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TRANSCRIPT
ISLAMIC HISTORYA FRAMEWORK FOR INQUIRY
REVISED EDITION
R. STEPHEN HUMPHREY S
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
Humphreys, Stephen "The sources: an analytical survey". Islamichistory: a framework for inquiry. Princeton, NJ: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1991. 25-65
ISBN: 0691031452 MASON/OCR SAS14091813.pdf
.4 S
OO
*CE
S A
ND
RE
SE
AR
CH
TO
OL
S
2.Un
iver
sity
of C
hica
go. C
atal
og o
f the
Mid
dle
East
Col
lect
ion.
Firs
t Sup
ple-
men
t (19
77).
3.Ne
w Yo
rk P
ublic
Lib
rary
, Ref
eren
ce D
epar
tmen
t. D
ictio
nary
Cat
alog
of t
heO
rient
al C
olle
ctio
n (1
6 vol
s., 19
60).
4.Ne
w Yo
rk kt
p, blic
Lib
rary
, the
Res
earc
h Li
brar
ies. D
ictio
nary
Cat
alog
of t
he
Orie
ntal
Col
lect
ion
Firs
t Sup
plem
ent (
8 vol
s., 19
76).
5.Ha
rvard
Univ
eiNity
. Cat
alog
ue o
f Ara
bic,
Per
sian,
and
Otto
man
Tur
kish
Boo
ks(5
vols.
, 196
8).
6.H
arva
rd U
nive
rsit
Cat
alog
of t
he A
rabi
c C
olle
ctio
n (6
vols.
, 198
3).
7.Sc
hool
of O
rient
al
Afric
an S
tudi
es, U
nive
rsity
of L
ondo
n. Li
brar
y C
ata-
logu
e (2
8 vg
ls., 1
963)
. Fir
stup
plem
ent (
16 v
ols.,
196
8). S
econ
d Su
pple
men
t (16
vols.
, 197
3). T
hird
Sup
plem
ent 9
vol
s., 19
79).
8.Br
itish
Mus
eum
. Cat
alog
ue )9
1 A
rabi
c Pr
inte
d Bo
oks i
n th
e Br
itish
Mus
eum
(3vo
ls., 1
894-
1901
). Su
pple
men
tary
eci
talo
gue
(192
6). S
econ
d Su
pple
men
tary
Cat
a-
logu
e (1
959)
.9.
Briti
sh L
ibra
ry. T
hird
Sup
plem
enta
ry C
atal
ogue
of A
rabi
c Pr
inte
d B
ooks
inth
e B
ritis
h Li
brar
y, 1
958-
1969
(4 vo
ls., 1
977)
.10
.Brit
ish M
useu
m. A
Cat
alog
ue o
f Per
sian
Prin
ted
Boo
ks in
the
Brit
ish
Mu-
seum
(192
2).
As c
ompu
ter t
echn
olog
y an
d ac
cess
impr
oves
, it i
s pos
sible
that
such
mas
sive
com
pila
tions
will
bec
ome
obso
lete
. But
unt
il pr
ogra
mm
ers d
evis
e ad
equa
tetra
nslit
erat
ions
and
reco
rd th
e m
ount
ain
of e
xist
ing
bibl
iogr
aphy
, cat
alog
s of
this
kind
will
rem
ain
an e
ssen
tial p
art o
f the
scho
lar's
repe
rtory
.
Cha
pter
Tw
o
THE
SOU
RC
ES
AN
AN
ALY
TICA
L SU
RVEY
ISLA
MIS
TS li
ke to
com
plai
n ab
out t
he st
ate
of th
eir s
ourc
es, b
ut in
fact
wha
t the
y ha
ve is
ext
raor
dina
rily
rich
and
varie
d, fa
r sur
pass
ing
the
mise
r-ab
le fr
agm
ents
whi
ch c
halle
nge
the
stud
ent o
f the
late
Rom
an E
mpi
re o
rea
rly m
edie
val E
urop
e. T
he re
al p
robl
em is
to u
se th
is pa
trim
ony
effe
ctiv
ely.
To a
larg
e de
gree
that
is a
mat
ter o
f ask
ing
good
que
stion
s, bu
t goo
d qu
estio
nsin
turn
dep
end
on u
nder
stand
ing
the
char
acte
r of o
ne's
sour
ces.
The
aim
of t
his
chap
ter,
then
, is t
o ou
tline
the
mat
eria
ls a
t our
dis
posa
l, an
d to
sugg
est i
nge
nera
l ter
ms w
hat k
inds
of q
uest
ions
thes
e ca
n an
d ca
nnot
ans
wer
. Ide
ally
such
a su
rvey
wou
ld b
e ba
sed
on so
me
rigor
ous a
nd th
eore
tical
ly sa
tisfy
ing
clas
sific
atio
n, a
nd se
vera
l hist
oria
ns h
ave
mad
e va
luab
le e
fforts
in th
is di
rec-
tion.
(An
old
but v
ery
good
exa
mpl
e is
Erns
t Ber
nhei
m, L
ehrb
uch
der h
isto
ris-
chen
Met
hode
[5th
-6th
rev.
ed.
, 190
8], 2
55-2
59, 4
65-5
06.)
In th
e en
d, h
ow-
ever
, I h
ave
foun
d su
ch c
lass
ifica
tions
not
rigo
rous
but
rigi
d, fo
r any
giv
ensy
stem
can
refle
ct o
nly
one
of m
any
poss
ible
per
spec
tives
on
the
past.
I ha
veth
us c
hose
n to
arra
nge
my
disc
ussio
n sim
ply
acco
rdin
g to
the
exte
rnal
feat
ures
of th
e so
urce
s: w
ritte
n or
non
-writ
ten,
pap
er o
r dur
able
subs
tanc
es li
ke m
etal
and
stone
, lite
rary
or d
ocum
enta
ry in
form
. Wha
teve
r may
be l
ost i
n th
eore
tical
soph
istic
atio
n w
ill, I
hop
e, b
e ga
ined
in c
larit
y an
d fle
xibi
lity.
A. N
AR
RA
TIV
E A
ND
LIT
ERA
RY
TEX
TS
Und
er th
is he
adin
g I i
nclu
de a
ll th
ose
wor
ks w
hich
wer
e w
ritte
n fo
r gen
eral
circ
ulat
ion
amon
g so
me
broa
d an
d lo
osel
y de
fined
gro
up o
f int
eres
ted
pers
ons,
rath
er th
an c
ompo
sed
as a
dire
ct in
strum
ent o
f bus
ines
s or a
dmin
istra
tion.
Inth
e fra
mew
ork
of th
is bo
ok, o
f cou
rse,
the
mos
t im
porta
nt g
enre
of s
uch
writ
-in
gs w
ould
be
chro
nicl
es a
nd b
iogr
aphi
cal d
ictio
narie
s. Bu
t thi
s cat
egor
y in
-cl
udes
man
y ot
her t
hing
s as w
ell:
adm
inis
trativ
e ha
ndbo
oks,
anth
olog
ies o
fen
terta
inin
g an
d ed
ifyin
g an
ecdo
tes,
juris
prud
ence
, lyr
ic a
nd sa
tiric
al p
oetry
,fo
lklo
re, e
tc. I
t see
ms a
ver
y di
spar
ate
lot,
but m
ater
ial w
hich
has
littl
e to
offe
rth
e st
uden
t of p
oliti
cs m
ay h
ave
muc
h fo
r a h
isto
rian
of so
cial
mor
es a
ndva
lues
. In
any
case
it is
a g
rave
erro
r to
excl
ude
a pr
iori
any
lite
rary
gen
re a
sa
poss
ible
sour
ce o
f evi
denc
e w
hate
ver t
he n
atur
e of
one
's su
bjec
t.O
bvio
usly
we
cann
ot e
xpec
t to
achi
eve
anyt
hing
of v
alue
just
by p
lung
ing
into
a p
ile o
f tex
ts. O
n th
e m
ost e
lem
enta
ry le
vel,
it is
esse
ntia
l to
begi
n w
ith
26 S
OU
RC
ES
AN
D R
ES
EA
RC
H T
OO
LS
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
27
a su
rvey
of a
ll th
e so
urce
s whi
ch m
ay p
erta
in to
the
prob
lem
und
er in
vesti
ga-
tion,
and
to d
eter
min
e th
e re
latio
nshi
ps (b
orro
win
gs, c
omm
on so
urce
s, et
c.)
amon
g th
em. M
oreo
ver,
since
the
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
any
text
dep
ends
on
an u
n-de
rsta
ndin
g of
its c
once
ptua
l stru
ctur
e an
d rh
etor
ic, w
e ne
ed to
acq
uire
a b
road
over
view
of t
he sc
ient
ific-
liter
ary
tradi
tion
with
in w
hich
it w
as c
ompo
sed.
The
intro
duct
ions
to A
rabi
c, P
ersi
an, a
nd T
urki
sh p
hilo
logy
dis
cuss
edab
ove
(p. 1
2) c
an b
e a
usef
ul b
egin
ning
for s
uch
task
s, bu
t ser
ious
wor
k re
sts
on a
serie
s of b
io-b
iblio
grap
hic
wor
ks w
hich
surv
ey in
det
ail t
he w
hole
rang
eof
lite
rary
pro
duct
ion
in th
e cl
assi
cal I
slam
ic la
ngua
ges.
Non
e of
thes
e is
or
coul
d be
wh9
lly a
dequ
ate:
all
are
affli
cted
with
an
inev
itabl
e qu
ota
of g
aps a
nder
rors
, and
all
are
on th
e ro
ad to
obs
oles
cenc
e th
e m
omen
t the
y ar
e pu
blish
ed.
Even
so th
ey a
re th
e in
disp
ensa
ble
foun
datio
n fo
r res
earc
h in
Isla
mic
stud
ies,
a hi
storia
n's m
ost c
onsta
nt c
ompa
nion
s.Th
e m
ost f
amou
s of t
hese
is c
erta
inly
Car
l Bro
ckel
man
n, G
esch
icht
e de
rar
abis
chen
Litt
erat
ur (a
bbr.
GA
L). T
his i
s in
fact
not
a "h
istor
y" a
t all,
but
an
anno
tate
d re
perto
ry o
f Ara
bic
man
uscr
ipts,
arr
ange
d by
aut
hor a
nd o
rgan
ized
in a
gen
eral
ly c
hron
olog
ical
ord
er. F
or e
ach
auth
or w
e ar
e gi
ven
a ca
psul
ebi
ogra
phy,
a sh
ort l
ist o
f ref
eren
ces (
both
sour
ces a
nd st
udie
s) fo
r his
life,
and
a bi
blio
grap
hy o
f his
ext
ant w
orks
com
pris
ing
both
man
uscr
ipts
and
prin
ted
editi
ons.
GA
L ha
s a c
ompl
ex p
ublic
atio
n hi
stor
y an
d th
us c
an b
e so
mew
hat
conf
usin
g an
d cu
mbe
rsom
e to
use
: 2 v
ols.,
189
8-19
02; 3
supp
lem
enta
ry v
ol-
umes
, 193
7-42
; rev
ised
editi
on o
f the
orig
inal
Vol
s. I-
11,1
943-
49. T
he th
ree
supp
lem
enta
ry v
olum
es d
id n
ot in
any
way
repl
ace
the
orig
inal
two,
but
onl
yad
ded
new
mat
eria
ls—
auth
ors,
wor
ks, o
r add
ition
al m
anus
crip
ts. F
or a
nyto
pic,
then
, bot
h th
e or
igin
al a
nd su
pple
men
tary
vol
umes
mus
t be
cons
ulte
d.B
y th
e tim
e th
e su
pple
men
tary
vol
umes
had
bee
n pu
blis
hed,
ther
e w
as st
illm
ore
mat
eria
l to
be in
clud
ed, b
ut th
is ti
me
it w
as d
one
thro
ugh
a th
orou
ghre
visi
on o
f the
orig
inal
two
volu
mes
. The
revi
sed
Vol
s. I-
II w
ere
of c
ours
ere
pagi
nate
d, b
ut th
e or
igin
al p
age
num
bers
of t
he 1
898-
1902
edi
tion
wer
ere
tain
ed in
the
mar
gins
, so
as to
faci
litat
e us
e of
the
indi
ces a
nd c
ross
-ref
er-
ence
s in
the
supp
lem
enta
ry v
olum
es. I
n sc
hola
rly u
sage
, cita
tions
are
alw
ays
mad
e to
the o
rigin
al p
agin
atio
n of
Vol
s. 1-
11, a
lthou
gh ev
eryo
ne is
in fa
ct re
fer-
ring
to th
e da
ta o
f the
revi
sed
editi
on.
The
auth
or a
nd ti
tle in
dice
s for
the
entir
e se
t are
loca
ted
in S
uppl
emen
tban
d11
1. T
he a
lpha
betiz
atio
n fo
r the
aut
hors
' nam
es d
iffer
s som
ewha
t fro
m n
orm
alus
age,
but
Bro
ckel
man
n ex
plai
ns h
is ru
les c
lear
ly. A
utho
rs c
an n
orm
ally
be
loca
ted
both
und
er th
eir "
com
mon
" nam
es (a
l-Tab
ari)
and
thei
r giv
en n
ames
(Muh
amm
ad b
. Jar
ir). T
he ti
tle in
dex
unfo
rtuna
tely
giv
es ti
tles w
ithou
t ref
er-
ence
to th
eir a
utho
rs a
nd w
ithou
t ind
icat
ing
diff
eren
t wor
ks u
sing
the
sam
ena
me
or v
aria
nt ti
tles (
whi
ch a
re v
ery
com
mon
) for
a si
ngle
wor
k.Be
yond
such
mec
hani
cal d
iffic
ultie
s, th
ere
are
prob
lem
s inh
eren
t in
GA
L's
orga
niza
tion
and
appr
oach
. GA
L on
ly in
clud
es a
utho
rs a
nd w
orks
for w
hich
we
have
cat
alog
ued
man
uscr
ipts
. As a
resu
lt, B
rock
elm
ann'
s sur
vey
is ra
di-
cally
inco
mpl
ete,
esp
ecia
lly fo
r the
ear
lier p
hase
s of A
rabi
c lit
erat
ure
(dow
n to
the
4th/
10th
cen
tury
or s
o). M
any
writ
ers (
incl
udin
g so
me
of g
reat
hist
oric
alim
porta
nce)
are
not
liste
d at
all,
and
for t
hose
who
are
we
have
onl
y a
parti
alco
nspe
ctus
of t
heir
oeuv
re. N
or c
an w
e le
t our
selv
es b
e m
isle
d by
GA
L's
or-
gani
zatio
n, fo
r eac
h au
thor
is li
sted
onl
y on
ce, u
nder
a si
ngle
(alb
eit b
road
lyde
fined
) lite
rary
gen
re. T
his s
eem
s cle
ar a
nd si
mpl
e en
ough
, but
it le
ads t
onu
mer
ous a
bsur
ditie
s. M
ost a
utho
rs c
ultiv
ated
seve
ral f
ield
s of l
earn
ing,
soth
at w
e co
nsta
ntly
enc
ount
er c
ases
like
that
of I
bn eU
nayn
, a n
oted
7th
/13t
hce
ntur
y sa
tiric
al p
oet l
isted
und
er G
esch
icht
e on
the
stren
gth
of a
sing
le m
isun-
ders
tood
title
. Bro
ckel
man
n's a
chie
vem
ent i
s an
impo
sing
one
, but
a n
aive
user
will
get
littl
e be
nefit
from
it.
An
ambi
tious
and
larg
ely
succ
essf
ul a
ttem
pt to
sup
plan
t G
AL
is F
uat
Sezg
in, G
esch
icht
e de
s ar
abis
chen
Sch
rift
tum
s (a
bbr.
GA
S; 9
vol
s., 1
967–
inpr
ogre
ss).
The
volu
mes
so fa
r iss
ued
cove
r onl
y th
e pe
riod
dow
n to
430
/104
0,an
d ev
en w
ithin
thes
e lim
its su
ch m
ajor
gen
res a
s geo
grap
hy, p
hilo
soph
y, a
ndbe
lles-
lettr
es re
mai
n to
be
deal
t with
. How
man
y to
mes
will
be
requ
ired
toco
mpl
ete
this
vast
ent
erpr
ise is
alm
ost b
eyon
d ca
lcul
atio
n; fo
urte
en a
re p
ro-
ject
ed fo
r the
firs
t per
iod
alon
e:
1.Q
ur'an
wiss
ensc
hafte
n, H
adit,
Ges
chic
hte,
Fig
h, D
ogm
atik
, Mys
tik (
1967
)2.
Poes
ie (1
975)
3.M
ediz
in-P
harm
azie
, Zoo
logi
e-Ti
erhe
ilkun
de (1
971)
4.A
lchi
mie
-Che
mie
, Bot
anik
-Agr
ikul
tur (
1971
)5.
Mat
hem
atik
(197
4)6.
Astr
onom
ie (1
978)
7.A
strol
ogie
-Met
eoro
logi
e an
d V
erw
andt
es (
1979
)8.
Lexi
cogr
aphi
e (1
982)
9.G
ram
mat
ik (1
984)
10-1
1. L
itera
tur (
Lite
ratu
rges
chic
hte,
Lite
ratu
rthe
orie
, Erb
auun
gslit
erat
ur,
Kun
stpro
sa) (
in p
repa
ratio
n)12
.Phy
sik-T
echn
ik, G
eogr
aphi
e, M
usik
(in
prep
arat
ion)
13.P
hilo
soph
ie, L
ogik
, Eth
ik, P
olla
k (i
n pr
epar
atio
n)14
.Ein
fiihr
ung
in d
ie G
esch
icht
e de
r ara
bisc
h-is
larn
isch
en V
Vis
sens
chaf
ten
(inpr
epar
atio
n)
Alth
ough
Sez
gin
is by
no
mea
ns im
mun
e to
am
bigu
ity a
nd e
rror
, his
wor
ksu
rpas
ses i
ts p
rede
cess
or in
man
y ar
eas.
Firs
t, it
is ba
sed
on a
muc
h br
oade
rsu
rvey
of A
rabi
c m
anus
crip
ts. S
ezgi
n ha
s ben
efitt
ed fr
om th
e en
erge
tic e
fforts
of M
uslim
scho
lars
in re
cent
dec
ades
to re
cord
the
hold
ings
in th
eir c
ount
ries'
libra
ries a
nd to
col
lect
new
man
uscr
ipts.
(In
the
latte
r reg
ard
the
Ara
b Le
ague
'sco
llect
ion
of p
hoto
grap
hed
man
uscr
ipts
from
all
over
the
Mus
lim w
orld
, in-
clud
ing
man
y pr
ivat
e co
llect
ions
, is e
spec
ially
not
ewor
thy.
) To
this
he c
an a
ddhi
s ow
n un
rival
led
know
ledg
e of
the
imm
ense
hol
ding
s of T
urki
sh li
brar
ies,
not o
nly
thos
e of
Ista
nbul
but
of m
any
prov
inci
al c
ente
rs a
s wel
l. H
is su
rvey
28
SO
UR
CE
S A
ND
RE
SE
AR
CH
TO
OL
S
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
29
is th
us n
ot o
nly
larg
er b
ut fa
r mor
e re
pres
enta
tive
than
Bro
ckel
man
n's.
The
scop
e of
his
eff
orts
can
be
seen
in th
e sy
stem
atic
repe
rtory
of l
ibra
ries a
ndm
anus
crip
t col
lect
ions
giv
en in
Vol
. I, a
nd th
en a
gain
, tho
roug
hly
revi
sed
and
upda
ted,
in V
ol. V
I.Se
cond
, Sez
gin's
phi
lolo
gica
l and
hist
oric
al co
mm
enta
ry o
n ea
ch o
f the
fiel
dsw
hich
he
cove
rs is
muc
h ric
her t
han
Bro
ckel
man
n's.
His
stat
emen
ts a
re a
ttim
es c
ontro
vers
ial o
r ove
rly se
lf-as
sure
d, b
ut th
ey a
re si
gnifi
cant
all
the
sam
e.Fi
nally
, Sez
gin'
s arr
ange
men
t of h
is m
ater
ials
is fo
r som
e pu
rpos
es m
ore
ratio
nal t
han
Broc
kelm
ann'
s, th
ough
it c
an b
e tim
e-co
nsum
ing
to u
se. I
n V
ol.
I he
stick
s to
Broc
kelm
ann'
s pla
n: e
ach
auth
or, w
ith a
ll hi
s ext
ant w
ritin
gs, i
slis
ted
once
lund
er th
e he
adin
g of
a si
ngle
lite
rary
-sci
entif
ic fi
eld.
The
late
rvo
lum
es, h
owev
er, l
ist e
ach
auth
or se
para
tely
with
in e
ach
of th
e fie
lds w
hich
he c
ultiv
ated
. Thu
s, if
we
are
inte
rest
ed in
the
med
ical
writ
ings
of a
n au
thor
know
n al
so fo
r phi
loso
phic
and
mat
hem
atic
al c
once
rns,
we
can
be re
ason
ably
conf
iden
t of f
indi
ng th
em in
Vol
. HI.
On
the
othe
r han
d, if
we
wan
t to
surv
eyal
l the
wor
ks o
f a g
iven
aut
hor o
r to
defin
e a
broa
d in
telle
ctua
l tra
ditio
n, th
eta
sk is
like
ly to
pro
ve p
rofo
undl
y fr
ustra
ting.
Sezg
in fo
cuse
s on
exta
nt a
utho
rs a
nd w
orks
, and
thus
like
Bro
ckel
man
n he
give
s us o
nly
a pa
rtial
surv
ey o
f the
Ara
bic
liter
ary
univ
erse
. How
ever
, he
also
reco
rds w
ritin
gs w
hich
surv
ive
in su
bsta
ntia
l cita
tions
or a
re w
ell a
ttest
ed b
yot
her a
utho
rs; e
spec
ially
for t
he fi
rst t
wo
Isla
mic
cen
turie
s, w
here
so li
ttle
has
com
e do
wn
in it
s orig
inal
form
, thi
s per
mits
a fa
r mor
e ad
equa
te if
som
etim
esm
ore
spec
ulat
ive
pict
ure
than
we
had
from
GA
L.Se
vera
l wor
ks c
an su
pple
men
t GA
L an
d G
AS;
of t
hese
we
shal
l men
tion
thre
e. 1.e U
mar
Ric
la K
abba
la, M
ujam
al-m
u'al
lifin
(15
vols.
, 195
7-61
).K
abba
la g
ives
cap
sule
bio
grap
hies
(arra
nged
in a
lpha
betic
al o
rder
) of a
ll au
thor
s,bo
th m
edie
val a
nd m
odem
, kno
wn
to h
ave
writ
ten
in A
rabi
c, to
geth
er w
ith th
e tit
les
of th
eir m
ajor
wor
ks. H
e lis
ts n
o m
anus
crip
ts b
ut d
oes
give
refe
renc
es to
GAL
.Th
ough
ters
e, h
is en
tries
are
bas
ed o
n a
thor
ough
kno
wle
dge
of th
e A
rabi
c bi
ogra
ph-
ical
lite
ratu
re, i
nclu
ding
sour
ces a
vaila
ble
only
in m
anus
crip
t.2.
Kha
yr a
l-Din
al-Z
irild
i, al
-Ad l
am (1
st ed
., 19
27-2
8; 2
nd re
v. e
d., 1
1 vo
ls. p
lus
supp
lem
ent,
1954
-59;
3rd
rev.
ed.
, 8 v
ols.,
197
9).
A w
ork
simila
r to
the
prec
edin
g th
ough
mor
e br
oadl
y fo
cuse
d, si
nce
it gi
ves t
heliv
es o
f not
able
figu
res i
n A
rab-
Isla
mic
hist
ory
in g
ener
al (i
nclu
ding
maj
or W
este
rnO
rient
alist
s), n
ot ju
st w
riter
s. In
Vol
s. 10
-11,
Ziri
kli p
rodu
ces a
gre
at m
any
facs
imi-
les o
f aut
ogra
ph m
anus
crip
ts, re
ader
's ce
rtific
ates
, etc
. pro
duce
d by
the
auth
ors i
n hi
ssu
rvey
. Bot
h K
abhä
lah
and
Ziril
di in
clud
e 20
th-c
entu
ry fi
gure
s.3.
Haj
ji K
halif
a, K
ashf
al-z
umin
Can
asãm
i al-k
utub
wa q
ium
in: e
d. a
nd tr
ans.
byG
usta
v Fl
iigel
as
Lexi
con
Bib
liogr
aphi
cum
et E
ncyc
lopa
edic
um (7
vol
s., 1
835–
1858
); A
rabi
c te
xt e
d. fr
om th
e au
thor
's au
togr
aph
by S
eref
ettin
Yal
tkay
a an
d K
ilisli
Rifa
t Bilg
e (2
vol
s., 1
941-
43).
The
man
uscr
ipt c
olle
ctio
ns o
f Ista
nbul
hav
e ne
ver b
een
adeq
uate
ly su
rvey
ed a
nd
cata
logu
ed, t
houg
h im
porta
nt st
eps a
re n
ow u
nder
way
(see
bel
ow, p
. 38)
. For
that
reas
on th
is li
th/1
7th
cent
ury
com
pila
tion
by a
n ou
tsta
ndin
g O
ttom
an sc
hola
r (on
who
m se
e "K
atib
Cel
ebi,"
EP,
iv, 7
60-7
62) i
s stil
l a v
ery
usef
ul b
iblio
grap
hic
tool
.H
ajji
Kha
lifa
lists
in a
lpha
betic
al o
rder
som
e 14
,500
title
s of w
orks
ava
ilabl
e in
the
Ista
nbul
libr
arie
s in
his d
ay, e
ach
one
with
a c
apsu
le d
escr
iptio
n of
its a
utho
r and
cont
ents.
In a
dditi
on, h
e in
clud
es a
serie
s of d
iscou
rses
(also
arra
nged
in a
lpha
betic
alor
der)
on
the
vario
us Is
lam
ic sc
ienc
es. T
he K
ashf
al-z
umin
has
no
shel
f-m
arks
or
loca
tions
, but
it d
oes t
ell u
s whe
ther
man
uscr
ipts
of a
par
ticul
ar w
ork
mig
ht b
e fo
und
in Is
tanb
ul (s
ome
have
bee
n lo
st si
nce
the
auth
or's
day,
and
man
y ot
hers
add
ed).
Mor
e th
an th
at, b
ecau
se it
is b
ased
on
a di
rect
surv
ey o
f the
man
uscr
ipts
, it i
s ver
yhe
lpfu
l in
verif
ying
the
auth
ors a
nd ti
tles m
entio
ned
in th
e m
edie
val b
iogr
aphi
cal
dict
iona
ries.
A s
uppl
emen
t to
Haj
ji K
halif
a, w
hich
dra
ws
larg
ely
on li
brar
ies
foun
ded
afte
r his
deat
h, w
as w
ritte
n ar
ound
the
begi
nnin
g of
this
cent
ury:
Bag
dath
Isman
1 Pa
§a, !
;1ä!
t al-m
akni
in ft
al-d
hayl
cal
ã ka
shf a
l-qua
il, e
d. Y
altk
aya
and
Bilg
e(2
vol
s., 1
945-
47).
Impr
essiv
e as
thes
e m
assiv
e su
rvey
s are
, the
y so
met
imes
fail
us, a
nd th
enw
e m
ust h
ave
reco
urse
to th
e m
edie
val I
slam
ic b
iogr
aphi
cal c
ompi
latio
ns.
Her
e Pa
ul A
ucht
erlo
nie,
Ara
bic
Bio
grap
hica
l Dic
tiona
ries
: a S
umm
ary
Gui
dean
d B
iblio
grap
hy (1
987)
, can
be
help
ful.
Auc
hter
loni
e is
very
sele
ctiv
e, b
ut h
eis
judi
ciou
s and
writ
es w
ith th
e pr
actic
al n
eeds
of l
ibra
rians
and
rese
arch
ers i
nm
ind. Sinc
e th
e ov
erw
helm
ing
maj
ority
of a
utho
rs w
ritin
g in
Ara
bic
wer
e M
us-
lims,
it is
natu
ral t
hat B
rock
elm
ann
and
Sezg
in sh
ould
focu
s on
spec
ifica
llyIs
lam
ic sc
ienc
es a
nd li
tera
ry g
enre
s. H
owev
er, A
rabi
c-sp
eaki
ng C
hris
tians
com
pose
d a
very
con
side
rabl
e bo
dy o
f lite
ratu
re a
s wel
l, an
d m
uch
of th
eir
wor
k is
of th
e hi
ghes
t im
porta
nce
for I
slam
ic st
udie
s. It
will
suffi
ce to
men
tion
the
scie
ntifi
c tra
nsla
tions
from
Gre
ek a
nd S
yria
c by
the
Nes
toria
n lju
nayn
b.
Isha
q, o
r the
chr
onic
les o
f the
Mel
kite
Yab
yä a
l-Ant
:aid
and
the
Copt
Saw
irfis
b. a
l-Muq
affa
e. So
me
of th
is m
ater
ial c
an b
e fo
und
in G
AL
and
GA
S, b
ut th
em
ost t
horo
ugh
surv
ey is
Geo
rg G
raf,
Ges
chic
hte
der c
hris
tlich
en a
rabi
sche
nL
itera
tur (
5 vo
ls., 1
944-
53).
A re
late
d bo
dy o
f mat
eria
l is c
over
ed in
Ant
on B
aum
stark
, Ges
chic
hte
der
syri
sche
n L
itera
tur,
mit
Aus
schl
uss
der
chri
stlic
h-pa
liist
inen
sisc
hen
Tex
te(1
922,
repr
inte
d 19
68).
