occupational processes in mechanical engineering
DESCRIPTION
A presentation that will guide future mechanical engineers in the workplace; beginning with PPE to occupational diseases.TRANSCRIPT
EQUIPMENT SELECTION• Your employer must:
• Be able to recognize the hazards• Be familiar with the best safety equipment available to protect
against these hazards
EYE & FACE PROTECTION• Cover goggles• Protective spectacles• Meter goggles• Welder’s goggles• Face shields• Bal biting helmets• Welding helmets• Hand-hold shield• Acid proof hoods
Cover goggles
Protective spectaclesFlying ObjectsChipping, drilling, scaling, grinding, polishing, buffing, riveting, punching, shearing, hammer mills, crushing, heavy sawing, etc.
Flying particlesWoodworking, sanding, light metal working and machining, exposure to dust and wind, resistance welding, etc.
Welder’s goggles
Welding helmet
Injurious optical radiation- Electric arc welding, heavy gas cutting, plasma spraying and cutting,
inert gas shielded arc welding, atomic hydrogen welding
Face shield
Acid proof hood
Heat, sparks and splash from molten materials- Babbiting, casting, pouring molten metal, brazing, soldering, spot welding, stud welding, hot dipping operations.
Acid splash, chemical burns- Acid and alkali handling, degreasing, pickling and plating operations, glass breakage, chemical spray, liquid bitumen handling
FOOTWEAR
• Free shoes• Gaiter type• Leather shoes with wood soles or wood-soled sandals• Metatarsal guard shoes
FREE SHOES
GAITER TYPE
- Severe electrical hazards or fire and explosion hazards
- Splash of molten metal or from welding sparks
HEADGEAR
• Safety hats/ Hard hats• Must be fire resistant• Impervious to moisture• Contact with energized circuits is possible• Shells made
HANDS AND FINGER PROTECTION
• Asbestos gloves• Chrome-tanned cowhide leather gloves• Rubber gloves• Leather gloves• Cotton or fabric gloves• Coated fabric gloves.
Leather gloves
Cotton or fabric gloves
- for added grip and for protecting their hands
- protection against electrical shocks, extreme heat, ultraviolet and infrared.
-protect against dirt, slivers, chafing and abrasions
LUNG PROTECTION
• Filter respirator• Contained breathing apparatus• Gas mask• Air line respirator• Hose mask
Contact with the skin
Health hazards - CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Dermatitis- most common skin disease caused by contact of a number of materials used in the construction field
- Cement- Epoxy- Acids- Alkalis- Solvents- Thinners- Paints- Varnishes
- Acrylic- Formaldehyde Resins- Bricks- Stone Dust- Pitch- Tar- Bitumen (Asphalt)
Inhalation of harmful chemicals
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Inhalation of certain dusts, fumes, gases, and vapors may cause risk to health including respiratory disorders.
- Asbestos dust- Silica dust- Carbon Monoxide- Carbon Dioxide- Hydrogen Sulfide- Nitrous fumes
- Cadmium- Lead- Heat- Noise- Welding Fumes- Zinc- Solvents
Ingestion of harmful chemicals
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
The swallowing of harmful chemicals by mistake or through lack of personal hygiene is an ever-present risk
Prevention of Chemical Hazards
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
- Careful handling of chemicals- Using appropriate tools in handling chemicals- Wearing correct protective clothing- Personal cleanliness/ hygiene- Proper training and supervision- Proper labelling and containers of harmful
substances
Cold
physical HAZARDS
Workers may be exposed to condition of extreme cold and to biting winds with rain over long periods
Dulling of mental abilities and slower muscle reaction- Bronchitis- Arthritis
VibrationVibration White Finger- most common injury from continued exposure of the hands to high frequencies of vibration from tools like drills and chipping hammer. Symptoms include slight tingling and numbness of fingers and whiteness of the tips
Vibration White Finger Hand Drill
physical HAZARDS
VibrationPrevention of vibration injuries:- use of vibration isolators- exerting the lightest pressure- maintenance of good circulation- warm hands- wearing comfortable gloves
physical HAZARDS
VibrationIsolator
Ionizing RadiationSources of Ionizing Radiation:- nuclear power stations- processing plants- laboratories- radiography- scattered radiation
physical HAZARDS
Nuclear Plant
Ionizing Radiation
The effects of exposure to ionizing radiation includes radiological dermatitis, skin burns, loss of hair, and bone cancer
physical HAZARDS
HAIR LOSSSKIN BURN
Ionizing Radiation
physical HAZARDS
Prevention of Ionizing Radiation:- The boundary of which should be a safe distance
from the radiation must have warning signs- Posting sentries along boundaries to ensure no
unauthorized person enters the danger zone- Wearing of proper protective clothing
PROTECTIVECLOTHING
Compressed Air
Compressed-Air Illness - illness caused by too-rapid decompression - can be caused by working in air at pressure above atmospheric pressure like diving activities and tunnelling
physical HAZARDS
