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OEH NSW TIDAL PLANES ANALYSIS 1990-2010 HARMONIC ANALYSIS Report MHL2053 October 2012

prepared for NSW Office of Environment and Heritage

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OEH NSW Tidal Planes Analysis 1990-2010 Harmonic Analysis Report MHL2053 October 2012 Edward Couriel Principal Engineer 110b King Street Manly Vale NSW 2093 T: 02 9949 0200 F: 02 9948 6185 E: edward.couriel@mhl.nsw.gov.au W: www.mhl.nsw.gov.au

http://www.mhl.nsw.gov.au/

Cover photograph: Lake Illawarra Entrance Document Control

Approved for Issue Issue/ Revision Author Reviewer Name Date Draft 17/2/12 Sarah Hesse, MHL

Draft 14/3/12 Martin Fitzhenry, OEH

Draft 27/7/12 David Allsop, MHL

Draft 7/8/12 Martin Fitzhenry, OEH

Final 25/9/12

Ed Couriel, Kristy Alley, Ben Modra, MHL

Ed Couriel, MHL Martin Fitzhenry, OEH

Ed Couriel, MHL 3/10/12

Crown in right of NSW through the Department of Finance & Services 2012

NSW Public Works Manly Hydraulics Laboratory and the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage permit this material to be reproduced, for educational or non-commercial use, in whole or in part, provided the meaning is unchanged and its source, publisher and authorship are acknowledged. While this report has been formulated with all due care, the State of New South Wales does not warrant or represent that the report is free from errors or omissions, or that it is exhaustive. The State of NSW disclaims, to the extent permitted by law, all warranties, representations or endorsements, express or implied, with regard to the report including but not limited to, all implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement. The State of NSW further does not warrant or accept any liability in relation to the quality or accuracy of the report and no responsibility is accepted by the State of NSW for the accuracy, currency, reliability and correctness of any information in the report provided by the client or third parties.

Report No. MHL2053 PW Report No. 11009 ISBN 9780 7347 4435 4 MHL File No. EDP8-2172 First published October 2012

Manly Hydraulics Laboratory is Quality System Certified to AS/NZS ISO 9001:2008.

Foreword The NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) manages an extensive network of automatic water level recorders (AWLR) as part of its Floodplain, Estuary and Coastal Management programs. The coastal data network is operated and maintained by NSW Public Works Manly Hydraulics Laboratory (MHL) under an annual contract with OEH. This report has been prepared by Manly Hydraulics Laboratory for the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, and presents tidal plane and phase analysis for 188 tidal monitoring stations that are part of the NSW coastal data network.

Data analysis and reporting was undertaken by Kristy Alley, Sarah Hesse and Ed Couriel of MHL. The report was overseen by Martin Fitzhenry from the Urban and Coastal Water Branch, OEH.

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Summary This report presents tidal plane analysis and tidal phase analysis calculated from data collected by NSW Public Works Manly Hydraulics Laboratory on behalf of the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage from automatic water level monitoring stations along the coast of NSW. Tidal planes, tidal ranges and constituent amplitude and phases are presented for a period of 20 individual years from 1 July 1990 to 30 June 2010 inclusive.

This report updates the ten years of analysis from 1 July 1990 to 30 June 2000 presented in MHL1098 DLWC NSW Tidal Planes Data Compilation 2001 (MHL 2003) and includes a number of new monitoring stations commissioned since the earlier report.

The tidal behaviour of an estuary is constantly changing and is affected by a number of dynamic influences. The tidal planes presented in this report represent only a specific period of data for particular monitoring locations, and hence may vary with time as a result of changing hydrodynamic conditions (e.g. entrance conditions and freshwater inflow).

In addition to the analysis presented on a year-by-year basis, for monitoring stations where the tidal response is not affected by dynamic entrance conditions, a full period tidal analysis is presented, which includes the full tidal epoch of 18.6 years. The tide data presented in this report forms part of the database at Manly Hydraulics Laboratory and can be accessed via the Internet at www.mhl.nsw.gov.au or by contacting MHL directly.

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http://www.mhl.nsw.gov.au/

Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. TIDAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALYSIS 2

2.1 Tidal Characteristics 3 2.1.1 Unequal Twice Daily Tides 3 2.1.2 Spring-neap Tidal Cycle 4 2.1.3 Annual Variation 4 2.1.4 Long Period Variations 4 2.1.5 Non-Tidal Water Level Variations 4 2.1.6 Long-term Sea Level Rise 5

2.2 Annual Analysis 5 2.2.1 Residual Error 7

2.3 Full Period Analysis 7 3. TIDAL PLANE ANALYSIS RESULTS 9 4. DISCUSSION AND LIMITATION OF RESULTS 11

4.1 Non-Astronomical Influences 11 4.2 Long Harmonic Analysis 13

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15 6. REFERENCES 17 TABLES 2.1 Major Constituents Used in Tidal Plane Calculations 6 2.2 Calculation of Tidal Planes 6 2.3 Calculation of Tidal Ranges 6 2.4 Classification of Sites Analysed using Full Period Harmonic Analysis 7 3.1 Summary of Adjustment to AHD 10 FIGURES 2.1 Lunar and Solar Tides 4.1 Plot of Major Tidal Constituents and MSF Lake Illawarra 4.2 M2 Tidal Constituent Comparisons between Long Harmonic Analysis

and Annual Average Analysis APPENDICES A Tidal Plane Analysis Results B Glossary of Terms

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1. Introduction Since the 1940s Manly Hydraulics Laboratory has collected tidal data in many estuaries and coastal locations along the NSW coast. This extensive dataset can be used to calculate the tidal planes for most river basins and the ocean on the NSW coast. The network of water level monitoring stations currently comprises 250 water level stations as listed in Appendix A. These have been sorted into 35 coastal basin groups for ease of reference. A summary of the physical characteristics and available tidal and hydrographic surveys for the estuaries of NSW is available from the Office of Environment and Heritage at http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/estuaries/list.htm.

This report presents the recorded tidal variations along the NSW coastline and provides a compilation of historical tidal planes. The tidal planes are calculated from the tidal constituents determined for each station using the Foreman tidal height analysis and prediction programs (Foreman 1997; Foreman and Neufeld 1991). The tidal planes are presented in tabular and graphical form for each station in each estuary for the 20-year period. Tidal ranges and tidal constituents are presented in tabular form only.

The tidal range and behaviour recorded at each station may be influenced by local bathymetry, meteorological effects of atmospheric pressure, wind, temperature and rainfall, the hydrological effect of floodwater runoff, and oceanographic effects of waves, currents, salinity and water temperature. The tide levels in estuaries can also be affected by sedimentation and erosion rates. A comprehensive knowledge of the varying tidal responses along the NSW coast can be gained from this extensive network of tidal stations. By using particular periods of tidal data from each station and filtering the data to remove any significant non-astronomic components, tidal planes representative of each site can be calculated using harmonic analysis. The tidal planes presented in this report are generally indicative of trends; however, the calculated tidal planes can vary depending on the period of the tidal record used in the analysis.

The tidal analysis for monitoring locations where there was a lack of astronomical influence is not presented in this report. This includes stations located upstream of the normal tidal limit, as identified in MHL1286 Survey of Tidal Limits and Mangrove Limits in NSW Estuaries 1996 to 2005 (MHL 2006), or influenced by closed entrance conditions such as intermittently closed or open lakes and lagoons (ICOLLs) where the entrance was not continuously open for at least 180 days in any year. The 188 stations analysed for tidal planes and phases are detailed in Appendix A, organised by coastal basins, with associated location maps.

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http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/estuaries/list.htm

2. Tidal Characteristics and Analysis A general description of the main factors affecting tides and coastal water levels in NSW is provided in Section 2.1. The tidal planes and tidal phases presented in this report are calculated from the recorded water levels at each of the 188 tidal stations listed in Appendix A using the Foreman (1977, 1991) tidal height analysis and prediction programs described below. A Glossary of Terms used in this report is provided in Appendix B.

The tidal analysis presented in this report is undertaken on a financial year-by-year basis (1 July 1990 to 30 June 2010) after removing hydrological effects by excluding periods of records influenced by any significant rainfall runoff (flood effects). Hydrological anomalies must be removed before a period of data can be analysed for tidal constituents as flood events obscure the astronomical signal. Meteorological and oceanographic phenomena are not removed as they do not correspond to astronomic frequencies so are not reflected in the harmonic constituents (the method of analysis used tends to filter out these effects from the results). The periods of freshwater inflows were removed by carefully observing the individual data sets and available rainfall records for the period and noting periods of major floodwater influence. In some cases (such as years when extensive flooding occurred), the removal of non-periodic data results in the reduction of the data set to a size that will not permit analysis. In such cases, no data is presented for that year.

Analyses were not performed when a site was non-tidal for greater than 50% of a year. If less than 180 days of data was collected from a station for a year then the data for that year was excluded from analysis, as it has been shown that results of tidal range vary with length of record (MHL 1995). Tidal analysis, therefore, is not presented for monitoring locations where there was a lack of continuous astronomical influence. This includes stations located upstream of the normal tidal limit or those affected by closed entrance conditions such as ICOLLs, where the entrance was not open for at least 180 days in the year of analysis.