Syria
c w
ritin
g, w
ith it
s foc
us o
n th
eolo
gy, l
iturg
y, a
ndth
e m
iracu
lous
live
s of t
he sa
ints,
may
seem
mar
gina
l to
the
norm
al c
once
rns
of th
e Is
lam
ic h
istor
ian,
but
for c
erta
in to
pics
it is
ver
y im
porta
nt in
deed
. Syr
-ia
c ch
roni
cles
, suc
h as
thos
e by
the
pseu
do-D
iony
sius
of T
ell M
ahre
(fl.
ca.
800)
, Mic
hael
the S
yria
n (d
. 119
9), a
nd B
ar H
ebra
eus (
d. 1
286)
, ofte
n ad
d vi
tal
mat
eria
l to
the
acco
unts
of M
uslim
his
toria
ns. E
spec
ially
for t
he e
arlie
st Is
-la
mic
cen
turie
s, va
luab
le in
form
atio
n an
d pe
rspe
ctiv
es c
an b
e ex
tract
ed fr
omha
giog
raph
y, se
rmon
s, et
c. B
aum
star
k is
mor
e an
inte
grat
ed li
tera
ry h
istor
yth
an th
e ot
her b
io-b
iblio
grap
hic
wor
ks re
view
ed a
bove
, but
in th
e no
tes h
egi
ves c
ompl
ete
man
uscr
ipt r
efer
ence
s.
30 S
OU
RC
ES
AN
D R
ES
EA
RC
H T
OO
LS
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
31
In re
gard
to th
e ot
her "
Chr
istia
n" la
ngua
ges
of th
e m
edie
val N
ear E
ast
(Gre
ek, A
rmen
ian,
and
at c
erta
in p
oint
s eve
n La
tin),
by fa
r the
mos
t im
porta
ntre
fere
nce
is G
yula
Mor
avcs
ik, B
yzan
tino-
Turc
ica
(2 v
ols.;
orig
. ed.
, 194
2-43
;2n
d re
v. e
d., 1
958)
, whi
ch th
row
s lig
ht o
n m
any
aspe
cts o
f med
ieva
l Tur
kish
histo
ry a
nd c
ultu
re. V
ol. I
surv
eys t
he B
yzan
tine
sour
ces w
hich
touc
h on
Tur
k-ish
hist
ory,
whi
le V
ol. I
I tre
ats t
he T
urki
sh li
ngui
stic
data
yie
lded
by
Byza
ntin
ete
xts.
Of p
artic
ular
val
ue in
Vol
. II
is th
e ex
tens
ive
glos
sary
of T
urki
sh w
ords
and
prop
er n
ames
whi
ch o
ccur
in th
e G
reek
text
s.A
mon
g th
e la
ngua
ges o
f med
ieva
l Isl
am, P
ersi
an is
seco
nd in
impo
rtanc
eon
ly to
Ara
bic.
Beg
inni
ng in
the
5th/
1 lth
cen
tury
, Per
sian
bec
ame
the
chie
flit
erar
y to
ngue
not
onl
y of
Iran
pro
per b
ut a
lso o
f Ana
tolia
, Tra
nsox
iana
, and
Nor
th In
dia;
it is
thus
an
esse
ntia
l too
l for
any
scho
lar s
tudy
ing
the
land
s eas
tof
the
Tigr
is Ri
ver o
r nor
th o
f the
Tau
rus M
ount
ains
.In
this
light
, it i
s unf
ortu
nate
that
we
still
have
no
real
equ
ival
ent f
or B
rock
-el
man
n an
d Se
zgin
. A se
rious
beg
inni
ng in
this
dire
ctio
n w
as m
ade
by C
. A.
Stor
ey, P
ersi
an L
itera
ture
: a B
io-B
iblio
grap
hic
Surv
ey (3
vol
s., 1
927-
in p
ro-
gres
s) b
ut th
is re
mai
ns a
n un
finish
ed if
impr
essiv
e to
rso.
As i
t sta
nds i
t con
sists
of th
e fo
llow
ing
parts
:
Vol
. I, P
art 1
(192
7-39
): Q
ur'an
ic L
itera
ture
; Hist
ory
Vol
. I, P
art 2
(195
3): B
iogr
aphy
; Add
ition
s and
Cor
rect
ions
Vol
. H, P
art 1
(195
8): M
athe
mat
ics;
Wei
ghts
and
Mea
sure
s; A
stron
omy
and
Astr
olog
y; G
eogr
aphy
Vol
. H, P
art 2
(197
1): M
edic
ine
Vol
. H, P
art 3
(197
7): E
ncyc
lopa
edia
s, A
rts a
nd C
rafts
, Sci
ence
, Occ
ult A
rtsV
ol. I
H, P
art 1
(198
4): L
exic
ogra
phy,
Gra
mm
ar, P
roso
dy a
nd P
oetic
s
The
gaps
her
e ar
e al
l too
evi
dent
, esp
ecia
lly th
e la
ck o
f a v
olum
e on
poe
try, t
hepr
oude
st ac
hiev
emen
t of m
edie
val P
ersia
n le
tters
.So
me
of th
e pr
oble
ms i
n St
orey
are
add
ress
ed in
the
Russ
ian
trans
latio
n an
dre
visi
on b
y Y
uri B
rege
l, Pe
rsid
skai
a lit
erat
ura:
bio
-bib
liogr
afic
hesk
ii ob
zor
(3 v
ols.,
197
2). B
rege
l was
abl
e to
dra
w o
n th
e va
st a
nd st
ill o
nly
parti
ally
cata
logu
ed P
ersia
n m
anus
crip
t hol
ding
s in
the
Sovi
et U
nion
, and
cla
ims t
hat
his v
ersio
n co
ntai
ns tw
ice
as m
uch
mat
eria
l as t
he e
quiv
alen
t par
ts of
the
En-
glish
edi
tion.
How
ever
, onl
y th
e co
nten
ts of
Vol
ume
I, so
mew
hat r
earr
ange
d,w
ere
actu
ally
tran
slate
d, th
ough
for m
ost h
istor
ians
this
is ad
mitt
edly
the
mos
tim
porta
nt se
ctio
n.Fo
r Tur
kish
lite
ratu
re w
e ha
ve o
nly
parti
al su
rvey
s. In
the
cont
ext o
f the
pres
ent b
ook
this
may
not
seem
a c
ruci
al p
robl
em, s
ince
Tur
kish
em
erge
d as
a m
ajor
lite
rary
lang
uage
(in
both
the
Otto
man
and
Tim
urid
land
s) o
nly
to-
war
ds th
e en
d of
the
9th/
15th
cen
tury
. Eve
n so
, the
rela
tivel
y fe
w e
arlie
r wor
ksw
hich
do
exist
are
ver
y im
porta
nt, a
nd a
com
plet
e bi
o-bi
blio
grap
hic
surv
ey is
clea
rly b
adly
nee
ded.
For
the
time
bein
g, a
solid
ass
essm
ent o
f the
situ
atio
nca
n be
foun
d in
Ele
azar
Birn
baum
, "Tu
rkish
Man
uscr
ipts
: Cat
alog
uing
sinc
e
1960
and
Man
uscr
ipts
Still
Unc
atal
ogue
d,"
JAO
S, c
iii (1
983)
, 413
-420
,515
-53
2, 6
91-7
08; c
iv (1
984)
, 303
-314
,465
-504
.Fo
r our
pur
pose
s the
mos
t use
ful r
efer
ence
is d
oubt
less
Fra
nz B
abin
ger,
Die
Ges
chic
htss
chre
iber
der
Osm
anen
und
ihre
Wer
ke (1
927)
. So
old
a w
ork
is by
defin
ition
obs
olet
e, o
bvio
usly
, but
the
slow
pro
gres
s of O
ttom
an m
anus
crip
tan
d hi
stor
iogr
aphi
c st
udie
s mea
ns th
at it
has
reta
ined
muc
h of
its v
alue
. For
othe
r fie
lds o
f Otto
man
lite
ratu
re th
ere
is no
thin
g sim
ilar,
but u
sefu
l inf
orm
a-tio
n ca
n be
got
ten
from
Bur
sali
Meh
met
Tah
ir, O
sman
li M
iielli
fler
i (3
vols.
,13
33-4
2, in
Otto
man
scrip
t; ne
w e
d., 1
970-
75, i
n m
odem
Tur
kish
).Fo
r Eas
tern
Tur
kish
(Cha
ghat
ay) w
ritin
g, a
maj
or su
rvey
is n
ow in
pro
gres
s:H
. F. H
ofm
an, T
urki
sh L
itera
ture
, a B
io-B
iblio
grap
hica
l Sur
vey.
Sec
tion
DEL
Mos
lim C
entr
al A
sian
Tur
kish
Lite
ratu
re. P
art I
: Aut
hors
. (6
vols.
, 196
9). A
sH
ofm
an n
otes
, thi
s wor
k is
a ki
nd o
f ann
otat
ed in
dex,
arra
nged
alp
habe
tical
ly,
to th
e au
thor
s men
tione
d in
M. F
. KO
priil
ii's s
tudy
, "Ca
gata
y Ed
ebiy
ati,"
IA
,iii
, 270
-323
. How
ever
, the
cur
rent
vol
umes
om
it th
e w
ork
of th
e m
ost f
amou
san
d in
fluen
tial w
riter
in th
is d
iale
ct, '
Ali
Shir
Nev
ei, p
ropo
sing
to d
eal w
ithhi
m se
para
tely
.A
few
bio
-bib
liogr
aphi
c su
rvey
s dea
l with
par
ticul
ar fi
elds
, tho
ugh
not
near
ly a
s man
y as
one
mig
ht e
xpec
t. A
s one
exa
mpl
e of
thes
e, w
hich
cou
ldst
and
as a
mod
el fo
r oth
ers,
see
Ism
ail K
. Poo
naw
ala,
Bio
bibl
iogr
aphy
of
Ism
aili
Lite
ratu
re (1
977)
. Poo
naw
ala
arra
nges
his
mat
eria
l acc
ordi
ng to
the
sect
s whi
ch m
ade
up th
e Is
mdi
liyya
, and
then
acc
ordi
ng to
the
auth
ors
with
in e
ach
sect
. The
kno
wn
wor
ks o
f eac
h, e
xtan
t or n
ot, a
re li
sted
and
conc
isel
y de
scrib
ed. A
nony
mou
s wor
ks, w
hich
abo
und
amon
g th
e Is
mdi
lis,
are
give
n in
a s
epar
ate
sect
ion.
Poo
naw
ala
incl
udes
all
the
rele
vant
lan-
guag
es—
not o
nly
Ara
bic
and
Pers
ian,
but
Urd
u an
d G
ujar
ati a
s wel
l. Fo
r any
scho
lar d
ealin
g w
ith Is
lam
ic re
ligio
us h
istor
y, a
nd n
ot ju
st Is
mai
li sp
ecia
lists,
this
is ob
viou
sly a
n in
valu
able
reso
urce
, and
def
initi
vely
supp
lant
s the
old
ersu
rvey
s of M
assig
non
(192
2), H
. F. H
amda
ni (1
933)
, and
W. I
vano
w (1
933,
1963
).A
ll th
e bi
o-bi
blio
grap
hic
surv
eys w
e ha
ve e
xam
ined
shar
e a
conf
usin
g an
dof
ten
frus
tratin
g po
int o
f usa
ge. W
hen
they
refe
r to
man
uscr
ipts
list
ed in
prin
ted
cata
logs
, the
y gi
ve o
nly
the
cata
log
num
bers
; the
se a
re u
sual
ly n
ot th
esh
elfli
st or
acc
essio
n nu
mbe
rs u
sed
by th
e lib
rarie
s hol
ding
thes
e m
anus
crip
ts.Si
nce
libra
rians
can
not f
ind
a vo
lum
e w
ithou
t its
shel
fmar
k, a
nd si
nce
scho
l-ar
ly m
onog
raph
s and
arti
cles
alm
ost a
lway
s ide
ntify
text
s by
shel
fmar
k as
wel
l, on
e m
ust g
o to
the
prin
ted
cata
logs
to g
et th
is nu
mbe
r. (C
atal
og re
fer-
ence
s in
the
bio-
bibl
iogr
aphi
c w
orks
shou
ld a
lway
s be
chec
ked
out i
n an
yca
se, s
ince
eve
n th
e be
st of
them
are
full
of e
rrors
.) Th
us, G
AL
may
refe
r to
am
anus
crip
t as "
Rieu
465
"—i.e
., no
. 465
in C
. Rie
u, S
uppl
emen
t to
the
Cat
a-lo
gue
of th
e A
rabi
c M
anus
crip
ts in
the
Bri
tish
Mus
eum
(189
4). U
nder
no.
465
,al
ong
with
an
iden
tific
atio
n an
d de
scrip
tion
of th
e vo
lum
e, it
s she
lfmar
k is
give
n—in
this
cas
e "O
r. 42
15"
(e.g
., O
rient
al M
anus
crip
ts, n
o. 4
215)
. The
32 S
OU
RC
ES
AN
D R
ES
EA
RC
H T
OO
LS
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
33
usua
l ref
eren
ce in
the
scho
larly
lite
ratu
re w
ould
thus
be
"BM
Or.
4215
" (or
since
197
3, "B
L" fo
r Brit
ish L
ibra
ry).
The
bio-
bibl
iogr
aphi
c w
orks
per
mit
a re
ason
ably
eff
icie
nt su
rvey
of o
urpo
tent
ial s
ourc
es a
nd a
pro
visio
nal s
elec
tion
of th
e te
xts t
o be
exa
min
ed. B
utth
ey a
re o
f litt
le h
elp
in th
e ne
xt st
age,
that
of d
ecid
ing
whi
ch v
ersio
ns o
f the
sete
xts w
e w
ill u
se. T
he g
reat
bul
k of
med
ieva
l Isla
mic
boo
k pr
oduc
tion
is sti
llin
man
uscr
ipt,
and
man
y pr
inte
d ed
ition
s are
so p
oor t
hat m
anus
crip
ts m
ust b
eco
nsul
ted
to e
stab
lish
relia
ble
read
ings
. In
Isla
mic
his
tory
, at l
east
, tex
tual
criti
cism
and
pal
aeog
raph
y ar
e no
t a re
fuge
for e
rudi
te d
rudg
es b
ut a
n ab
solu
tere
quire
men
t for
effe
ctiv
e re
sear
ch.
The
stud
y of
med
ieva
l man
uscr
ipts
shou
ld b
e fo
unde
d on
an
exac
t kno
wl-
edge
of h
ow b
ooks
wer
e m
ade,
dist
ribut
ed, a
nd u
sed.
Tho
ugh
muc
h re
mai
ns to
be d
one,
we
have
an
attra
ctiv
e an
d sc
hola
rly in
trodu
ctio
n to
the
subj
ect i
nJo
hann
es P
eder
sen,
The
Ara
bic
Boo
k (tr
ans.
Geo
ffre
y Fr
ench
, 198
4). T
his
wor
k w
as o
rigin
ally
pub
lishe
d in
Dan
ish
in 1
946,
thus
ens
urin
g th
at m
ost
scho
lars
cou
ld n
ot u
se it
whe
n it
was
new
, and
by
now
subs
tant
ial p
arts
of it
are
of c
ours
e ob
sole
te. B
ut P
eder
sen
had
a de
ep k
now
ledg
e of
Isla
mic
relig
ion
and
cultu
re, a
nd th
e no
tes a
nd b
iblio
grap
hy h
ave
been
bro
ught
up
to d
ate
in th
etra
nsla
tion.
Alto
geth
er, t
his i
s stil
l the
bes
t pla
ce to
beg
in. A
lso v
ery
valu
able
,th
ough
mor
e na
rrow
ly fo
cuse
d, is
Fra
nz R
osen
thal
, Th
e Te
chni
que
and
Ap-
proa
ch o
f Mus
lim S
chol
arsh
ip (1
947)
, whi
ch a
naly
zes t
he n
orm
s and
pra
ctic
esw
hich
gov
erne
d th
e co
pyin
g of
man
uscr
ipts.
Pala
eogr
aphy
is o
bvio
usly
the
one
indi
spen
sabl
e sk
ill fo
r the
wou
ld-b
ere
ader
of m
anus
crip
ts. I
t is e
ssen
tial n
ot so
muc
h be
caus
e it
enab
les o
ne to
deci
pher
diff
icul
t scr
ipts—
som
e ha
ndw
ritin
g is
beyo
nd a
ny sc
ienc
e—bu
t mor
eim
porta
ntly
, bec
ause
it p
rovi
des c
riter
ia fo
r esti
mat
ing
the
age
and
prov
enan
ceof
und
ated
and
uns
igne
d m
anus
crip
ts.Fo
r Ara
bic
liter
ary
man
uscr
ipts
ther
e is
unfo
rtuna
tely
no
real
han
dboo
k of
pala
eogr
aphy
. For
the
scho
lar w
ho si
mpl
y ne
eds t
o m
ake
out t
he te
xt in
fron
tof
him
, how
ever
, the
gap
is n
ot a
s cru
cial
as i
t mig
ht se
em. L
itera
ry m
anu-
scrip
ts in
Ara
bic,
no
mat
ter w
here
or w
hen
they
wer
e co
pied
, are
alm
ost a
lway
sw
ritte
n in
som
e va
riant
of a
scrip
t cal
led
nask
hi, w
hich
in p
rinci
ple
at le
ast i
scl
ear a
nd p
reci
se. T
he m
ajor
exc
eptio
ns to
this
rule
are
two:
(1) v
ery
early
man
uscr
ipts
, esp
ecia
lly o
f the
Qur
'an, a
re d
one
in th
e m
uch
mor
e di
ffic
ult
Kuf
ic sc
ript;
(2) t
he sc
ribes
of A
ndal
us a
nd N
orth
Afr
ica
evol
ved
a ve
ry d
is-tin
ctiv
e th
ough
eas
ily le
arne
d M
aghr
ibi s
crip
t whi
ch re
tain
s som
e ar
chai
cK
ufic
ele
men
ts. In
nas
kizi
man
uscr
ipts,
the
mai
n pr
oble
ms s
tem
from
the
indi
-vi
dual
hab
its o
f the
scrib
e—le
gibi
lity
and
care
, the
use
or n
egle
ct o
f vow
els
and
diac
ritic
al p
oint
s, et
c. B
ut n
o ha
ndbo
ok is
muc
h he
lp in
equ
ippi
ng o
ne to
deal
with
per
sona
l idi
osyn
cras
ies o
f thi
s kin
d; o
nly
expe
rienc
e an
d a
solid
know
ledg
e of
Ara
bic,
such
that
one
kno
ws w
hat w
ords
an
auth
or is
usin
g ev
enw
hen
they
can
not b
e de
ciph
ered
, will
turn
the
trick
.A
goo
d ov
ervi
ew o
f the
pro
blem
s of A
rabi
c pa
laeo
grap
hy is
giv
en b
y J.
Sour
del-T
hom
ine,
"Kha
tt,"
Er,
iv, 1
113-
1122
. The
bes
t pre
sent
atio
n of
the
varie
ty o
f han
ds w
hich
one
can
exp
ect t
o en
coun
ter i
s pro
babl
y B
ernh
ard
Mor
itz, A
rabi
c Pa
laeo
grap
hy: A
Col
lect
ion
of T
exts
from
the
Firs
t Cen
tury
of
the
Hijr
a til
l the
Yea
r 10
00 (1
905)
—a
mun
ifice
ntly
pro
duce
d co
llect
ion
ofpl
ates
in e
leph
ant f
olio
form
at. B
ased
alm
ost e
ntire
ly o
n th
e ho
ldin
gs o
f wha
tw
as th
en th
e K
hedi
vial
Lib
rary
in C
airo
(now
the
Da
al-K
utub
al-M
isriy
ya),
it co
ntai
ns 1
88 p
late
s; th
ere
are
how
ever
no
trans
crip
tions
or n
otes
. On
a m
ore
mod
est s
cale
are
the
follo
win
g—al
so w
ithou
t tra
nscr
iptio
ns o
r ann
otat
ion:
a.A
. J. A
rber
ry, T
he C
hest
er B
eatt
y L
ibra
ry: A
Han
dlis
t of
the
Ara
bic
Ma-
nusc
ript
s (6
vol
s., 1
955-
66).
Plat
es o
f sel
ecte
d m
anus
crip
ts in
this
truly
rem
arka
ble
colle
ctio
n at
the
end
of e
ach
volu
me.
b.A
. J. A
rber
ry, e
d., S
peci
men
s of
Ara
bic
and
Pers
ian
Pala
eogr
aphy
(193
9).
Con
tain
s 48
exam
ples
, hal
f in
Ara
bic
and
half
in P
ersi
an, f
rom
the
Indi
a O
ffic
eLi
brar
y, L
ondo
n; a
lmos
t all
are
6th/
12th
cen
tury
or l
ater
.C.
Sal
a) al
-Din
al-M
unaj
jid, a
l-Kite
ib a
l-e a
rabi
al-q
arn
Juz'
1, a
l-N
amad
hij (
1960
). A
n ex
celle
nt c
olle
ctio
n in
folio
size
of e
xam
ples
from
the
Ara
b Le
ague
's In
stitu
te o
f Man
uscr
ipts,
but
man
y of
the
plat
es se
em fa
int
or o
ut o
f foc
us.
d. G
eorg
es V
ajda
, Alb
um d
e pa
leog
raph
ie a
rabe
(195
8). C
onta
ins 9
4 pl
ates
dra
wn
from
man
uscr
ipts
in th
e Bib
lioth
eque
Nat
iona
le, P
aris
, cho
sen
expr
essly
to il
lustr
ate t
heba
sic p
robl
ems o
f Ara
bic
pala
eogr
aphy
. In
gene
ral t
he m
ost r
epre
sent
ativ
e vo
lum
e in
this
grou
p, a
nd sa
ve fo
r the
Che
ster B
eatty
cat
alog
s the
bes
t pro
duce
d.
A p
ropo
sed
sum
ma
by A
dolf
Gro
hman
n, A
rabi
sche
Pal
aogr
aphi
e, u
nfor
-tu
nate
ly re
mai
ned
unfin
ishe
d at
its a
utho
r's d
eath
. Vol
. I (1
967)
dis
cuss
esw
ritin
g m
ater
ials,
and
Vol
. II (
1971
), su
btitl
ed D
ie L
apid
arsc
hrif
t, de
als e
ssen
-tia
lly w
ith K
ufic
lette
r-for
ms,
whi
ch h
ave
only
a li
mite
d sig
nific
ance
for m
an-
uscr
ipts.
Dow
n to
Tim
urid
tim
es a
t lea
st, t
he sc
ripts
use
d in
Per
sian
and
Tur
kish
liter
ary
man
uscr
ipts
are
muc
h th
e sa
me
as th
ose
used
for A
rabi
c. H
owev
er,
from
the
10th
/16t
h ce
ntur
y, P
ersia
n an
d (to
a le
sser
deg
ree)
Tur
kish
scrib
esfa
vore
d an
ele
gant
but
ofte
n di
ffic
ult h
and
calle
d na
sta e
lig.
A te
rse
intro
duc-
tion
to P
erso
-Tur
kish
pal
aeog
raph
y is
Ali
Alp
arsla
n, "K
hatt,
"E/ 2
, iv,
112
2-26
,an
d ex
ampl
es o
f Per
sian
scrip
t, m
ostly
of I
ndia
n pr
oven
ance
, are
giv
en in
Arbe
rry, S
peci
men
s. T
he p
late
s at t
he e
nd o
f eac
h vo
lum
e in
A. J
. Arb
erry
et
al.,
The
Che
ster
Bea
tty L
ibra
ry. A
Cat
alog
ue o
f the
Per
sian
Man
uscr
ipts
and
Min
iatu
res
(3 v
ols.,
195
9-62
), ar
e ve
ry b
eaut
iful,
but m
ost o
f the
m fo
cus o
nth
e ill
ustra
tions
of t
hese
man
uscr
ipts
rath
er th
an th
e te
xts
per
se; V
ol. I
, dea
l-in
g w
ith th
e ol
der i
tem
s, ha
s som
e im
porta
nt e
xam
ples
of P
ersia
n sc
ript,
how
-ev
er. Th
e ar
t of c
allig
raph
y, so
hig
hly
este
emed
am
ong
Mus
lims i
n m
oder
n as
wel
l as m
edie
val t
imes
, rea
lly li
es o
utsid
e ou
r con
cern
s her
e. E
ven
so, i
t can
thro
w so
me
light
ont
o th
e cr
iteria
whi
ch g
over
ned
ordi
nary
scrib
al p
ract
ice.
Abr
ief b
ut a
ttrac
tive
intro
duct
ion
to it
is A
nnem
arie
Sch
imm
el, I
slam
ic C
allig
-ra
phy
(197
0).
34 S
OU
RC
ES
AN
D R
ES
EA
RC
H T
OO
LS
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
35
How
ever
cor
rect
ly it
may
be
read
, a m
anus
crip
t is n
ot e
vide
nce
for a
nyth
ing
until
its p
rove
nanc
e, a
uthe
ntic
ity, a
nd a
ccur
acy
have
bee
n as
sess
ed. S
ince
Is-
lam
ists
seld
om e
njoy
the
luxu
ry o
f sci
entif
ic c
ritic
al e
ditio
ns, t
hey
have
no
choi
ce b
ut to
lear
n th
e sk
ills o
f tex
tual
crit
icism
. An
histo
rian,
unl
ike
an e
dito
ror
tran
slato
r, is
not c
alle
d on
to re
solv
e ev
ery
text
ual p
robl
em in
the
text
bef
ore
him
, but
he
mus
t be
able
to c
ope
with
any
issu
e w
hich
subs
tant
ivel
y af
fect
s the
ques
tions
he
is pu
rsui
ng. I
t is e
ssen
tial t
o kn
ow h
ow to
iden
tify
the
signi
fican
tm
anus
crip
ts o
f a te
xt, d
eter
min
e th
e af
filia
tions
am
ong
thes
e m
anus
crip
ts,
choo
se a
mon
g di
ffer
ing
vers
ions
of t
he sa
me
pass
age,
and
em
end
a co
rrup
t or
unin
telli
gibl
e pa
ssag
e.Th
ese
skill
s, to
geth
er w
ith th
e pr
inci
ples
und
erly
ing
them
, are
disc
usse
d in
man
y pl
aces
. Sou
nd g
ener
al g
uide
lines
can
be
foun
d in
the
clas
sic E
urop
ean
text
book
s on
his
toric
al m
etho
d: E
. Ber
nhei
m,
Leh
rbuc
h de
r hi
stor
isch
enM
etho
de, 3
30-4
64; a
nd C
h. V
. Lan
gloi
s and
Ch.
Sei
gnob
os, I
ntro
duct
ion
aux
etud
es h
isto
riqu
es (1
898)
, 51-
78; t
rans
., G
. G. B
erry
, Int
rodu
ctio
n to
the
Stud
yof
His
tory
, (18
98),
pp. 7
1-10
0. (T
he la
tter i
s cer
tain
ly c
lear
, but
als
o fa
r les
snu
ance
d an
d m
ore
dogm
atic
than
Ber
nhei
m.)
In a
dditi
on, h
owev
er, I
wou
ldstr
ongl
y ur
ge tw
o tit
les i
n Cl
assic
al st
udie
s, w
hich
was
the
birth
plac
e of
text
ual
criti
cism
and
is st
ill th
e m
ost s
ophi
stica
ted
field
in th
is re
gard
. The
mos
t rig
or-
ous s
tate
men
t of m
etho
d is
Pau
l Maa
s, Te
xtkr
itik
(orig
inal
ed.
, 192
7; 4
th re
v.ed
., 19
60; E
nglis
h tra
nsla
tion
by B
arba
ra F
low
er, T
extu
al C
ritic
ism
, 195
8). A
nhi
stor
ical
per
spec
tive
is g
iven
by
a so
lid a
nd v
ery
appr
oach
able
stud
y of
the
trans
mis
sion
of G
reek
and
Lat
in li
tera
ture
from
Ant
iqui
ty to
ear
ly m
oder
ntim
es: L
. D. R
eyno
lds a
nd N
. G. W
ilson
, Scr
ibes
and
Sch
olar
s (1
968)
. In
asu
bsta
ntia
l app
endi
x, th
e au
thor
s also
pre
sent
a p
erce
ptiv
e cr
itiqu
e of
the
un-
derly
ing
assu
mpt
ion
of M
aas'
wor
k—vi
z., t
hat e
very
man
uscr
ipt t
radi
tion
ulti-
mat
ely
stem
s fro
m a
sing
le a
uthe
ntic
arc
hety
pe.
The
prin
cipl
es o
f tex
tual
crit
icis
m o
ften
emer
ge m
ost v
ivid
ly in
the
intro
-du
ctio
ns to
goo
d sc
ient
ific
editi
ons.
