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POWER

ANDPOLITICS

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WHAT IS POWER?

A capacity that A has to influence the behavior

of B so that B acts in accordance with As

wishes

Dependency: -Bs relationship toA whenA

possesses something thatB requires.

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CONTRASTING LEADERSHIP AND POWER

Leadership

Focuses on goal achievement.

Requires goal compatibility with

followers.

Focuses influence downward.

Power

Used as a means for achieving goals.

Requires follower dependency.

Used to gain lateral and upward

influence.

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BASES OF POWER

A ) Formal powerB) Personal Power

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FORMAL POWER

COERCIVE POWER

A power base dependent on fear.

REWARD POWERCompliance achieved based on the

ability to distribute rewards that others viewas valuable.

LEGITIMATE POWERThe power a person receives as a result

of his or her position in the formal hierarchyof an organization.

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PERSONAL POWER

EXPERT POWER

Influence based on special skills orknowledge.

REFERENT POWER

Influence based on possession by anindividual of desirable resources or personal

traits.

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WHAT CREATES DEPENDENCY?

Importance of resource

Scarcity of resource

Nonsubstitutablity of resource

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POWERTACTICS

Way in which individuals translate power

bases into specific action

LegitimacyRational persuasion

Inspirational appeals

Consultation

ExchangePersona appeals

Pressure

coalitions

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PREFERRED POWERTACTICS BY

INFLUENCE DIRECTION

Upward influence:

Rational Persuasion

Downward influence:

Rational Persuasion

Inspirational Appeals

PressureConsultation

Ingratiation

Exchange

Legitimacy

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CONT.

Lateral influence:

Rational persuasion

Consultation

Ingratiation

Exchange

Legitimacy

Personal appealsCoalitions

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SEXUAL HARASSMENT: UNEQUAL

POWER IN THE WORKPLACE

Sexual harassment is defined as anyunwanted activity of a sexual nature thataffects an individuals employment.

It includes unwelcome advances, request forsexual favors, etc.

Power is central to understanding sexualharassment as it comes from a supervisor, acoworker, or an employee.

58% of women report having experiencedpotentially harassing behaviors and 24%report having experienced sexual harassmentat work.

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WAYS TO REDUCE SEXUAL HARASSMENT:

Make Policies.

Ensure employees that they will not be

retaliated.Investigate complaint.

Offenders are terminated.

Raise employees awareness.

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POWER IN GROUP: COALITIONS

Coalitions:-Clusters of individuals

who temporarily come together to a

achieve a specific purpose.

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Seek to maximize their size to attain

influence.

Seek a broad and diverse constituency for

support of their objectives

Occur more frequently in organization with

high task and resource interdependencies .

Occur more frequently if task arestandardized and routine

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POLITICS: POWER IN ACTION

Definition of organizational politics

Political behavior: - Activities that are not

required as part of ones formal role in the

organization, but that influence, or attempt to

influence, the distribution of advantages or

disadvantages within the organization.

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Legitimate political behavior: Normaleveryday politics

Illegitimate political behavior: Extremepolitical behavior that violates the implied

rules of the game.

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CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF

POLITICAL BEHAVIOR

Factors contributing to political behavior

Individual factors

Organizational factors

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INDIVIDUAL FACTORS

High-self monitors

Internal locus of control

High match personality

Organizational investment

Perceived job alternatives

Expectation of success

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ORGANIZATIONAL FACTOR

Reallocation of resources

Promotion opportunities

Low trust

Role ambiguity

Unclear performance evolution system

Zero- sum reward practice

Democratic decision making

High performance pressures

Self-serving senior managers

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FACTOR THAT INFLUENCE

POLITICAL BEHAVIOR

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EMPLOYEES RESPONSE TO

ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS

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DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR

1. Avoiding Action

2. Avoiding Blame

3. Avoiding Change

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IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT

The process by which individuals

attempt to control the impression

others form of them

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IM TECHNIQUES

Conformity

Excuses

Apologies

Self-Promotion

FlatteryFavors

Association

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These techniques are majorlyused in:-

Interview success

Performance evaluations