The annual harmonic analysis performed includes theoretical adjustments (nodal corrections) based on the latitude of the station and the year of analysis to account for long period astronomical influences that cannot be derived directly from data of only part of a tidal epoch (18.6 years). While the annual analysis method has been shown to provide a very good approximation of tidal constituents for NSW (MHL 1995, 2003), the 20 years of records now available have allowed additional analysis to be undertaken for the full tidal epoch. The full period harmonic analysis has been undertaken only for monitoring locations where the tidal response does not vary from year to year due to changing bathymetry (i.e. stations representative of ocean tides). The results of the full period tidal analysis can be compared with the year-by-year and average annual tidal analysis in the data tables. Full period analysis cannot be applied to offshore stations as they do not have a surveyed datum.

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2.1 Tidal Characteristics Tides are primarily the result of gravitational and centrifugal forces acting on the earth, caused by movement in the earth-moon-sun system. The earth-moon-sun system is in equilibrium (gravitational forces equal to centrifugal forces) at the earths centre, but not on the earths surface. The resultant forces cause the movement of water on the earths surface in the direction of the force (tides). The moon has a greater effect on the tide due to its close proximity to earth. The mass of the sun is much greater than that of the moon, but the distance between the earth and the sun is very large so its effect on the tide is less significant.

Analysis of coastal water level records shows clear patterns over regular periods. The principal cycles of a tidal record are related to the relative positions of the sun, moon and earth, and for NSW include the following: twice-daily variations with generally two high and two low tides occurring each day, each

different sizes (daily inequality) a springneap cycle of approximately 27.3 days where the range of the tides goes from

being relatively small to significantly larger and back annual variation associated with the relative distance between the earth and the sun,

which repeats on a 365.25-day cycle tidal epoch cycle of 18.6 years associated with the lunar nodal tidal constituent (this is

close to the Metonic cycle of 19 years (being a close approximation of the lowest common multiple of lunar months and tropical years in days)), and

21,000 years associated with mean longitude of the solar perigee (perihelion). This is the time taken between any two repeats of a particular axial tilt of the earth (for example, the summer solstice at a particular place) to coincide with the closet approach of the earth and the sun to repeat. This cycle is not discussed further in this report due to the long period being outside of tidal data records.

2.1.1 Unequal Twice Daily Tides At the earths surface the water particles closest to the moon are influenced by the moons gravitational force, which is greater than the gravitational force at the earths surface. Hence water on the earths surface bulges towards the moon creating a high tide. On the opposite side of the earth, the centrifugal force of the earth-moon system is greater in the direction away from the moon, creating a high tide (Figure 2.1(a)).

The two high and two low waters on a given day are typically of different heights, known as the higher high water and the lower high water for the high tides. The daily inequalities vary with the moons distance from the equator, being smallest when the moon is over the equator. A graph of the water level at a site with unequal tides is included in Figure 2.1(c). The moon orbits the earth in the same direction as the earth rotates on its own axis, so it takes slightly more than one day, approximately 24 hours and 50 minutes, for the moon to return to the same location in the sky (the lunar day). The moon orbits the earth every 27.3 days and the earth makes one rotation in 24 hours. The earth-moon system rotates about a centre of mass while the earth rotates on its axis creating the lunar day and tides with a period of approximately 12 hours and 25 minutes (Thurman 1994).

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2.1.2 Spring-neap Tidal Cycle In addition to the moon, the sun also exerts force on the earth, resulting in solar tides (Figure 2.1(b)). Due to the distance of the sun from the earth the forces produced are much weaker; approximately 46% of the moons force (Duxbury and Duxbury 1984). Solar tides occur twice daily and interact with lunar tides, producing spring and neap tides. When the moon and sun are in phase (full and new moons) their forces act together, producing spring tides, and when the moon and sun are out of phase (perpendicular, first and third quarter moons), neap tides result (Figure 2.1(b)).

2.1.3 Annual Variation The rotation of the earth around the sun and the moon around the earth is elliptical rather than circular, and varies through time. When the moon is closest to the earth the forces acting to produce tides are up to 40% greater than when it is furthest away. The earths declination (position of the sun and moon over the earth) is 23.5 to the ecliptic, the plane of the earths orbital path around the sun. The moons declination is at 5 to the ecliptic (Thurman 1994). The declination explains the change in the diurnal inequality of tides as the declination of the earth and the moon varies from north to south. This variation causes tides to oscillate north and south of the equator each year and creates more diurnal solar tides during winter and summer.

2.1.4 Long Period Variations In addition to the above tidal variations, there are long period cycles of the tide at 8.9 years and 18.6 years due to the relative orientations of the earth with the moon and the sun. This has a modulating effect on the tides, resulting in differing tidal excursions from year to year within the tidal epoch of 18.6 years.

2.1.5 Non-Tidal Water Level Variations Each particular monitoring location often has complex tidal circulations and storm surge characteristics which depend on factors such as the depth of water, orientation to winds and swell, and connectivity to the ocean (Emery and Aubrey 1991). It is further complicated by the fact that these features are constantly changing. The following factors provide variation in the tidal record that are not due to the astronomic tide:

Shelf Waves and Seiches Standing wave oscillation in an enclosed body that can be set up by local wind forcing or by ocean scale events such as El Nio and can continue for a time.

Tsunamis Long period ocean waves resulting from seismic activity (submarine earthquake or volcanic eruption) and can generate seiches.

Barometric Effect The effect of atmospheric pressure on water level. Low pressure cells cause a rise in water level, whereas high pressure causes a drop in water level.

Wind Stress Waves created by the action of the wind on the sea surface. Currents result in a raised water level downwind and a reduced water level upwind. When combined with barometric effect it is called Storm Surge.

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Wave Setup The result of sets of waves transporting water shoreward and raising the sea level (up to 1.5 m on the NSW open coast, DLWC 2000).

Hydrologic Input Heavy localised rainfall resulting in raised water levels. Effect is greater in rivers or contained water bodies (these have been removed from the records analysed for this report).

Ocean Currents Ocean currents are capable of raising the water level for extended periods by transporting large quantities of water in, for example, eddies down a coastline.

Steric Effect Changes in water level resulting from density changes (temperature and salinity). Changes are most pronounced in shallow waters.

Coastal Trapped Waves Long period waves generated by atmospheric disturbances in Bass Strait, that travel along the continental shelf resulting in water level changes of up to 0.2 m along the NSW coast.

In estuaries and embayments the tide is modified by the bathymetry of the estuary. Anthropological effects, such as dredging and channelisation, may therefore modify tidal response of an estuary or embayment. Effects of bathymetry include shallow water effects and friction, reflection, lake gradient effects, or a combination of these. A fortnightly signal is present in some estuaries and tidal lakes due to pumping up or down during spring/neap tidal cycles. A full description of these effects is given in MHL (2003).

2.1.6 Long-term Sea Level Rise The scenario of a rising sea level associated with the postulated warming of the earths atmosphere may result in changes to coastal processes, affecting foreshore areas. These changes may affect foreshore alignment and stability, siltation and shoal formation and directly impact on foreshore inundation levels. Further information on sea level rise can be found at the following CSIRO web site http://www.cmar.csiro.au/sealevel/index.html

The effects of long-term sea level rise when undertaking full period tidal harmonic analysis, based on data likely to include sea level rise effects, is discussed in Section 2.3.

2.2 Annual Analysis The Foreman tidal height analysis and prediction programs were used to analyse the astronomic tide data from each station. The programs produce the amplitudes and phases of a series of harmonic constituents, which are then used to calculate predictions of tides. The Foreman program used in this component of the study divides the tide into 45 astronomical constituents and 24 shallow water constituents for a 366-day tidal record performed by MHL on an annual contract-year basis. Large peaks emergent from this spectral information are the dominant harmonic constituents M2, S2 (semi-diurnal), K1 and O1 (diurnal). The fortnightly constituent Msf (lunisolar synodic) is also presented in relation to shallow water effects present in some NSW estuaries and tidal lakes.

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http://www.cmar.csiro.au/sealevel/index.html

The mean sea level component of water level (Z0) is approximately the average of all data points. It is also included in the analysis along with the constituents, so the true mean sea level (over the period of analysis) is reported by the package even with some data loss, and can be subtly different from the average of all samples. Refer to MHL2156 (2012) for more detail.

Combinations of the amplitudes of the dominant harmonic constituents were used to calculate the tidal planes and ranges at each station. The major constituents used and the equations of the tidal planes are given in Tables 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3. The periods and angular speeds of the constituents are constant while the phases vary for different locations. In these equations, the amplitude of the constituents defines the tidal heights.