We
will
gla
nce
at th
ree
parti
cula
rly in
-st
ruct
ive
exam
ples
. For
the
prob
lem
s inv
olve
d in
con
firm
ing
the
auth
orsh
ipan
d as
sess
ing
the
cont
ents
of a
sing
le m
anus
crip
t (a
"uni
cum
"), s
ee Ib
n eA
qil,
Kitn
b al
-fun
un, e
d. b
y G
eorg
e M
akdi
si (P
t. I,
1970
). A
som
ewha
t diff
eren
tca
se is
repr
esen
ted
by J
. A
. Bel
lam
y's
editi
on o
f Ibn
Abi
al-D
unyä
, Kit
am
aknr
im a
l-akh
lä q
(197
3). H
ere
the
edito
r not
onl
y gi
ves a
n as
tute
and
met
ho-
dolo
gica
lly v
ery
cons
ciou
s exa
min
atio
n (b
ased
on
a cr
itica
l use
of M
aas)
of t
here
latio
nshi
ps b
etw
een
his t
wo
man
uscr
ipts
and
thei
r hyp
othe
tical
arc
hety
pe,
but a
lso
illum
inat
es th
e tra
nsm
issi
on o
f a m
anus
crip
t tra
ditio
n in
med
ieva
lIs
lam
ic c
ultu
re. F
inal
ly, F
ranz
Ros
enth
al's
surv
ey o
f the
text
ual h
istor
y of
Ibn
Ithal
dan'
s M
uqad
dim
a (2
nd. e
d., 1
967;
Vol
. I, p
p. lx
xxvi
ii–cx
v) is
a m
odel
for
the
study
of a
text
tran
smitt
ed b
y nu
mer
ous m
anus
crip
ts re
pres
entin
g se
vera
ldi
ffere
nt re
cens
ions
.W
ritte
n te
xts,
espe
cial
ly th
ose
with
hig
h re
ligio
us v
alue
, wer
e ve
ry o
ften
trans
mitt
ed o
rally
thro
ugh
a pr
oces
s of f
orm
al re
cita
tion
and
dict
atio
n. T
hese
prac
tices
are
disc
usse
d in
thei
r bro
ad in
stitu
tiona
l con
text
by
Geo
rge
Mak
disi,
The
Ris
e of
Col
lege
s (1
981)
; see
esp
ecia
lly p
p. 9
9-10
5,14
0-14
6. A
cade
mic
dict
atio
n is
studi
ed b
y M
ax W
eisw
eile
r, "D
as A
mt d
es M
usta
mli
in d
er a
rabi
s-ch
en W
issen
scha
ft,"
Ori
ens,
iv (1
951)
, 27-
57. O
ne e
lem
ent o
f thi
s sys
tem
was
the
"cer
tific
ate
of re
cita
tion"
(sa
md)
insc
ribed
on
the
title
pag
e of
cer
tain
man
uscr
ipts
; an
impo
rtant
bod
y of
such
cer
tific
ates
is a
naly
zed
by G
eorg
esVa
jda i
n L
es c
ertif
icat
e de
lect
ure
et d
e tr
ansm
issi
on d
ans
les
man
uscr
its a
ra-
bes
de la
Bib
lioth
eque
Nat
iona
le d
e Pa
ris
(195
6). (
They
are
not
com
mon
,un
fortu
nate
ly; i
n a
colle
ctio
n of
som
e 70
00 A
rabi
c m
anus
crip
ts, t
here
are
only
seve
nty-
two
sam
dCzt
.) Th
e w
hole
syst
em w
as ro
oted
in th
e ef
fort
toes
tabl
ish ri
goro
us st
anda
rds f
or th
e tra
nsm
issio
n of
Pro
phet
ic h
adith
, and
so it
is u
sefu
l to
deve
lop
som
e ac
quai
ntan
ce w
ith th
is s
cien
ce. I
n ad
ditio
n to
Sezg
in's
disc
ussio
n in
GA
S I (
see
abov
e, p
. 22)
, see
two
med
ieva
l Isla
mic
text
son
met
hod:
1.al
-Hak
im a
l-N
aisä
biir
i, A
n In
trod
ucti
on to
the
Scie
nce
of T
radi
tion
, tra
ns.
Jam
es R
obso
n (1
953)
.2.
W. M
arai
s, "
Le
Tag
rib
de e
n-N
awaw
i," J
A, s
er. 9
: no.
xvi
(190
0), 3
15-3
46;
no. x
vii (
1901
), 1
01-1
49, 1
93-2
32, 5
24-5
40; n
o. x
viii
(190
1), 6
1-14
6.
al-N
aisA
bari'
s tre
atm
ent i
s ext
rem
ely
ters
e, b
ut it
is o
ne o
f our
ear
li-es
t tre
atm
ents
on
hadi
th m
etho
dolo
gy a
nd is
eas
y to
follo
w. A
l-Naw
awi's
wor
k is
an
abrid
gem
ent o
f the
stan
dard
trea
tise
on th
e su
bjec
t, th
e U
liim
al-
kidi
th o
f Ibn
al-S
hahr
azik
i (d.
643
/124
5).
Her
e w
e ca
nnot
dea
l in
any
syst
emat
ic w
ay w
ith th
e pr
oble
ms o
f tex
tual
criti
cism
, but
a fe
w g
ener
al p
oint
s whi
ch e
spec
ially
con
cern
hist
oria
ns sh
ould
be m
ade.
In e
very
cas
e, th
e fir
st ste
p m
ust b
e to
esta
blish
the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
the
man
uscr
ipt w
e ar
e us
ing
and
the
orig
inal
wor
k of
whi
ch it
cla
ims t
o be
a c
opy.
Oth
erw
ise
we
cann
ot k
now
if th
e st
atem
ents
bef
ore
us a
re c
opyi
sts'
corr
up-
tions
or e
ven
forg
erie
s. Es
tabl
ishin
g th
e lin
k be
twee
n co
py a
nd o
rigin
al is
no
easy
task
: dat
ed a
nd si
gned
col
opho
ns a
re ra
re, a
nd a
utho
rs' a
utog
raph
s or
dire
ct tr
ansm
issio
ns g
uara
ntee
d by
cer
tific
ates
of r
ecita
tion
are
rare
r stil
l. To
ala
rge
degr
ee, o
ne's
judg
men
t mus
t be
base
d on
such
elu
sive
dat
a as
scrip
ts,
unus
ual e
rrors
shar
ed b
y tw
o or
mor
e m
anus
crip
ts, e
tc.
Even
in th
e ca
se o
f a u
nicu
m w
ith fe
w e
xter
nal i
ndic
atio
ns o
f dat
e an
dpr
oven
ance
, how
ever
, we
are
not w
ithou
t res
ourc
es. I
n th
e fie
lds o
f hist
ory,
biog
raph
y, a
nd ju
rispr
uden
ce in
par
ticul
ar, m
edie
val M
uslim
aut
hors
tend
ed to
abso
rb th
e w
ork
of th
eir p
rede
cess
ors,
eith
er b
y di
rect
quo
tatio
n (n
ot a
lway
sat
tribu
ted)
or b
y ex
tens
ive
para
phra
se. T
hus t
he te
xt o
f the
vas
t chr
onic
le o
fal
-Tab
ari (
d. 3
10/9
23) o
ften
rest
s on
a sin
gle
man
uscr
ipt,
but t
he re
adin
gs o
fth
ese
sect
ions
can
be
subs
tant
ially
con
firm
ed b
y co
mpa
ring
them
to Ib
n al
-A
thir
(d. 6
30/1
234)
, who
se e
arly
vol
umes
follo
w a
l-Tab
ari v
ery
clos
ely,
alb
eit
with
som
e ab
ridge
men
t. Li
kew
ise, t
he o
ne p
artia
l man
uscr
ipt o
f CIz
z al
-Din
b.
36
SO
UR
CE
S A
ND
RE
SE
AR
CH
TO
OL
S
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
37
Shad
dad's
life
of S
ulta
n Ba
ybar
s can
be
chec
ked
and
com
plet
ed b
y a
chro
nicl
ew
ritte
n ha
lf a
cent
ury
late
r by
al-Y
anin
i, w
ho a
ppea
rs to
hav
e ci
ted
the
bulk
of
Ibn
Shad
dad
alm
ost v
erba
tim. O
bvio
usly
this
tech
niqu
e w
ill n
ot y
ield
a c
om-
plet
ely
secu
re te
xt; o
n th
e ot
her h
and,
we
get s
ome
com
pens
atio
n by
lear
ning
how
a g
iven
wor
k w
as u
sed
and
unde
rsto
od w
ithin
the
scho
larly
trad
ition
of
med
ieva
l Isla
m.
In th
e ha
ppy
even
t tha
t we
have
two
or m
ore
man
uscr
ipts
of th
e sa
me
text
,th
ere
are
othe
r pitf
alls
. In
parti
cula
r, th
e te
mpt
atio
n to
har
mon
ize
the
con-
tent
s of d
iffer
ent m
anus
crip
ts m
ust b
e st
renu
ousl
y av
oide
d, fo
r thi
s is l
ikel
yto
blo
t out
sign
ifica
ntly
diff
eren
t rec
ensi
ons o
f the
wor
k be
ing
stud
ied.
If,
for e
xam
ple,
Ms.
A re
pres
ents
a ro
ugh
but d
etai
led
draf
t ver
sion
of a
giv
ench
roni
cle
and
Ms.
B a
pol
ishe
d bu
t som
ewha
t abr
idge
d re
wor
king
of i
t,ev
ery
effo
rt m
ust b
e m
ade
to p
rese
rve
the
diff
eren
ces b
etw
een
them
. A p
ar-
ticul
arly
cle
ar c
ase
of th
is k
ind
is th
e M
ieät
al-
zam
an f
t ta
'rikh
al-
dyän
of
Sibt
ibn
al-J
awzi
(d. 6
54/1
256)
, one
of t
he m
ost i
mpo
rtant
and
influ
entia
lch
roni
cles
of t
he 7
th/1
3th
cent
ury,
whi
ch st
ill a
wai
ts a
n ad
equa
te e
ditio
n;se
e th
e re
view
by
Cla
ude
Cah
en o
f a p
artia
l edi
tion,
Ara
bica
, iv
(195
7),
191-
194,
and
the
sam
e au
thor
's ge
nera
l rem
arks
in "E
ditin
g A
rabi
c C
hron
i-cl
es: a
Few
Sug
gest
ions
," Is
lam
ic S
tudi
es (1
962)
, 1-2
5; re
prin
ted
in P
eupl
esm
usul
man
s, 1
1-36
. A se
cond
exa
mpl
e, th
is ti
me
draw
n fr
om ju
rispr
uden
ce,
wou
ld b
e th
e M
uwat
ta' o
f Mäl
ik ib
n A
nas,
who
se c
ompl
ex te
xtua
l his
tory
can
be fo
llow
ed in
SE
I, 32
1f.;
GA
S, I,
458
-460
; and
Igna
z G
oldz
iher
, Mus
limSt
udie
s, (t
rans
. S. M
. Ste
rn a
nd C
. R. B
arbe
r, 19
67-7
1), I
I, 20
4-20
9. In
shor
t,th
e de
finiti
ve "
orig
inal
text
" is
mos
t ofte
n a
chim
era;
bet
ter t
o fo
cus o
ne's
ener
gies
on
doin
g ju
stic
e to
all
the
data
than
to tr
y to
cap
ture
such
an
elus
ive
beas
t.In
an
idea
l wor
ld, w
ith ti
me
and
expe
nse
no o
bjec
t, w
e w
ould
exa
min
edi
rect
ly a
ll kn
own
man
uscr
ipts
of a
ny te
xt w
e in
tend
ed to
use
, and
wou
ld m
ake
our c
hoic
e of
var
iant
s and
rece
nsio
ns a
ccor
ding
to th
e st
anda
rds o
f a g
ood
criti
cal e
ditio
n. O
bvio
usly
this
is se
ldom
feas
ible
, and
eve
n m
icro
film
s (w
hich
are
no su
bstit
ute
for t
he re
al th
ing)
are
ofte
n ex
trem
ely
diff
icul
t to
obta
in,
espe
cial
ly fr
om E
aste
rn E
urop
e an
d A
sia. I
n su
ch c
ircum
stanc
es, w
e m
ust t
urn
to th
e pr
inte
d ca
talo
gs a
nd h
andl
ists
pro
duce
d by
mos
t of t
he w
orld
's m
ajor
man
uscr
ipt r
epos
itorie
s. In
add
ition
to a
utho
rs, t
itles
, and
shel
flist
num
bers
,th
ese
norm
ally
giv
e su
ch d
ata
as th
e nu
mbe
r of p
ages
or f
olio
s in
each
vol
ume,
its si
ze, t
he n
umbe
r of l
ines
per
pag
e, a
des
crip
tion
of th
e bi
ndin
g, a
nd (i
fkn
own)
the
date
it w
as c
opie
d. A
few
cat
alog
s go
muc
h fu
rther
, giv
ing
quite
deta
iled
sum
mar
ies o
f the
con
tent
s of e
ach
man
uscr
ipt,
anal
yses
of i
ts d
ate,
prov
enan
ce, a
nd tr
ansm
issio
n, a
nd e
ven
refe
renc
es to
rela
ted
man
uscr
ipts
inot
her c
olle
ctio
ns. T
he o
utst
andi
ng a
chie
vem
ent i
n th
is fi
eld
is n
o do
ubt t
hem
agni
ficen
t sur
vey
of th
e Is
lam
ic m
anus
crip
ts o
f Ber
lin m
ade
late
in th
e la
stce
ntur
y, so
thor
ough
and
exa
ct th
at it
alm
ost c
onsti
tute
s a h
istor
y of
the
thre
elit
erat
ures
:
Wilh
elm
Ahl
war
dt, V
erze
ichn
is d
er a
rabi
sche
n H
ands
chrz
ften
der
kiin
iglic
hen
Bib
-lio
thek
zu
Ber
lin (
10 v
ols.
, 188
7-18
99).
Wilh
elm
Per
tsch
, Ver
zeic
hnis
der
per
sisc
hen
Han
dsch
rzft
en d
er k
iinig
liche
n B
iblio
-th
ek z
u B
erlin
(18
88);
Ver
zeic
hnis
der
tiir
kisc
hen
Han
dsch
rift
en d
er k
iinig
liche
nB
iblio
thek
zu
Ber
lin (1
889)
.
Cat
alog
s of s
imila
r qua
lity,
thou
gh o
n a
smal
ler s
cale
, wer
e pr
epar
ed fo
rse
vera
l oth
er E
urop
ean
libra
ries a
t abo
ut th
e sa
me
time,
but
the
20th
cen
tury
has s
een
the
near
-dem
ise o
f suc
h ef
forts
, dou
btle
ss d
ue to
thei
r im
men
se c
ost
and
limite
d au
dien
ce. T
here
are
hap
pily
som
e im
porta
nt e
xcep
tions
. Wes
t Ger
-m
any
has m
ount
ed a
susta
ined
pro
ject
to su
rvey
the
coun
try's
Orie
ntal
man
u-sc
ript r
esou
rces
: Ver
zeic
hnis
der
ori
enta
lisch
en H
ands
chnf
ten
in D
euts
chla
nd(a
bbr.,
VO
HD
; 196
1—in
pro
gres
s). T
he w
ork
has b
een
divi
ded
into
thirt
y-tw
ovo
lum
es (m
any
of th
em in
seve
ral p
arts)
, one
for e
ach
of th
e la
ngua
ges t
o be
cove
red.
In a
dditi
on, a
sepa
rate
ly n
umbe
red
serie
s of s
uppl
emen
tary
vol
umes
,de
alin
g w
ith sp
ecifi
c pr
oble
ms o
r man
uscr
ipts
, is a
lso
bein
g is
sued
; to
date
twen
ty-s
ix o
f the
se h
ave
appe
ared
. With
in V
OH
D th
ree
volu
mes
are
of c
entra
lin
tere
st fo
r Isla
mic
hist
ory:
B. M
IL T
iirki
sche
Han
dsch
nfte
n. 5
Tei
le (1
968-
81)
B. X
IV. P
ersi
sche
Han
dsch
rift
en. 2
Tei
le (1
968-
80)
B. X
VII
, Rei
he A
. Mat
eria
lien
zur
arab
isch
en L
itera
turg
esch
icht
e. 2
Tei
le(1
976-
87)
B. X
VII
, Rei
he B
. Ara
bisc
he H
ands
chri
ften
. 1 T
eil (
1976
)
VO
HD
can
be
supp
lem
ente
d by
Fua
t Sez
gin,
Bei
trag
e zu
r Ers
chlie
ssun
g de
rar
abis
chen
Han
dsch
rift
en in
deu
tsch
en B
iblio
thek
en (
3 vo
ls.,
1987
), w
hich
asse
mbl
es a
use
ful (
albe
it an
tiqua
ted)
set o
f stu
dies
des
crib
ing
Ger
man
man
u-sc
ript c
olle
ctio
ns o
f the
mid
and
late
19t
h ce
ntur
y. V
ols.
II an
d III
repr
int t
heol
d ca
talo
gs fo
r Mun
ich
and
Tubi
ngen
resp
ectiv
ely;
the
artic
les i
n V
ol. I
focu
son
a n
umbe
r of p
erso
nal l
ibra
ries (
by L
andb
erg,
Har
tman
n, S
pren
ger,
et a
l.)w
hich
bec
ame
the
very
hea
rt of
the
grea
t pub
lic c
olle
ctio
ns in
Ber
lin a
nd e
lse-
wher
e.Th
e va
st m
ajor
ity o
f prin
ted
cata
logs
do
not b
egin
to a
ppro
ach
Ger
man
stand
ards
. Per
haps
wor
st-se
rved
of a
ll is
Turk
ey, t
he c
ount
ry w
hich
pos
sess
esby
far t
he ri
ches
t Isla
mic
man
uscr
ipt h
oldi
ngs i
n th
e w
orld
. For
the
libra
ries o
fIs
tanb
ul, w
hich
con
tain
at l
east
125,
000
volu
mes
, sch
olar
s hav
e ha
d to
mak
edo
with
a se
ries o
f han
dlist
s (a
sepa
rate
one
for e
ach
of fo
rty o
r so
insti
tutio
ns)
publ
ished
at t
he tu
rn o
f the
cen
tury
. The
se a
re o
bsol
ete,
laco
nic,
and
ridd
led
with
erro
rs. F
or m
any
othe
r maj
or c
ente
rs, s
uch
as K
onya
or B
ursa
, we
do n
otha
ve e
ven
this
muc
h. In
vie
w o
f thi
s situ
atio
n, F
uat S
ezgi
n ha
s per
form
ed a
real
serv
ice
with
his
rece
nt a
ntho
logy
of a
rticl
es d
escr
ibin
g se
lect
ed m
anu-
scrip
ts in
Ista
nbul
and
oth
er T
urki
sh li
brar
ies:
Bei
trag
e zu
r Ers
chlie
ssun
g de
rar
abis
chen
Han
dsch
nfte
n in
Ista
nbul
and
Ana
tolie
n (4
vol
s., 1
986)
. Vol
. IV
is
38 S
OU
RC
ES
AN
D R
ES
EA
RC
H T
OO
LS
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
39
an in
dex
to th
e m
anus
crip
ts d
escr
ibed
in th
e fir
st th
ree,
org
aniz
ed b
y lib
rary
and
shel
flist
num
ber.
The
pape
rs c
olle
cted
her
e w
ere
publ
ishe
d be
twee
n th
ela
te 1
9th
cent
ury
and
1961
, and
all
are
by G
erm
an o
r Tur
kish
scho
lars
. The
rear
e un
fortu
nate
om
issio
ns—
e.g.
, an
impo
rtant
stud
y of
hist
oric
al m
anus
crip
tsin
Ista
nbul
by
Cla
ude
Cah
en, "
Les c
hron
ique
s ara
bes c
once
rnan
t la
Syrie
,tg
ypte
, et l
a M
esop
otam
ie d
e la
con
quet
e ar
abe
a la
con
quet
e ot
tom
ane
dans
les b
iblio
theq
ue. s
d'Is
tanb
ul,"
RE
I, x
(193
6), 3
33-3
62. B
ut S
ezgi
n's i
nitia
tive
is a
mos
t use
ful o
ne e
ven
so.
The
situa
tion
has s
low
ly b
egun
to im
prov
e. F
. E. K
arat
ay, f
or e
xam
ple,
did
a co
mpe
tent
set o
f cat
alog
s for
the
Topk
api S
aray
r Miiz
esi (
7 vo
ls., 1
961-
69),
whi
ch fo
r the
firs
t tim
e m
ade
this
grea
t rep
osito
ry o
f som
e 12
,000
man
uscr
ipts
read
ily a
cces
sible
to m
oder
n sc
hola
rshi
p. T
he m
ost c
ruci
al st
ep, h
owev
er, h
asbe
en th
e de
cisi
on o
f the
Min
istry
of C
ultu
re in
the
mid
-197
0's t
o pr
epar
e a
com
preh
ensiv
e un
ion
cata
log
of a
ll th
e m
anus
crip
ts in
Tur
key:
Turk
iye
Cum
huriy
eti K
ultu
r ye T
uriz
m B
akan
hgi,
Kiit
iipha
nele
r Gen
e!T
iirki
ye Y
azm
alan
Top
lu K
atal
o§u
I The
Uni
on C
atal
ogue
of
Man
uscr
ipts
in T
urke
y (1
1 vo
ls., 1
979–
in p
rogr
ess;
abb
r., T
UYAT
OK).
This
imm
ense
cam
paig
n w
ill in
evita
bly
stret
ch o
n fo
r dec
ades
, and
the
initi
alvo
lum
es h
ave
tend
ed to
focu
s on
smal
l and
hen
ce re
lativ
ely
man
agea
ble
col-
lect
ions
. The
ent
ries a
re v
ery
ters
e, o
ften
with
out r
efer
ence
s to
prin
ted
editi
ons
or th
e re
leva
nt b
io-b
iblio
grap
hica
l sou
rces
. How
ever
, the
re a
re a
utho
r and
title
indi
ces f
or e
ach
colle
ctio
n, a
s wel
l as f
ull-p
age
plat
es o
f sel
ecte
d m
anus
crip
ts.A
nd n
ot le
ast,
the
qual
ity o
f the
prin
ting
is qu
ite h
igh.
The
org
aniz
atio
n of
the
proj
ect i
s som
ewha
t con
fusin
g. F
irst,
each
vol
ume
is de
vote
d to
one
or m
ore
of th
e co
llect
ions
in a
giv
en p
rovi
nce
(as d
efin
ed b
y cu
rrent
bou
ndar
ies)
. How
-ev
er, t
he p
rovi
nces
are
not
trea
ted
in se
quen
ces:
Ada
na is
cov
ered
in V
ols.
IXan
d X
I, Is
tanb
ul (s
o fa
r) in
Vol
s. II
I and
VII
I. Se
cond
—in
con
trast
to m
ost
Euro
pean
cat
alog
s—TU
YA
TOK
dea
ls w
ith c
olle
ctio
ns, n
ot li
brar
ies p
er se
.Th
us, t
here
will
be
no o
vera
ll su
rvey
of t
he v
ast S
iiley
man
iye
Libr
ary
in Is
-ta
nbul
; rat
her,
each
of t
he in
num
erab
le c
olle
ctio
ns w
hich
mak
e it
up w
ill b
eca
talo
gued
sepa
rate
ly. F
or e
xam
ple,
Vol
. In
is de
vote
d to
the
colle
ctio
n of
425
mss
ass
embl
ed b
y A
li N
ihat
Tar
lan,
whi
ch h
appe
ns to
be
hous
ed a
t the
Siil
ey-
man
iye.
In sp
ite o
f suc
h sh
ortc
omin
gs, T
UY
ATO
K is
an
exci
ting
vent
ure
and
will
sure
ly h
ave
a pr
ofou
nd im
pact
.A
use
ful a
ttem
pt to
est
ablis
h a
unio
n ca
talo
g of
Per
sian
man
uscr
ipts
was
unde
rtake
n by
Alm
nad
Mun
zavi
, Fih
rist
-i N
uskh
and-
i Kha
tti-i
Fiir
si (
6 vo
ls.,
1348
-51/
1969
-72)
, und
er th
e sp
onso
rshi
p of
the
Regi
onal
Cul
tura
l Ins
titut
e in
Tehr
an. M
unza
vi d
oes n
ot c
laim
to a
dd n
ew m
ater
ials,
but
sim
ply
abstr
acts
the
avai
labl
e pr
inte
d ca
talo
gs; e
ven
so, t
hese
repr
esen
t col
lect
ions
all
over
Eur
ope,
Indi
a, a
nd th
e M
iddl
e Ea
st, a
nd so
me
49,0
00 m
anus
crip
ts ar
e in
clud
ed.
We
have
alre
ady
note
d th
at a
rticl
es d
ealin
g w
ith se
lect
ed m
anus
crip
ts c
anhe
lp a
scho
lar f
aced
with
non
-exi
stent
or i
nade
quat
e pr
inte
d ca
talo
gs. I
n ad
di-
tion
to th
e th
e tw
o an
thol
ogie
s by
Sezg
in fo
r Ger
man
y an
d Tu
rkey
, mos
t of t
heim
porta
nt o
nes d
own
to th
e m
id-1
970'
s can
be
foun
d in
the
thor
ough
surv
eyof
man
uscr
ipt c
olle
ctio
ns in
GA
S V
I, 31
1-46
6. A
supe
rbly
pro
duce
d ne
w jo
ur-
nal d
evot
ed sp
ecifi
cally
to Is
lam
ic m
anus
crip
ts m
ade
its a
ppea
ranc
e in
198
6:M
anus
crip
ts o
f th
e M
iddl
e E
ast (
abbr
., M
ME)
a ve
ry w
elco
me
addi
tion
in-
deed
. For
cur
rent
Eur
opea
n-la
ngua
ge c
ontri
butio
ns, I
ndex
Isla
mic
us is
the b
est
refe
renc
e, a
lbei
t a so
mew
hat c
umbe
rsom
e on
e. In
add
ition
, suc
h ar
ticle
s ap-
pear
regu
larly
in a
num
ber o
f Mid
dle E
aste
rn jo
urna
ls w
hich
the
Inde
x do
es n
otsu
rvey
:
a.M
ajal
lat M
a e h
ad a
l-M
akhg
igit
al- eA
rabi
yya
(abb
r., M
MM
A; A
rab
Leag
ue,
Cairo
; sin
ce 1
982
publ
ished
in K
uwai
t, w
ith v
olum
es n
umbe
red
in a
new
serie
s)b.
Mél
ange
s de
l'In
stit
ut D
omin
icai
n d'
Etu
des
Ori
enta
les
du C
aire
(abb
r.,M
IDEO
)c.
Maj
alla
t Maj
ma e a
l-L
ugha
al-
e Ara
biyy
a bi
-Dim
ashq
lRev
ue d
e l'A
cade
mie
Ara
be d
e D
erm
as (a
bbr.,
RAA
D)d.
Maj
alla
t al-
Maj
md
al- e
Ilm
i al-
e Irc
iqi (
abbr
., M
MII
; Bag
hdad
)e.
Nas
hriy
a-i K
iteib
khän
a-i M
arka
zi-i
Tihr
iin d
ar b
arra
-i N
uskh
ahci
-iK
halil
(Uni
vers
ity o
f Teh
ran;
abb
r., N
uskh
ahei
-i K
halli
)
The
surv
ey o
f Ara
bic
man
uscr
ipt c
olle
ctio
ns in
GA
S V
I has
larg
ely
sup-
plan
ted
two
olde
r bib
liogr
aphi
c w
orks
: A.J.
W. H
uism
an, L
es m
anus
crits
ara
-be
s da
ns le
mon
de: u
ne b
iblio
grap
hie
des
cata
logu
es (
1967
); an
d G
eorg
esVa
jda,
Rep
erto
ire
des
cata
logu
es e
t inv
enta
ires
de
man
uscr
its a
rabe
s (1
949)
.Se
e also
Kiir
lds `
Aw
wdd
, Fan
dris
al-
mak
htiit
at a
l-e a
rabi
yyaf
l al-
' War
n. C
ata-
logu
es o
f th
e A
rabi
c M
anus
crip
ts in
the
Wor
ld (2
vol
s. 14
05/1
984)
. eA
ww
ddtri
es to
be
exha
ustiv
e, a
nd p
rovi
des b
rief e
valu
atio
ns o
f the
cat
alog
ues h
e lis
ts;in
spite
of n
umer
ous m
inor
misp
rints,
he
is w
orth
con
sulti
ng. F
or P
ersia
n co
l-le
ctio
ns, i
n ad
ditio
n to
Sto
rey
and
Breg
el, s
ee th
e ex
celle
nt th
ough
now
obs
o-le
scen
t sur
vey
of 'r
aj A
fshd
r, B
iblio
grap
hie
des
cata
logu
es d
es m
anus
crits
pers
ans
(133
7/19
58).
For T
urki
sh w
e se
em to
hav
e no
thin
g of
this
kin
d,th
ough
VO
HD
has
ann
ounc
ed th
at a
repe
rtory
by
G. H
azai
is in
pre
para
tion
(Sup
pl. X
XII
); in
the
mea
ntim
e, se
e E.
Birn
baum
, "Tu
rkis
h M
anus
crip
ts"
(men
tione
d ab
ove,
pp.
30-
31).
A b
road
ove
rvie
w, g
oing
far b
eyon
d th
e lim
itsof
Isla
mic
stud
ies,
is pr
ovid
ed b
y J.
D. P
ears
on, O
rien
tal M
anus
crip
ts in
Eu-
rope
and
Nor
th A
mer
ica:
a S
urve
y (1
971)
. Pea
rson
brie
fly d
escr
ibes
and
as-
sess
es e
ach
of th
e co
llect
ions
whi
ch h
e in
clud
es, a
nd th
ough
he
has o
mitt
edTu
rkey
he
does
dis
cuss
the
Sovi
et U
nion
. His
com
men
ts o
n th
e U
SSR
(stil
lte
rra in
cogn
ita fo
r mos
t sch
olar
s) c
an b
e su
pple
men
ted
by R
. D. M
cChe
sney
,"A
Gui
de to
Orie
ntal
ist R
esea
rch
in S
ovie
t Cen
tral A
sia,"
MES
A B
ull.,
xii,
no.
1 (1
978)
, 13-
25. O
n th
e U
nite
d St
ates
and
Can
ada,
fina
lly, s
ee T
hom
as J.
