for Health Canada. Contract # 4500366573. • Ramani T; Jaikumar R; Khreis H (2018). Impacts on emissions, air quality, population exposure and health associated with modal
shifts in freight transportation options – a review. Prepared for Health Canada. Contract No. 4500367327 • Van Ryswyk K; Evans G; Kulka R; Sun L; Sabaliauskas K; Rouleau M; Anastasopolous A; Wallace L; Weichenthal S (submitted).
Commuting exposures to particulate air pollution in three Canadian bus transit systems: The Urban Transportation Exposure Study.
• Van Ryswyk K; Anastasopolos A; Evans G; Sun L; Sabaliauskas K; Kulka R; Wallace L; Weichenthal S (2017). Metro commuter exposures to particulate air pollution and PM2.5-associated elements in three Canadian cities: the Urban Transportation Exposure Study. Environ Sci Technol 51: 5713-5720.
• Weichenthal S; Van Ryswyk K; Kulka R; Sun L; Wallace L; Joseph L (2015). In-vehicle exposures to particulate air pollution in Canadian metropolitan areas: the urban transportation exposure study. Environ Sci Technol 49:597−605.
• Weichenthal S; Lavigne E; Evans GJ; Pollitt KJG; Burnett TR (2016). Fine particulate matter and emergency room visits for respiratory illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 194 (5): 577–586.
• Weichenthal S; Shekarrizfard M; Kulka R; Lakey PSJ; Al-Rijleh K; Anowar S; Shiraiwa M; Hatzopoulou M (2018). Spatial variations in the estimated production of reactive oxygen species in the epithelial lung lining fluid by iron and copper in fine particulate air pollution. Environmental Epidemiology 2:e020
16 Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 17: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Extras
17 Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 18: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Canadian ECA Effects Study (CanECA) • Impact of ECA on ambient air pollution in more major Canadian ports: Victoria &
Vancouver, BC; Montreal & Quebec, QC; St. John, NB; St. John’s NL • Similar results seen for Vancouver near-port NAPS data
66–83% decrease in ambient SO2 level post- vs. pre-ECA PM2.5 review ongoing
18
Hourly mean SO2 (ppb)
Pre: 2010-2011 ECA1: Interim Regulations 2013-2014 ECA2: Post Regulations 2015-2016
Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 19: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
4. Transportation exposure research @ Health Canada o Urban Transportation Exposure Study
(UTES) o Toronto Subway Air Quality
Intervention (SAQI) study [email protected]
o Commuter Air Pollution Intervention
(CAPI) study [email protected]
o Integrated Urban Modelling
SMARTPLANS (Simulation Model for Assessing the Ramifications of Transportation Policies and Land Use Scenarios)
19 Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 20: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Urban Transportation Exposure Study – UTES
20
Project lead: [email protected]
Montréal, QC 2010-11 Car & Metro
Ottawa, ON 2010-11 Bus
Toronto, ON 2010-11 Car, Bus & Subway
Vancouver, BC 2013 Car, Bus & SkyTrain
Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 21: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Air pollution health impacts in Canada • Ambient air pollution levels attributable to emissions from North American
anthropogenic sources • Exposure surfaces:
o Current levels of PM2.5, O3 and NO2
o Reference or counterfactual exposure surfaces • All North American anthropogenic sources of air pollution removed
• 14,400 premature deaths annually in Canada. o All sectors combined o All-cause non-accidental deaths (cancer, IHD, COPD and CV) o ~6.6% of annual deaths in Canada
21
PM2.5 NO2 O3
Avg ambient concentration 6.5 µg/m3 8.5 ppb 38.8 ppb (annual) 43.6 ppb (May-Sept)
Counterfactual 1.8 µg/m3 0.2 ppb 25.8 ppb (annual) 28 ppb (May-Sept)
Nb of premature deaths 9,500 – chronic 1,300 – acute 2,400 – acute 1,200 – chronic
Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada
![Page 22: Transportation, air pollution and human health @ Health Canada · 2019-03-25 · 1. Organisation and Mandate – Health Canada . o Federal department o Responsible for helping Canadians](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042323/5f0dbba07e708231d43bd053/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
2. Recent HIAs associated with transportation emissions • Air quality benefits assessments tool (AQBAT) to quantify adverse
health outcomes o Concentration response functions (CRFs) o PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2 and O3
o Willingness to pay values
22
Sector / Regulations Premature deaths Costs (CAN) Model year All on-road 1700 $12.7B
2014 HDVs 800 $6.0B LDVs 760 $5.7B
Air, marine, rail 310 $2.3B On-road diesel * 320 $2.5B
2015 On-road gasoline * 700 $5.4B Tier III regs * 1400 $7.2B 2017-2030
* Publications available
Transportation, Air Quality and Health @ Health Canada