occupational hazard ``source or situation with a potential for harm in terms of injury or ill...
TRANSCRIPT
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Occupational Hazard
``Source or situation with a potential for
harm in terms of injury or ill health, damage
to property, damage to the workplace
environment, or a combination of these``
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Occupational Health Hazards
Types
» Physical
» Chemical
» Biological
» Mechanical
» Psychosocial
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Diseases due to Physical Agents
Heat – Exhaustion, Syncope, Cramps, burns, Prickly
Cold – Frost bite
Light – Occupational Cataract, Illumination Atmospheric-pressure – Caisson disease, explosion
Noise – Occupational deafness
Radiation – Cancer, Leukemia, aplastic anemia
Electricity – Burns, Shocks
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Heat Illness • Predisposing Factors
– Physical activity– Extremes of age, poor physical condition, fatigue– Excessive clothing– Dehydration– Cardiovascular disease– Skin disorders– Obesity– Drugs
• Phenothiazines, Anticholinergics, Diuretics, Amphetamines, Cocaine, MAOIs
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Chemical Hazards• Routes of entry – Inhalation (main route of entry),
Ingestion, skin absorption• Chemical agents:
– Metals - Lead, As, Hg, Cd, Ni , Co– Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Benzene, Toluene,
Phenol – Aliphatic Hydrocarbons - Methyl alcohol – Gases - Simple asphyxiants : N2, CH4, CO2
Chemical asphyxiants : CO, H2S, HCN
Irritant gases : Ammonia, SO2, Cl2
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TLV (Threshold Limit Value)
“Time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour working day and a 40-hour working week, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day, without adverse effect”
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Biological Hazards
• Bacteria – Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Anthrax, Brucellosis (Milkmen), Gonorrhea
• Virus – Hepatitis, HIV
• Protozoal & Parasitic – Malaria, Hookworms, Hydatid (Dog-handlers), tapeworms
• Fungi (Agri-workers) – Tinea-infections, Psittacosis, Coccidiomycosis, Ornithosis
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Mechanical Hazards
• Injuries – Falls, cuts, abrasions, concussions, contusions
• Ergonomic Disorders – Musculo-skeletal disorders(MSDs), Cumulative-trauma-Disorders (CTDs)
• Ergonomics – Adjustment of Man & Machine
• Ergo-friendly tools – Tools which reduce the stresses or problems resulting in CTD’s / MSD’s.)
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Psychosocial Hazards
• Lack of job satisfaction, insecurity, poor interpersonal relations, work pressure, ambiguity
• Psychological & behavioral changes – hostility, aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, sickness absenteeism
• Psychosomatic disorders – Hypertension, headache, body-ache, peptic ulcers, asthma, diabetes, heart disorders
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Occupational Lung Diseases(Pneumoconiosis)
Pneumoconiosis is a group of lung diseases which result from inhalation of dust in certain occupations.
Let’s consider a coal mine which contains approximately 800-1000 particles/ml, will inhale between 100 to 150 grams of dust yearly. Of the dust inhaled, about 1 to 10 grams is deposited in the alveoli, but only about 0.5 g is permanently retained. After 40 years of working, this amounts to 20 grams, half as much as the weight of the normal dried lung.
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Classification of Pneumoconiosis
•Benign Pneumoconiosis
•Simple Pneumoconiosis
•Complicated Pneumoconiosis
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Benign Pneumoconiosis
• Dust could not Produce fibrosis• Examples include:
– Baritosis: pure Barium sulphate and oxide– Siderosis: ferric oxide– Titanosis: titanium oxide– Chalkosis: calcium salts
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Simple Pneumoconiosis
• Inhaled dust causes only minimal fibrosis• Examples:
– Silicatosis: inhalation of complex silicates (not free silica) e.g., clays
– Vegetable dust pneumoconiosis:• Mill fever: organic dust• Byssinosis: cotton dust• Farmer’s lung: grain dust• Bagassosis: sugar-cane fibres
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Complicated Pneumoconiosis
• Produce Progressive Massive Fibrosis• Examples:
– Silicosis: inhalation of free crystalline Silica SiO2– Asbestosis: inhalation of fibrous tri-magnesium
silicates– Talcosis: inhalation of talc powder– Coal miner’s pneumoconiosis: inhalation of coal
dust
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• Nature and chemical composition• Size of dust particles• Concentration of dust in atmosphere• Duration of exposure• Individual susceptibility
Factors affecting the development of disease (by depositing dust particles in the resp system)
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Nature and Chemical Composition
Inorganic dustse.g. Silica, Asbestos
• Massive progressive fibrous reaction in the lung
Organic dustse.g. Cotton dust, grain
dust, sugar-cane fiber• Asthma bronchitis, non
distinguishable
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Size of Dust Particles• 10-5 μ: Removed from upper respiratory tract• 5-3 μ :Deposited in the mid respiratory tract• 3-1 μ:Deposited directly in the alveoli• < 1 µ: Move in and out of the alveoli with air,
– may be deposited in alveolar wall by impaction, or being caught by alveolar movement
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Size of Dust
10- 5 μ Upper Respiratory tract
5 - 3 μ Mid respiratory tract
3 - 1 μ Alveoli
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Study of some common Pneumoconiosis
SilicosisPathological condition of the lung due to inhalation of particulate matter containing free silica or uncombined silica (SiO2)
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• Permanent scarring of the lungs caused by inhaling silica (quartz, SiO2) dust
• Slowly progressive, nodular, fibrosing
pneumoconiosis
Thickened pleura
Fibrosis
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Common Occupations with Exposure to Silica
• Mines• Porcelain• Sand bricks industry• Glass industry• Gun industry • Grinding of metals using sand stone
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Pathology
Fibrotic nodules develop by a particular process in which fibrous tissue is laid down in concentric rings around a central core of silica particles as an onion
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Manifestations
Symptoms• shortness of breath
while exercising • fever • occasional bluish skin at
ear lobes or lips • fatigue • loss of appetite
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3 Types of Silicosis(based on amount of exposure and length of time)
Chronic• occurs after 10 or more years of mild overexposure to
silica • the most common of all types • may go undetected for years Accelerated• develops between 5 and 10 years of moderate
overexposure Acute• develops within weeks up to five years due to
breathing very large amounts of silica
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• Diffuse fibrosis of the lung parenchyma
• Asbestos fibers, highly resistant to heat, acids and chemicals
• Widely used in industries• Banned from use globally since
1973 because it is highly carcinogenic
• Diffuse fibrosis of the lung parenchyma
• Asbestos fibers, highly resistant to heat, acids and chemicals
• Widely used in industries• Banned from use globally since
1973 because it is highly carcinogenic
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Asbestosis
• Parenchymal lung fibrosis with or without pleural involvement due to inhalation of asbestos fibres.
• More dangerous than silicosis as it predisposes to bronchogenic carcinomabronchogenic carcinoma and mesotheliomamesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum
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Complications
• Bronchogenic carcinoma• Mesothelioma
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Prevention of Pneumoconiosis
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Medical measures
• Pre-employment examination• Periodic examination
Conducted every yearInclude LFTIf susceptible worker (significant effect
across shift after few month of exposure) should be transferred to other job
• Health education • Nutrition• Prohibition of smoking
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Engineering Controls • Designing-building, Work station• Good Housekeeping, wet mopping• Ventilation• Mechanization, Vacuum cleaning• Substitution• Enclosure machine dust• Isolation/Segregation• Local Exhaust Ventilation• Personal Protective Devices• Work Environment Monitoring• Statistical Monitoring
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