Table 2.1 Major Constituents Used in Tidal Plane Calculations

Constituent Origin Period (hours) Angular Speed

(minutes/degrees) M2 (semi-diurnal) Principal lunar 12.42 2.07 S2 (semi-diurnal) Principal solar 12.00 2.00 K1 (diurnal) P. lunar/P. solar 23.93 3.99 O1 (diurnal) Principal lunar 25.82 4.30 Msf (fortnightly) Lunisolar synodic 354.37 59.06

Table 2.2 Calculation of Tidal Planes

Tidal Plane Equation High High Water Solstices Springs HHWSS = Z0 + M2 + S2 + 1.4 (K1 + O1) Mean High Water Springs MHWS = Z0 + (M2 + S2) Mean High Water MHW = Z0 + M2 Mean High Water Neaps MHWN = Z0 + (M2 - S2) Mean Sea Level MSL = Z0 Mean Low Water Neaps MLWN = Z0 - (M2 - S2) Mean Low Water MLW = Z0 - M2 Mean Low Water Springs MLWS = Z0 - (M2 + S2) Indian Spring Low Water ISLW = Z0 - (M2 + S2 + K1 + O1)

Table 2.3 Calculation of Tidal Ranges

Tidal Plane Range Equation Mean Neap Range MNR = MHWN-MLWN Mean Range MR = MHW-MLW Mean Spring Range MSR = MHWS-MLWS Range R = HHWSS-ISLW

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2.2.1 Residual Error To determine whether a predicted tide provides a good representation of the observed water level record, the difference between the two, or the tidal residual, is calculated. The residual error is expressed in terms of the Root Mean Square (RMS) of the hourly difference between the observed and predicted tides (tidal residual) and is calculated as follows:

=

n

xX iRMS

2

where = difference between observed tide and predicted tide at time i ix

n = number of tidal records The RMS error is a measure of how accurately the harmonic analysis models the measured tide. This should not be confused with the accuracy of the measurement which includes gauge and datum errors. An RMS error of less than 0.12 m is considered acceptable for stations with mean ranges approximating NSW ocean tides (MHL 1995). For stations with a much smaller mean range than ocean tides, non-astronomical water level variations account for a significantly greater proportion of the variability in the observed water level, resulting in potentially larger RMS residual errors in comparison with sites with mean ocean range (MHL 2003). Caution should be exercised in the end use and interpretation of the tidal planes data in such circumstances.

2.3 Full Period Analysis Tidal authorities attempt to minimise modelling error by performing harmonic analysis on a long historical record of high quality observations to take into account the 18.6-year cyclic period (lunar ascending node) of tides. The full period harmonic analysis has been undertaken for seven monitoring locations as listed below, comprising stations representative of ocean tides where the tidal response does not vary significantly from year to year due to changing hydrodynamic factors such as bathymetry.

Table 2.4 Classification of Sites Analysed using Full Period Harmonic Analysis

Recording Station Classification* Coffs Harbour at Coffs Harbour Onshore open ocean or open bay site

Crowdy Head Boat Harbour at Crowdy Head Onshore open ocean or open bay site

Port Stephens at Tomaree Onshore open ocean or open bay site

Sydney Port Jackson at HMAS Penguin Onshore open ocean or open bay site

Port Hacking at Port Hacking Onshore open ocean or open bay site

Jervis Bay at HMAS Creswell Onshore open ocean or open bay sites

Eden Boat Harbour at Eden Onshore open ocean or open bay sites

*Classifications extracted from MHL (2011)

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The long period tidal analysis package used in this report was developed by Mike Foreman at Fisheries and Oceans Canada (Foreman and Neufeld 1991). The method adopted makes use of the long period of data to directly evaluate the long period components (at 3.6-year, 8.8-year and 18.6-year cycles), rather than making adjustments (nodal corrections) to the harmonic analysis results based on the latitude and year of analysis used for the annual analysis. The mean sea level component (Z0) is included in the same way as the Foreman annual analysis.

Full period harmonic analysis was not undertaken for offshore deepwater stations as the seabed-mounted pressure sensors do not have a surveyed datum. Harmonic analysis is undertaken relative to the mean water level of each deployment. Tidal analysis for offshore stations has been undertaken on a per deployment basis only, comprising deployment periods typically of six to nine months.

Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, Hawkesbury River at Patonga and Ulladulla Harbour at Ulladulla stations were also excluded from the full period harmonic analysis as the stations have less than the required 18.6-year period of data.

Given the length of the 20 years of records utilised in the long harmonic analysis, consideration of detrending for long-term sea level rise is warranted. The presence of a linear trend in long period analysis will affect results, particularly for the long period constituents (3.6-, 8.8- and 18.6-year cycles), and so should be detrended. A detailed study of the Fort Denison tide record was conducted in MHL1881 New South Wales Ocean Water Levels (MHL 2011) to investigate long-term sea level trends and decadal scale variability. Over a period of 90 years (1914 to 2004), a linear trend of sea level rise of 0.94 mm/year is apparent, with significant other variability at yearly to decadal scales. The combined effect results in periods of apparently static mean sea level and other periods of apparently rapid rise. The decade around 1950 was a time of very rapid rise. The last 20-year period, covering the data range of the MHL gauging sites, is associated with sustained El Nio conditions, that causes a depressing of regional sea levels and obscures the longer trend. The combination of sea level rise and other influences on sea level result in a flat trend for the analysis period of July 1990 to June 2010, so detrending the data before analysis is unwarranted and has not been undertaken in this report.

Results of the long, annual and average of annual harmonic analyses are presented in Appendix A and discussed in Section 4.2.

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Figure

Report 2053MHL

LUNAR AND SOLAR TIDES

DRAWING 2053-02-01.cdr

2.1

N

S

Uniformwater level

Excessgravitational

forces

Excesscentrifugal

forces

Tidal bulges

MOON

EARTH

Equator

SUN

NewMoon

Last quartermoon

Neap tide

Springtide

First quartermoon

Fullmoon

EARTH

(a) EARTH - MOON SYSTEM

(b) EARTH - MOON - SUN SYSTEM

(c) SEMI - DIURNAL TIDAL PATTERN

1 3 4 52

June 01

1.7

51.2

50.7

50.2

5-0

.25

Source: Duxbury and Duxbury (1984)

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3. Tidal Plane Analysis Results Results of the tidal plane analyses are presented from north to south in Appendix A, with the ocean tide stations (those with long period analysis) presented first. The results of the tidal planes analysis include:

the tidal planes and tidal ranges the amplitudes and phases of the major tidal constituents the residual error in the calculations the percentage of the yearly data analysed the mean (annual average) of the analysis results the standard deviation of the data the long harmonic analysis results (full period) - where relevant, and any comments specifically related to that data set and analysis. Tables A2 to A25 show the annual tidal planes for available data from 1990-91 to 2009-10 for stations representative of ocean tides. Each stations data is presented with an associated figure displaying the annual variation of tidal planes over the period. Tables A27 to A223 show the annual tidal planes for all other stations grouped in coastal basins. Where a station was not established for the entire period, data was analysed for the operating period of the site.

The physical characteristics of each river basin were assembled in DECCW Tidal Data Compilation (MHL 2010) and are presented at http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/estuaries/list.htm. A range of physical characteristics is given for each estuary listed, including their location and size. Many estuaries have also been subject to tidal surveys and/ or hydrographic surveys that may cover all or part of an estuary and may assist in interpreting the data in this report.

To enable comparison of tidal planes from different river basins, the datum relationship for each river system to Australian Height Datum (AHD) is presented in Table 3.1.

Results and limitations of the tidal planes analysis are discussed in Section 4. A comparison of the long harmonic analysis and the annual average tidal plane results for the ocean tide stations is presented in Section 4.2.

The yearly percentage value of the data analysed provides the data capture rate over the period of deployment. Therefore, where the instrument was deployed for less than a year, the value will be higher than an annual capture rate. For example, if the site was deployed on 1 January without any data loss the data capture will be 100 percent, not 50 percent.

Table 3.1 Summary of Adjustment to AHD

River/Estuary Station Station Datum * Adjustment

to AHD Cobaki Broadwater Cobaki TRHD -0.863 Terranora Creek Dry Dock TRHD -0.875 Terranora Broadwater Terranora TRHD -0.853 Tweed River Tweed Heads TRHD -0.893 Tweed River Letitia 2A TRHD -0.886 Tweed River Letitia 2B TRHD -0.894 Tweed River Barneys Point TRHD -0.883 Tweed River Tumbulgum TRHD -0.893 Tweed River North Murwillumbah TRHD -0.909 Tweed River Murwillumbah Bridge TRHD -0.909 Rous River Kynnumboon TRHD -0.926 Brunswick River Brunswick Heads BRFMD -0.046 Cudgen Creek Kingscliff BRFMD -0.066 Marshalls Creek Orana Bridge BRFMD -0.024 Marshalls Creek Billinudgel BRFMD -0.019 Brunswick River Mullumbimby BRFMD -0.010 Richmond River Ballina LWOST -0.860 Richmond River Missingham Bridge RRVD -0.860 Richmond River Byrnes Point RRVD -0.857 Richmond River Wardell RRVD -0.824 Richmond River Woodburn RRVD -0.815 Evans River Evans River Fishing Co-op RRVD -0.809 Evans River Iron Gates RRVD -0.819 Tucombil Canal Tucombil Highway Bridge RRVD -0.815 Tucombil Canal Tucombil Floodgate RRVD -0.815 Rocky Mouth Creek Rocky Mouth Creek RRVD -0.815 Richmond River Bungawalbin RRVD -0.809 Richmond River Coraki RRVD -0.815 Wilsons River East Gundurimba RRVD -0.831 Leycester Creek Tuncester RRVD -0.855 Wilsons River Woodlawn College RRVD -0.826 Clarence River Yamba IPD -0.895 Tasman Sea Coffs Harbour CHPD -0.882 Tasman Sea Crowdy Head Harbour CHD -0.911 Wallis Lake Entrance Forster FHD -1.061 Port Stephens Mallabula Point PSHD -0.959 Port Stephens Tomaree PSHD -0.944 Port Jackson Sydney Port Jackson at HMAS Penguin Zero Camp Cove -0.925 Port Hacking Port Hacking ISLW -0.925 Jervis Bay HMAS Creswell JBPD -1.070 Bermagui Bermagui Harbour BLHD -0.714 Tasman Sea Eden Boat Harbour TBHD -0.924