Airplane Departure
Diseases (Compressed Air)
Type I (Mild Form) - Skin Irritation - Slight Pains in the joints- Tightness of the chest
physical HAZARDSJoint Pains
Chest Tightness
Diseases (Compressed Air)Type II (Severe Form) - Severe Pains in the joints
- Dizziness - Unconsciousness
- Possibility of death
physical HAZARDS
Dizzy
UnconsciousDeath
Lasers
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER)
physical HAZARDS
- used in the construction industry that aids to setting out works involving straight line (tunnels, runways, dredging work)
Laser Distance Measuring ToolTunnel Laser Aid
Lasers
physical HAZARDS
Eye Injury - caused by looking directly into the beam of the laser Skin Burns - caused by direct contact with laser
Eye Injury
Lasers
physical HAZARDS
Prevention: - Using effective barriers that separates personnel and the
laser- Notices and Warning Signs- Wearing appropriate eye protection
Warning Sign
Laser Eye Protection Glasses
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
AFFECTS ENGAGED ON WASTE LAND SITES OR SEWERS
WASTE LAND SITE SEWER
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
DISEASELEPTOSPIRAL JAUNDICE OR WEIL’S DISEASE (LEPTOSPIROSIS)- CAUSED BY INGESTION OF FOOD OR WATER CONTAMINATED WITH URINE OF RATS- CAN BE FATAL IF NOT TREATED EARLY
Rats in a sewer
Non-infective dermatitis
- Inflammation of the skin
Symptoms• Rough and raw• Itchy • Crack and sore• Rashes
Cancer of the scrotum
Causes• Sunlight• Ionizing radiation • Hydrocarbons• Arsenic compounds
Symptoms• Wart• Ulcer
Prevention Educated workers Splash guards Protective clothing Avoidance of oily rags Good personal hygiene
Prevention
Clean protective clothing Employees should be warned Report any skin disease which develops Good personal hygiene Creams
Symptoms
• Red-brown spot• Blisters• Inflamed tissue• Fever• Headache• Sickness• Swollen glands
Prevention
Employees should be informedCuts must be treated Good Personal hygieneProtection by immunization
Mesothelioma
Cause• Exposure to asbestos especially the blue and brown
varieties
People at risk• Miners• Manufactures of asbestos• Builders • Asbestos working
Other dust causes of lung cancer
• Chromate• Nickel compounds• Benzpyrenes• Uranium and radon• Arsenic compounds
Lead
Inorganic lead
Symptoms• Fatigue• Loss of appetite• Metallic taste in the mouth• Constipation• Abdominal pain
Effects• Anemia• Abnormal products in urine• Paralysis
Arsine
Effects to health
• Jaundice• Anemia• Urine appear red• Blistering of the skin• Lung irritation
Nickle (Ni)
Effects to health
• Skin sensitivity (Nickel itch)• Irritates the lungs (Broncho-pneumonia)• Cancer of the lung
Cadmium (Cd)
Effects to health
• Irritation of the eyes, nose and throat• Tightness of the chest • Shortness of breath• Coughing • Lung damage• Kidney damage• Lung cancer
Vanadium (V)
Effects to health
• Eye irritation• Shortness of breath• Chest pain• Cough• Broncho-pneumonia
Insecticides
Effects to health• Headache• Nausea • Blurred vision• Muscle twitching• Crams in the belly muscles• Sweating• Respiratory difficulties
Carbon Monoxide
Exposure ppm Carboxyl hemoglobin Effects
200 20% Headache, flushed, breathlessness
400 40% Dizziness
500 50% Collapse
600 60% unconsciousness
Angiosarcoma
-’cancer of the lung’
Symptoms• Abdominal pain• Impaired appetite• Lose of weight• Distension of abdomen• Jaundice• death
Prevention
Reduction of exposure time with vinyl chloride and thorium dioxide
Proper use of protective equipment
Responsibilities of hygienists
•PRACP• PREDICTING
• RECOGNIZING
• ASSESSING
• CONTROLLING
• PREVENTING
Purpose of the OSHA Process Safety Standard
• Prevention of catastrophic accidents caused by hazardous chemicals
• Companies are required to have written operating procedures and such programs to comply with the Standards.
Other Key Elements of the OSHA Process Safety Standard
• Coverage• Employee Participation• Process Safety Information• Process Hazard Analyses• Standard Operating Procedures
Coverage• Any company that uses the threshold amount of
chemicals is covered• THRESHOLD: 10,000 pounds or more of a flammable
material at one site location.
Employee participation• Employees must take part of the processes that are
required by the Standards.• Employees must be given access to information
developed as part of the program.
Process hazard analyses• Conduct Hazard Analyses for all procedures covered by
the Standard.• This is done to prevent potential problems.
Requirements for contractors• Screen Contractors • Orient Contractors • Evaluate Contractors periodically • Maintain an OSHA injury and illness log for the contractor
OSHA Regulation for Chemical Spill• HAZWOPER- Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response Standard• Emergency Action Plan (EAP)• Emergency Response Plan
Emergency action plan• An EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN should have the ff:
• Alarm Systems• Evacuation Plan• Mechanism or Procedure for emergency shutdown of the
equipment• Procedure for notifying the response personnel