Mar
tin, N
orth
Am
eric
an C
olle
ctio
ns o
f Is
lam
ic M
anus
crip
ts (1
977)
.Th
e co
nclu
sion
s to
be d
raw
n fr
om th
is d
iscu
ssio
n ar
e da
untin
g: m
edie
val
Isla
mic
man
uscr
ipts
are
like
ly to
be
full
of e
rror
s, w
ritte
n in
bar
ely
legi
ble
40 S
OU
RC
ES
AN
D R
ES
EA
RC
H T
OO
LS
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
41
scrip
ts, a
nd sc
atte
red
in u
nlik
ely
and
inac
cess
ible
loca
tions
. Tha
t is a
ll pe
r-fe
ctly
true
; as h
istor
ians
we
are
clea
rly b
ette
r off
whe
n w
e ha
ve o
ur so
urce
s in
a cr
itica
l prin
ted
editi
on. B
ut it
is a
lso tr
ue th
at m
anus
crip
ts ar
e al
ive
in a
way
that
prin
ted
text
s can
nev
er b
e. M
anus
crip
ts pu
t us i
n im
med
iate
con
tact
with
the
men
and
wom
en w
hom
we
stud
y; th
roug
h th
em w
e ou
rsel
ves b
ecom
epa
rtici
pant
s in
a liv
ing
scho
larly
and
lite
rary
trad
ition
. For
this
priv
ilege
, mer
ein
conv
enie
nce
is a
smal
l pric
e to
pay
.
B. A
RC
FIT
VE
S A
ND
DO
CU
ME
NT
S
In m
edie
val I
slam
ic h
istor
y w
e ar
e po
or in
arc
hive
s but
rich
in d
ocum
ents.
For
the
mos
t par
t we
have
onl
y be
gun
to id
entif
y an
d st
udy
thes
e, le
t alo
ne in
te-
grat
e th
em in
to th
e m
ain
stre
am o
f his
toric
al re
sear
ch, w
hich
still
dep
ends
over
whe
lmin
gly
on n
arra
tive
and
liter
ary
sour
ces.
But d
ocum
enta
ry m
ater
ials
are
quic
kly
mov
ing
from
the
perip
hery
to th
e ce
nter
of h
istor
ical
thin
king
inth
e Is
lam
ic fi
eld,
and
a se
rious
his
toria
n ca
n no
long
er a
void
the
hard
job
ofle
arni
ng h
ow to
use
them
eff
ectiv
ely.
As a
con
sequ
ence
, doc
umen
ts a
nd th
epr
oble
ms s
urro
undi
ng th
em w
ill o
ften
clai
m o
ur a
ttent
ion
in th
e pa
ges w
hich
follo
w, a
nd in
thre
e ch
apte
rs in
Par
t II (
7, 9
, 11)
we
will
exp
lore
cer
tain
gro
ups
of th
em in
con
side
rabl
e de
tail.
For
this
reas
on th
e pr
esen
t ana
lysi
s will
be
age
nera
l one
, in
orde
r to
prov
ide
a br
oad
cont
ext f
or m
ore
conc
rete
disc
ussio
nsla
ter o
n.M
edie
val I
slam
ic d
ocum
ents
are
ver
y un
even
ly d
istri
bute
d in
spac
e an
dtim
e. F
or E
gypt
alo
ne d
o w
e ha
ve a
nea
rly c
ontin
uous
(tho
ugh
extre
mel
y di
s-pa
rate
) seq
uenc
e of
them
, and
the
over
whe
lmin
g m
ajor
ity o
f our
tota
l cor
pus
in fa
ct c
omes
from
that
cou
ntry
. Oth
er c
ount
ries a
re re
pres
ente
d on
ly b
y ta
nta-
lizin
g fra
gmen
ts; a
nd p
reci
ous a
s the
se a
re, t
hey
are
no a
dequ
ate
foun
datio
n fo
rth
e st
udy
of b
road
pro
blem
s or p
erio
ds. O
nly
near
the
end
of th
e tim
e-sp
anco
vere
d in
this
book
—i.e
., th
e la
ter 8
th/1
4th
and
9th/
15th
cen
turie
s—do
es th
equ
antit
y of
doc
umen
ts ev
en fo
r the
mos
t fav
ored
regi
ons (
Ana
tolia
, nor
thw
est-
ern
Iran,
Syr
ia-P
ales
tine)
beg
in to
app
roac
h a
criti
cal m
ass.
Dow
n to
the
6th/
12th
cen
tury
, all
the
exta
nt d
ocum
ents
are
loos
e ite
ms—
i.e.,
they
are
not
par
t of a
n or
dere
d ar
chiv
al c
olle
ctio
n, th
ough
in a
ver
y fe
wca
ses i
t has
bee
n po
ssib
le th
roug
h ex
traor
dina
ry la
bors
to re
cons
truct
a p
artia
lar
chiv
e fr
om sc
atte
red
piec
es. E
ven
whe
n th
e do
cum
ents
com
e fr
om la
rge
trove
s, as
do
mos
t of t
he p
apyr
i or t
he G
eniz
a pa
pers
, the
se a
re ju
st m
iscel
lane
-ou
s agg
rega
tions
of m
ater
ial w
hich
com
mon
ly o
rigin
ated
lite
rally
as t
rash
heap
s. B
etw
een
the
6th/
12th
and
9th
/15t
h ce
ntur
ies,
the
few
arc
hiva
l col
lec-
tions
whi
ch e
xist
are
smal
l and
frag
men
tary
, tho
ugh
ther
e is
a su
bsta
ntia
l im
-pr
ovem
ent f
or th
e la
st de
cade
s of t
his p
erio
d. T
he 1
0th/
16th
cen
tury
, how
ever
,m
arks
a re
volu
tion,
for f
rom
this
poin
t on
the
vast
reso
urce
s of t
he O
ttom
anar
chiv
es li
e be
fore
us.
The
Otto
man
doc
umen
ts m
ostly
pos
tdat
e th
e lim
its o
fth
is bo
ok, b
ut e
ven
so w
e sh
all r
efer
to th
em a
t man
y po
ints,
sinc
e th
ey o
ften
thro
w a
dire
ct li
ght o
n th
e la
ter p
hase
s of s
ome
prob
lem
we
are
disc
ussi
ng,
prov
ide
a va
luab
le c
ompa
rativ
e pe
rspe
ctiv
e, o
r sug
gest
a u
sefu
l set
of q
ues-
tions
and
appr
oach
es.
Man
y do
cum
ents
hav
e co
me
dow
n to
us
not i
n th
eir o
rigin
al fo
rm, b
utth
roug
h ci
tatio
ns (o
f var
ying
acc
urac
y an
d co
mpl
eten
ess)
in th
e na
rrat
ive
sour
ces o
r thr
ough
incl
usio
n in
col
lect
ions
of m
odel
doc
umen
ts. S
uch
colle
c-tio
ns, u
sual
ly c
alle
d m
aim
:tea
t or m
unsh
deit,
wer
e co
mpi
led
to p
rovi
de c
han-
cery
offi
cial
s with
form
ular
ies t
o gu
ide
them
in th
e co
mpo
sitio
n of
ele
gant
and
form
ally
cor
rect
stat
e do
cum
ents.
Whe
re p
ossib
le th
e co
mpi
lers
wou
ld d
raw
on a
ctua
l doc
umen
ts re
giste
red
in th
e sta
te a
rchi
ves,
and
for t
his r
easo
n th
ese
insh
a'-co
llect
ions
are
pot
entia
lly v
ery
impo
rtant
. The
re a
re p
itfal
ls, h
owev
er;
com
pile
rs w
ere
not a
bove
inve
ntin
g do
cum
ents,
and
in a
ny e
vent
it w
as c
om-
mon
to o
mit
such
vita
l dat
a as
dat
es a
nd p
erso
nal n
ames
. Eve
n in
the
mos
tsc
rupu
lous
ly m
ade
colle
ctio
n, im
porta
nt e
lem
ents
like
seal
s, re
gist
ratio
nm
arks
, etc
., ar
e in
evita
bly
abse
nt. (
On
thes
e m
atte
rs se
e "I
nsha
'," E
/ 2, i
ii,12
41-4
4.)
Doc
umen
ts, b
oth
offic
ial a
nd p
rivat
e, w
ere
writ
ten
on a
var
iety
of m
ater
ials,
but o
nly
thre
e of
thes
e w
ere
wid
ely
used
: pap
yrus
, pap
er, a
nd st
one.
The
last
of th
ese
of c
ours
e pe
rtain
s to
insc
riptio
ns, w
hich
will
be
disc
usse
d un
der a
sepa
rate
hea
ding
. Pap
yrus
(Ar.,
qir
tiis)
, tho
ugh
prod
uced
onl
y in
Egy
pt, w
asus
ed a
ll ov
er th
e an
cien
t Med
iterra
nean
wor
ld d
own
to e
arly
med
ieva
l tim
es,
and
its im
port
and
sale
was
ofte
n a
state
mon
opol
y. In
Egy
pt, i
t con
tinue
d to
be u
sed
for b
oth
publ
ic a
nd p
rivat
e bu
sine
ss u
ntil
the
intro
duct
ion
of p
aper
man
ufac
ture
in th
at c
ount
ry in
the
early
5th
/1 lt
h ce
ntur
y. S
ince
it w
as re
la-
tivel
y ch
eap
and
com
mon
in E
gypt
, and
sinc
e lo
cal s
oil c
ondi
tions
favo
red
the
surv
ival
of o
rgan
ic m
ater
ials,
it sh
ould
be
no su
rpris
e th
at a
lmos
t all
surv
ivin
gpa
pyru
s doc
umen
ts h
ave
been
dis
cove
red
in th
at c
ount
ry, t
houg
h Sy
ria h
asal
so y
ield
ed a
few
pie
ces.
As f
or p
aper
(Ar.,
kei
ghad
), it
was
intro
duce
d in
toTr
anso
xani
a fro
m C
hina
in th
e m
id-2
nd/8
th c
entu
ry a
nd w
as b
eing
man
ufac
-tu
red
in B
aghd
ad so
me f
ifty
year
s lat
er. B
y th
e 5th
/1 1
th ce
ntur
y it
had
beco
me
the
prin
cipa
l writ
ing
mat
eria
l eve
n in
the
cons
erva
tive
and
rela
tivel
y re
mot
ere
gion
s of A
ndal
us a
nd th
e M
aghr
ib. T
he p
aper
mill
s of m
edie
val I
slam
pro
-du
ced
an e
xcel
lent
pro
duct
whi
ch re
mai
ns st
rong
and
flex
ible
for c
entu
ries,
and
so it
is n
atur
al th
at p
aper
doc
umen
ts fo
rm th
e bul
k of
wha
t has
com
e dow
nto
us.
(On
thes
e to
pics
see
Gro
hman
n, A
rabi
sche
Pal
tiogr
aphi
e, I,
66-
117;
"KA
ghad
," EP
, iv,
419
-420
; "K
irtas
," E/
2 , v,
173
-174
.)Th
e sc
ripts
use
d in
Isla
mic
doc
umen
ts c
an b
e m
ost i
ntim
idat
ing;
to a
far
grea
ter d
egre
e th
an li
tera
ry m
anus
crip
ts, th
eir s
tudy
dem
ands
car
eful
pal
aeo-
grap
hic
train
ing.
As t
o la
ngua
ge, o
ne m
ust b
e pr
epar
ed to
con
front
ext
rem
es o
fsty
le a
nd u
sage
: col
loqu
ial i
nfor
mal
ity in
priv
ate
and
busin
ess p
aper
s, al
mos
tim
pene
trabl
y flo
rid rh
etor
ic in
the
chan
cery
dec
rees
and
cor
resp
onde
nce
ofla
ter c
entu
ries.
For a
t lea
st so
me
of th
ese
prob
lem
s, fo
rtuna
tely
, a n
umbe
r of
usef
ul ti
tles a
re av
aila
ble.
Sinc
e th
e pa
pyri
repr
esen
t the
ear
liest
bod
y of
Isla
mic
doc
umen
ts (b
oth
42
SO
UR
CE
S A
ND
RE
SE
AR
CH
TO
OL
S
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
43
offic
ial a
nd p
rivat
e), w
e ca
n be
gin
with
a h
andb
ook
by A
dolf
Gro
hman
n, F
rom
the
Wor
ld o
f A
rabi
c Pa
pyri
(195
2). T
his w
ork
was
mea
nt a
s an
elem
enta
ryin
trodu
ctio
n to
the
subj
ect.
Even
so, i
t has
use
ful c
hapt
ers o
n sc
ript a
nd la
n-gu
age.
It c
onta
ins a
lso a
num
ber o
f prin
ted
and
trans
late
d sa
mpl
e do
cum
ents,
but t
he fe
w a
ccom
pany
ing
facs
imile
s are
unf
ortu
nate
ly to
o po
orly
prin
ted
to b
eof
muc
h va
lue.
The
aut
hor's
stat
emen
ts on
scrip
t and
lang
uage
are
mor
e fu
llyde
velo
ped
in h
is E
infi
ihru
ng u
nd C
hres
tom
athi
e zu
r ara
bisc
hen
Papy
rusk
unde
(195
5), b
ut th
is im
porta
nt st
udy
cont
ains
no
text
s at a
ll. O
n th
e gr
amm
ar o
f the
papy
ri, w
hich
dep
arts
in si
gnifi
cant
and
som
etim
es c
onfu
sing
way
s fro
m th
eno
rms o
f Cla
ssic
al A
rabi
c, se
e th
e ex
celle
nt a
naly
sis b
y Si
mon
Hop
kins
, Stu
d-ie
s in
the
Gra
mm
ar o
f E
arly
Ara
bic,
Bas
ed u
pon
Papy
ri D
atab
le to
bef
ore
A.H
. 300
/A.D
. 912
(198
4). G
iven
the
lack
of a
com
preh
ensiv
e ha
ndbo
ok, t
hebe
st re
cour
se is
pro
babl
y to
stud
y pa
pyri
whi
ch h
ave
been
pub
lishe
d w
ith g
ood
facs
imile
s, pr
inte
d tra
nscr
iptio
ns, t
rans
latio
ns, a
nd th
orou
gh a
nnot
atio
n. F
orsta
te d
ocum
ents,
a g
ood
exam
ple
wou
ld b
e N
abia
Abb
ott,
The
Kur
rah
Papy
rifr
om A
phro
dito
in th
e O
rien
tal I
nstit
ute
(193
8). A
n im
porta
nt a
rchi
ve o
f pri-
vate
doc
umen
ts ha
s rec
ently
bee
n re
cons
truct
ed b
y Y
iisuf
Rag
hib,
Mar
chan
dsd'
etof
fes
du F
ayyo
um a
u iii
e/ixe
siè
cle
d'ap
res
leur
s ar
chiv
es (a
ctes
et l
ettr
es);
I, L
es a
ctes
des
Ran
a" `A
bd a
l-M
u'm
in (1
982)
. (Si
x fa
scic
les a
ltoge
ther
are
proj
ecte
d in
this
ser
ies.
) The
larg
est p
ublis
hed
colle
ctio
n of
pap
yri i
s st
illA
dolf
Gro
hman
n, A
rabi
c Pa
pyri
in th
e E
gypt
ian
Mus
eum
(6
vols.
, 193
4-62
);th
roug
h it
one
can
get a
goo
d id
ea o
f the
sort
of li
ngui
stic
and
pal
aeog
raph
icpr
oble
ms l
ikel
y to
occ
ur in
any
of t
hese
doc
umen
ts. T
he sk
ills r
equi
red
toha
ndle
pap
yri a
re p
reci
sely
the
sam
e as
thos
e ne
eded
for p
aper
doc
umen
ts, a
tle
ast t
hose
of n
on-g
over
nmen
tal p
rove
nanc
e; p
apyr
olog
y is
a sc
ienc
e to
be
acqu
ired
by a
nyon
e w
ho h
as to
han
dle
loos
e do
cum
ents
dug
from
the
grou
nd,
ofte
n in
tatte
red
cond
ition
and
writ
ten
in il
legi
ble
and
ungr
amm
atic
al p
rose
.Pe
rhap
s bec
ause
so fe
w o
rigin
al st
ate
docu
men
ts in
Ara
bic
still
surv
ive,
we
have
no
full-
leng
th m
oder
n ac
coun
t of t
he c
hanc
ery
scrip
ts us
ed in
thes
e te
xts.
Mos
t of w
hat i
s kno
wn
is p
rese
nted
in th
e m
etic
ulou
s stu
dy o
f S. M
. Ste
rn,
Fatim
id D
ecre
es (1
964)
, whi
ch h
as sm
all b
ut c
lear
ly p
rinte
d fa
csim
iles o
fse
ven
item
s fro
m 6
th/1
2th
cent
ury
Egyp
t. A
s his
title
impl
ies,
Ster
n de
als o
nly
with
doc
umen
ts fr
om th
e ca
lipha
l cha
ncer
y, a
nd d
oes n
ot a
ddre
ss th
e ve
rydi
ffere
nt sc
ripts
and
form
ats u
sed
in su
ch q
uasi-
offic
ial t
exts
as d
eeds
of
waq
for
min
utes
of j
udic
ial h
earin
gs.
In re
gard
to P
ersia
n sta
te d
ocum
ents
we
are
som
ewha
t bet
ter o
ff. F
irst o
f all,
here
we
do h
ave
a ge
nera
l han
dboo
k: L
ajos
Fek
ete,
Ein
ffih
rung
in d
ie p
ersi
s-ch
e Pa
laog
raph
ie: 1
01 p
ersi
sche
Dok
umen
te, e
d. G
. Haz
ai (1
977)
. Thi
s is a
nan
thol
ogy
of d
ocum
ents
draw
n up
in c
hanc
erie
s thr
ough
out I
ran,
Ana
tolia
, and
Tran
soxi
ana
betw
een
1396
and
170
2. E
ach
piec
e is
give
n in
facs
imile
, prin
ted
trans
crip
tion,
and
Ger
man
tran
slatio
n, a
nd th
ere
is al
so a
leng
thy
intro
duct
ion
whi
ch d
iscus
ses s
crip
ts, th
e fo
rmat
and
stru
ctur
e of
the
docu
men
ts, d
ictio
n an
drh
etor
ic, e
tc. U
nfor
tuna
tely
this
book
mus
t be
used
with
cau
tion;
the
facs
imile
s
are
ofte
n ha
rd to
mak
e ou
t, an
d m
ore
impo
rtant
, it c
onta
ins m
any
signi
fican
ter
rors
of t
rans
crip
tion
and
trans
latio
n. A
mor
e re
liabl
e an
d co
nven
ient
intro
-du
ctio
n to
the
arca
na o
f Per
sian
pala
eogr
aphy
and
dip
lom
atic
s can
be
gotte
nfro
m th
e fin
e stu
dy o
f Her
iber
t Bus
se, U
nter
such
unge
n zu
m is
lam
isch
en K
anz-
leiw
esen
, an
hand
Tiir
kmen
isch
er u
nd S
afaw
idis
cher
Urk
unde
n (1
959)
.B
usse
's sc
ale
and
appr
oach
rath
er re
sem
ble
Ster
n's;
he
stud
ies t
wen
ty-th
ree
docu
men
ts da
ting
from
145
3 to
171
7.A
s alre
ady
note
d, th
e O
ttom
an a
rchi
ves c
onta
in m
ater
ials
of e
xtra
ordi
nary
impo
rtanc
e ev
en fo
r per
iods
bef
ore
the
10th
/16t
h ce
ntur
y, n
ot o
nly
for t
he th
eM
edite
rran
ean
Bas
in b
ut fo
r Ira
n as
wel
l. Th
is m
ater
ial i
s ofte
n ex
trem
ely
diffi
cult
to u
se, b
ut b
y no
w a
con
sider
able
tech
nica
l lite
ratu
re h
as b
een
gene
r-at
ed; t
his i
s abl
y re
view
ed in
Val
ery
Stoj
anow
, Die
Ent
steh
ung
und
Ent
wic
k-lu
ng d
er o
sman
isch
-tiir
kisc
hen
Palti
ogra
phie
und
Dip
lom
atik
(198
3). A
pra
c-tic
al o
rient
atio
n to
the
deci
pher
men
t of O
ttom
an st
ate
docu
men
ts ca
n be
foun
din
J. R
eych
man
and
A. Z
ajac
zkow
ski,
Han
dboo
k of
Otto
man
-Tur
kish
Dip
lo-
mat
ics,
tran
s. A
. S. E
hren
kreu
tz (1
968)
. The
cha
pter
on
pala
eogr
aphy
isbr
oadl
y ap
plic
able
to P
ersia
n ch
ance
ry u
sage
as w
ell,
thou
gh o
f cou
rse
ther
ear
e sig
nific
ant d
iffer
ence
s in
tech
nica
l ter
min
olog
y, n
ames
of s
crip
ts, e
tc. T
hefo
rbid
ding
scrip
t use
d by
the
Otto
man
fina
ncia
l bur
eauc
racy
is p
rese
nted
inLa
jos F
eket
e, D
ie S
iyaq
at-S
chnf
t in
der t
iirki
sche
n Fi
nanz
verw
altu
ng (1
955)
,an
impo
rtant
wor
k w
hich
is fa
r mor
e sa
tisfa
ctor
y th
an th
e sa
me
auth
or's
Einf
iihru
ng d
iscus
sed
abov
e.La
ngua
ge a
nd sc
ript a
re n
ot th
e on
ly p
robl
ems w
hich
con
fron
t us.
No
less
impo
rtant
is re
cons
truct
ing
the
cont
ext o
f ins
titut
ions
and
pro
cedu
res w
ithin
whi
ch th
ese
docu
men
ts w
ere
prod
uced
, for
with
out s
uch
a co
ntex
t the
y ar
em
eani
ngle
ss a
nd u
nint
ellig
ible
. The
rele
vant
con
text
will
of c
ours
e va
rygr
eatly
acc
ordi
ng to
the
kind
of d
ocum
ent i
n qu
estio
n. M
any
item
s—bu
sines
spa
pers
, min
utes
of c
ourt
proc
eedi
ngs,
deed
s of
waq
f—ca
ll fo
r a so
lid g
roun
d-in
g in
pra
ctic
al ju
rispr
uden
ce T
urd
al-f
iqh)
and
judi
cial
pro
cedu
re. (
For f
ur-
ther
disc
ussio
n of
thes
e iss
ues,
see
Part
II, C
h. 9
.) St
ate
docu
men
ts, in
con
trast,
requ
ire a
n ex
act k
now
ledg
e of
the
chan
cerie
s and
fina
nce
bure
aux
of m
edie
val
Isla
m. T
hese
are
in m
any
case
s stil
l onl
y po
orly
und
ersto
od, h
owev
er; n
ot o
nly
wer
e th
ey c
ompl
ex o
rgan
izat
ions
in th
emse
lves
, but
they
var
ied
grea
tly fr
omon
e re
gion
and
per
iod
to a
noth
er. I
n re
cent
dec
ades
, for
tuna
tely
, a c
onsid
erab
lenu
mbe
r bot
h m
oder
n st
udie
s and
sour
ces w
ritte
n by
mem
bers
of t
he Is
lam
icbu
reau
crac
ies h
ave
been
pub
lishe
d. T
hese
do
not s
olve
all
diff
icul
ties,
obvi
-ou
sly, b
ut th
ey g
ive
us a
wor
king
voc
abul
ary
and
sugg
est s
ome
poss
ible
line
sof
ana
lysis
. In
the
follo
win
g pa
ragr
aphs
, we
will
revi
ew b
riefly
the
basic
text
san
d stu
dies
for s
ever
al p
erio
ds o
f Isla
mic
hist
ory.
A fa
r mor
e det
aile
d ex
amin
a-tio
n fo
r one
pol
ity (t
he M
amlu
k Em
pire
in E
gypt
and
Syr
ia) w
ill b
e pr
esen
ted
in P
art I
I, Ch
. 7.
We
begi
n, n
atur
ally
eno
ugh,
with
a se
ries o
f arti
cles
in E
I2: "
Dip
lom
atic
," ii,
301-
316
(an
over
view
of d
ocum
ents
and
how
they
wer
e pr
oduc
ed);
"Daf
tar,"
44 S
OU
RC
ES
AN
D R
ES
EA
RC
H T
OO
LS
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
45
ii, 7
7-81
(the
file
or r
egis
ter p
repa
red
by th
e fin
ance
bur
eaux
); "D
iwan
,"32
3-33
7 (o
rigin
ally
the
mus
ter-
roll
of so
ldie
rs e
ntitl
ed to
stip
ends
, but
gen
er-
ally
the
term
for a
bur
eau
or d
epar
tmen
t); "
Farm
an,"
ii, 8
03-8
05 (t
he ro
yal
decr
ee);
"Kat
ib,"
iv, 7
54-7
60 (t
he o
ffic
ial o
r sec
reta
ry);
"ICh
atam
," iv
, 110
2-11
05. I
n E
P c
erta
in a
rticl
es a
re st
ill o
f val
ue: e
.g.,
"Tug
hra,
" iv,
822
-826
(the
roya
l sig
natu
re in
Tur
kish
dyn
astie
s).
The
root
s of I
slam
ic d
iplo
mat
ics a
nd a
dmin
istra
tion
obvi
ousl
y lie
in th
eus
age
of th
e Ea
rly a
nd M
arw
anid
Cal
ipha
tes,
but o
ur k
now
ledg
e of
the
insti
tu-
tions
and
pro
cedu
res o
f the
se re
gim
es re
mai
ns u
ncer
tain
. Und
er su
ch c
ircum
-sta
nces
, the
bes
t stra
tegy
is to
beg
in w
ith a
few
rece
nt m
onog
raph
s and
wor
kba
ck in
to th
e so
urce
s and
stud
ies c
ited
by th
em. E
arly
Isla
mic
Egy
pt is
by
far
the
best-
docu
men
ted
prov
ince
, tho
ugh
the
docu
men
ts ar
e ha
rdly
tran
spar
ent.
(A w
arni
ng is
in o
rder
her
e: E
gypt
is ty
pica
l onl
y of
Egy
pt, a
nd th
e ur
ge to
gene
raliz
e m
ust b
e sta
unch
ly re
siste
d.) T
he m
ost r
ecen
t ana
lysis
is K
isei M
o-rim
oto,
The
Fis
cal A
dmin
istr
atio
n of
Egy
pt in
the
Ear
ly Is
lam
ic P
erio
d (1
981)
,to
be
com
pare
d w
ith th
e as
tute
thou
gh p
olem
ical
acc
ount
of D
. C. D
enne
tt,C
onve
rsio
n an
d th
e Po
ll T
ax in
Ear
ly I
slam
(19
50),
pp. 3
-13,
65-
115.
The
form
s use
d in
the
offic
ial p
apyr
i are
trea
ted
in G
rohm
ann,
Ein
fiih
rung
, pp.
107-
130.
For
the
cruc
ial a
nd in
nova
tive
regi
on o
f Ira
q, a
mas
s of d
ata
on e
very
aspe
ct o
f adm
inist
ratio
n ha
s bee
n sif
ted
from
an
impr
essiv
e ar
ray
of so
urce
s by
M. G
. Mor
ony,
Iraq
aft
er th
e M
uslim
Con
ques
t (19
84),
pp. 2
7-16
4, a
lthou
ghhi
s gen
eral
con
clus
ions
may
nee
d fu
rther
stud
y. O
n th
e or
igin
s and
cha
ract
erof
the
fisca
l sys
tem
in th
is re
gion
, Den
nett
is a
gain
inci
sive
thou
gh fa
r fro
mde
finiti
ve.
The
Abb
asid
dyn
asty
has
a sp
ecia
l rol
e in
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f Isla
mic
gov
-er
nmen
t, no
t onl
y be
caus
e of
its e
arly
gra
ndeu
r, bu
t eve
n m
ore
beca
use
of it
sim
men
se p
rest
ige,
whi
ch m
ade
it a
mod
el o
f bur
eauc
ratic
org
aniz
atio
n an
dad
min
istra
tive
proc
edur
e fo
r so
man
y su
cces
sor s
tate
s in
the
Nile
-to-O
xus r
e-gi
on. I
n ad
ditio
n, th
e gr
owin
g el
abor
atio
n an
d se
lf-co
nsci
ousn
ess o
f the
bu-
reau
crac
y le
d to
the
com
posit
ion
of n
umer
ous t
reat
ises o
n ta
xatio
n, th
e ar
t of
the
secr
etar
y, e
tc. T
he c
hanc
ery
and
fisca
l pra
ctic
es o
f the
Abb
asid
s and
thei
rea
rly Ir
ania
n su
cces
sors
are
sum
mar
ized
in th
e ch
apte
r on
kita
ba in
al-
ithw
äriz
mis
Maf
atilj
al-
` ed
. G. v
an V
lote
n (4
vol
s., 1
895;
repr
. 196
8);
this
text
is m
ost c
onve
nien
tly st
udie
d th
roug
h an
ext
ensiv
ely
anno
tate
d tra
ns-
latio
n by
C. E
. Bos
wor
th, "
Abu
`Abd
alla
h al
-Ith
wär
izm
i on
the
Tech
nica
lTe
rms o
f the
Sec
reta
ry's
Art,
" JE
SHO
, xii
(196
9), 1
13-1
64. T
he g
ener
al st
ruc-
ture
of A
bbas
id a
dmin
istra
tion
is tra
ced
in th
e fo
rmid
able
stud
y of
Dom
iniq
ueSo
urde
l, L
e vi
zira
t abb
asid
e de
749
a 93
6 (2
vol
s., 1
959-
60).
Sour
del's
wor
kis
exha
ustiv
ely
docu
men
ted,
but
its r
eal m
erit
lies i
n its
focu
s on
the
prob
lem
of c
hang
e in
the
func
tions
and
pol
itica
l pow
er o
f the
waz
irs.