*TRHD - Tweed River Hydro Datum, BRFMD - Brunswick River Flood Mitigation Datum, LWOST Low Water Ordinary Spring Tide, RRVD - Richmond River Valley Datum, IPD - Iluka Port Datum, CHPD - Coffs Harbour Port Datum, CHD - Crowdy Head Datum, FHD - Forster Hydro Datum, PSHD - Port Stephens Hydro Datum, ISLW - Indian Spring Low Water, JPBD Jervis Bay Port Datum, BLHD - Bermagui Local Hydro Datum, TBHD - Twofold Bay Hydro Datum

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4. Discussion and Limitation of Results As described in the Australian Tides Manual (PCTMSL 2010), the purpose of tidal analysis is to represent water level time series by a set of harmonics, or sine waves, each of them having a specific amplitude and phase. The set of amplitudes and phases is known as the tidal constants (or constituents). The National Tide Centre of the Bureau of Meteorology (NTC), which publishes the Australian National Tide Tables, undertakes analysis based on the method outlined in Murray (1964). It is noted that the harmonic analysis adopted by MHL after Foreman (1977) differs from the NTC method by the definitions of harmonic constants, which limits direct comparison with the constants published by NTC. Irrespective of the harmonic method adopted, the four major constituents shown in Table 2.1 can be used to classify the tidal character of a station.

4.1 Non-Astronomical Influences As described in Section 2.1, there are several physical and hydrodynamic factors that can influence coastal water levels, including:

1. shelf waves and seiches 2. steric effects 3. coastal trapped waves 4. barometric (baroclinic) effects 5. wind stress 6. wave setup 7. ocean currents 8. tsunamis 9. bathymetric effects in estuaries and embayments 10. hydrologic input, and 11. long-term sea level rise. As these factors are not constant over time, coastal water levels will respond differently to these non-astronomical forces during progressive tidal cycles. The significant hydrologic inputs (10) are able to be excluded from the analysis by removing them from the data sets. Long-term sea level rise (11) was determined to be unwarranted on the basis that the period corresponding to the tidal analysis in this report (1990 to 2010) coincides with almost unchanged mean sea levels.

The harmonic analysis methods adopted in this report are effective in filtering out influences that do not behave in a periodic or harmonic manner. However, some non-astronomic factors may be characterised by cyclic systems (items 1-8 above) that may affect the derivation of

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tidal constituents. The presence of such non-astronomical influences can have a corrupting effect on the results of tidal harmonic analysis. For example, some of the non-tidal ocean dynamics are often associated with turbulence and are not strictly periodic, but can represent spectral power at tidal frequencies, persist for long periods and impact the apparent mean sea level as described by Taylor et al. (2010). Most of these effects are difficult to estimate and hence correct or exclude from the observations. Fortunately, these effects typically represent a relatively small contribution to the total water level variability since the tidal signal is usually dominant.

Bathymetric effects (9) are problematic, as changes to entrance conditions in coastal estuaries and embayments can significantly affect the magnitude and phasing of tidal signals. Where such changes have occurred in periods shorter than one year, the reported annual tidal planes represent an average only of the changing tidal conditions in these systems. Tidal lagoons and lakes, for example, may experience vastly different tidal influence before and after an entrance scouring flood event. Similarly, anthropogenic influences such as river or entrance bar dredging and increased hydrologic inputs from urbanisation during the analysis period would be expected to influence the resulting tidal planes.

It is noted that the long harmonic analysis has been undertaken only for hydraulically stable stations representative of ocean tides where the tidal response does not vary from year to year due to changing bathymetry. The annual tidal analysis results for stations characterised by unstable entrance conditions (particularly ICOLLs) should be treated as representative of average conditions for a particular year. Large changes in tidal plane results from year-to-year are further indicative of unstable hydrodynamic conditions. For these stations, it may be more representative to derive the major tidal constituents on a month-by-month rather than year-by-year basis.

The lunisolar synodic tidal constituent (Msf) becomes important in coastal lakes and lagoons characterised by shallow entrance conditions where frictional resistance during inflowing flood tides is less than during neap tides, resulting in a fortnightly setup/setdown (pumping) in mean water levels. This effect may be confounded by dynamic or unstable entrance conditions and hence may not necessarily follow a regular cycle. This makes the characterisation of tidal planes difficult and misleading when using standard methods. A plot of the major constituents and Msf (see Figure 4.1) for a range of sites progressing upstream at Lake Illawarra shows that the Msf constituent plays an increasing role in water levels upstream.

The above discussion highlights some of the limitations of the traditional harmonic approach to decompose water level observations into tidal and non-tidal components. While some further refinement and alternative methodologies may be employed in future harmonic analysis to add greater insights and application to the tidal analysis results, it is important to note that accurate prediction of total water levels (including non-tidal components) will remain a limitation until analytical numerical prediction models are vastly improved. It is encouraging that recent ocean prediction systems founded on numerical ocean general circulation models and data assimilation include a broader spectrum of ocean processes and driving forces than previously possible, including baroclinic phenomena, coastally impinging boundary currents and eddies, and seasonal and interannual variations of heat and salinity (Taylor et al. 2010).

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4.2 Long Harmonic Analysis Results of the long harmonic analysis show very good agreement with the average of yearly harmonic analysis for sites located in open bays and ports, with results within 1-2%. This result validates the use of the average of yearly results for tidal analysis and forecasting, as well as validating the long harmonic analysis method for those sites. For these sites, some minor improvement to the results may be gained by use of the long harmonic method, but this is yet to be investigated.

For sites located within river entrances the long harmonic analysis generally has difficulty fitting the constituents to the data and results in lower constituent values. This is due to some variability in the propagation of the tide signal upstream, caused by changes in the entrance conditions. In this case a small shift in phase of a constituent or change in amplitude can drastically reduce the resulting constituent amplitudes. For some sites it can be seen that energy is spread across closely spaced M2 variants so no single variant fully captures the energy (and it is not appropriate to simply add all amplitudes in the cluster). Clearly this will also affect tidal planes since tidal planes are derived from the constituents. For these sites the long harmonic analysis method is not appropriate, and averaging the yearly values is more accurate.

Figure 4.2 clearly shows the effectiveness of the analysis for open ocean bays and ports sites, where the long harmonic method and annual average method show almost identical results for the major M2 constituent. For the sites located upstream the long harmonic method significantly underestimates M2.

The sites that show effective use of the long harmonic method are:

Coffs Harbour Crowdy Head Port Stephens Sydney (HMAS Penguin) Port Hacking HMAS Creswell (Jervis Bay), and Eden. It is not clear why the analysis works for some riverine sites and not others. For the purposes of this report, results of the long period analysis from all sites located within river entrances have been excluded.

Further analysis could be conducted using the long harmonic method to compare the resultant tidal predictions and tidal anomalies over a full tidal epoch (at MHL tidal anomalies are normally determined using the annual harmonic analysis method for all stations). This analysis should include a statistical analysis of various methods, including long period, typical annual analysis and averaged annual analysis methods.

MHL2053 - 13

Jay (2008) demonstrates that tidal constituents and amphidromic points (a point within a tidal system where the tidal range is almost zero) change with sea level rise. Given that annual and decadal variability may be as great as sea level rise over a short dataset, changes to constituents may also occur on annual scales. Colosi and Munk (2006) provide one explanation for this variability in ocean tides. They demonstrate that the M2 tidal constituent can be resolved into a surface tide and an internal tide, where the internal tide has much smaller amplitude than the surface tide, and are not necessarily in phase. They further showed that the internal tide is strongly modulated by long period ocean processes, particularly the depth of the thermocline. So the tide measured by a tide gauge is thus the superposition of a steady surface tide, and a small but strongly modulated internal tide, resulting in generally stable tidal constituents, but with very small variability. This variability can be expected across all constituents; however the effect on relative phasing of internal and surface tides will give a low correlation between constituent variability.

The results of the long harmonic analysis method, when compared with the average of annual analysis can provide an estimate of the stationarity of tidal constituents and the applicability of the long-tide package to that station.

