objective 6: students will demonstrate understanding by explaining experimentation methods...
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OBJECTIVE 6: STUDENTS WILL DEMONSTRATE UNDERSTANDING
BY EXPLAINING EXPERIMENTATION METHODS
EXPERIMENTS
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Psychologists, like all scientists, use the scientific method to
construct theories that organize observations and imply testable
hypotheses
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EXPERIMENTATION METHODS
Theory an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
Hypothesis a testable predictionoften implied by a theory
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START WITH A THEORY, CREATE A HYPOTHESES, AND THEN DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT…
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EXPERIMENTATION
an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable)
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EXPERIMENTATIONIndependent Variable the experimental factor that is manipulated the variable whose effect is being studied
Dependent Variable the experimental factor that may change in response to manipulations of the
independent variable in psychology it is usually a behavior or mental process
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EXPERIMENTATION
EXPLORE: Cause and Effect HOW: Through manipulation WHATS MANIPULATED: The independent variableISSUES?: Ethics?
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EXPERIMENTATION
Random Assignmentassigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chanceminimizes pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups
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EXPERIMENTATION
Experimental Conditionthe condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
Control Conditionthe condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental treatment serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
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EXPERIMENTATION
Placebo an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed
active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent
Double-blind Procedure both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about
whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo commonly used in drug-evaluation studies
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ISSUES…
Hindsight Bias we tend to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it the “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon
Overconfidencewe tend to think we know more than we do