The
Egy
ptia
npa
pyri
are
still
num
erou
s in
this
perio
d; th
eir d
ata
is an
alyz
ed in
the
rele
vant
chap
ter o
f Mor
imot
o.Si
nce
post-
Abb
asid
Egy
pt a
nd S
yria
are
trea
ted
in c
onsid
erab
le d
etai
l lat
eron
, it w
ill b
e en
ough
her
e to
refe
r to
a fe
w w
orks
whi
ch b
etw
een
them
sum
up
or g
ive
acce
ss to
eve
ryth
ing
else
. By
far t
he m
ost i
mpo
rtant
lite
rary
sour
ce is
the
impo
sing
sum
ma
of a
l-Qal
qash
andi
, Sub
h al
-ae s
hii f
i sin
d at
al-
insh
ei' (
14vo
ls., 1
913-
20; r
epr.
1964
). Th
e bu
lk o
f thi
s vas
t com
pila
tion
mak
es it
diff
icul
tto
app
roac
h, b
ut it
is su
mm
ariz
ed in
Wal
ther
BjO
rkm
an, B
eitr
iige
zur G
es-
chic
hte
der S
taat
skan
zlei
im is
lam
isch
en A
gypt
en (1
928)
. On
chan
cery
pro
ce-
dure
s, th
e cr
ucia
l stu
dy is
Ste
rn's
Fatim
id D
ecre
es. F
inal
ly, H
assa
nein
Rab
ie,
The
Fina
ncia
l Adm
inis
trat
ion
of E
gypt
, A.H
. 564
-741
/A.D
. 116
9-13
41 (1
972)
prov
ides
a w
ealth
of d
ata
on h
is su
bjec
t, th
ough
his
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
his
mat
e-ria
l see
ms i
ncom
plet
ely
wor
ked
out a
nd in
any
cas
e is
diffi
cult
to fo
llow
.Th
e 5t
h/1
lth c
entu
ry o
pens
a n
ew e
ra in
the
evol
utio
n of
Iran
ian
adm
inist
ra-
tive
prac
tice,
for i
t is f
rom
this
tim
e th
at a
sepa
rate
and
dis
tinct
ive
Pers
ian-
lang
uage
cha
ncer
y tra
ditio
n be
gins
to e
mer
ge. A
lthou
gh th
e Ira
nian
cha
ncer
ies
have
beq
ueat
hed
us n
o co
mpr
ehen
sive
wor
ks li
ke th
at o
f al-Q
alqa
shan
di, w
edo
hav
e a
num
ber o
f ext
rem
ely
valu
able
spec
ializ
ed tr
eatis
es. O
n fin
anci
alpr
oced
ures
, see
` Abd
alla
h b.
Muh
amm
ad b
. Kiy
a M
azan
dara
ni,
Ris
iila-
ifa
laki
yya
dar
e ilm
-i s
iyiiq
at, e
d. W
alth
er H
inz
(195
2), t
he b
ulk
of w
hich
con
-sis
ts of
mod
els o
f the
var
ious
kin
ds o
f fin
anci
al re
giste
rs in
use
in th
e au
thor
'stim
e (8
th/1
4th
cen.
). Th
is tr
eatis
e ha
s bee
n an
alyz
ed b
y H
inz
in a
sepa
rate
study
: "D
as R
echn
ungs
wes
en o
rient
alisc
her R
eich
sfin
anza
mte
r in
Mitt
elal
ter,"
Isla
m, x
xix
(195
0), 1
-29,
113-
141.
Fro
m th
e en
d of
the
llth/
17th
cen
tury
we
have
an
anon
ymou
s wor
k en
title
d Ta
dhki
rat a
l-m
uliik
, ed.
and
tran
s. V
. Mi-
nors
ky (1
943)
, whi
ch g
ives
a c
ritic
al a
ccou
nt o
f the
adm
inist
rativ
e in
stitu
tions
of th
e de
cayi
ng S
afav
id re
gim
e. In
spite
of t
he la
te d
ate
of th
is w
ork,
the
edito
r's in
trodu
ctio
n an
d no
tes m
ake
it a
signi
fican
t res
ourc
e ev
en fo
r far
ear
-lie
r per
iods
. In
Pers
ian,
see
the
gene
ral w
ork
of Ja
hang
ir Q
a'im
-maq
ami,
Muq
addi
ma-
i bar
shi
nakh
t-i a
sniid
-i ti
irik
hi (1
350/
1971
).A
mon
g m
oder
n st
udie
s of I
rani
an d
iplo
mat
ics,
.a so
und
gene
ral s
urve
y is
give
n by
H. B
usse
, "Pe
rsis
che
Dip
lom
atik
in U
berb
lick:
Erg
ebni
sse
and
Prob
lem
e," Is
lam
, xxx
vii (
1961
), 20
2-24
5, w
hich
can
be
stud
ied
in c
onju
nc-
tion
with
the
sam
e sc
hola
r's U
nter
such
unge
n zu
m is
lam
isch
en K
anzl
eiw
esen
(see
abo
ve, p
. 43)
. For
the
form
ativ
e pe
riod
of th
e Ira
nian
trad
ition
(5th
/llth
-7t
h/13
th c
entu
ries)
we
have
no
exta
nt d
ocum
ents
in th
eir o
rigin
al fo
rm, b
utm
ust d
epen
d on
the
insh
d-co
llect
ions
. Sev
eral
of t
hese
are
stud
ied
in H
erib
ert
Horst
, Die
Sta
atsv
erw
altu
ng d
er G
ross
elO
qen
and
ljora
zmki
hs (1
038-
1231
)(1
964)
. Hor
st's c
once
ptio
n of
adm
inist
ratio
n is
rath
er st
atic
and
mec
hani
cal,
and
ther
e ar
e nu
mer
ous e
rror
s in
his s
umm
ary
trans
latio
ns fr
om th
e do
cu-
men
ts, b
ut h
e pr
ovid
es a
use
ful o
rient
atio
n to
the
subj
ect.
For t
he p
erio
ds c
over
ed in
this
boo
k, N
orth
Afr
ica
seem
s to
have
left
usne
ither
orig
inal
doc
umen
ts no
r sys
tem
atic
trea
tises
on
adm
inist
ratio
n. U
nder
the
circ
umsta
nces
, we
can
prob
ably
do
no b
ette
r tha
n to
exa
min
e th
e re
leva
ntch
apte
rs in
Ibn
Kha
ldim
's M
uqad
dim
a (tr
ans.
Fran
z R
osen
thal
, Vol
. II,
pp.
3-48
). A
s in
the
east
ern
Isla
mic
land
s, of
cou
rse,
num
erou
s doc
umen
ts a
retra
nscr
ibed
(but
how
relia
bly?
) in
the c
hron
icle
s, bi
ogra
phic
al d
ictio
narie
s, an
dm
ajm
it . Ca
.
46
SO
UR
CE
S A
ND
RE
SE
AR
CH
TO
OL
S
It w
ould
be
extre
mel
y us
eful
to h
ave
accu
rate
and
com
plet
e ca
lend
ars o
fIs
lam
ic d
ocum
ents,
org
aniz
ed b
y pe
riod,
regi
on, a
nd su
bjec
t—th
e so
rt of
thin
gth
at st
uden
ts in
Eng
lish
hist
ory,
for e
xam
ple,
sim
ply
take
for g
rant
ed. B
ut it
will
be
a ve
ry lo
ng ti
me
befo
re o
ur fi
eld
can
achi
eve
anyt
hing
like
this,
and
inth
e m
eant
ime
hist
oria
ns o
f Isla
m w
ill h
ave
to c
ount
on
expe
ndin
g m
uch
time
and
effo
rt ju
st to
det
erm
ine
wha
t doc
umen
ts m
ay b
e av
aila
ble.
How
ever
, we
doha
ve a
few
refe
renc
e to
ols,
surv
ey a
rticl
es, a
nd p
rinte
d co
llect
ions
, and
we
will
conc
lude
this
sect
ion
by id
entif
ying
the
mos
t im
porta
nt o
f the
se, i
nsof
ar a
sth
ey d
eal w
ith o
rigin
al d
ocum
ents
and
not
tran
scrip
tions
in li
tera
ry te
xts a
nd.
_e _
maj
mu
at.
Certa
in E
urop
ean
arch
ives
con
tain
a n
umbe
r of A
rabi
c do
cum
ents—
treat
ies,
dipl
omat
ic c
orre
spon
denc
e, e
tc. A
mon
g th
ese
the
mos
t im
porta
nt p
ublis
hed
colle
ctio
ns a
re th
e fo
llow
ing:
a.M
. A. A
larc
on y
San
t& a
nd R
. G. d
e L
inar
es,
Los
doc
umen
tos
arab
es d
iplo
-
mat
icos
del
arc
hivi
o de
la C
oron
a de
Ara
gon
(194
0)-1
62 d
ocum
ents
, dea
ling
with
Gra
nada
, Nor
th A
fric
a, a
nd E
gypt
.b.
Mic
hele
Am
ari,
I dip
lom
i ara
bi d
el R
. Arc
hivi
o Fi
oren
tino
(186
3).
C. S
alva
tore
Cus
a, 1
dip
lom
i gre
ci e
d ar
abi d
i Sic
ilia
(2
vols
., 18
68-1
882)
---
mos
tly it
ems
from
the
Nor
man
per
iod.
Doc
umen
ts o
f a v
ery
diff
eren
t kin
d—m
arria
ge c
ontra
cts,
pers
onal
lette
rs,
hous
ehol
d in
vent
orie
s—ar
e pr
esen
ted
in th
e m
etic
ulou
s col
lect
ion
of W
ilhel
mH
oene
rbac
h, S
pani
sch-
Isla
mis
che
Urk
unde
n au
s de
r Z
eit d
er N
asri
den
and
Mor
isco
s (1
965)
.Th
e vo
lum
e of
pub
lishe
d do
cum
ents
from
Egy
pt is
far t
oo la
rge
for a
nyad
equa
te su
rvey
her
e. U
nfor
tuna
tely
thes
e pu
blic
atio
ns a
re te
rrib
ly sc
atte
red,
and
to d
ate
ther
e is
no g
ener
al in
dex
for t
hem
. Und
er th
ese
circ
umsta
nces
, we
shal
l res
trict
our
selv
es to
iden
tifyi
ng th
e m
ost i
mpo
rtant
gro
ups o
f doc
umen
ts,to
geth
er w
ith th
ose
studi
es a
nd su
rvey
s whi
ch b
est g
ive
acce
ss to
them
.To
the
papy
ri w
e ha
ve a
lread
y de
vote
d co
nsid
erab
le a
ttent
ion.
An
exha
us-
five
inve
ntor
y of
find
-site
s, m
useu
m a
nd li
brar
y co
llect
ions
, and
pub
licat
ions
is gi
ven
in G
rohm
ann,
Ein
fiih
rung
, to
be u
pdat
ed b
y th
e sa
me
auth
or's
Ara
bis-
che
Papy
rusk
unde
, HO
, Erg
bd. I
I, 1
(196
6). A
bod
y of
mat
eria
ls ra
ther
sim
ilar
in c
hara
cter
and
pro
vena
nce
to th
e pa
pyri,
thou
gh la
ter i
n da
te, a
re th
e so
-ca
lled
"Vie
nna
pape
rs"—
man
y th
ousa
nds o
f loo
se sc
raps
of p
aper
stor
ed in
unca
talo
gued
box
es a
t the
Oste
rreic
hisc
he S
taat
sbib
lioth
ek. O
f the
se th
ere
is a
brie
f but
con
cret
e de
scrip
tion
in H
. Rab
ie, T
he F
inan
cial
Sys
tem
of E
gypt
, pp.
3-6.
(Muc
h of
the
Vie
nna
mat
eria
l is a
vaila
ble
on m
icro
film
at a
rath
er su
rpris
-in
g lo
catio
n, th
e H
ill M
onas
tic L
ibra
ry o
f St.
John
's U
nive
rsity
, Col
lege
ville
,M
inne
sota
.) N
ew tr
oves
of d
ocum
ents
are
alw
ays b
eing
unc
over
ed. F
or e
xam
-pl
e, e
xcav
atio
ns d
urin
g 19
78 a
t the
Red
Sea
por
t of Q
usay
r rev
eale
d so
me
400
lette
rs, b
ills
of la
ding
, etc
., de
posi
ted
by m
erch
ants
resi
ding
ther
e du
ring
Mam
luk
times
.
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
47
No
doub
t the
mos
t rem
arka
ble
corp
us o
f doc
umen
ts fr
om E
gypt
are
the
Gen
iza
pape
rs—
a va
st tu
mbl
e of
writ
ings
of a
ll ki
nds d
iscov
ered
in a
seal
edsto
rero
om o
f the
Fus
tät s
ynag
ogue
dur
ing
reno
vatio
ns to
that
bui
ldin
g in
189
0.Th
ese
will
be
disc
usse
d m
ore
fully
in P
art I
I, Ch
. 11;
her
e w
e ne
ed o
nly
note
that
the
Gen
iza
has y
ield
ed so
me
10,0
00 d
ocum
ents,
dat
ing
from
the
late
4th
/10
th to
the
9th/
15th
cen
turie
s. Th
is h
oard
was
bro
ken
up e
arly
on,
so th
atG
eniz
a m
ater
ials
are
now
scat
tere
d am
ong
colle
ctio
ns a
ll ov
er E
urop
e an
dA
sia. T
he b
est i
ntro
duct
ion
to th
is m
ater
ial a
nd it
s ext
raor
dina
ry im
porta
nce
for I
slam
ic a
nd M
edite
rrane
an h
istor
y is
S. D
. Goi
tein
, A M
edite
rran
ean
Soci
-et
y: th
e Je
wis
h C
omm
uniti
es o
f the
Ara
b W
orld
as
Port
raye
d in
the
Doc
umen
tsof
the
Cai
ro G
eniz
a (5
vol
s., 1
967-
88);
for a
des
crip
tion
of th
e G
eniz
a fin
dsse
e V
ol. I
, 1-2
8. G
eniz
a pu
blic
atio
ns a
nd st
udie
s are
vol
umin
ous;
dow
n to
1964
they
hav
e be
en re
cord
ed b
y Sh
aul S
hake
d, A
Ten
tativ
e B
iblio
grap
hy o
fG
eniz
a D
ocum
ents
(196
4), w
hich
rem
ains
use
ful i
n sp
ite o
f the
floo
d of
new
wor
k ov
er th
e pa
st tw
o de
cade
s. Th
e fir
st p
art g
ives
a c
ompr
ehen
sive
list o
fG
eniz
a tex
ts, ar
rang
ed ac
cord
ing
to th
e col
lect
ions
whe
re th
ey ar
e now
hou
sed;
the
seco
nd p
art p
rese
nts a
bib
liogr
aphy
of p
ublic
atio
ns a
nd st
udie
s.V
ery
few
Egy
ptia
n sta
te d
ocum
ents
(dec
rees
, off
icia
l cor
resp
onde
nce,
ca-
dastr
al su
rvey
s, et
c.) fr
om b
efor
e the
Otto
man
conq
uest
have
com
e dow
n to
us.
How
ever
, the
arc
hive
s do
pres
erve
nea
rly 9
00 d
eeds
of
waq
f, co
ntra
cts o
f sal
e,et
c., d
raw
n up
on
beha
lf of
the
sulta
n an
d ot
her h
igh
offic
ials.
The
se h
ave
now
been
cat
alog
ued
(with
facs
imile
s and
prin
ted
trans
crip
tions
of n
ine
sam
ple
docu
men
ts) b
y M
uham
mad
Am
in, C
atal
ogue
des
doc
umen
ts d
'arc
hive
s du
Cai
re, d
e 23
9/85
3 a
922/
1516
(198
1, in
Ara
bic)
—a
wor
k w
hich
will
sure
lyha
ve a
stro
ng im
pact
on
the
stud
y of
soc
ial a
nd e
cono
mic
life
dur
ing
the
Mam
luk
perio
d.Th
e on
ly su
bsta
ntia
l ser
ies o
f cha
ncer
y do
cum
ents
still
exta
nt is
loca
ted
atSt
. Cat
herin
e's M
onas
tery
on
Mt.
Sina
i. Th
ese
are
avai
labl
e on
mic
rofil
m a
tth
e Li
brar
y of
Con
gres
s, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
.C.,
and
have
bee
n ca
talo
gued
(alb
eit
in a
ver
y te
rse
man
ner)
by
A. S
. Atiy
a, T
he A
rabi
c M
anus
crip
ts o
f M
t. Si
nai
(195
5). M
ost o
f tho
se re
leva
nt to
our
per
iod
have
bee
n pu
blish
ed—
the
Fatim
idan
d A
yyub
id d
ocum
ents
by S
. M. S
tem
, the
Mam
luk
item
s by
Han
s Ern
st, D
iem
amlu
kisc
hen
Sulta
nsur
kund
en d
es S
inai
-Klo
ster
s (1
960)
. An
over
view
of
this
fiel
d is
giv
en b
y H
. R. R
oem
er, "
Ara
bisc
he H
errs
cher
urku
nden
aus
Agy
pten
," 0
12,1
xi (1
966)
, 325
-347
.In
con
trast
to E
gypt
, the
land
s of t
he F
ertil
e Cr
esce
nt h
ave
path
etic
ally
few
docu
men
ts to
off
er; t
he b
ulk
of th
ese
com
e fr
om Je
rusa
lem
and
Dam
ascu
s.Th
ere
are
a fe
w 3
rd/9
th c
entu
ry p
apyr
i pub
lishe
d by
Nab
ia A
bbot
t, "A
rabi
cPa
pyri
of th
e Re
ign
of d
a efa
r al-
Mu
taw
ak
kil
ZD
MG
, xci
i (19
38),
88-1
35. I
n Is
tanb
ul, t
he M
useu
m o
f Tur
kish
and
Isla
mic
Art
hous
es so
me
rem
arka
ble
fragm
ents
brou
ght t
here
from
the
Um
ayya
d M
osqu
e of
Dam
ascu
saf
ter t
hat b
uild
ing
was
gut
ted
by a
disa
strou
s fire
in 1
893.
The
se a
re d
escr
ibed
by J.
Sou
rdel
-Tho
min
e an
d D
. Sou
rdel
in tw
o ar
ticle
s: "N
ouve
aux
docu
men
ts
48 S
OU
RC
ES
AN
D R
ES
EA
RC
H T
OO
LS
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
49
sur l
'his
toire
relig
ieus
e et
soc
iale
de
Dam
as a
u M
oyen
Ag
e,"
RE
I, x
xxii
(196
4), 1
-25;
A pr
opos
des d
ocum
ents
de
la g
rand
e m
osqu
e de
Dam
as c
on-
serv
es a
Ista
nbul
. Rës
ulta
ts de
la se
cond
e en
quet
e,"
REI
, xxx
iii (1
965)
, 73-
85.
Thre
e of
the
olde
st it
ems w
ere
publ
ishe
d by
the
Sour
dels
in "T
rois
act
es d
eve
nte
dam
asca
ins d
u de
but d
u iv
e /xe s
iècl
e,"
JESH
O, v
iii (1
965)
, 164
-185
.Fi
nally
, we
shou
ld m
entio
n an
arc
hiva
l col
lect
ion
whi
ch is
in so
me
resp
ects
com
para
ble
to th
at o
f St.
Cath
erin
e's, t
houg
h on
a m
arke
dly
smal
ler s
cale
. Thi
sis
the
body
of d
ocum
ents
hel
d at
the
Fran
cisc
an C
usto
dia
Terr
ae S
anct
ae in
Jeru
sale
m. A
serie
s of r
oyal
dec
rees
runn
ing
from
al-A
shra
f Sha
ebän
(764
-77
8/13
63-1
376)
to K
hush
qada
m (8
65-8
72/1
461-
1467
) wer
e pu
blis
hed
inN
. Risc
iani
, Doc
umen
ti e
firm
ani (
1931
), an
d a s
umm
ary
cata
log
was
pro
vide
dby
E. C
aste
llani
, Cat
alog
o de
i fir
man
i e a
ltri d
ocum
enti
lega
li co
nser
vati
nel'a
rchi
vio
della
Cus
todi
a in
Ger
usal
emm
e (1
922)
. Nei
ther
pub
licat
ion
was
ever
put
into
gen
eral
dist
ribut
ion,
how
ever
, and
bot
h ar
e al
mos
t im
poss
ible
tofin
d. Far m
ore
impo
rtant
than
any
of t
he a
bove
col
lect
ions
is a
trov
e of
som
e10
00 d
ocum
ents
of e
very
kin
d—de
cree
s and
pet
ition
s, ho
useh
old
inve
ntor
ies,
acts
of s
ale,
etc
.—fr
om th
e H
aram
al-S
harif
in Je
rusa
lem
, dat
ing
from
the
7th/
13th
to th
e la
te 9
th/1
5th
cent
urie
s, w
ith th
e gr
eat m
ajor
ity b
elon
ging
to th
e79
0s/1
390s
. The
se w
ere
first
desc
ribed
by
Lind
a S.
Nor
thru
p an
d A
mal
Abu
l-H
ajj,
"A C
olle
ctio
n of
Med
ieva
l Ara
bic
Doc
umen
ts in
the
Isla
mic
Mus
eum
at
the H
ara
m A
rabi
ca, x
xv (1
978)
, 282
-291
; see
also
Don
ald
P. L
ittle
,"T
he S
igni
fican
ce o
f the
Har
am D
ocum
ents
for t
he S
tudy
of M
edie
val I
slam
icH
istor
y," I
slam
, lvi
i (19
80),
189-
219.
Litt
le h
as p
ublis
hed
a de
taile
d ca
talo
gue
of th
is m
ater
ial,
A C
atal
ogue
of
the
Isla
mic
Doc
umen
ts f
rom
al-
Ilar
am a
s-Sa
rifin
Jer
usal
em (1
984)
. The
doc
umen
ts ar
e gr
oupe
d ac
cord
ing
to th
eir l
egal
func
tion
(e.g
., de
cree
s, es
tate
inve
ntor
ies,
cont
ract
s), a
nd an
Eng
lish
abstr
act o
fea
ch it
em is
pre
sent
ed. T
here
are
regr
etta
bly
no fa
csim
iles o
r Ara
bic
text
s.So
me
of L
ittle
's re
adin
gs h
ave
been
crit
iciz
ed. (
See
for e
xam
ple
the
revi
ew b
yD
. S. R
icha
rds
in B
SOA
S, 1
[198
7], 3
62-3
64.)
How
ever
, the
scrip
t of t
hese
docu
men
ts is
alm
ost i
mpe
netra
ble
in p
lace
s, an
d w
hate
ver i
ts fl
aws,
Littl
e'sca
talo
g is
an
inva
luab
le re
sour
ce fo
r the
stud
ent o
f Mam
luk
Syria
. The
few
studi
es o
f the
Har
am d
ocum
ents
alre
ady
publ
ished
are
eno
ugh
to d
emon
strat
eth
eir p
rofo
und
impo
rtanc
e, e
spec
ially
if th
ey c
an b
e us
ed in
con
junc
tion
with
the
Egyp
tian
mat
eria
ls ca
talo
gued
by
Am
in.
If on
ly b
ecau
se o
f the
bur
eauc
ratic
nee
ds an
d tra
ditio
ns o
f the
Otto
man
stat
e,w
e m
ight
exp
ect t
o fin
d qu
ite a
num
ber o
f Ana
tolia
n do
cum
ents
datin
g fr
omth
e 7t
h/13
th to
the
9th/
15th
cen
turie
s. In
fact
such
item
s see
m to
be
rath
ersp
arse
, tho
ugh
a ca
refu
l sur
vey
of th
e pr
ovin
cial
shar
ra-c
ourt
reco
rds m
ight
still
turn
up
a gr
eat d
eal.
In th
e m
eant
ime,
see
the
bibl
iogr
aphi
cal e
ssay
in
Cla
ude
Coh
en, P
re-O
ttom
an T
urke
y (1
968)
, esp
ecia
lly p
p. 4
34-3
5. D
ocu-
men
ts be
long
ing
to th
e ve
ry e
nd o
f our
per
iod
are
pres
ente
d in
Meh
met
Kec
ik, B
rief
e un
d U
rkun
den
aus
der
Kan
zlei
Uzu
n-H
asan
s: e
in B
eitr
ag z
urG
esch
icht
e O
st-A
nato
liens
im 1
5. J
ahrh
unde
rt (
1975
).
Iran
is w
ell s
erve
d by
a re
cent
pub
licat
ion:
Ber
t G. F
ragn
er,
Rep
erto
rium
pers
isch
er H
errs
cher
urku
nden
: pub
lizie
rte
Ori
gina
lurk
unde
n (h
is 1
848)
(198
0), w
hich
giv
es b
iblio
grap
hic
data
on
868
docu
men
ts, th
e ea
rlies
t dat
ing
from
ca.
120
0. F
ragn
er in
clud
es o
nly
roya
l cha
ncer
y do
cum
ents
, to
be su
re,
and
does
not
dire
ctly
add
ress
unp
ublis
hed
mat
eria
ls. W
hat m
ay y
et b
e fo
und
is su
gges
ted
by a
bod
y of
doc
umen
ts di
scov
ered
in 1
970
at th
e Sa
favi
d sh
rine
in A
rdeb
il. T
his c
olle
ctio
n nu
mbe
rs m
ore
than
500
item
s, da
ting
from
the
6th/
12th
to th
e 9t
h/15
th c
entu
ry. I
t was
firs
t des
crib
ed b
y G
ottfr
ied
Her
man
n,"U
rkun
den-
fund
e in
Aza
rbay
gan,
AM
I, N
F iv
(197
1), 2
50-2
62; s
ee a
lso
the
com
men
ts by
Fra
gner
, "D
as A
rdab
iler H
eilig
tum
in d
en U
rkun
den,
" W
ZKM
,hv
ii (1
975)
, 171
ff. T
wen
ty-fi
ve o
f the
ear
liest
judi
cial
and
not
aria
l doc
umen
tsof
this
grou
p ha
ve b
een
publ
ished
and
tran
slate
d (w
ith a
det
aile
d le
gal c
om-
men
tary
) by
Mon
ika G
ronk
e, A
rabi
sche
und
per
sisc
he P
riva
turk
unde
n de
s 12
.un
d 13
. Jah
rhun
dert
s au
s A
rdab
il (A
serb
aids
chan
) (1
982)
.Th
e di
scov
ery
and
clas
sific
atio
n of
doc
umen
ts w
ill b
e ur
gent
task
s for
ave
ry lo
ng ti
me
to c
ome.
Eve
n as
thin
gs st
and,
how
ever
, hist
oria
ns o
f Isla
mic
soci
ety
can
begi
n to
pro
gres
s fro
m c
olle
ctio
n an
d te
chni
cal a
naly
sis to
war
dsth
e in
tegr
atio
n of
doc
umen
tary
evi
denc
e in
to th
e m
ains
tream
of h
isto
rical
inquir
y.
C. N
UM
ISM
ATI
CS
AN
D M
ETR
OLO
GY
The
Ara
b C
onqu
ests
irru
pted
into
two
high
ly m
onet
ized
eco
nom
ies—
the
Rom
an-B
yzan
tine
and
the
Sass
ania
n—an
d fro
m th
e ou
tset t
he n
ew ru
lers
at-
tem
pted
to in
tegr
ate t
he es
tabl
ished
mon
etar
y sy
stem
s int
o th
eir o
wn
emer
ging
fisca
l and
eco
nom
ic fr
amew
ork.
In th
is ef
fort
they
succ
eede
d, a
nd o
ne o
f the
salie
nt fe
atur
es o
f Isla
mic
hist
ory,
in a
lmos
t eve
ry p
erio
d an
d re
gion
, is t
hepr
imar
y ro
le o
f coi
ned
met
al (g
old,
silv
er, a
nd c
oppe
r) w
ithin
its s
ever
al m
on-
etar
y sy
stem
s. Th
us co
ins w
ill in
evita
bly
have
a la
rge p
art t
o pl
ay in
our
effo
rtsto
reco
nstru
ct th
e po
litic
al, s
ocia
l, an
d ec
onom
ic li
fe o
f med
ieva
l Isla
m. E
very
coin
is a
dire
ct a
nd a
uthe
ntic
refle
ctio
n of
the
polit
ical
and
eco
nom
ic sy
stem
whi
ch p
rodu
ced
it; it
is th
eref
ore
perf
ect e
vide
nce
for t
hat s
yste
m if
onl
y w
eca
n le
arn
how
to d
ecod
e it.
To ac
hiev
e thi
s is o
f cou
rse n
o ea
sy m
atte
r; ev
en th
e fin
est n
umism
atist
s will
ofte
n fin
d th
at th
e fu
ll sig
nific
ance
of a
coi
n es
cape
s the
m. E
ven
so, a
ny c
om-
pete
nt Is
lam
ic h
istor
ian
mus
t bec
ome
fam
iliar
with
the
man
y w
ays i
n w
hich
coin
s can
be
both
eva
luat
ed a
s obj
ects
in th
emse
lves
and
use
d to
illu
min
ate
broa
der h
istor
ical
con
cern
s. A
goo
d in
trodu
ctio
n to
the
spec
ial c
once
rns a
ndsk
ills o
f num
ismat
ists w
ill b
e fo
und
in th
e ha
ndbo
ok o
f Phi
lip G
riers
on, N
u-' m
ism
atic
s, (1
975)
. Grie
rson
is c
erta
inly
not
obl
ivio
us to
"Orie
ntal
" coi
nage
;sin
ce h
e foc
uses
on
Clas
sical
and
med
ieva
l Eur
opea
n iss
ues,
how
ever
, som
e of
\ wha
t he
says
can
be
appl
ied
to th
e Is
lam
ic w
orld
onl
y w
ith re
serv
atio
ns. A
book
mor
e sp
ecifi
cally
con
cern
ed w
ith m
etho
d an
d te
chni
que
is th
at o
f J. M
.