Upstream river stations will be much more susceptible to the changing constituents as the entrance is subject to a range of changes that affect the transmission of tidal components upstream. Sediment movement, wave action, flooding and sea level variability are some of the natural influences that may affect an entrance, but anthropogenic interventions such as dredging, increased rainfall runoff from urbanisation and flood controls can have an even greater effect on some entrances.

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5. Conclusions and Recommendations This report, commissioned by the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, presents tidal plane analysis and tidal phase analysis calculated from data collected by MHL from automatic water level monitoring stations along the coast of NSW. Tidal planes, tidal ranges and constituent amplitudes and phases are presented for a period of 20 financial years nominally from 1 July 1990 to 30 June 2010 inclusive.

This report extends the 10-year analysis of tidal planes undertaken from 1 July 1990 to 30 June 2000 presented by MHL (2003) and includes a number of new monitoring stations commissioned since the earlier report.

The tidal behaviour of an estuary is constantly changing and is affected by a number of dynamic influences. Hence the tidal planes presented in this report may vary with time as a result of changing hydrodynamic and meteorological conditions.

In addition to the tidal analysis presented on a year-by-year basis, a full period tidal analysis is presented in this report, including the full tidal epoch of 18.6 years, for monitoring stations characterised by stable hydrodynamic conditions representative of open ocean tides.

For stations representative of open ocean tides with stable tidal constituents, some minor improvement to the tidal analysis results may be gained by the long harmonic analysis method, and could be applied to studies requiring very accurate tidal information such as climate studies. The traditional annual analysis method, nevertheless, has been shown to be sufficiently accurate for the majority of applications. It is recommended that further research be done in this area to investigate the relevance and application of the long harmonic method, and provide more detailed analysis and results where applicable.

For stations located within river entrances, the long harmonic analysis method should not be used as it tends to underestimate the tidal constituents. The annual analysis method should continue to be used for most of the upstream river and harbour entrance stations. Where the entrance conditions are strongly dynamic such as for ICOLLs, however, even the annual harmonic analysis results may not be representative of the range of tidal conditions experienced throughout the year, but rather represent an average of those conditions for a particular year. For these tidal stations, it is recommended that harmonic analysis be performed over shorter periods, three months or one month for example, and the variability of the main tidal constituents be investigated. The long harmonic method is not appropriate for offshore sites as surveyed datum cannot be readily maintained for submarine gauges, so variations in the reference level between deployments will undermine the long harmonic analysis.

MHL2053 - 15

Following on from other recent studies, it is recommended to undertake a sensitivity analysis of the tidal planes derived after removal of baroclinic effects from the tidal observations, to assess if this improves the harmonic analysis results as suggested by Taylor et al. (2011). A further comparison of tidal plane results should be undertaken for representative stations using the Foreman (1977) and Foreman and Neufeld (1991) method adopted by MHL versus the method after Murray (1964) adopted by the NTC.

MHL2053 - 16

MHL2053 - 17

6. References Colosi, J. A., and W. Munk 2006, Tales of the venerable Honolulu tide gauge, J. Phys.

Oceanogr., 36, 967 996, doi:10.1175/JPO2876.1.

DECCW 2009, NSW Sea Level Rise Policy Statement. Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW (DECCW), ISBN 978-1-74232-464-7, DECCW 2009/708, October.

Duxbury, A.C. and Duxbury, A.B. 1984, An Introduction to the Worlds Oceans, Fourth Edition, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, IA.

Emery, K.O. and Aubrey, D.G. 1991, Sea Levels, Land Levels and Tide Gauges, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Foreman, M.G.G. 1977, Manual for Tidal Heights Analysis and Prediction, Pacific Marine Science Report 77-10, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay, Victoria BC.

Foreman, M.G.G. and Neufeld, E.T. 1991, Harmonic Tidal Analysis of Long Time Series. International Hydrographic Review, Monaco, LXVIII(1), p85-109, January.

Godin, G. 1972, The Analysis of Tides, University of Toronto Press, Toronto and Buffalo.

Jay, D. 2008, Evolution of tidal amplitudes in the eastern Pacific Ocean Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 36.

MHL 1995, The Harmonic Analysis of NSW Tide Gauge Network, Volume 1 - Tidal Planes, prepared by Manly Hydraulics Laboratory as a supplement to NSW Tidal Planes Data Compilation (Report No. 94017), Report MHL604, January.

MHL 2003, DLWC NSW Tidal Planes Data Compilation 2001, Volume 1 Tidal Planes Analysis and Volume 2 Tidal Phase Analyses, Report MHL1098, March.

MHL 2006, Survey of Tidal Limits and Mangrove Limits in NSW Estuaries 1996 to 2005, Report MHL1286, September.

MHL 2009, DECCW Lake Illawarra Tidal Data Collection February 2008 to February 2009, Report MHL1826, November.

MHL 2010, DECCW Tidal Data Compilation 2010, Report MHL1988, June.

MHL 2011, New South Wales Ocean Water Levels, Report MHL1881, March.

MHL 2012, MHL Tidal Analysis Methodology Review, Report MHL2156 (in prep).

Murray, M.T. 1964, A general method for the analysis of hourly heights of the tide. International Hydrographic Review, 41(2), 91-101.

PCTMSL 2010, Australian Tides Manual, published by the Permanent Committee on Tides and Mean Sea Level, March, http://www.icsm.gov.au/tides/SP9_Australian_Tides_Manual_V4.1.pdf

Pugh, D. T. 1982, A comparison of recent and historical tides and mean sea-levels of Ireland, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 71, 809 815.

Taylor, A., Brassington, G.B. and Nader, J. 2010, Assessment of BLUElink OceanMAPSv1.0b against coastal tide gauges, The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology, CAWCR Technical Report No. 030, June.

Thurman, H.V. 1994, Introductory Oceanography, Seventh Edition, Macmillan Publishing Company, New Jersey.

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Appendix A

Tidal Plane Analysis Results

MHL2053 - A1

Tidal Plane Analysis Results Results of the tidal plane analyses are presented from north to south in Tables A2 to A25 for stations representative of open ocean tides. Results for all other stations analysed are presented from north to south in Tables A27 to A223. Click on the Table/Figure No. below to go to the station of interest.

Index of Tables and Figures

Station Table/Figure No. Ocean Tide Gauge Network A1 Tweed Heads Offshore** A2 Tweed River at Tweed Heads A3 Brunswick River at Brunswick Heads A4 Richmond River at Ballina A5 Norfolk Island A6 Yamba Offshore** A7 Clarence River at Yamba A8 Coffs Harbour at Coffs Harbour A9 Lord Howe Island A10 Port Macquarie Offshore** A11 Hastings River at Port Macquarie A12 Crowdy Head Boat Harbour at Crowdy Head A13 Wallis Lake Entrance at Forster A14 Port Stephens at Tomaree A15 Hawkesbury River at Patonga A16 Sydney Port Jackson at HMAS Penguin A17 Port Hacking at Port Hacking A18 Shoalhaven Offshore** A19 Crookhaven River at Crookhaven Heads A20 Jervis Bay at HMAS Creswell A21 Ulladulla Harbour at Ulladulla A22 Batemans Bay Offshore** A23 Bermagui Harbour at Bermagui A24 Eden Boat Harbour at Eden A25 Station Locations Tweed River Region A26 Tweed River at Cobaki A27 Tweed River at Dry Dock A28 Tweed River at Terranora A29 Tweed River at Letitia 2A A30 Tweed River at Letitia 2B A31 Tweed River at Barneys Point A32 Tweed River at Tumbulgum A33 Tweed River at North Murwillumbah A34

Station Table/Figure No. Tweed River at Bray Park Weir * Tweed River at Murwillumbah Bridge A35 Tweed River at Kynnumboon A36 Cudgen Creek at Kingscliff A37 Station Locations Brunswick River Region A38 Brunswick River at Orana Bridge A39 Brunswick River at Billinudgel A40 Brunswick River at Mullumbimby A41 Station Locations Richmond River Region A42 Lake Ainsworth at Lake Ainsworth * Richmond River at Missingham Bridge A43 Richmond River at Byrnes Point A44 Richmond River at Wardell A45 Richmond River at Woodburn A46 Evans River at Evans River Fishing Co-op A47 Evans River at Iron Gates A48 Richmond River at Tucombil Highway Bridge A49 Richmond River at Tucombil Floodgate A50 Rocky Mouth Creek at Rocky Mouth Creek A51 Richmond River at Bungawalbin A52 Richmond River at Coraki A53 Wilsons River at East Gundurimba A54 Leycester Creek at Tuncester A55 Wilsons River at Woodlawn College A56 Station Locations Clarence River Region A57 Clarence River at Oyster Channel A58 Clarence River at Maclean A59 Clarence River at Lawrence A60 Clarence River at Tyndale A61 Swan Creek at The Avenue Upstream * Swan Creek at The Avenue Downstream A62 Clarence River at Brushgrove A63 Clarence River at Ulmarra A64 Clarence River at Grafton A65 Clarence River at Rogans Bridge A66 Clarence River at Palmers Island A67 Clarence River at Palmers Island Bridge A68 Clarence River at Lake Wooloweyah * Station Locations Woolgoolga Region A69 Wooli Wooli River at Wooli Entrance A70 Wooli Wooli River at Wooli Caravan Park A71 Corindi Creek at Red Rock A72 Woolgoolga Lake at Woolgoolga Lake A73 Moonee Creek at Moonee Creek A74

