OBESITY

Amy AllenJenn Palm

Edwin PorrataCrystal Whitley

Exercise Training and severe caloric restriction: effect on lean body mass

in the obese

Authors: Brian C. Leutholtz, PHD

Journal Title: Physical Medical Rehabilitation

Date, Volume & Pages: January 1995 p65-p69

PURPOSE explore effects of exercise intensity on body composition

of obese subjects during severe caloric restriction.

METHODS 40 subjects (33 women and 7 men)

12 week supplemented fasting program

Randomly assigned to high or low intensity group

Bruce Protocol was used◦ Measured heart rate and blood pressure◦ RPE was recorded, distance, time, and heart rate

RESULTS & DISCUSSION Significant reduction in body weight was associated

with decreased body fat after weight loss regimen.

No significant loss of lean body mass

Relative VO2 max improved

Resting heart rate and blood pressure significantly lowered

CONCLUSION No significant difference in benefits between

high and low intensity workouts

Using Self-Efficacy and a Transtheoretical Model to develop a

Physical Activity Intervention for Obese Women

Authors: Cindy Byfield, PhD, RD; Jennifer Anderson, PhD, RdJournal Title: American Journal of Health PromotionDate, Volume & Pages: 2003; 17: 373-381

PURPOSE: To assess the effectiveness of applying behavior

change theory to a physical activity intervention for obese, sedentary women.

METHODS PARTICIPANTS

58 sedentary, obese woman

MEASURESQuestionnaire on:

Physical activityStage of ChangeProcess of ChangeSelf efficacy

INTERVENTIONTwo groups

RESULTS , DISCUSSION, and CONCLUSION

27 of the 29 in the treatment group participated. 17 participated from the control group. GREAT results for the treatment group. The control group was not as successful.

Significant improvements in the processes of change for the treatment group – improvements in only 2 processes were observed for the control group.

A Theory based intervention Versus a traditional exercise program…

Theory based intervention incorporates how obese women think.

Influence of Diet and/or Exercise on Body Composition and

Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Obese Women

Authors: Alan C. Utter, David C. Nieman, Elizabeth M. Shannonhouse, Diane E. Butterworth, and Cathy N. Nieman

Journal Title: International Journal of Sport Nutrition

Date, Volume & Pages: 1998, 8, 213-222

PURPOSE To determine the influence of moderate to vigorous

aerobic exercise, energy restriction, or both on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in a large group of obese women.

METHODS 102 obese females participated in a 12 week program Randomized into one of four groups: control, exercise,

diet, or exercise and diet Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and BMI

were taken before and after the program During the program, weekly weigh-ins and 24 hour

dietary recalls were conducted

RESULTS Both the diet and the diet/exercise groups showed

significant decreases in the following areas:• body mass• percent body fat• body mass index • fat mass

No significant changes were found in fat – free mass for all groups

Change in VO2 max was significantly greater for exercise groups

DISCUSSION VO2 max increased in both exercise groups due to

moderately high intensity

Moderate exercise training independent of diet had little to no effect on fat mass

CONCLUSION Moderate exercise training during a 12 week period

improved cardiorespiratory fitness but had no significant effect in accelerating diet-induced losses in body fat mass in a large number of obese women.

The effects of aerobic and resistance exercises in obese

womenAuthors: Ayse Sarsan, Journal Title: Clinical RehabilitationDate, Volume & Pages: 2006; 20: 773-782

PURPOSE: Compare effects of aerobic and

resistance exercise on weight, muscle strength, cardiovascular fitness, blood pressure and mood in obese women who were not on energy restricted diet.

METHODS 60 obese women were assigned to one of three groups:

aerobic exercise

resistance exercise

control

Measured mood, cardiorespiratory capacity and maximum strength of trained muscles

RESULTS & DISCUSSION Showed improvements in:

◦ 1RM

◦ VO2 Max

◦ Beck depression scale (aerobic group)

◦ Aerobic and resistance training improved performance and exercise capacity

CONCLUSION

Aerobic exercise improved: depressive symptoms VO2 max

Resistance exercise improved: muscle strength

The effect of exercise training on B-adrenergic stimulation of fat

metabolism in obese men

Authors: Van Aggel-Leijssen, WHM Saris, M Homan and MA van Baak

Journal Title: International Journal of Obesity

Date, Volume & Pages: 2001, Vol. 25, Pg 16-23

PURPOSE Determine if high intensity or low intensity

exercise stimulates fat oxidation & metabolism in part of B-adrenergic in obese men.

Determine the differences between the two exercising stimuli & the fat oxidation of metabolism in lean & obese men.

METHODS There were 23 obese men, evaluated with a medical history & physical

examination; all subjects were in good health.

◦ No medications used to influence any kind of manipulation of the variable measured.

◦ Categorized into groups of three’s by BMI, Fat Percentage, Age, and Vo2 max.

◦ Randomly divided into groups; High intensity exercisers (N=8, 70% Vo2 max), Low intensity exercisers (n=7, 40% Vo2max), and non-training controlled group (n=8).

◦ Subjects recorded dietary habits

RESULTS• After 12-weeks there were no changes in body

composition in any group.◦ There was a significant increase in Vo2 max and

Vo2max FFM in both HI & LI-exercising groups. Both increases were also very similar in their final

measurements.◦ Between the HI & C group there was a huge

difference in Vo2max and Vo2 max FFM. There were no changes in the lean group or the C

obese group.◦ The compliance of both exercising groups managed

well (LI was 88.7% & HI was 92.6%)

DISCUSSION The 12-week exercise program involved

measurements of body composition, maximal aerobic capacity, & isoprenaline-induced thermogenesis &substrates before exercising.

Each member did not spend >2 hours a week in sport activities & had no physically demanding job.

HI & LI groups participated in cycling on an ergometer 3x/week with each session fixed at 5kcal*kg*FFM^-1.

Heart rate was monitored continuously during the training session.

Evaluations of Vo2 Max test were performed & adjusted at the lab under supervision of a trainer at week 4 & at week 8.

CONCLUSION After the intervention, LI & HI-intensity exercise training

failed to affect the B-adren. stimulation relative to fat oxidation in obese men.

Increases occurred from B-ad.-medicated lipolysis in HI exercises in obese men.

LI exercise training were similar in Lean & Obese men. Variations in habitual energy expenditure seems to play

a role in the difference between H & L responders of B-adren. adipocyte lipolysis.

Physical fitness was a significant increase in both exercising groups.

The concentration glycerol in the H.I. group increased the most after the intervention.

FINAL CONCLUSIONS NHANES survey1 shows that among adult

men the prevalence of obesity was increased from 31.1% (2003) to 35% in 2006

Proper exercise, nutrition, and behavior modification

NO MAGIC PILL Health Risks

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