50
SO
UR
CE
S A
ND
RE
SE
AR
CH
TO
OL
S
Den
tzer
, P. G
auth
ier,
and
T. H
acke
ns, e
ds.,
Num
ism
atiq
ue a
ntiq
ue: p
robl
emes
et m
etho
des
(Ann
ales
de
l'Est
, mdm
oire
44;
197
5).
Unf
ortu
nate
ly n
o gu
ide
to n
umism
atic
met
hod
spec
ifica
lly a
ddre
sses
med
ie-
val I
slam
. Thi
s gap
can
be
partl
y re
med
ied,
how
ever
, thr
ough
an
impo
rtant
serie
s of a
rticl
es b
y M
icha
el L
. Bat
es, "
Isla
mic
Num
ism
atic
s," M
ESA
Bul
l.,xi
i, no
. 2 (M
ay 1
978)
, 1-1
6; x
ii, n
o. 3
(Dec
. 197
8), 2
-18;
no.
1 (J
uly
1979
), 3-
21; x
iii, n
o. 2
(Dec
. 197
9), 1
-9. I
n a
rem
arka
bly
thor
ough
and
luci
d m
anne
r, B
ates
surv
eys r
efer
ence
tool
s, co
llect
ions
and
rese
arch
faci
li-tie
s, th
e m
ain
prob
lem
s of m
etho
d an
d re
sear
ch in
the
Isla
mic
fiel
d, a
nd th
em
ajor
stud
ies r
elat
ing
to sp
ecifi
c pe
riods
, reg
ions
, and
dyn
astie
s. H
is ac
coun
tpe
rmits
us
to re
stric
t our
atte
ntio
n he
re to
a fe
w b
asic
or r
epre
sent
ativ
ew
orks
.A
soun
d ov
ervi
ew o
f Isla
mic
coi
nage
can
be
foun
d in
Ste
phen
Alb
um, e
d.,
Mar
sden
'S N
umis
mat
a O
rien
talia
Illu
stra
ta (
1977
). Th
is w
ork
revi
ews,
dy-
nasty
by
dyna
sty, a
ll th
e m
ajor
coi
n ty
pes i
ssue
d by
Isla
mic
min
ts do
wn
to la
teO
ttom
an ti
mes
. It i
s illu
strat
ed n
ot b
y ph
otog
raph
s but
by
line
draw
ings
, mos
tof
whi
ch ar
e of e
xcel
lent
qua
lity.
It al
so h
as a
conc
isely
anno
tate
d bi
blio
grap
hygi
ving
the
mor
e im
porta
nt re
fere
nces
to th
e nu
mis
mat
ic li
tera
ture
for e
ach
dyna
sty. A
lbum
inte
nded
his
book
prim
arily
for d
eale
rs a
nd c
olle
ctor
s, bu
t it
is a
good
pla
ce to
star
t whe
n on
e ne
eds t
o id
entif
y a
book
or t
o co
mpa
re it
toot
her i
ssue
s.Fa
r mor
e sy
stem
atic
surv
eys w
ill b
e fo
und
in tw
o of
the
maj
or m
useu
mca
talo
gs:
Stan
ley
Lane
-Poo
le, C
atal
ogue
of t
he O
rient
al C
oins
in th
e B
ritis
h M
useu
m (1
0vo
ls.,
1875
-189
0).
Hen
ri La
voix
, Cat
alog
ue d
es m
onna
ies m
usul
man
es d
e la
Bib
lioth
eque
Nat
iona
le(3
vol
s., 1
887-
1891
).
The
post-
Conq
uest
and
Um
ayya
d iss
ues i
n th
e Br
itish
Mus
eum
wer
e re
-cat
a-lo
gued
in tw
o m
aste
rful v
olum
es b
y Jo
hn W
alke
r, A
Cat
alog
ue o
f th
e M
uham
-m
adan
Coi
ns in
the
Bri
tish
Mus
eum
(Vol
. I: A
rab-
Sass
ania
n C
oins
, 194
1; Vo
l.II
: Ara
b-B
yzan
tine
and
Post
-ref
orm
Um
aiya
d C
oins
, 19
56).
In P
aris,
Gill
esH
enne
quin
has
take
n up
the
unfin
ishe
d w
ork
of L
avoi
x. T
hree
vol
umes
are
proj
ecte
d, o
f whi
ch o
ne h
as re
cent
ly a
ppea
red:
Vol
. V.
Asi
e pr
e-m
ongo
le, l
esSa
l§aq
s et
leur
s su
cces
seur
s (1
985)
—a
mas
sive
com
pila
tion
cove
ring
2000
coin
s fro
m th
irty-
five
dyna
stie
s. B
etw
een
thes
e tw
o gr
eat s
urve
ys, a
lmos
tev
ery
type
of c
oin
issue
d by
any
Mus
lim d
ynas
ty is
repr
esen
ted
som
ewhe
re.
Of c
ours
e bo
th L
ane-
Pool
e an
d La
voix
are
serio
usly
ant
iqua
ted,
and
nei
ther
give
s mod
ern
num
ismat
ists a
ll th
e in
form
atio
n th
ey m
ay se
ek, b
ut th
ere
will
be -
noth
ing
to re
plac
e th
em in
the
fore
seea
ble
futu
re.
A p
roje
ct w
hich
is b
oth
mor
e lim
ited
and
in so
me
way
s mor
e us
eful
than
redo
ing
com
preh
ensiv
e m
useu
m c
atal
ogs i
s the
pre
para
tion
of d
etai
led
dyna
s-tic
surv
eys w
hich
brin
g to
geth
er c
oins
from
man
y di
ffer
ent c
olle
ctio
ns.
This
appr
oach
per
mits
a fa
r mor
e sy
stem
atic
vie
w o
f all
the
coin
-type
s pro
duce
d
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
51
with
in a
giv
en p
erio
d an
d re
gion
than
we
can
obta
in fr
om th
e ho
ldin
gs o
f asi
ngle
mus
eum
. On
the
othe
r han
d, it
can
be
cum
bers
ome
to c
ompa
re th
eiss
ues o
f diff
eren
t sta
tes,
or to
disc
ern
how
a g
iven
coi
nage
type
evo
lved
ove
ra
long
per
iod
of ti
me.
Mor
eove
r, su
ch d
ynas
tic su
rvey
s are
ext
rem
ely
time-
cons
umin
g an
d ex
pens
ive
to p
repa
re, a
nd b
ecau
se th
ey re
quire
the
coop
erat
ion
of m
any
inst
itutio
ns a
nd c
olle
ctor
s the
y ar
e so
met
imes
not
feas
ible
at a
ll. In
spite
of s
uch
diff
icul
ties a
nd sh
ortc
omin
gs a
few
real
ly o
utsta
ndin
g dy
nasti
csu
rvey
s hav
e be
en d
one.
See
for e
xam
ple
two
wor
ks b
y Pa
ul B
alog
: (1)
The
Coi
nage
of t
he M
amlu
k Su
ltans
of E
gypt
and
Syr
ia (1
964)
; (2)
The
Coi
nage
of
the
Ayy
ubid
s (1
980)
.Is
lam
ic c
oins
are
usu
ally
(but
not
alw
ays)
ani
cono
grap
hic—
i.e.,
they
bea
rno
imag
es. I
nste
ad, t
hey
are
insc
ribed
with
a v
arie
ty o
f nam
es a
nd p
hras
es.
Typi
cally
, a g
old
or si
lver
coi
n w
ill c
arry
(1) t
he n
ame
and
title
s of t
he is
suin
gru
ler,
(2) t
he n
ame
of th
e m
int-c
ity w
here
it w
as is
sued
, (3)
the
date
of i
ssue
,(4
) som
e rel
igio
us le
gend
, mos
t com
mon
ly th
e sh
ahäd
a. S
ince
thes
e w
ords
are
ofte
n on
ly h
alf-l
egib
le at
bes
t, th
e ass
istan
ce o
f sev
eral
refe
renc
e wor
ks m
ay b
ene
eded
to d
ecip
her t
hem
.Th
e m
ost v
alua
ble
of th
ese
(thou
gh it
con
tain
s num
erou
s err
ors a
nd o
mis-
sion
s) is
dou
btle
ss E
duar
d vo
n Za
mba
ur, D
ie M
iinzp
rtig
unge
n de
s Is
lam
s,ze
itlic
h un
d O
rtlic
h ge
ordn
et, e
d. P
eter
Jaec
kel (
1968
). Th
is is
an
alph
abet
i-ca
lly a
rrang
ed re
perto
ry o
f all
the
min
t-citi
es o
f med
ieva
l Isla
m w
est o
f Ind
ia.
Each
min
t-city
is b
riefly
iden
tifie
d, th
en k
eyed
to a
n ex
tens
ive
bibl
iogr
aphy
of
sour
ces a
nd to
all
the
publ
ished
coi
ns (a
rrang
ed b
y dy
nasty
and
dat
e of
issu
e)w
hich
com
e fro
m th
at p
lace
. We
can
thus
iden
tify
any
min
t-city
whi
ch w
e ar
elik
ely
to e
ncou
nter
, and
in a
dditi
on a
lmos
t any
coi
n ca
n be
pla
ced
with
in th
eco
ntex
t of o
ther
issu
es fr
om th
e sa
me
plac
e or
tim
e. T
o Za
mba
ur's
basic
wor
kth
e ed
itor (
Jaec
kel)
has a
dded
a v
alua
ble
cros
s-re
fere
nce
by c
reat
ing
twen
ty-
six ta
bles
whi
ch c
lass
ify a
ll kn
own
coin
s by
date
. The
re is
no
sepa
rate
listi
ngby
dyn
asty
(whi
ch is
in fa
ct th
e m
ost c
omm
on c
lass
ifica
tion
syste
m in
Isla
mic
num
ismat
ics)
, but
this
is ea
sy e
noug
h to
esta
blish
for a
ny g
iven
cas
e fro
m th
eda
ta g
iven
her
e.To
con
firm
the
nam
es a
nd ti
tles o
f the
issu
ing
rule
rs, w
e ca
n go
to Z
am-
baur
's M
anue
l de
gene
alog
ie e
t de
chro
nolo
gie
and
othe
r ref
eren
ce w
orks
of
the
sam
e ki
nd (s
ee a
bove
, pp.
20-
21).
For t
itles
and
hon
orifi
cs o
nly,
ther
e is
ave
ry h
elpf
ul c
ompi
lati
on b
y H
asan
al-
Bäs
hä,
al-is
leim
iyya
ft
al-
ta'ri
kh w
a'l-
wat
her i
q w
a'l-
eith
iir (
1957
), a
wor
k w
hich
is w
ell d
ocum
ente
dfro
m A
rabi
c (b
ut n
ot P
ersia
n or
Tur
kish
) sou
rces
, suc
h as
insc
riptio
ns, c
hron
i-cl
es a
nd b
iogr
aphi
cal d
ictio
narie
s, an
d al
-Qal
qash
andi
s Sub
la a
l-a e
shd
. For
each
term
the
auth
or p
rese
nts b
oth
its li
tera
l mea
ning
and
its u
sage
in fo
rmal
prot
ocol.
Relig
ious
lege
nds a
nd p
ious
exc
lam
atio
ns m
ay h
ave
real
pol
itica
l and
ideo
-lo
gica
l sig
nific
ance
. For
such
expr
essio
ns, t
he o
ther
wise
antiq
uate
d w
ork
of 0
.C
odrin
gton
, A M
anua
l of M
usal
man
Num
ism
atic
s (1
904)
, con
tain
s a c
hapt
erw
hich
is st
ill h
elpf
ul.
52 S
OU
RC
ES
AN
D R
ES
EA
RC
H T
OO
LS
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
53
As f
or d
ates
, if t
hey
cann
ot b
e re
ad th
en w
e ar
e ou
t of l
uck.
To
som
e de
gree
a co
in c
an b
e da
ted
by it
s sty
listic
cha
ract
erist
ics (
scrip
t, or
nam
ent,
etc.
) but
that
is o
bvio
usly
a d
ange
rous
exp
edie
nt.
Met
rolo
gy is
a c
ruci
al a
spec
t of n
umis
mat
ic a
naly
sis a
nd in
terp
reta
tion.
Mos
t of w
hat w
e kn
ow in
this
field
is su
mm
ed u
p in
two
maj
or re
fere
nces
. The
olde
r is a
cla
ssic
com
pila
tion
by H
enri
Sauv
aire
, "M
ater
iaux
pou
r ser
vir
l'his
toir
e de
la n
umis
mat
ique
et d
e la
mët
rolo
gie
mus
ulm
anes
," s
trew
nth
roug
hout
var
ious
issu
es o
f the
Jou
rnal
Asi
atiq
ue p
ublis
hed
betw
een
1879
and
1887
. (Fo
r a d
etai
led
outli
ne se
e th
e Bi
blio
grap
hic
Inde
x.) I
t is d
ivid
ed in
tofo
ur p
arts
, dea
ling
resp
ectiv
ely
with
coi
nage
, wei
ghts
, vol
umes
, and
leng
ths.
With
in e
ach
part,
Sau
vaire
list
s al
l the
term
s us
ed in
the
Isla
mic
wor
ld to
repr
esen
t uni
ts of
val
ue, w
eigh
t, et
c.; u
nder
eac
h te
rm, h
e th
en c
ites i
n tra
nsla
-tio
n al
l the
text
s ava
ilabl
e to
him
whi
ch e
xpla
in o
r illu
stra
te it
. In
the
final
inst
allm
ent o
f the
serie
s (en
title
d "C
ompl
emen
t"),
he c
onst
ruct
s pric
e ta
bles
for t
he b
asic
nec
essit
ies o
f life
, arra
nged
by
regi
on a
nd d
ate,
and
a c
hron
olog
i-ca
lly o
rder
ed p
rice
tabl
e fo
r misc
ella
neou
s ite
ms w
hich
com
es d
own
to 1
051
A.H
. In
the
sect
ion
on w
eigh
ts, h
e at
tem
pts t
o co
nver
t the
m to
met
ric v
alue
s,bu
t thi
s is b
est i
gnor
ed. I
n sp
ite o
f its
age
and
con
fusi
ng o
rgan
izat
ion,
it re
-m
ains
an
inva
luab
le c
ontri
butio
n.A
seco
nd re
fere
nce
is m
uch
mor
e co
mpa
ct, m
ore
relia
ble
in it
s met
ric c
on-
vers
ions
, and
eas
ier t
o us
e: W
alth
er H
inz,
Isla
mis
che
Mas
se a
nd G
ewic
hte,
umge
rech
net i
ns m
etri
sche
Sys
tem
, (H
O, E
rgbd
. 1, 1
955;
2nd
rev.
ed.
, 197
0).
At t
he sa
me
time,
it is
not
so ri
ch a
reso
urce
as S
auva
ire, a
nd w
here
pos
sible
it is
usef
ul to
con
sult
the
two
wor
ks to
geth
er.
In th
e cr
ucia
l are
a of
bib
liogr
aphy
Isla
mic
num
ismat
ics i
s qui
te w
ell o
ff. F
orco
ntrib
utio
ns d
own
to 1
950
we
have
the
exha
ustiv
e su
rvey
of L
. A. M
ayer
,B
iblio
grap
hy o
f Mos
lem
Num
ism
atic
s, In
dia
Exce
pted
(19
54).
Sinc
e 19
47, t
heA
mer
ican
Num
ism
atic
Soc
iety
has
pub
lishe
d a
sem
i-ann
ual s
urve
y, N
umis
-m
atic
Lite
ratu
re—
wel
l-org
aniz
ed a
nd e
asy
to u
se b
ut u
nfor
tuna
tely
nev
er c
u-m
ulat
ed. S
chol
ars m
ust s
impl
y ke
ep c
urre
nt a
nd a
ssem
ble
thei
r ow
n fil
es o
fpo
tent
ially
rele
vant
item
s.M
any
of th
e pr
oble
ms i
nvol
ved
in d
ealin
g w
ith c
oins
are
stric
tly te
chni
cal
in c
hara
cter
—de
ciph
erin
g in
scrip
tions
, est
ablis
hing
freq
uenc
y ta
bles
of
wei
ghts,
det
erm
inin
g sta
ndar
ds o
f fin
enes
s, et
c.—
and
any
prop
erly
trai
ned
nu-
mis
mat
ist s
houl
d be
abl
e to
do
thes
e th
ings
ade
quat
ely.
On
the
othe
r han
d,ap
plyi
ng th
e re
sults
thus
obt
aine
d, a
nd in
fact
dec
idin
g w
hat d
ata
to c
olle
ct in
the
first
plac
e, is
a m
atte
r not
of t
echn
ical
skill
but
of h
istor
ians
hip.
The
re is
no
gene
ral e
ssay
on
the
role
s whi
ch n
umism
atic
s mig
ht p
lay
in Is
lam
ic h
istor
ical
stud
ies;
her
e as
in m
any
plac
es m
odel
s m
ust b
e fo
und
in a
few
unu
sual
lyim
agin
ativ
e st
udie
s. Th
e pr
oble
m is
that
num
ism
atic
s has
bee
n ap
plie
d w
ithgr
eat s
ophi
stica
tion
to so
me
aspe
cts o
f Isla
mic
stud
ies,
and
only
inep
tly if
at a
llto
oth
ers—
incl
udin
g pr
ecise
ly th
ose
topi
cs w
here
coi
ns sh
ould
be
our p
rime
reso
urce
.
Num
ismat
ics h
as u
ndou
bted
ly m
ade
its g
reat
est c
ontri
butio
n in
the
field
s of
polit
ical
and
adm
inist
rativ
e hi
story
. Coi
ns h
ave
prov
ided
inva
luab
le e
vide
nce
in d
eter
min
ing
the
regn
al d
ates
of o
bscu
re p
rince
s and
the
terr
itoria
l sco
pe o
fth
eir a
utho
rity.
The
y ha
ve d
one
muc
h to
cla
rify
the
adm
inis
trativ
e st
atus
of
num
erou
s urb
an c
ente
rs. F
inal
ly, t
hey
have
bee
n pu
t to
good
use
in d
efin
ing
the
links
whi
ch b
ound
regi
onal
dyn
asts
to th
e Ca
lipha
te. M
any
exce
:lent
stud
-ie
s whi
ch a
ddre
ss su
ch p
robl
ems c
ould
be
cite
d; a
mon
g th
em th
ose
of G
eorg
eC.
Mile
s are
pre
emin
ent.
As e
xam
ples
, see
an
early
wor
k, T
he N
umis
mat
icH
isto
ry o
f Ray
y (1
938)
, and
his
chap
ter "
Num
ismat
ics"
in th
e C
ambr
idge
His
-to
ry o
f Ir
an (1
975)
, Vol
. IV
, 364
-377
. An
early
wor
k of
Ole
g G
raba
r, Th
eC
oina
ge o
f the
Tul
unid
s (1
957)
, can
also
be
war
mly
reco
mm
ende
d.In
the
answ
erin
g of
pol
itica
l and
adm
inist
rativ
e qu
estio
ns, h
owev
er, n
umis-
mat
ics c
an o
nly
have
an
anci
llary
role
—i.e
., w
e us
e it
to a
ddre
ss p
robl
ems
whi
ch h
ave
been
def
ined
by
evid
ence
of a
diff
eren
t kin
d, u
sual
ly te
xtua
l. Th
efie
ld fo
r whi
ch co
ins o
ught
to b
e the
prin
cipa
l sou
rce i
s the
hist
ory
of m
onet
ary
syste
ms i
n Is
lam
. The
re h
ave
in fa
ct b
een
prep
arat
ory
essa
ys in
this
field
(see
in p
artic
ular
the
num
erou
s tho
ugh
scat
tere
d ar
ticle
s of A
. S. E
hren
kreu
tz),
but
mos
t hav
e be
en n
arro
wly
"nu
mis
mat
ic"
in c
hara
cter
—i.e
., de
term
inin
g th
est
anda
rd o
f fin
enes
s, es
tabl
ishin
g di
e co
unts
, etc
. The
re h
ave
been
eff
orts
tode
fine
the
circ
ulat
ion
of p
reci
ous m
etal
s, bu
t mos
t of t
his w
ork
has b
een
rath
ersp
ecul
ativ
e an
d ha
rd to
reco
ncile
eith
er w
ith e
cono
mic
theo
ry o
r with
the
little
hard
dat
a w
hich
exi
sts. I
n ge
nera
l, th
e pr
ogre
ss o
f mon
etar
y hi
story
has
bee
ncr
ippl
ed b
y th
e fa
ilure
of I
slam
ists t
o ev
olve
an
adeq
uate
theo
ry o
f the
cha
rac-
ter a
nd fu
nctio
n of
mon
ey in
med
ieva
l Isla
mic
soci
ety.
Thi
s the
oret
ical
failu
reha
s bee
n ra
ther
poi
nted
ly e
xplo
red
in a
serie
s of s
tudi
es b
y G
illes
Hen
nequ
in;
amon
g th
ese,
see
(a) "
Prob
lem
es th
eoriq
ues e
t pra
tique
s de
la m
onna
ie a
ntiq
ueet
med
ieva
le,"
AI,
x (1
972)
, 1-5
1; (b
) "N
ouve
aux
aper
cus
sur l
'his
toire
mon
etai
re d
e l't
gypt
e a
la fi
n du
Moy
en-A
ge,"
AI,
xiii
(197
7), 1
79-2
15. U
ntil
this
"the
ory
gap"
is b
ridge
d, w
e ca
nnot
exp
ect n
umis
mat
ics t
o m
ake
its fu
llco
ntrib
utio
n to
Isla
mic
hist
ory.
D.
EPIG
RA
PHY
Mon
umen
tal i
nscr
iptio
ns o
f rem
arka
ble
docu
men
tary
val
ue w
ere
prod
uced
ingr
eat p
rofu
sion
in m
edie
val I
slam
, but
they
hav
e be
en b
adly
neg
lect
ed b
yhi
storia
ns, e
spec
ially
in G
reat
Brit
ain
and
Am
eric
a. It
is tr
ue th
at in
scrip
tions
pres
ent a
var
iety
of t
echn
ical
pro
blem
s, an
d th
ese
may
acc
ount
in p
art f
or th
efa
ilure
of s
chol
ars t
o m
ake
bette
r use
of t
hem
. Firs
t of a
ll, th
ey a
re w
ritte
n in
an a
stoni
shin
g ra
nge
of sc
ripts,
som
e ve
ry c
rude
and
oth
ers s
uper
bly
calli
gra-
phic
. In
eith
er c
ase
they
can
be
extra
ordi
naril
y di
fficu
lt to
dec
iphe
r, an
d in
the
end
the
cont
ent m
ay b
e so
ban
al th
at it
har
dly
seem
s to
have
bee
n w
orth
the
effo
rt. A
seco
nd p
robl
em is
that
man
y, p
erha
ps m
ost,
insc
riptio
ns h
ave
been
54
SO
UR
CE
S A
ND
RE
SE
AR
CH
TO
OL
S
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
55
badl
y da
mag
ed b
y m
an a
nd c
limat
e ov
er th
e ce
ntur
ies,
and
of c
ours
e it
isal
way
s the
cru
cial
phr
ase
whi
ch h
as b
een
effa
ced.
Aga
in, s
ince
insc
riptio
ns a
reof
ten
writ
ten
on la
rge
bloc
ks o
f fin
e sto
ne, m
any
have
bee
n ca
rted
away
from
thei
r orig
inal
loca
tions
to b
e re
used
in e
ntire
ly u
nrel
ated
bui
ldin
gs. R
eal a
sth
ese
prob
lem
s are
, how
ever
, the
y ar
e ha
rdly
wor
se th
an th
ose
whi
ch a
ffect
the
othe
r cat
egor
ies o
f sou
rces
we
have
revi
ewed
, and
the
rew
ards
whi
ch in
scrip
-tio
ns o
ffer
shou
ld b
e ad
equa
te c
ompe
nsat
ion
for t
he tr
oubl
e.W
e be
gin
with
a fe
w g
ener
al c
omm
ents
abou
t the
ext
erna
l cha
ract
erist
ics o
fth
ese
text
s. H
istor
ians
nor
mal
ly d
eal w
ith m
onum
enta
l ins
crip
tions
—i.e
., te
xts
atta
ched
to b
uild
ings
as p
art o
f the
ir str
uctu
re o
r dec
or. H
owev
er, s
ome
text
sof
hist
oric
al in
tere
st oc
cur i
n ot
her c
onte
xts,
such
as ce
ram
ic an
d m
etal
ves
sels,
fine
text
iles,
or w
oode
n pu
lpits
and
sarc
opha
gi. T
he m
ajor
ity o
f mon
umen
tal
insc
riptio
ns a
re e
ngra
ved
in st
one,
but
we
also
find
them
car
ved
in st
ucco
or
mad
e of
col
ored
cer
amic
tile
s (fa
ienc
e) o
r mos
aic.
How
ever
, ins
crip
tions
don
ein
stuc
co, f
aien
ce, o
r mos
aic
are
alm
ost i
nvar
iabl
y lit
erar
y or
relig
ious
in c
on-
tent
(mos
t com
mon
ly c
itatio
ns fr
om th
e Q
ur'an
) rat
her t
han
date
d re
cord
s con
-ce
rnin
g sp
ecifi
c ac
ts or
per
sons
.A
rabi
c is
the
lang
uage
use
d in
the
over
whe
lmin
g m
ajor
ity o
f ins
crip
tions
whi
ch fa
ll w
ithin
the
purv
iew
of t
his b
ook.
Tur
kish
firs
t app
ears
in th
e ea
rly9t
h/15
th c
entu
ry, a
nd o
nly
beco
mes
wid
ely
used
in th
e 10
th/1
6th.
As t
o Pe
r-sia
n ep
igra
phy,
we
find
the
first
exam
ples
at t
he e
nd o
f the
5th
/11t
h ce
ntur
y.Th
ough
Per
sian
cam
e to
be
used
in a
n in
crea
singl
y br
oad
arra
y of
con
text
s, it
neve
r ent
irely
supp
lant
ed A
rabi
c, w
hich
was
alw
ays t
he p
refe
rred
lang
uage
for
relig
ious
text
s and
foun
ders
' ins
crip
tions
.W
e do
not
hav
e ro
om to
dea
l with
the
scrip
ts in
any
det
ail.
Dow
n th
roug
hth
e 5t
h/11
th c
entu
ry m
ost a
re c
arve
d in
som
e fo
rm o
f Kuf
ic, a
nd th
is sc
ript
rem
aine
d ve
ry p
opul
ar in
late
r per
iods
for l
itera
ry a
nd re
ligio
us te
xts b
ecau
seof
its s
triki
ng o
rnam
enta
l pot
entia
litie
s. Th
e de
velo
pmen
t of K
ufic
can
bes
t be
follo
wed
in th
e ric
hly
docu
men
ted
and
beau
tiful
ly p
rodu
ced
stud
y of
Ado
lfG
rohm
ann,
Ara
bisc
he P
altio
grap
hie,
II,
Die
Lap
idar
schr
ift
(197
1), w
hich
cont
ains
a fu
ll bi
blio
grap
hy u
p to
the
date
of p
ublic
atio
n. O
n th
e sp
ecifi
c pr
ob-
lem
s con
nect
ed w
ith th
e lo
vely
but
app
allin
gly
diffi
cult
style
cal
led
"flo
riate
dK
ufic
," s
ee G
rohm
ann,
"Th
e O
rigin
and
Ear
ly D
evel
opm
ent o
f Flo
riate
dK
ufic
," A
rs O
rien
talis
, ii (
1957
), 18
3-21
5. F
rom
the
6th/
12th
cen
tury
on,
var
i-ou
s for
ms o
f nas
khi c
ame
to b
e us
ed a
lmos
t uni
vers
ally
for s
uch
info
rmat
ion-
conv
eyin
g te
xts a
s epi
taph
s, de
cree
s, no
tices
of c
onst
ruct
ion
or re
stor
atio
n,et
c., b
ut th
is sc
ript i
s onl
y be
ginn
ing
to a
ttrac
t ser
ious
stud
y. In
late
r cen
turie
s,Pe
rsia
n an
d Tu
rkish
insc
riptio
ns w
ould
mak
e m
uch
use
of su
ch e
lega
nt sc
ripts
as ta
e lig
and
nas
td li
g, b
ut th
ese
need
not
con
cern
us h
ere.
Ther
e is
no h
andb
ook
of Is
lam
ic e
pigr
aphy
, but
a so
und
intro
duct
ion
to th
efie
ld c
an b
e fo
und
in th
e ar
ticle
"Kita
bat,"
E12 ,
V, 2
10-2
33, b
y va
rious
auth
ors.
The
intro
duct
ory
sect
ion,
by
J. S
ourd
el-T
hom
ine,
is a
wid
e-ra
ngin
g sta
tem
ent
on th
e de
velo
pmen
t and
gen
eral
pro
blem
s of I
slam
ic e
pigr
aphy
; the
succ
eed-
ing
sect
ions
(by
vario
us a
utho
rs) a
re e
ach
devo
ted
to th
e in
scrip
tions
of a
parti
cula
r reg
ion,
with
an
emph
asis
on th
e de
velo
pmen
t of s
crip
ts. A
n ov
er-
view
of t
his k
ind
is be
st fo
llow
ed u
p by
the
study
of s
peci
fic st
udie
s whi
ch c
anse
rve
as m
odel
s of e
pigr
aphi
c m
etho
d. A
n ex
celle
nt e
xam
ple
wou
ld b
e IC
hälid
Mue
adh
and
Sola
nge O
ry, I
nscr
iptio
ns a
rabe
s de
Dam
as: l
es s
tele
s fi
mer
aire
s;I,
Cim
etie
re d
'al-
Bab
al-
Sagh
ir (1
977)
. Thi
s sur
vey
cont
ains
eig
hty
insc
rip-
tions
, dat
ing
from
439
to 9
35 A
.H. E
ach
insc
riptio
n is
pre
sent
ed in
a p
late
of
good
qua
lity
(with
add
ition
al li
ne d
raw
ings
in e
xcep
tiona
lly d
iffic
ult c
ases
),pr
inte
d tra
nscr
iptio
n, a
nd tr
ansla
tion.