MHL2053 - A2

Station Table/Figure No. Station Locations Coffs Harbour Region A75 Coffs Creek at Coffs Creek Highway Bridge A76 Newports Creek at Newports Creek A77 Boambee Creek at Boambee A78 Boambee Creek at Boambee Entrance A79 Boambee Creek at Boambee Creek Downstream A80 Station Locations Bellinger River Region A81 Bellinger River at Bonville * Bellinger River at Repton A82 Kalang River at Urunga A83 Kalang River at Newry Island A84 Kalang River at Kooroowi * Station Locations Nambucca River Region A85 Deep Creek at Deep Creek A86 Nambucca River at Stuarts Island A87 Nambucca River at Stuarts Island Downstream A88 Nambucca River at Macksville A89 Taylors Arm at Utungun A90 Nambucca River at Bowraville Downstream A91 Station Locations Macleay River Region A92 Yarrahapinni Wetlands at Borirgala Creek * Macleay River at South West Rocks A93 Korogoro Creek at Hat Head A94 Saltwater Lagoon at Saltwater Lagoon * Macleay River at Smithtown A95 Macleay River at Kempsey A96 Macleay River at Euroka Upstream A97 Killick Creek at Crescent Head * Station Locations Hastings River Region A98 Maria River at Green Valley A99 Wilson River at Telegraph Point A100 Hastings River at Settlement Point A101 Hastings River at Dennis Bridge Downstream A102 Hastings River at Dennis Bridge Upstream A103 Hastings River at Wauchope Railway Bridge A104 Station Locations Camden Haven Region A105 Lake Cathie at Lake Cathie * Camden Haven Inlet at North Haven A106 Stingray Creek at West Haven A107 Camden Haven Inlet at Laurieton A108 Camden Haven River at Logans Crossing * Queens Lake at Lakewood A109 Watson Taylors Lake at Watson Taylors Lake A110

MHL2053 - A3

Station Table/Figure No. Station Locations Manning River Region A111 Manning River at Harrington A112 Manning River at Croki A113 Manning River at Dumaresq Island A114 Manning River at Taree A115 Manning River at Wingham A116 Manning River at Mount George * Dingo Creek at Munyaree Flat * Manning River at Farquhar Inlet A117 Station Locations Great Lakes Region A118 Wallamba River at Tuncurry A119 Tuncurry Wetlands at Tuncurry Wetlands * Wallamba River at Nabiac * Wallis Lake at Tiona A120 Smiths Lake at Tarbuck Bay * Myall River at Bulahdelah * Myall Lakes at Bombah Point * Myall River at Tea Gardens * Myall River at Karuah * Station Locations Port Stephens Region A121 Port Stephens at Mallabula Point A122 Station Locations Hunter River Region A123 Hunter River at Stockton Bridge A124 Hunter River at Hexham Bridge A125 Hunter River at Raymond Terrace A126 Williams River at Seaham A127 Hunter River at Green Rocks A128 Hunter River at Morpeth A129 Hunter River at McKimms Corner A130 Hunter River at Belmore Bridge A131 Hunter River at Bolwarra Downstream A132 Hunter River at Bolwarra Upstream * Hunter River at Oakhampton Railway Bridge A133 Station Locations Paterson River Region A134 Paterson River at Hinton Bridge A135 Paterson River at Dunmore A136 Paterson River at Paterson Railway Bridge A137 Paterson River at Gostwyck * Station Locations Wallis Creek Region A138 Wallis Creek at Wallis Creek Upstream A139 Wallis Creek at Wallis Creek Downstream A140 Wallis Creek at Louth Park *

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Station Table/Figure No. Station Locations Lake Macquarie Region A141 Lake Macquarie at Marmong Point A142 Cockle Creek at Cockle Railway Station A143 Cockle Creek at Barnsley Vale * Lake Macquarie at Belmont A144 Lake Macquarie at Swansea Channel A145 Dora Creek at Kalang Road A146 Dora Creek at Cooranbong * Stockton Creek at Morisset A147 Wallarah Creek at Wallarah Creek Bridge * Tuggerah Lake at Toukley * Wyong River at Wyong Weir Upstream * Ourimbah Creek at Lees Bridge * Tuggerah Lake at Long Jetty * Tumbi Umbi Creek at Tumbi Umbi * Station Locations Brisbane Water Region A148 Narara Creek at Manns Road A149 Wamberal Lagoon at Wamberal Lagoon * Terrigal Lagoon at Terrigal Lagoon * Avoca Lake at Avoca Lagoon * Cockrone Lake at Cockrone Lake * Erina Creek at Erina * Brisbane Water at Punt Bridge A150 Brisbane Water at Ettalong A151 Brisbane Water at Koolewong A152 Station Locations Hawkesbury River Region A153 Hawkesbury River at Spencer A154 Hawkesbury River at Gunderman Caravan Park A155 Hawkesbury River at Webbs Creek A156 Colo River at Colo Junction A157 Hawkesbury River at Sackville A158 Hawkesbury River at Ebenezer A159 Hawkesbury River at Windsor A160 Hawkesbury River at Freemans Reach A161 Nepean River at Castlereagh * Station Locations Northern Sydney Region A162 Narrabeen Lagoon at Narrabeen Bridge A163 Narrabeen Lagoon at Narrabeen Caravan Park A164 Dee Why Lagoon at Dee Why * Curl Curl Lagoon at Curl Curl * Manly Lagoon at Riverview Parade A165 Manly Lagoon at Queenscliff Bridge A166 Station Locations Cooks River Region A167 Cooks River at Canterbury Road A168 Cooks River at Illawarra Road Bridge A169 Cooks River at Tempe Bridge A170

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Station Table/Figure No. Station Locations Georges River Region A171 Georges River at Picnic Point Downstream A172 Georges River at Como Bridge A173 Georges River at Milperra A174 Prospect Creek at Lansdowne Bridge A175 Georges River at Lansvale A176 Cabramatta Creek at Irelands Bridge A177 Georges River at Scrivener Street A178 Georges River at Liverpool Weir *

Station Locations Lake Illawarra Region A179 Hewitts Creek at Hewitts Creek Upstream * Hewitts Creek at Hewitts Creek Downstream * Hewitts Creek at Hewitts Creek Entrance * Cabbage Tree Creek at Balgownie Road * Towradgi Creek at Towradgi Creek Upstream * Towradgi Creek at Towradgi Creek Downstream * Cabbage Tree Creek at Cabbage Tree Creek Upstream * Cabbage Tree Creek at Cabbage Tree Creek Downstream * Fairy Creek at Fairy Creek Upstream * Fairy Creek at Fairy Creek Downstream * Byarong Creek at Byarong Creek * Byarong Creek at Koloona Avenue Upstream * Byarong Creek at Koloona Avenue Downstream * Byarong Creek at Blackmans Parade Upstream * Byarong Creek at Blackmans Parade Downstream * Mullet Creek at Mullet Creek * Lake Illawarra at Koonawarra Bay A180 Lake Illawarra at Cudgeree Bay A181 Lake Illawarra at Lake Illawarra Entrance A182 Macquarie Rivulet at Princes Highway A183

Station Locations Kiama Region A184 Little Lake at Little Lake A185 Minnamurra River at Minnamurra A186 Werri Lagoon at Werri Lagoon * Crooked River at Gerroa A187

Station Locations Shoalhaven River Region A188 Shoalhaven River at Shoalhaven Heads A189 Shoalhaven River at Hay Street (Wharf Road) A190 Shoalhaven River at Terara A191 Shoalhaven River at Nowra Bridge A192 Shoalhaven River at Gradys A193 Crookhaven River at Greenwell Point A194 Wollumboola Lake at Wollumboola Lake *

Station Locations Jervis Bay Region A195 Currarong Creek at Currarong Creek A196 Sussex Inlet at Sussex Inlet A197 Swan Lake at Swan Lake *

MHL2053 - A6

Station Table/Figure No. Station Locations Ulladulla Region A198 Lake Conjola at Lake Conjola A199 Narrawallee Inlet at Narrawallee Inlet A200 Burrill Lake at Burrill Lake Bridge A201 Tabourie Creek at Tabourie Lake A202 Station Locations Batemans Bay Region A203 Durras Lake at Durras Lake * Clyde River at Nelligen A204 Batemans Bay at Princess Jetty A205 Station Locations Moruya River Region A206 Tomaga River at George Bass Drive A207 Moruya River at Moruya Bridge A208 Moruya River at Moruya Hospital A209 Station Locations Tuross Lake Region A210 Coila Lake at Coila Lake * Tuross Lake at Tuross Head A211 Station Locations Wagonga Inlet and Wallaga Lake A212 Wagonga Inlet at Narooma Public Wharf A213 Wagonga Inlet at Barlows Bay A214 Wallaga Lake at Regatta Point A215 Station Locations Bega River Region A216 Bega River at Bega River A217 Bega River at Back Lagoon * Station Locations Eden Region A218 Merimbula Lake at Merimbula Wharf A219 Merimbula Lake at Merimbula Lake A220 Pambula Lake at Pambula Lake A221 Curalo Lake at Curalo Lake A222 Wonboyn Lake at Agnew Wharf A223

*Stations excluded from analysis due to insufficient tidal influence ** Full period harmonic analysis was not undertaken for offshore stations due to datum differences between deployments. Tidal analysis was therefore undertaken on a per deployment basis for offshore stations.

