oceanography final exam review: the answerspotomacastronomy.weebly.com/uploads/2/… · ppt...
TRANSCRIPT
3. Latitude and Longitude in the N Hemisphere
Calculated by…
• Latitude: measuring the angle between the horizon and the north star
• Longitude: knowing the difference between local time and Greenwich mean-time
4. Describe the purpose of the Challenger Expedition.
It was the first expedition devoted entirely to marine science
5. Define the 4 major categories of oceanography.
Physical: Study of Waves, Currents, and Tides
Geological: Study of Ocean Rocks, Sediment, & Volcanic Activity
Chemical: Study of Water Chemistry
Biological: Study of Ocean Life / Marine Biology
7. Life Style Groups
PLANKTONMicroscopic floating organisms, some photosynthesize and some eat other organisms
BENTHOSOrganisms that live on the ocean bottom, some can move and some are stationary
NEKTONOrganisms that can swim, includes many vertebrate animals and some invertebrates like squid
10. What are some ways taxonomy is useful?
• identifies the relationship between organisms
• requires that key characteristics be defined for each organism
• helps to avoid confusion
12-13. What groups are in this system? How can you remember them in order from largest to smallest?
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
D –earK –ingP –hillipC –ameO –verF –orG –reatS -paghetti
14. Examples of scientific names.Genus species
Homo sapien (HUMANS)Felis catus (DOMESTIC CAT)Canis familiaris (DOMESTIC DOG)Ursus americanus (BLACK BEAR)
15-19. Characteristics of the Kingdoms
• Animalia (multicellular, heterotrophic)– Dog
• Plantae (multicellular, autotrophic)– Daisy
• Archaea (unicellular, autotrophic)– Extremophiles
• Eubacteria (unicellular, auto&hetero-trophic)– E. Coli
• Protista (unicellular, auto&hetero-trophic)– Algae, Kelp
20. Dichotomous KeyPurpose: Helps with identifying organisms based on appearance
Answers:1. Peacock Flounder2. Spotted Goat Fish3. Glassy Sweeper4. Squirrel Fish5. Spotted Eagle Ray6. Band-tail Puffer7. Spotted Moray Eel8. Glass-Eye Snapper9. Trumpet Fish
21. Phylogeny
Different from taxonomy because it groups organisms based on similar characteristics instead of ancestral relationships
24. Echolocation
It is a series of high-pitched clicks and whistles used by whales and dolphins for communication
26. Sea Sponge
• Benthic Marine Invertebrate
• Called “filter of the sea” because it is porous and feeds via filter-feeding
29. Echinodermata• Marine invertebrates such as starfish and sea urchins
• Have radial symmetry (same no matter which way you cut it)
30-36. Sharks30. Chordata ; Nekton
31. Cartilaginous
32. Large, fatty organ used to help sharks float
33. Hunting sharks eat dolphin, seal, and squid ; peaceful sharks eat plankton/algae
34. Valuable for soup in some Asian countries
35. Sharks are slow-growing to maturity and have few offspring
36. Sharks have skeletons of cartilage instead of bone, they give birth to live offspring instead of lay eggs, dermal denticles instead of scales, and fatty liver instead of swim bladder
41. What are the 5 Key Properties of Water?
1. Cohesion/Adhesion (water sticks to itself, and other objects)
2. Surface Tension (insect can walk on water)
3. Viscosity (water resists motion)
4. Liquid Water (exists as liquid not gas at room temp)
5. Ice Floats (solid is less dense than liquid)
42. What factors will affect the way sound moves through seawater?
• Temperature• Salinity• Pressure
43. SalinityThe measurement of dissolved solids in seawater
Measured in PPT (parts per thousand)
Average salinity of ocean = 35
44. Where does the salt in the ocean originate from?
Salt is washed into the ocean from sources on the land
45-47. pH
45. Acids and Bases, Concentration of ions in a liquid
46. Neutral = 7 (pure water)
47. Optimal for living things = 6-8
Basic
49. Why is water considered the universal solvent?
Because of its ability to dissolve most substances
51. What are convection currents?
Air currents that cause polar air to sink and equatorial air to rise
52. Winds blow from regions of _________ pressure to regions of __________ pressure.
From regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure
53. What is the Coriolis Effect and why is it important?
Phenomenon caused by the rotation of Earth that leads to:Northern Hemisphere: ClockwiseSouthern Hemisphere: Counter-clockwise
Effects the paths in which winds/currents move
55. Role of Trade Winds and Surface Currents on Exploration
• Created “paths” for sailing ships, expeditions followed the winds/currents
• Gyres provided “round trip” transport