In a
dditi
on, e
ach
insc
riptio
n is
furn
ished
with
an
anal
ysis
of it
s scr
ipt a
nd te
xtua
l con
tent
s, a
care
ful d
escr
iptio
n, a
nd a
prec
ise
loca
lizat
ion.
Fin
ally
, the
aut
hors
giv
e us
a g
ener
al d
iscu
ssio
n of
the
scrip
ts an
d fo
rmul
arie
s use
d in
this
body
of i
nscr
iptio
ns. T
his s
tudy
of c
ours
edo
es n
ot m
eet e
very
nee
d of
the n
ovic
e epi
grap
her:
epita
phs a
re a
limite
d ge
nre
at b
est,
and
seld
om c
arry
the
mor
e flo
rid sc
ripts
or m
ore
com
plex
ver
bal
form
ulae
.A
lthou
gh in
scrip
tions
wer
e co
mm
only
use
d by
the
anci
ent M
iddl
e Ea
stern
mon
arch
ies,
incl
udin
g th
ose
of th
e H
elle
nisti
c an
d Ro
man
per
iod,
to re
coun
tm
ajor
pol
itica
l eve
nts (
vict
orie
s, co
rona
tions
, etc
.), th
ey a
lmos
t nev
er se
rve
this
func
tion
in Is
lam
ic ti
mes
. Per
haps
the
wid
espr
ead
avai
labi
lity
of p
aper
mad
e th
e ch
roni
cle
and
the
offic
ial l
ette
r a m
ore
effe
ctiv
e m
eans
of a
chie
ving
such
self-
glor
ifica
tion.
How
ever
that
may
be,
the
cont
ents
of Is
lam
ic in
scrip
-tio
ns m
ay c
onve
nien
tly b
e gr
oupe
d in
four
cla
sses
: (1)
lite
rary
; (2)
relig
ious
;(3
) com
mem
orat
ive;
(4) l
egal
and
adm
inist
rativ
e.Li
tera
ry te
xts a
re fo
und
only
in tw
o co
ntex
ts: o
n pa
lace
s and
on
luxu
ryob
ject
s suc
h as
met
alw
ork
and
deco
rate
d ce
ram
ics.
In th
e ca
se o
f art
obje
cts,
the
insc
riptio
n (in
cise
d or
pai
nted
) is m
ost o
ften
just
a c
liche
or a
pie
ce o
fdo
gger
el—
e.g.
, "G
lory
and
pro
sper
ity to
the
owne
r of t
his v
esse
l." O
n th
eot
her h
and,
Iran
ian
atel
iers
in p
artic
ular
did
pro
duce
man
y pi
eces
dec
orat
edw
ith id
entif
iabl
e lin
es o
f ver
se. A
s for
pal
aces
, ver
y fe
w o
f the
se h
ave s
urvi
ved,
but t
wo
of th
em p
rese
nt in
scrip
tiona
l pro
gram
s of r
emar
kabl
e sig
nific
ance
, tha
tof
Mas
efid
Ell (
492-
508/
1099
-111
5) in
Gha
zna,
and
the
Alh
ambr
a in
Gra
nada
.On
Mas
ead'
s pal
ace
see
Ale
ssio
Bom
baci
, The
Kuf
ic In
scri
ptio
n in
Per
sian
Ver
ses
in th
e C
ourt
of t
he R
oyal
Pal
ace
of M
asud
III a
t Gha
zni
(196
6). T
hepu
blic
atio
ns re
leva
nt to
the
Alh
ambr
a in
scrip
tions
can
be
trace
d th
roug
h O
leg
Grab
ar, T
he A
lham
bra
(197
8); s
ee e
spec
ially
the
note
s to
Ch. 2
.Th
e re
ligio
us te
xts u
sed
in m
onum
enta
l ins
crip
tions
are
ove
rwhe
lmin
gly
take
n fro
m th
e Q
ur'an
. In
the
past
it ha
s bee
n no
rmal
to c
onsid
er su
ch p
assa
ges
as b
anal
and
his
toric
ally
insi
gnifi
cant
. In
man
y ca
ses t
his p
oint
of v
iew
ispr
obab
ly v
alid
, for
mos
t mos
ques
and
mad
rasa
s dra
w th
eir Q
ur'an
ic in
scrip
-tio
ns fr
om a
ver
y lim
ited
repe
rtory
of v
erse
s. B
ut w
e ca
nnot
take
this
for
gran
ted.
For
exa
mpl
e, in
his
disc
ussio
n of
the
mos
aic
insc
riptio
n in
the
Dom
eof
the
Rock
, Ole
g G
raba
r (T
he F
orm
atio
n of
Isla
mic
Art
[19
73],
pp. 4
8-67
)ar
gues
for a
ver
y sp
ecifi
c an
ti-Ch
ristia
n, a
nti-B
yzan
tine
mes
sage
in th
at te
xt.
56 S
OU
RC
ES
AN
D R
ES
EA
RC
H T
OO
LS
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
57
Like
wise
, the
Qur
'anic
pas
sage
s car
ved
on th
e Fa
timid
mos
ques
and
shrin
es o
fCa
iro sp
ell o
ut (f
or th
ose w
ho k
now
how
to in
terp
ret t
hem
) cru
cial
elem
ents
ofIs
m"e
ili id
eolo
gy; s
ee tw
o stu
dies
by
Caro
line
Will
iam
s: (1
) "Th
e Cu
lt of
Alid
Sain
ts in
the
Fatim
id M
onum
ents
of
Cai
ro, I
: The
Mos
que
of a
l-Aqm
ar,"
Muq
amas
, I (1
983)
, 37-
52; "
II: T
he M
auso
lea,
" M
uqam
as, i
ii (1
985)
, 39-
60;
(2) "
The
Qur
'ani
c In
scrip
tions
on
the
Teib
fit o
f al-I
-Jus
ayn,
" Is
lam
ic A
rt, i
i(1
987)
, 3-1
3. In
gen
eral
, we
shou
ld w
ork
from
the
assu
mpt
ion
that
the
Qur
'anic
insc
riptio
ns o
n a
mos
que
or a
ny o
ther
relig
ious
stru
ctur
e co
nstit
ute
aco
nsci
ous p
rogr
am, a
nd h
ence
are
a v
ital k
ey to
the
inte
nded
mea
ning
of t
hat
build
ing.
Qur
'anic
pas
sage
s are
ofte
n do
ne in
ext
rem
ely
orna
te if
not
impe
ne-
trabl
e sc
ripts;
in th
e m
any
situa
tions
whe
re o
nly
a fe
w w
ords
can
be
mad
e ou
tw
ith s
ome
conf
iden
ce, a
con
cord
ance
like
eAbd
al-
Baq
i's a
l-M
ueja
m a
l.m
ufah
ras
(see
abo
ve, p
. 21)
is a
n in
disp
ensa
ble
aid.
Com
mem
orat
ive
insc
riptio
ns fa
ll in
to tw
o su
b-cl
asse
s. M
ost c
omm
on ar
eep
itaph
s, w
hich
typi
cally
giv
e a p
erso
n's n
ame,
gene
alog
y, o
ffici
al ti
tles,
a few
piou
s slo
gans
, and
dat
e of
dea
th. I
t see
ms a
ver
y th
in b
ody
of d
ata,
but
thes
efe
w fa
cts c
an b
e ex
ploi
ted
to g
ood
effe
ct. T
hey
can
for e
xam
ple
help
us u
n-co
ver t
he n
otab
le fa
mili
es o
f a d
istric
t and
som
e of
the
kins
hip
links
am
ong
thes
e fam
ilies
, all
the m
ore s
ince
wom
en as
wel
l as m
en ar
e inc
lude
d. E
pita
phs
can
esta
blish
or c
onfir
m th
e dea
th an
d re
gnal
dat
es o
f rul
ers,
and
supp
ly o
ffici
altit
ulat
ure.
The
seco
nd c
lass
of c
omm
emor
ativ
e in
scrip
tions
—fo
unda
tion
and
resto
ra-
tion
text
s on
publ
ic b
uild
ings
—ca
n be
put
to e
ven
broa
der u
se. T
ypic
ally
,in
scrip
tions
of t
his k
ind
will
cont
ain
the f
ollo
win
g da
ta: t
he fu
nctio
n em
bodi
edin
the
build
ing
(e.g
., m
asjid
, fam
e , m
ashh
ad, t
urba
, etc
.); th
e ki
nd o
f wor
kdo
ne (o
rigin
al c
onstr
uctio
n, re
stora
tion
and
repa
ir, c
onve
rsio
n); t
he n
ame,
ge-
neal
ogy,
and
titul
atur
e of t
he p
erso
n at
who
se b
ehes
t the
wor
k w
as d
one;
som
e-tim
es, b
ut n
ot a
lway
s, th
e na
mes
and
title
s of t
he o
ffic
ials
who
act
ually
ove
rsa
w th
e wor
k; th
e dat
e on
whi
ch th
e wor
k w
as o
rder
ed o
r com
plet
ed. T
he v
alue
of su
ch in
form
atio
n is
man
ifold
. By
com
parin
g th
e in
form
atio
n gi
ven
in th
ein
scrip
tion
with
the m
onum
ent o
n w
hich
it is
loca
ted,
hist
oria
ns o
f arc
hite
ctur
eca
n es
tabl
ish p
reci
se a
nd v
alid
cor
resp
onde
nces
bet
wee
n fo
rm a
nd te
rmin
ol-
ogy.
By
usin
g in
scrip
tions
to tr
ack
dow
n th
e m
ost v
isibl
e pa
trons
of a
rchi
tec-
ture
with
in a
give
n pe
riod
and
loca
lity,
key
mem
bers
of t
he so
cio-
polit
ical
elite
can
be id
entif
ied,
sinc
e th
e fu
ndin
g of
maj
or c
onst
ruct
ion
proj
ects
requ
ires
wea
lth, p
rest
ige,
and
pow
er. O
r fin
ally
, the
title
s of t
he m
en n
amed
in th
ein
scrip
tions
can
cla
rify
man
y de
tails
of l
ocal
or p
rovi
ncia
l adm
inis
tratio
n. -
Such
exa
mpl
es o
f cou
rse
only
sugg
est a
few
of t
he p
ossi
bilit
ies o
ffer
ed b
yin
scrip
tions
.Fo
r com
mem
orat
ive
insc
riptio
ns to
be
used
in th
ese
way
s, ho
wev
er, t
hey
mus
t be
inte
grat
ed in
to a
bro
ad a
rcha
eolo
gica
l and
hist
oric
al c
onte
xt, a
nd o
nly
a few
scho
lars
hav
e end
eavo
red
to d
o th
is in
any
syste
mat
ic w
ay. A
mon
g th
ese
the
pree
min
ent f
igur
e is
Max
van
Ber
chem
, who
se M
ater
iaux
pou
r un
Cor
pus
Insc
riptio
num
Ara
bica
rum
(abb
r., C
IA),
thou
gh sa
dly
inco
mpl
ete,
rem
ains
one
of th
e gr
eat m
onum
ents
of Is
lam
ic st
udie
s and
a m
odel
of w
hat e
pigr
aphy
inou
r fie
ld m
ight
achi
eve.
Van
Ber
chem
not
onl
y gi
ves c
ritic
al tr
ansc
riptio
ns an
dtra
nsla
tions
of t
he te
xts,
but e
xten
ded
disc
ussio
ns o
f the
mon
umen
ts on
whi
chth
ey a
re fo
und
and
the
hist
oric
al si
tuat
ions
in w
hich
they
wer
e co
mpo
sed,
toge
ther
with
leng
thy
and
fasc
inat
ing
disc
ours
es o
n su
ch m
atte
rs a
s titu
latu
re,
the
evol
utio
n of
adm
inist
rativ
e of
fices
, etc
. Obv
ious
ly m
uch
of w
hat h
e ha
s to
say
is o
bsol
ete,
but
the
sens
e of
dis
cove
ry in
thes
e vo
lum
es, a
s wel
l as h
isca
paci
ty to
sugg
est f
ruitf
ul li
nes o
f inq
uiry
, are
still
ver
y vi
vid
inde
ed. I
n ad
di-
tion
to C
IA, v
an B
erch
em d
id a
gre
at m
any
othe
r epi
grap
hic
stud
ies,
whi
chw
ere
inte
nded
as p
repa
rato
ry st
udie
s for
his
mag
num
opu
s; th
ese
have
bee
nco
llect
ed in
his
Ope
ra M
inor
a (2
vol
s., 1
978)
. Fin
ally
, he
mad
e an
ext
rem
ely
valu
able
col
lect
ion
of p
hoto
grap
hs, w
hich
hav
e no
w b
een
cata
logu
ed b
ySo
lang
e Ory
, ed.
, Arc
hive
s M
ax v
an B
erch
em, I
: Cat
alog
ue d
e la
pho
tote
que
(197
5).
CIA
was
pla
nned
as a
coo
pera
tive
vent
ure,
and
in fa
ct se
vera
l of h
is as
soci
-at
es d
id c
ontri
bute
one
or m
ore
volu
mes
. Stil
l, va
n Be
rche
m w
as th
e he
art a
ndso
ul o
f the
pro
ject
, and
his
deat
h in
192
1 br
ough
t it e
ffect
ivel
y to
an
end.
The
volu
mes
pub
lishe
d af
ter t
hat t
ime
for t
he m
ost p
art r
epre
sent
a p
icki
ng u
p of
loos
e en
ds, n
ot fr
esh
rese
arch
. The
follo
win
g vo
lum
es h
ave
been
pub
lishe
d:
a.Eg
ypte
, le
Cai
re: M
ax v
an B
erch
em, M
MA
F, x
ix (1
896-
1903
); G
asto
n W
iet,
MIF
AO, l
ii (1
930)
.b.
Syrie
du
Sud,
Jeru
sale
m: M
ax v
an B
erch
em, M
IFA
O, x
liii (
1922
-23)
; xliv
(192
5-27
); xl
v (1
920)
.c.
Syrie
du
Nor
d, T
ripol
i: M
oritz
Sob
ernh
eim
, MIF
AO
, xxv
(190
9).
d.Sy
rie d
u N
ord,
Ale
p: M
oritz
Sob
ernh
eim
and
Ern
st H
erzf
eld,
ed.
E. C
ombe
,M
IFAO
, lxx
vi—
lxxv
ii (1
954-
56).
e.A
sie M
ineu
re, S
ivas
et D
ivrig
i: M
ax v
an B
erch
em a
nd H
all E
dhem
, MIF
AO,
nix
(191
0-17
).f.
Ara
ble:
La
Mek
ke: H
. M. a
l-Haw
ary
and
N. E
lisse
eff,
MIF
AO
, cix
(198
5).
For
a lo
ng ti
me
Van
Ber
chem
had
no
real
succ
esso
rs; m
any
high
ly a
ccom
-pl
ished
scho
lars
shar
ed h
is ap
proa
ch a
nd c
once
rns,
to b
e su
re, b
ut o
nly
Gas
ton
Wie
t eve
r atte
mpt
ed a
new
vol
ume,
or ev
en a
thor
ough
goin
g re
visio
n of
an o
ldon
e, in
CIA
. How
ever
, the
rece
nt c
ontri
butio
n by
Haw
ary
and
Eliss
eeff
and
apr
ojec
ted
volu
me
by S
heila
Bla
ir (f
or w
hich
see
belo
w) s
ugge
st a
revi
ved
impe
tus t
o ac
hiev
e at
leas
t par
t of v
an B
erch
em's
visio
n.In
the
inte
rven
ing
seve
nty
year
s, im
porta
nt n
ew m
ater
ial h
as c
ome
out f
rom
time
to ti
me;
thou
gh w
e ca
nnot
giv
e an
y ad
equa
te su
rvey
of t
itles
her
e, c
erta
insc
hola
rs h
ave
mad
e pa
rticu
larly
subs
tant
ial c
ontri
butio
ns in
this
field
: Gas
ton
Wie
t, Je
an S
auva
get,
Nik
ita E
lisse
eff,
Dom
iniq
ue S
ourd
el, J
anin
e So
urde
l-Th
omin
e, H
einz
Gau
be. I
n Sp
ain,
a g
ood
initi
al c
orpu
s was
pub
lishe
d by
E.
Levi
-Pro
venç
al, In
scri
ptio
ns a
rabe
s de
l'E
spag
ne (1
931)
, and
in re
cent
yea
rs
58 S
OU
RC
ES
AN
D R
ES
EA
RC
H T
OO
LS
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
59
seve
ral s
chol
ars (
mos
t not
ably
M. °
calla
Jim
enez
) hav
e co
ntin
ued
to b
uild
on
this
foun
datio
n. T
wo
very
impo
rtant
pro
ject
s do
dese
rve
spec
ial n
otic
e. F
irst,
Mos
he S
haro
n ha
s ann
ounc
ed a
cor
pus o
f the
Ara
bic
insc
riptio
ns o
f Pal
estin
e:"U
n no
uvea
u co
rpus
des
insc
riptio
ns a
rabe
s de
Pale
stin
e,"
RE
I, x
lii, n
o. 1
(197
4), 1
85-1
91. S
econ
d, th
e So
urde
ls ha
ve u
nder
take
n a
criti
cal r
e-ed
ition
,w
ith a
con
cise
but
val
uabl
e an
nota
tion,
of t
he in
scrip
tions
of D
amas
cus,
whi
chha
ve h
eret
ofor
e be
en sc
atte
red
amon
g a
myr
iad
of e
xtre
mel
y un
even
pub
lica-
tions
. The
firs
t ins
tallm
ent o
f thi
s sur
vey,
cov
erin
g tw
enty
-one
insc
riptio
nsda
ting
from
444
/105
2 to
544
/114
9, h
as a
ppea
red
as "D
ossie
rs p
our u
n Co
rpus
des i
nscr
iptio
ns a
rabe
s de
Dam
as,"
RE
I, xl
vii,
no. 2
(197
9), 1
19-1
71.
It is
evi
dent
from
our
dis
cuss
ion
so fa
r tha
t Syr
ia a
nd E
gypt
hav
e be
enpr
ivile
ged
terri
torie
s. Th
e cr
ucia
l reg
ion
of Ir
an in
par
ticul
ar re
mai
ns fr
om a
nep
igra
phic
al p
oint
of v
iew
alm
ost t
erra
inco
gnita
, tho
ugh
an im
porta
nt in
itial
step
had
bee
n ta
ken
befo
re th
e 19
79 re
volu
tion,
with
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of a
Cor
pus
Insc
ript
ionu
m Ir
anic
arum
, de
vote
d to
the
publ
icat
ion
of P
ersia
n-la
n-gu
age
insc
riptio
ns fr
om e
arlie
st an
tiqui
ty d
own
to S
afav
id ti
mes
. So
far,
how
-ev
er, o
nly
two
slend
er v
olum
es h
ave
been
dev
oted
to th
e Is
lam
ic p
erio
d: o
nK
hora
san,
ed.
Will
iam
Han
away
, (V
ol. I
I, 19
77);
and
Maz
anda
ran,
ed.
A.D
.H.
Biva
r and
E. Y
arsh
ater
(Vol
. VI,
1978
). Th
ese
publ
icat
ions
are
unf
ortu
nate
lyex
trem
ely
conc
ise, c
onsis
ting
only
of p
late
s and
ters
e id
entif
icat
ions
, with
out
the
syste
mat
ic tr
ansc
riptio
ns, t
rans
latio
ns, a
nd a
nnot
atio
n ne
eded
to e
luci
date
thes
e te
xts.
Far m
ore
valu
able
will
be
a vo
lum
e no
w in
pre
ss b
y Sh
eila
Bla
ir,A
Cor
pus
of E
arly
Ara
bic
Insc
ript
ions
fro
m Ir
an a
nd T
rans
oxan
ia (
to A
.H.
500)
, whi
ch a
dher
es to
CIA
's ge
nera
l app
roac
h in
its p
rese
ntat
ion
and
anal
ysis
of se
vent
y-six
insc
riptio
ns.
Fina
lly, w
e co
me
to in
scrip
tions
of l
egal
and
adm
inist
rativ
e co
nten
t. U
nder
the
Rom
an E
mpi
re it
was
ver
y co
mm
on fo
r dec
rees
to b
e "p
ublis
hed"
in th
efo
rm o
f ins
crip
tions
on
tem
ple
wal
ls, tr
ium
phal
arc
hes,
etc.
Thi
s pra
ctic
e w
asfa
r les
s wid
espr
ead
in th
e Is
lam
ic w
orld
, but
it w
as o
ccas
iona
lly fo
llow
ed. J
ean
Sauv
aget
pub
lishe
d in
exe
mpl
ary
fash
ion
two
colle
ctio
ns o
f suc
h m
ater
ial:
(a)
"Dëc
rets
mam
elou
ks d
e Sy
rie,"
BE
D, i
i (19
32),
1-52
; iii
(193
3), 1
-29;
xii
(194
7-48
), 5-
60; (
b) Q
uatr
e de
cret
s se
ldjo
ukid
es (1
947)
. Far
mor
e co
mm
onth
an th
e of
ficia
l dec
ree
was
ano
ther
kin
d of
doc
umen
t, th
e de
ed o
f waq
f. W
hen
a sc
hool
or m
osqu
e w
as b
uilt
or g
iven
som
e ad
ditio
nal e
ndow
men
t, th
e be
ne-
fact
or w
ould
ofte
n ca
rve
an in
scrip
tion
in a
pro
min
ent s
pot o
n th
e bu
ildin
g,id
entif
ying
him
self,
the
obje
cts o
f his
cha
rity,
the
mai
n pr
oper
ties w
hich
he
had
dona
ted,
and
the
date
of t
he g
rant
. Suc
h in
scrip
tions
had
no
lega
l for
ce in
them
selv
es, b
ut w
ere
sim
ply
resu
mes
of t
he o
ffic
ial d
eed
of w
aqf r
egist
ered
with
the
cour
ts; e
ven
so, t
heir
valu
e fo
r the
stud
y of
soci
al a
nd e
cono
mic
histo
ry sh
ould
be
obvi
ous.
Obv
ious
ly w
e do
not
hav
e th
e ki
nds o
f ref
eren
ce a
nd re
sear
ch to
ols t
hat w
ene
ed fo
r a re
ally
effe
ctiv
e us
e of
insc
riptio
ns in
hist
oric
al re
sear
ch. H
owev
er,
we
do h
ave
a m
ost u
sefu
l int
erim
sur
vey
in th
e R
eper
toir
e ch
rono
logi
que
d'ep
igra
phie
ara
be (a
bbr.,
RC
EA
; 17
vols
., in
pro
gres
s; 1
931-
1982
). R
CEA
atte
mpt
s to
brin
g to
geth
er a
ll kn
own
Ara
bic
insc
riptio
ns, b
oth
thos
e pr
evio
usly
publ
ished
(whe
ther
wel
l or b
adly
) and
also
item
s col
lect
ed b
ut le
ft un
publ
ished
by v
an B
erch
em, S
auva
get,
Wie
t, et
al.
It m
akes
no
effo
rt to
be
criti
cal;
badl
yde
ciph
ered
, dup
licat
e, a
nd sp
urio
us te
xts a
boun
d. It
use
s bot
h a
chro
nolo
gica
lan
d ge
ogra
phic
al fr
amew
ork—
all t
he in
scrip
tions
for e
ach
year
are
bro
ught
toge
ther
, and
with
in e
ach
year
cita
tions
beg
in w
ith th
e w
este
rnm
ost s
ites a
ndm
ove
tow
ard
the
east.
Eac
h te
xt is
giv
en in
prin
ted
trans
crip
tion
and
Fren
chtra
nsla
tion
only
, with
out p
hoto
grap
hs. H
owev
er, s
ourc
es a
nd p
lace
s of p
ubli-
catio
n ar
e ci
ted,
so th
at th
ere
is a
t lea
st th
is d
egre
e of
con
trol.
Ther
e ar
e no
hist
oric
al o
r arc
haeo
logi
cal n
otes
; it i
s up
to th
e re
ader
to re
cons
truct
the
cont
ext i
n w
hich
thes
e tex
ts oc
cur.
RC
EA st
ill g
oes d
own
only
to 7
83/1
381,
soth
at a
vas
t bod
y of
mat
eria
l rem
ains
unt
ouch
ed. F
inal
ly, t
he tr
ansli
tera
tions
of
the
loca
les w
here
the
insc
riptio
ns w
ere
foun
d ar
e hi
ghly
arb
itrar
y—Fr
ench
impe
rial o
rthog
raph
y at
its w
orst
—an
d ca
use
muc
h w
aste
d tim
e si
mpl
y in
track
ing
dow
n pl
ace n
ames
, tho
ugh
the
Inde
x ge
ogra
phiq
ue (1
975)
for t
he fi
rst
16 v
olum
es d
oes a
mel
iora
te th
is pr
oble
m. I
t sho
uld
also
be
said
that
T. X
VII,
edite
d by
Lud
vik
Kal
us, s
how
s a
mar
ked
impr
ovem
ent i
n pr
oced
ure
and
form
at.In
shor
t, in
spite
of a
serie
s of m
ajor
effo
rts th
roug
hout
the
20th
cen
tury
, we
still
have
not
hing
com
para
ble
to w
hat T
heod
or M
omm
sen
and
his c
olle
ague
sbe
quea
thed
to R
oman
hist
ory
a hu
ndre
d ye
ars a
go, a
nd th
ere
is lit
tle p
rosp
ect
that
we e
ver w
ill.
E. A
RT,
AR
CH
AEO
LOG
Y, A
ND
TEC
HN
OLO
GY
Beca
use
histo
ry is
a v
erba
l rep
rese
ntat
ion
of h
uman
beh
avio
r, it
is na
tura
l tha
tit
shou
ld re
ly m
ost h
eavi
ly o
n th
e ev
iden
ce o
f wor
ds. H
owev
er, s
uch
evid
ence
can
be h
ighl
y m
islea
ding
in re
gard
to so
ciet
ies l
ike
thos
e of
med
ieva
l Isla
m,
whe
re th
e ar
t of w
ritin
g w
as th
e m
onop
oly
of a
smal
l cul
tura
l elit
e. A
nd e
ven
in b
road
ly li
tera
te so
ciet
ies,
mat
eria
l arti
fact
s are
far m
ore
prod
uctiv
e fo
rms o
fev
iden
ce fo
r man
y as
pect
s of l
ife th
an a
re "m
ere
wor
ds."
This
state
men
t ap-
plie
s not
onl
y to
such
obv
ious
are
as a
s tec
hnol
ogy
or th
e ap
para
tus o
f dai
lylif
e, b
ut in
man
y ca
ses e
ven
to so
cial
rela
tions
and
to c
ultu
ral s
ymbo
ls a
ndva
lues
. Obv
ious
ly n
o on
e ob
ject
is u
sabl
e ev
iden
ce fo
r eve
ry a
spec
t of t
heso
ciet
y w
hich
pro
duce
d it,
but
eve
ry a
rtifa
ct is
mul
tival
ent a
nd th
row
s lig
ht o
nm
any
area
s of l
ife. F
or e
xam
ple,
gla
zed
cera
mic
s can
be
evid
ence
for a
esth
etic
valu
es, f
or th
e te
chno
logy
whi
ch p
rodu
ced
them
, for
the
econ
omic
and
com
-m
erci
al m
ilieu
in w
hich
they
wer
e mad
e, an
d (if
they
hav
e fig
urat
ive d
ecor
) for
wid
ely
used
visu
al sy
mbo
ls of
the
perio
d. A
n ar
tifac
t of a
ver
y di
ffere
nt k
ind,
the
layo
ut o
f a c
ity m
arke
tpla
ce, c
an b
e a
min
e of
info
rmat
ion
on b
usin
ess
orga
niza
tion,
cla
ss st
ruct
ure,
etc
. As a
n in
quiry
dev
elop
s, th
en, e
ven
the
mos
t
60 S
OU
RC
ES
AN
D R
ES
EA
RC
H T
OO
LS
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
61
text
-min
ded
scho
lars
nee
d to
mak
e an
effo
rt to
can
vass
and
util
ize
the
poss
ible
artis
tic a
nd a
rcha
eolo
gica
l evi
denc
e fo
r the
ir su
bjec
t.It
mus
t be s
aid
that
ver
y fe
w Is
lam
ic h
istor
ians
are t
rain
ed to
do
this,
in la
rge
part
beca
use
until
the
late
196
0s th
ere
wer
e (a
t lea
st in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es a
ndC
anad
a) a
lmos
t no
art h
isto
rians
and
arc
haeo
logi
sts w
hose
prim
ary
inte
rest
was
the
Isla
mic
wor
ld. T
his g
ap is
now
wel
l on
the
way
to b
eing
rect
ified
, but
it w
ill st
ill b
e so
me
time
befo
re th
e m
ajor
ity o
f soc
ial a
nd p
oliti
cal h
istor
ians
are
in a
ny p
ositi
on to
use
the
wor
k of
art
histo
rians
and
arc
haeo
logi
sts p
rodu
c-tiv
ely.