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2/1

985

18/0

7/1

985

3/1

2/1

985

4/0

6/1

986

30/0

9/1

986

16/1

2/1

986

26/0

5/1

987

25/0

8/1

987

8/1

2/1

987

22/0

4/1

988

31/0

8/1

988

1/0

2/1

989

10/1

1/1

989

11/1

0/1

990

13/0

6/1

991

20/1

1/1

992

21/1

0/1

993

TID

AL P

LA

NE

SA

MP

LIT

UD

E (

me

tre

s)

H.H

.W.S

.S.

1.0

82

1.0

91

1.0

49

1.0

88

1.1

05

1.0

48

1.0

75

1.0

60

1.0

81

1.1

01

1.1

08

1.0

75

1.0

89

1.0

91

1.0

84

1.0

93

1.0

91

1.0

90

M.H

.W.S

.0.6

90

0.6

99

0.6

70

0.6

87

0.7

11

0.6

60

0.6

85

0.6

75

0.6

84

0.7

01

0.7

08

0.6

81

0.7

01

0.6

91

0.6

91

0.6

97

0.6

92

0.6

89

M.H

.W.

0.5

41

0.5

33

0.5

16

0.5

27

0.5

43

0.5

15

0.5

17

0.5

22

0.5

37

0.5

41

0.5

47

0.5

35

0.5

37

0.5

37

0.5

28

0.5

39

0.5

37

0.5

36

M.H

.W.N

.0.3

92

0.3

67

0.3

61

0.3

67

0.3

76

0.3

69

0.3

48

0.3

69

0.3

89

0.3

81

0.3

85

0.3

89

0.3

72

0.3

83

0.3

66

0.3

82

0.3

82

0.3

83

M.S

.L.

0.0

01

0.0

00

0.0

03

-0.0

02

0.0

12

-0.0

01

0.0

03

0.0

02

0.0

02

0.0

00

0.0

14

-0.0

02

0.0

04

0.0

05

-0.0

02

0.0

04

0.0

02

-0.0

02

M.L

.W.N

.-0

.391

-0.3

67

-0.3

55

-0.3

71

-0.3

51

-0.3

70

-0.3

43

-0.3

66

-0.3

85

-0.3

82

-0.3

57

-0.3

94

-0.3

65

-0.3

73

-0.3

69

-0.3

73

-0.3

77

-0.3

87

M.L

.W.

-0.5

40

-0.5

33

-0.5

10

-0.5

31

-0.5

18

-0.5

16

-0.5

11

-0.5

19

-0.5

32

-0.5

42

-0.5

19

-0.5

40

-0.5

29

-0.5

27

-0.5

32

-0.5

30

-0.5

32

-0.5

41

M.L

.W.S

.-0

.689

-0.6

99

-0.6

65

-0.6

90

-0.6

86

-0.6

62

-0.6

80

-0.6

72

-0.6

79

-0.7

02

-0.6

80

-0.6

86

-0.6

94

-0.6

81

-0.6

94

-0.6

88

-0.6

87

-0.6

94

I.S.L

.W.

-0.9

69

-0.9

79

-0.9

35

-0.9

77

-0.9

67

-0.9

39

-0.9

58

-0.9

47

-0.9

63

-0.9

88

-0.9

66

-0.9

67

-0.9

71

-0.9

67

-0.9

75

-0.9

71

-0.9

73

-0.9

80

TID

AL P

LA

NE

RA

NG

ES

AM

PLIT

UD

E (

me

tre

s)

M.N

.R. (M

HW

N-M

LWN

)1.3

79

1.3

98

1.3

35

1.3

78

1.3

96

1.3

22

1.3

65

1.3

47

1.3

63

1.4

03

1.3

89

1.3

67

1.3

95

1.3

72

1.3

85

1.3

85

1.3

79

1.3

83

M.R

. (M

HW

-MLW

)0.7

83

0. 7

33

0.7

16

0.7

38

0.7

27

0.7

39

0.6

91

0.7

35

0.7

74

0.7

64

0.7

42

0.7

83

0.7

37

0.7

56

0.7

35

0.7

55

0.7

58

0.7

70

M.S

.R. (M

HW

S-M

LWS)

1.0

81

1.0

66

1.0

25

1.0

58

1.0

61

1.0

31

1.0

28

1.0

41

1.0

69

1.0

83

1.0

65

1.0

75

1.0

66

1.0

64

1.0

60

1.0

70

1.0

69

1.0

77

R. (H

HW

SS-I

SLW

)2.0

51

2.0

69

1.9

84

2.0

64

2.0

72

1.9

87

2.0

33

2.0

07

2.0

45

2.0

89

2.0

74

2.0

43

2.0

61

2.0

57

2.0

60

2.0

65

2.0

64

2.0

70

TID

AL C

ON

ST

ITU

EN

TS

AM

PLIT

UD

E (

me

tre

s)

M2

0.5

37

0.5

22

0.5

01

0.5

14

0.5

14

0.4

98

0.4

96

0.5

02

0.5

15

0.5

22

0.5

13

0.5

19

0.5

15

0.5

16

0.5

17

0.5

25

0.5

32

0.5

44

S2

0.1

49

0.1

66

0.1

55

0.1

60

0.1

68

0.1

46

0.1

69

0.1

53

0.1

48

0.1

60

0.1

62

0.1

46

0.1

65

0.1

54

0.1

63

0.1

58

0.1

55

0.1

53

K1

0.1

84

0.1

95

0.1

87

0.1

98

0.1

98

0.1

98

0.1

93

0.1

95

0.2

01

0.2

01

0.2

00

0.2

02

0.1

97

0.2

01

0.1

95

0.1

90

0.1

86

0.1

79

O1

0.1

08

0.1

09

0.1

10

0.1

20

0.1

18

0.1

15

0.1

23

0.1

18

0.1

23

0.1

25

0.1

25

0.1

17

0.1

16

0.1

19

0.1

16

0.1

16

0.1

09

0.1

00

MSF

0.0

27

0.0

08

0.0

21

0.0

16

0.0

45

0.0

36

0.0

34

0.0

15

0.0

09

0.0

17

0.0

02

0.0

25

0.0

11

0.0

10

0.0

05

0.0

17

0.0

06

0.0

16

TID

AL C

ON

ST

ITU

EN

TS

PH

AS

E (

de

gre

es)

M2

232.0

9229.5

1224.7

7230.3

8229.4

7229.6

1231.1

4230.8

1229.9

7229.6

7229.9

7230.4

3229.3

3230.2

5230.3

5229.0

6229.5

4229.5

0

S2

249.6

3249.0

7245.8

0249.5

4250.6

7247.

35

247.

04

255.3

0244.7

6247.

50

154.0

2248.8

3241.8

7250.0

6252.6

2250.8

8250.2

5250.4

5

K1

143.9

0140.8

3137.

39

143.6

7140.2

2141.6

4141.1

3140.2

8139.7

0141.1

3142.5

1140.8

8137.

94

141.4

2140.3

3139.9

3141.9

1141.9

9

O1

100.7

097.

14

97.

41

98.2

299.2

999.3

299.4

399.4

9100.9

899.6

099.7

8101.1

999.4

0100.2

597.

69

99.3

799.3

0100.3

9

MSF

9.3

5157.

19

141.8

6352.8

711.8

992.3

4209.3

0322.4

477.

38

131.1

3188.0

7351.6

9166.1

0208.3

1331.6

3143.8

9123.3

8168.4

5

RE

SID

UA

L E

RR

OR

RO

OT

ME

AN

SQ

UA

RE

(m

etr

es) 0

.081

0.0

85

0.1

11

0.0

92

0.0

66

0.0

97

0.0

75

0.0

94

0.0

93

0.0

99

0.0

90

0.0

90

0.0

94

0.0

83

0.0

62

0.0

91

0.0

64

0.1

02

DA

TA

AN

ALY

SE

DY

EA

RLY

PE

RC

EN

TA

GE

(%

)

0.0

0.0

100.0

100.0

99.5

87.