Eve
n w
hen
peop
le a
re re
ady
to lo
ok in
that
dire
ctio
n, c
autio
n an
d a
degr
ee o
f hum
ility
will
be
need
ed, f
or a
rt hi
story
and
arc
haeo
logy
are
hig
hly
deve
lope
d an
d se
lf-co
nsci
ous d
iscip
lines
and
nei
ther
can
be
mas
tere
d w
ithou
ta
subs
tant
ial a
ppre
ntic
eshi
p. F
or th
is re
ason
we
shal
l not
try
to d
eal s
erio
usly
with
pro
blem
s of m
etho
d he
re. A
n ov
eral
l ass
essm
ent o
f the
stat
e of
thes
efie
lds—
still
larg
ely
valid
—ca
n be
foun
d in
Ole
g G
raba
r, "I
slam
ic A
rt an
dA
rcha
eolo
gy,"
in L
. Bin
der,
ed.,
The
Stu
dy o
f th
e M
iddl
e E
ast (
1976
), pp
.22
9-26
4. F
or a
rcha
eolo
gy, a
crit
ique
of m
etho
d th
roug
h an
ana
lytic
pre
sent
a-tio
n of
a ca
se st
udy
is gi
ven
in C
. L. R
edm
an, "
Arc
haeo
logy
in a
Med
ieva
l City
of Is
lam
," M
ESA
Bul
l., x
iv, n
o. 2
(198
0), 1
-22.
Man
y ar
cheo
logi
sts w
ould
disa
gree
with
Red
man
's str
ess o
n th
e sc
ient
ific
rath
er th
an c
ultu
ral c
hara
cter
of
arch
aeol
ogy,
but
vie
ws l
ike
his a
re c
urre
ntly
ver
y in
fluen
tial.
Ther
e ar
e sti
ll ve
ry fe
w sy
nthe
tic w
orks
whi
ch a
ttem
pt to
inte
grat
e th
e ap
-pr
oach
es a
nd re
sults
of a
rt hi
story
and
arc
haeo
logy
with
in a
bro
ad in
terp
reta
-tio
n of
Isla
mic
hist
ory.
Tw
o fa
irly
rece
nt w
orks
are s
ucce
ssfu
l in
this
ende
avor
,ho
wev
er, a
nd in
add
ition
sugg
est m
any
inte
resti
ng li
nes o
f inq
uiry
:
Dom
iniq
ue a
nd Ja
nine
Sou
rdel
, La
civi
lisat
ion
de l'
Isla
m c
lass
ique
(196
8).
Ole
g G
raba
r, Th
e Fo
rmat
ion
of Is
lam
ic A
rt (1
973;
2nd
ed.,
1987
). (H
as an
exce
llent
bibl
iogr
aphi
c es
say
cove
ring
topi
cs d
own
to c
a. 9
00 A
.D.)
For a
rchi
tect
ure—
perh
aps t
he si
ngle
mos
t im
porta
nt d
imen
sion
of a
rt fo
r so-
cial
and
pol
itica
l hist
ory—
ther
e ar
e no
w se
vera
l goo
d su
rvey
s, bu
t hist
oria
nsm
ight
ben
efit
mos
t fro
m a
rece
nt c
olle
ctiv
e w
ork
edite
d by
Geo
rge
Mic
hell,
Arc
hite
ctur
e of
the
Isla
mic
Wor
ld,.
Its
His
tory
and
Soc
ial M
eani
ng (1
978)
,w
hich
goe
s bey
ond
the
stand
ard
emph
asis
on g
reat
mon
umen
ts to
look
at t
heso
cial
func
tions
of a
rchi
tect
ure.
Par
ticul
arly
sign
ifica
nt a
re th
e ch
apte
rs o
nm
arke
tpla
ces a
nd o
rdin
ary
priv
ate
hom
es. T
he te
xt is
ver
y ge
nera
l, as
one
wou
ld ex
pect
in th
is cl
ass o
f boo
k, b
ut an
atte
ntiv
e rea
der w
ill fi
nd m
any
usef
ulid
eas t
o pu
rsue
.Fo
r mos
t of t
he p
erio
ds a
nd re
gion
s of m
edie
val I
slam
, we
still
lack
ade
-qu
ate
repe
rtorie
s of m
onum
ents
and
obj
ects
, let
alo
ne th
e ki
nd o
f det
aile
dsu
rvey
whi
ch p
rovi
des a
rigo
rous
des
crip
tion
of a
ll th
e ex
tant
bui
ldin
gs o
rar
tifac
ts w
hich
fall
with
in a
def
ined
are
a of
inte
rest
. An
early
atte
mpt
at
age
nera
l sur
vey
was
mad
e in
Hen
ri Sa
ladi
n, G
eorg
es M
arga
is, a
nd G
asto
nM
igeo
n, M
anue
l d'a
rt m
usul
man
(4 v
ols.,
190
7-19
27),
whi
ch c
over
s bot
h
arch
itect
ure
and
the
plas
tic a
nd in
dustr
ial a
rts. O
bvio
usly
it is
now
thor
ough
lyob
sole
te; t
he b
est c
ompr
ehen
sive o
verv
iew
curre
ntly
avai
labl
e is p
roba
bly
Jan-
ine
Sour
del-T
hom
ine
and
Berto
ld S
pule
r, D
ie K
unst
des
Isl
am (1
973)
, Vol
.IV
of t
he P
ropy
laea
Kun
stge
schi
chte
. It i
s bot
h sc
hola
rly a
nd b
eaut
ifully
pro
-du
ced,
thou
gh it
s foc
us o
n in
divi
dual
mas
terp
iece
s pre
vent
s it f
rom
dea
ling
effe
ctiv
ely
with
regi
onal
dev
elop
men
ts, b
road
cul
tura
l pro
blem
s, et
c.In
an
idea
l wor
ld, e
very
regi
on a
nd e
very
cat
egor
y of
art
wou
ld b
e co
vere
dby
som
ethi
ng li
ke th
e m
onum
enta
l pro
duct
ions
of K
.A.C
. Cre
swel
l:
Early
Mus
lim A
rchi
tect
ure
(2 v
ols.,
193
8-40
; 2nd
revi
sed
ed. o
f Vol
. I, i
n 2
parts
,19
69).
The M
uslim
Arc
hite
ctur
e of E
gypt
(2
vols.
, 195
2-59
).
It is
hard
to th
ink
that
we
will
eve
r aga
in se
e an
ythi
ng li
ke th
ese
mag
nific
ent
volu
mes
—in
folio
size
, with
met
icul
ous d
escr
iptio
ns, a
ccur
ate
mea
sure
men
ts(o
ther
wise
alm
ost u
nkno
wn
in th
e Is
lam
ic fi
eld!
), an
d su
perb
dra
win
gs a
ndpl
ates
for e
very
mon
umen
t. E
arly
Mus
lim A
rchi
tect
ure
cove
rs a
ll th
e ce
ntra
lIs
lam
ic la
nds d
own
to c
a. 9
00 A
.D.,
whi
le th
e vo
lum
es o
n Eg
ypt f
ocus
on
the
perio
d fro
m th
e Ik
hshi
dids
thro
ugh
the
early
Mam
luks
(939
-132
6). C
resw
ell
has h
is fa
ults,
to b
e su
re, a
mon
g w
hich
his
tight
focu
s on
tech
nica
l pro
blem
sw
ill b
e m
ost a
ppar
ent t
o ne
w re
ader
s, bu
t his
wor
k re
mai
ns th
e fo
unda
tion
for
all f
urth
er p
rogr
ess.
The
wel
l-doc
umen
ted
late
r Mam
luk
perio
d in
Egy
pt h
asye
t to
be su
rvey
ed, b
ut a
num
ber o
f pal
atia
l priv
ate
hom
es fr
om th
is an
d th
eea
rly O
ttom
an p
erio
d su
rviv
e, an
d th
ese c
an b
e stu
died
in th
e adm
irabl
e sur
vey
of J.
Rev
ault,
B. M
aury
, and
M. Z
akar
iya,
Pal
ais
et m
aiso
ns d
u C
aire
du
xive
au x
viiie
sie
cle
(4 v
ols.,
197
5-83
). Th
e re
sults
of t
heir
wor
k on
the
Mam
luk
perio
d ha
ve b
een
plac
ed in
a br
oade
r arc
hite
ctur
al an
d so
cial
-hist
oric
al co
ntex
tin
a se
para
te v
olum
e: J.
-C. G
arci
n, B
. Mau
ry, J
. Rev
ault,
M. Z
akar
iya,
Pal
ais
et m
aiso
ns d
u C
aire
, I: é
poqu
e m
amel
ouke
(198
2). (
Wor
king
with
oth
er c
ol-
labo
rato
rs, R
evau
lt ha
s also
pro
duce
d sim
ilar s
urve
ys o
f lat
e-m
edie
val d
omes
-tic
arc
hite
ctur
e in
the
Nor
th A
frica
n ci
ties o
f Tun
is an
d Fe
z.)
For o
ther
regi
ons a
nd g
enre
s, th
ere
is m
uch
less
to w
ork
with
, in
spite
of
seve
ral m
erito
rious
surv
eys a
nd a
gro
win
g nu
mbe
r of s
olid
mon
ogra
phs.
For
Spai
n an
d N
orth
Afri
ca, G
eorg
es M
arga
is, L
'arc
hite
ctur
e m
usul
man
e de
l'O
c-ci
dent
(195
4) is
an
exce
llent
synt
hesi
s. A
t the
oth
er e
nd o
f the
med
ieva
l Is-
lam
ic w
orld
, a sp
lend
id c
olle
ctiv
e w
ork
deal
ing
with
all
perio
ds a
nd g
enre
sw
as e
dite
d by
A. U
. Pop
e an
d Ph
yllis
Ack
erm
an, A
Sur
vey
of P
ersi
an A
rt (6
vols.
, 193
8-39
; ind
ex v
ol. b
y T.
Bes
term
an, 1
958;
repr
. in
14 v
ols.,
196
4-67
).Th
is w
ork
is ve
ry u
neve
n an
d is
now
obs
oles
cent
, but
its c
ompr
ehen
siven
ess
and
its su
perb
pla
tes c
ontin
ue to
mak
e it
indi
spen
sabl
e.W
hen
we
mov
e fr
om re
gion
al to
gen
re-o
rient
ed su
rvey
s, a
few
wor
ks a
repa
rticu
larly
pre
cise
and
wid
e-ra
ngin
g. T
he d
evel
opm
ent o
f ear
ly Is
lam
ic p
aint
-in
g (d
own
to th
e 8t
h/14
th c
entu
ry, w
ith a
nat
ural
em
phas
is o
n m
anus
crip
till
ustra
tion)
is tr
eate
d in
the c
lass
ic st
udy
of R
icha
rd E
tting
haus
en, A
rab
Pain
t-
62
SO
UR
CE
S A
ND
RE
SE
AR
CH
TO
OL
S
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
63
ing
(196
2). T
he tw
o vo
lum
es b
y A
rthur
Lan
e on
cer
amic
s are
now
old
but
rem
ain
a us
eful
and
relia
ble
intro
duct
ion
to th
e su
bjec
t: Ea
rly Is
lam
ic P
otte
ry(1
947)
; Lat
er I
slam
ic P
otte
ry (1
957)
. A n
ew a
nd la
vish
ly p
rodu
ced
book
by
Jean
Sou
stie
l, L
a ce
ram
ique
isla
miq
ue (1
985)
, sup
plan
ts L
ane
in m
any
Ivsp
ects
. Lik
e its
pre
dece
ssor
it fo
cuse
s on
mas
terp
iece
s, an
d in
gen
eral
ad-
dres
ses t
he in
tere
sts o
f the
col
lect
or a
nd m
useu
m c
urat
or ra
ther
than
the
histo
-ria
n. (S
ee th
e re
view
ess
ay b
y O
leg
Gra
bar i
n M
uqam
as, v
[198
8], 1
-8.)
The
field
of m
etal
wor
k—on
e of
the
fines
t ach
ieve
men
ts of
Isla
mic
art—
has a
t las
tre
ceiv
ed a
relia
ble
and
wel
l-doc
umen
ted
over
view
from
Eva
Bae
r, M
etal
wor
kin
Med
ieva
l Isl
amic
Art
(198
3). S
he d
oes o
mit
certa
in c
lass
es o
f wor
k fro
mco
nsid
erat
ion
(e.g
., ar
ms a
nd ar
mor
), an
d th
e pla
tes,
whi
le p
erfe
ctly
usa
ble,
are
muc
h le
ss im
pres
sive
than
the
text
. The
vas
t gap
s in
our c
over
age
are
all t
ooap
pare
nt—
text
iles,
glas
s, Pe
rsia
n pa
intin
g in
the
post-
Mon
gol e
ra, t
he a
rchi
-te
ctur
e of
the
Ferti
le C
resc
ent a
nd Ir
an in
the
Mid
dle
Perio
ds (9
00-1
500)
,Cl
early
it w
ill b
e th
e w
ork
of d
ecad
es to
fill
thes
e in
any
ade
quat
e w
ay.
Und
er th
ese
circ
umsta
nces
esp
ecia
lly, m
useu
m a
nd e
xhib
ition
cat
alog
s are
ofte
n of
eno
rmou
s val
ue. U
nfor
tuna
tely
, ver
y fe
w m
useu
ms h
ave
atte
mpt
ed to
publ
ish c
ompr
ehen
sive
cata
logs
of t
heir
Isla
mic
col
lect
ions
. Wha
t can
be
done
is ill
ustra
ted
by tw
o of
the
volu
mes
pro
duce
d fo
r the
Mus
eum
of I
slam
ic A
rtin
Cai
ro b
y G
asto
n W
et:
1.C
atal
ogue
gen
eral
du
Mus
ee A
rabe
du
Cai
re: l
ampe
s et
bou
teill
es e
n ve
mem
aille
(19
29
).
2.C
atal
ogue
gen
eral
du
Mus
ee A
rabe
du
Cai
re: o
bjet
s en
cui
vre
(19
32
).
Sinc
e W
iet's
wor
k, th
e on
ly m
useu
m to
und
erta
ke a
cat
alog
ue o
n th
e sa
me
scal
e is
the
very
impo
rtant
Ben
aki M
useu
m o
f Ath
ens,
orig
inal
ly e
stabl
ished
as a
priv
ate
colle
ctio
n at
the
turn
of t
he c
entu
ry b
y a
Gre
ek re
sidin
g in
Egy
pt,
Ant
hony
Ben
aki.
As t
he fi
rst p
art o
f a p
ropo
sed
Cat
alog
ue o
f Isl
amic
Art
in th
eB
enak
i Mus
eum
und
er h
er g
ener
al e
dito
rshi
p, H
elen
e Ph
ilon
has r
ecen
tly p
ro-
duce
d a
sple
ndid
vol
ume,
Ear
ly Is
lam
ic C
eram
ics
(198
0). F
urth
er v
olum
es o
nla
ter c
eram
ics,
woo
dwor
k, te
xtile
s, m
etal
wor
k, je
wel
ry, a
nd to
mbs
tone
s hav
ebe
en a
nnou
nced
, eac
h to
be
done
by
a w
ell-k
now
n sp
ecia
list.
A d
iffer
ent t
ype
of p
ublic
atio
n al
toge
ther
is th
e ex
hibi
tion
cata
log,
whi
chpr
esen
ts th
e ob
ject
s gat
here
d to
geth
er fo
r a p
artic
ular
occ
asio
n. T
he v
alue
of
thes
e of
cou
rse
depe
nds h
eavi
ly o
n th
e co
ncep
tion
gove
rnin
g th
e ex
hibi
tion
in
ques
tion
and
on th
e cu
rato
r's sk
ill in
obt
aini
ng lo
ans o
f the
mos
t app
ropr
iate
piec
es. A
par
ticul
arly
fine
rece
nt e
xam
ple,
on
both
the
scho
larly
and
aes
thet
icle
vel,
wou
ld b
e Es
in A
tli,
Ren
aiss
ance
of I
slam
: Art
of t
he M
amlu
ks (1
981),
whi
ch is
unq
uest
iona
bly
the
best
acc
ount
we
have
of S
yro-
Egyp
tian
art b
e-tw
een
the
7th/
13th
and
9th
/15t
h ce
ntur
ies.
We
usua
lly th
ink
of a
rt as
a c
ultu
ral a
nd a
esth
etic
phe
nom
enon
, but
it is
nole
ss a
n em
bodi
men
t of t
echn
olog
y. A
rt un
doub
tedl
y ex
pres
ses w
hat w
as fe
lt to
be im
porta
nt o
r bea
utifu
l, bu
t it a
lso c
onve
ys th
e m
anuf
actu
ring
skill
s ava
ila-
ble
to a
giv
en so
ciet
y. F
or th
is re
ason
, the
full
expl
oita
tion
of a
rt as
evi
denc
efo
r pol
itica
l and
soci
al h
istor
y re
quire
s a k
now
ledg
e of
the
mat
eria
ls an
d te
ch-
niqu
es th
at p
rodu
ced
it. T
he st
udy
of m
edie
val a
nd "t
radi
tiona
l" Is
lam
ic te
ch-
nolo
gy is
unf
ortu
nate
ly st
ill in
its i
nfan
cy. H
owev
er, t
wo
very
diff
eren
t wor
ksbr
ing
toge
ther
mos
t of w
hat i
s kno
wn.
In I
slam
ic T
echn
olog
y: a
n Il
lust
rate
dH
istor
y (1
986)
, A. Y
. al-H
assa
n an
d D
. R. H
ill c
omb
text
s, m
anus
crip
t illu
stra-
tions
, and
arti
fact
s to
reco
nstru
ct a
ver
y im
pres
sive
arra
y of
arts
and
man
ufac
-tu
res:
ship
build
ing,
text
iles,
irrig
atio
n, m
etal
lurg
y, et
al. B
oth
auth
ors a
re en
gi-
neer
s as w
ell a
s sch
olar
s, an
d th
at fa
ct o
bvio
usly
enh
ance
s the
val
ue o
f the
irw
ork.
Has
san
and
Hill
's hi
storic
al st
udy
shou
ld b
e re
ad in
tand
em w
ith H
ans
E. W
ulff'
s inv
alua
ble
The
Tra
ditio
nal C
raft
s of
Per
sia
(196
6). W
ulff'
s met
ic-
ulou
s acc
ount
is b
ased
on
dire
ct o
bser
vatio
n of
arti
sans
at w
ork
durin
g hi
sle
ngth
y re
siden
ce in
Iran
in th
e 19
30s,
and
cove
rs a
gric
ultu
re a
nd b
uild
ing
asw
ell a
s ind
ustri
al c
rafts
. Fin
ally
, we
now
hav
e an
impo
rtant
wor
k on
arc
hite
c-tu
re: C
aefe
r Efe
ndi,
Ris
ale-
i Mie
miir
iyye
: an
Earl
y Se
vent
eent
h-C
entu
ry O
tto-
man
Tre
atis
e on
Arc
hite
ctur
e, a
nnot
ated
tran
s. by
How
ard
Cra
ne (1
987)
.W
orks
of t
his k
ind
are
extre
mel
y ra
re, s
ince
pre
-mod
ern
Mus
lim a
rchi
tect
sha
rdly
eve
r wro
te a
bout
thei
r cra
ft. M
edie
valis
ts m
ust o
bvio
usly
use
this
text
with
caut
ion,
sinc
e Otto
man
arch
itect
ure i
s ver
y di
stinc
tive a
nd in
deed
uni
que.
Even
so, i
t giv
es u
s dire
ct if
par
tial a
cces
s to
the w
ay in
whi
ch M
uslim
bui
lder
sun
ders
tood
thei
r wor
k.Th
e ar
chae
olog
ical
and
art-
histo
rical
lite
ratu
re is
ver
y sc
atte
red,
and
impo
r-ta
nt c
ontri
butio
ns o
ften
crop
up
in v
ery
unlik
ely
plac
es. I
n th
is ar
ea, h
owev
er,
we
are
wel
l pro
vide
d fo
r, at
leas
t for
old
er p
ublic
atio
ns: K
.A.C
. Cre
swel
l, A
Bib
liogr
aphy
of
the
Arc
hite
ctur
e, A
rts,
and
Cra
fts
of Is
lam
(196
1), t
o w
hich
the
sam
e au
thor
issu
ed a
Sup
plem
ent g
oing
dow
n to
197
2. It
is m
etic
ulou
slyan
d lo
gica
lly o
rgan
ized
. The
orig
inal
vol
ume
incl
udes
title
s in
Ara
bic
and
Pers
ian,
whi
le th
e su
pple
men
t add
s Tur
kish
and
Rus
sian
. For
som
e en
tries
Cres
wel
l add
s ter
se a
nd ty
pica
lly a
cerb
ic c
omm
ents.
Fro
m 1
972
on, w
e m
ust
fall
back
on
the I
ndex
Isla
mic
us.
Isla
mic
arc
haeo
logy
is m
ore
obvi
ously
con
nect
ed w
ith th
e co
ncer
ns o
f so-
cial
and
pol
itica
l his
toria
ns th
an is
art
hist
ory,
but
it h
as n
ot y
et m
ade
the
cont
ribut
ions
to h
istor
ical
stud
ies w
hich
we
mig
ht h
ope
for.
Ther
e ar
e m
any
reas
ons f
or th
is. U
ntil
very
rece
ntly
, ver
y fe
w a
rcha
eolo
gists
had
any
inte
rest
in th
e Is
lam
ic p
erio
d, a
nd te
nded
to re
gard
the
"Sar
acen
laye
rs" a
t the
ir sit
esm
ostly
as
a nu
isan
ce. O
n th
e ot
her h
and,
ver
y fe
w Is
lam
ists
had
any
ar-
chae
olog
ical
trai
ning
, per
haps
bec
ause
so m
uch
mat
eria
l fro
m m
edie
val I
slam
is st
ill a
bove
gro
und
and
even
occ
upie
d. Y
et e
ven
at th
e be
ginn
ing
of th
isce
ntur
y th
e w
ork
of F
riedr
ich
Sarr
e an
d Er
nst H
erzf
eld
at S
amar
ra sh
owed
wha
t cou
ld b
e ga
ined
from
arc
haeo
logy
. For
tuna
tely
, dur
ing
the
last
two
dec-
ades
the
pace
of e
xcav
atio
n at
the
hand
s of s
erio
us a
rcha
eolo
gists
has
pic
ked
up sh
arpl
y, a
nd a
t lea
st u
ntil
the
troub
les o
f the
last
dec
ade
wor
k w
as b
eing
activ
ely
purs
ued
thro
ugho
ut th
e ce
ntra
l Isla
mic
land
s.
64 S
OU
RC
ES
AN
D R
ES
EA
RC
H T
OO
LS
AN
AL
YS
IS O
F S
OU
RC
ES
65
It w
ould
obv
ious
ly b
e ex
trem
ely
usef
ul to
hav
e a
com
preh
ensiv
e su
rvey
of
all t
he si
tes w
here
sign
ifica
nt a
rcha
eolo
gica
l wor
k ha
s bee
n do
ne, w
ith su
mm
a-rie
s of t
he m
ain
data
, gen
eral
con
clus
ions
, crit
ical
bib
liogr
aphi
es, e
tc. A
n ex
-ce
llent
mod
el fo
r suc
h a
surv
ey c
an b
e fo
und
in L
. Van
den
Ber
ghe,
Arc
heol
ogie
de
l'Ira
n an
cien
(195
9), a
nd it
s (so
mew
hat b
elat
ed) c
ompa
nion
volu
me,
Bib
liogr
aphi
e an
alyt
ique
de
l'arc
heol
ogie
de
l'Ira
n an
cien
(197
9}—
wor
ks w
hich
are
obv
ious
ly im
porta
nt fo
r sch
olar
s of e
arly
Isla
mic
Iran
. A v
ery
impo
rtant
wor
k on
Afg
hani
stan
shou
ld a
lso b
e no
ted:
War
wic
k Ba
ll an
d Je
an-
Clau
de G
ardi
n, A
rcha
eolo
gica
l Gaz
ette
er o
f Afg
hani
stan
(2
vols.
, 198
2). T
heau
thor
s sur
vey
som
e 12
00 si
tes,
begi
nnin
g w
ith th
e ol
dest
rem
ains
kno
wn
and
com
ing
dow
n to
the
end
of T
imur
id ti
mes
. It i
s bas
ed w
holly
on
publ
ishe
dde
scrip
tions
and
repo
rts, b
ut o
bvio
usly
thes
e ar
e al
l we
shal
l hav
e fo
r a lo
ngtim
e to
com
e.A
rcha
eolo
gy is
no
long
er a
n af
fair
of fr
ee-la
nce
amat
eurs
; leg
al e
xcav
atio
nsat
leas
t are
alw
ays c
arrie
d ou
t eith
er b
y na
tiona
l ant
iqui
ties s
ervi
ces o
r by
offic
ially
reco
gniz
ed fo
reig
n re
sear
ch in
stitu
tes.
It w
ill th
us b
e us
eful
to li
stth
ose
orga
niza
tions
whi
ch re
gula
rly sp
onso
r wor
k on
the
Isla
mic
per
iod,
and
whi
ch h
ave
wel
l-est
ablis
hed
publ
icat
ions
serie
s in
whi
ch th
e re
sults
of t
his
wor
k ar
e lik
ely
to a
ppea
r. W
e ca
nnot
cite
eve
ry p
oten
tially
rele
vant
org
aniz
a-tio
n an
d jo
urna
l, bu
t tho
se li
sted
bel
ow a
re re
spon
sibl
e fo
r the
bul
k of
pub
-lis
hed
wor
k in
Isla
mic
arc
haeo
logy
.
Am
eric
an R
esea
rch
Cent
er in
Egy
ptJo
urna
l of t
he A
mer
ican
Res
earc
h C
ente
r in
Egyp
t (ab
br.,
JARC
E)Br
itish
Insti
tute
of A
rcha
eolo
gy a
t Ank
ara
Ana
tolia
n St
udie
sBr
itish
Insti
tute
of P
ersia
n St
udie
sIr
anBr
itish
Sch
ool o
f Arc
haeo
logy
in Ir
aqIr
aq(N
ote
that
all
thre
e of
the
Briti
sh jo
urna
ls pu
blish
ann
ual r
evie
ws o
f cur
rent
exc
a-va
tions
with
in th
eir r
espe
ctiv
e co
untri
es o
f int
eres
t.)Ce
ntre
Nat
iona
l de
la R
eche
rche
Sci
entif
ique
(Par
is) (a
bbr.,
CN
RS)
Arc
heol
ogie
med
iterr
anie
nne
(abb
r., A
rch.
med
.)D
eutsc
hes A
rcha
olog
ische
s Ins
titut
, Abt
eilu
ng K
airo
(abb
r., D
AI)
Mitt
eilu
ngen
(ann
ual;
abbr
., D
AI (
Kai
ro),
Mitt
.); A
bhan
dlun
gen,
Isla
misc
he R
eihe
(occ
asio
nal;
, ,
abbr
. DA
I (K
airo
) Abh
.)D
AI,
Abt
. Ista
nbul
Ista
nbul
er M
ittei
lung
en (a
nnua
l; ab
br.,
1st.
Mitt
.); Is
tanb
uler
For
schu
ngen
(occa
-sio
nal;
abbr
., 1s
t. Fo
rsch
.)D
AI,
Abt
. Teh
eran
Arc
haol
ogis
che
Miu
eilu
ngen
aus
Iran
(ann
ual;
abbr
., A
MI)
; Teh
eran
er F
or-
schu
ngen
(occ
asio
nal;
abbr
., Te
h. F
orsc
h.)
Del
egat
ion
Arc
heol
ogiq
ue F
rang
aise
en
Iran
Cah
iers
(abb
r., C
DA
FI);
Mem
oire
s (oc
casio
nal;
abbr
., M
DA
FI)
Inst
itut F
ranc
ais
d'A
rche
olog
ie O
rient
ale
au C
aire
(suc
cess
or to
the
Mis
sion
Arc
heol
ogiq
ue F
ranc
aise
au
Caire
)M
emoi
res d
e la
Mis
sion
Arc
heol
ogiq
ue F
ranc
aise
au
Cai
re (a
bbr.,
MM
AF)
; me-
moi
res p
ublie
s par
les m
embr
es d
e l'I
nstit
ut F
ranc
ais d
'Arc
heol
ogie
Orie
ntal
e au
Caire
(abb
r., M
IFA
O);
Bul
letin
de
l'Ins
titut
Fra
ncai
s d'A
rche
olog
ie O
rient
ale
auCa
ire (a
bbr.,
BIF
AO
); A
nnal
es Is
lam
olog
ique
s (a
bbr.,
Al).
Insti
tut F
ranc
ais d
'Etu
des A
rabe
s a D
aman
Bulle
tin d
'etud
es o
rient
ales
(BEO
)Ira
q, D
irect
orat
e G
ener
al o
f Ant
iqui
ties
Sum
erN
eder
land
s Hist
orisc
h-A
rcha
eolo
gisc
h In
stitu
ut to
Ista
nbul
Ana
tolic
a (a
nnua
l); U
itgav
en (o
ccas
iona
l; ab
br.,
Ist.
Uitg
aven
)Sa
udi A
rabi
a, D
epar
tmen
t of A
ntiq
uitie
s
Syria
, Dire
ctio
n ge
nera
le d
es A
ntiq
uite
s et d
es M
usee
sA
nnal
es a
mhe
olog
ique
s de
Syrie
(sin
ce 1
969,
Ann
ales
arc
heol
ogiq
ues s
yrie
nnes
;ab
br., A
AS)
Ther
e ar
e m
any
impo
rtant
arc
haeo
logi
cal j
ourn
als n
ot li
sted
here
—e.
g., S
yrie
,B
eryt
us, I
srae
l Exp
lora
tion
Jour
nal—
but t
hese
alm
ost n
ever
dea
l with
Isla
mic
topi
cs a
nd it
seem
s bes
t to
excl
ude
them
. In
any
case
, the
re is
obv
ious
ly a
rich
and
rapi
dly
grow
ing
fund
of a
rcha
eolo
gica
l dat
a an
d in
terp
reta
tion
for t
hose
histo
rians
who
are
pre
pare
d to
lear
n ho
w to
use
it.