758.9

99.8

80.7

83.9

84.3

100.0

99.0

100.0

81.9

100.0

38.7

100.0

81.7

100.0

CO

MM

EN

TS

Site c

om

mis

sioned 1

5 D

ece

mber

1982

N

o d

ata

ava

ilable

for

this

period

ZO

NE:

56

558309

6882591

21/1

0/1

993

30/0

8/1

994

15/0

9/1

995

27/1

1/1

996

10/0

7/1

997

13/0

8/1

998

21/0

7/1

999

1/1

0/1

999

9/0

3/2

000

6/0

9/2

000

12/1

2/2

001

20/1

1/2

002

11/0

9/2

003

7/0

9/2

004

23/1

1/2

005

27/1

0/2

006

24/1

0/2

007

1/0

7/2

008

9/0

9/2

009

30/0

8/1

994

15/0

9/1

995

27/1

1/1

996

14/0

7/1

997

13/0

8/1

998

21/0

7/1

999

30/0

9/1

999

9/0

3/2

000

6/0

9/2

000

12/1

2/2

001

20/1

1/2

002

11/0

9/2

003

7/0

9/2

004

23/1

1/2

005

27/1

0/2

006

24/1

0/2

007

1/0

7/2

008

9/0

9/2

009

30/1

1/2

010

1.0

82

1.0

80

1.0

83

1.0

79

1.0

81

1.0

90

1.0

87

1.0

63

1.0

76

1.0

90

1.0

83

1.0

88

1.0

94

1.0

85

1.0

76

1.0

85

1.0

86

1.0

83

1.0

88

1.0

83

0.0

13

0.6

89

0.6

87

0.6

88

0.6

85

0.6

85

0.6

90

0.6

79

0.6

68

0.6

78

0.6

90

0.6

88

0.6

92

0.6

98

0.6

89

0.6

81

0.6

91

0.6

90

0.6

85

0.6

90

0.6

88

0.0

10

0.5

33

0.5

35

0.5

33

0.5

30

0.5

32

0.5

35

0.5

30

0.5

10

0.5

27

0.5

35

0.5

33

0.5

37

0.5

39

0.5

33

0.5

26

0.5

37

0.5

33

0.5

29

0.5

35

0.5

32

0.0

08

0.3

77

0.3

83

0.3

79

0.3

74

0.3

78

0.3

80

0.3

81

0.3

52

0.3

76

0.3

80

0.3

79

0.3

82

0.3

79

0.3

78

0.3

71

0.3

82

0.3

76

0.3

73

0.3

79

0.3

76

0.0

09

-0.0

02

0.0

02

0.0

01

0.0

00

-0.0

05

0.0

01

-0.0

15

-0.0

23

-0.0

05

0.0

02

-0.0

04

0.0

03

0.0

00

0.0

01

-0.0

01

0.0

02

0.0

01

-0.0

04

-0.0

03

0.0

00

0.0

06

-0.3

80

-0.3

78

-0.3

77

-0.3

74

-0.3

88

-0.3

78

-0.4

12

-0.3

98

-0.3

85

-0.3

76

-0.3

87

-0.3

77

-0.3

80

-0.3

76

-0.3

74

-0.3

79

-0.3

75

-0.3

80

-0.3

84

-0.3

77

0.0

13

-0.5

36

-0.5

31

-0.5

31

-0.5

29

-0.5

41

-0.5

33

-0.5

61

-0.5

55

-0.5

36

-0.5

31

-0.5

41

-0.5

31

-0.5

39

-0.5

32

-0.5

29

-0.5

33

-0.5

31

-0.5

36

-0.5

40

-0.5

32

0.0

10

-0.6

92

-0.6

83

-0.6

86

-0.6

85

-0.6

95

-0.6

88

-0.7

10

-0.7

13

-0.6

87

-0.6

86

-0.6

96

-0.6

86

-0.6

98

-0.6

87

-0.6

84

-0.6

88

-0.6

88

-0.6

92

-0.6

96

-0.6

88

0.0

10

-0.9

73

-0.9

63

-0.9

68

-0.9

66

-0.9

78

-0.9

73

-1.0

01

-0.9

96

-0.9

71

-0.9

71

-0.9

78

-0.9

69

-0.9

81

-0.9

70

-0.9

66

-0.9

69

-0.9

71

-0.9

76

-0.9

80

-0.9

71

0.0

13

1.3

81

1.3

70

1.3

75

1.3

69

1.3

80

1.3

78

1.3

88

1.3

81

1.3

65

1.3

77

1.3

84

1.3

79

1.3

96

1.3

77

1.3

64

1.3

78

1.3

78

1.3

77

1.3

86

1.3

76

0.0

16

0.7

57

0.7

61

0.7

55

0.7

48

0.7

66

0.7

58

0.7

93

0.7

50

0.7

61

0.7

57

0.7

66

0.7

59

0.7

59

0.7

53

0.7

45

0.7

62

0.7

51

0.7

54

0.7

63

0.7

53

0.0

19

1.0

69

1.0

66

1.0

65

1.0

59

1.0

73

1.0

68

1.0

90

1.0

65

1.0

63

1.0

67

1.0

75

1.0

69

1.0

78

1.0

65

1.0

55

1.0

70

1.0

64

1.0

65

1.0

74

1.0

65

0.0

14

2.0

56

2.0

43

2.0

52

2.0

45

2.0

59

2.0

63

2.0

89

2.0

59

2.0

47

2.0

61

2.0

61

2.0

57

2.0

75

2.0

55

2.0

42

2.0

55

2.0

56

2.0

59

2.0

68

2.0

54

0.0

22

0.5

46

0.5

49

0.5

52

0.5

50

0.5

56

0.5

50

0.5

58

0.5

44

0.5

40

0.5

36

0.5

37

0.5

25

0.5

24

0.5

14

0.5

04

0.5

16

0.5

15

0.5

20

0.5

32

0.5

26

0.0

17

0.1

56

0.1

52

0.1

55

0.1

55

0.1

53

0.1

54

0.1

49

0.1

57

0.1

51

0.1

55

0.1

55

0.1

55

0.1

59

0.1

56

0.1

55

0.1

54

0.1

57

0.1

56

0.1

56

0.1

56

0.0

05

0.1

71

0.1

64

0.1

62

0.1

58

0.1

58

0.1

65

0.1

74

0.1

70

0.1

76

0.1

81

0.1

81

0.1

92

0.2

00

0.2

01

0.2

01

0.1

99

0.1

97

0.1

97

0.1

90

0.1

87

0.0

14

0.0

92

0.0

88

0.0

82

0.0

82

0.0

85

0.0

89

0.0

93

0.0

93

0.0

95

0.1

03

0.1

01

0.1

13

0.1

14

0.1

19

0.1

20

0.1

21

0.1

21

0.1

16

0.1

09

0.1

09

0.0

13

0.0

06

0.0

03

0.0

16

0.0

07

0.0

06

0.0

06

0.0

07

0.0

07

0.0

31

0.0

06

0.0

17

0.0

09

0.0

16

0.1

31

0.0

04

0.0

23

0.0

09

0.0

24

0.0

03

0.0

18

0.0

22

229.4

2229.6

9229.7

6230.1

3230.5

7229.3

2229.0

6230.1

2229.3

7230.2

1229.4

8229.2

5229.8

1230.6

7230.5

3230.3

2230.1

0229.5

0230.1

22

29

.82

1.0

6

250.1

9249.3

8248.8

8251.9

1250.1

1249.1

2247.

91

249.9

7249.7

9249.7

6249.8

3250.5

8250.2

6249.3

1249.7

6249.4

3252.1

8248.1

8248.8

52

46

.78

15

.83

140.8

9141.1

2141.7

5140.0

3141.3

1141.0

5143.0

8141.2

0141.0

0141.1

7141.1

8141.0

4141.4

6140.9

9141.4

5141.1

5140.6

3140.7

4141.1

21

41

.06

1.2

2

99.2

0100.3

3100.2

999.9

6100.3

499.7

9100.1

899.0

599.1

299.8

999.7

299.8

7101.0

1100.4

999.8

999.7

899.8

299.3

8100.1

69

9.6

50

.91

212.0

7296.2

7359.9

867.

37

153.3

473.0

215.4

1148.5

675.6

3261.0

287.

57

194.2

6102.3

595.3

5189.6

0247.

37

347.

98

246.0

3338.3

51

81

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10

4.1

7

0.0

75

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81

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76

0.0

83

0.0

71

0.0

89

0.0

62

0.0

88

0.0

97

0.0

87

0.0

76

0.1

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0.0

79

0.0

83

0.0

86

0.0

88

0.0

74

0.0

69

0.0

77

0.0

84

0.0

12

100.0

100.0

100.0

98.2

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

89

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4.6

Std

De

via

tio

n

(+/-)

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t

Ave

rag

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DE

PLO

YM

EN

T S

TA

RT

DA

TE

DE

PLO

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.

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.

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.

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M.N

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)

M.R

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M.S

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HW

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R. (H

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TID

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MM

EN

TS

Site c

om

mis

sioned 1

5 D

ece

mber

1982

N

o d

ata

ava

ilable

for

this

period

Report 2053MHL

NSW TIDAL PLANE ANALYSIS

TWEED HEADS OFFSHORE

Ord

er

of

Tid

al P

lan

es

HH

WS

S

MH

WS

MH

W

MH

WN

MS

L

MLW

N

MLW

MLW

S

ISLW

Figure

DRAWING 2053-A2.cdr

A2

-1.2

00

-1.0

00

-0.8