Of Dams and Cities: Dam Projects and Heritage at Loss

Rivers Euphrates and Tigris

http://www.franklin.ma.us/auto/schools/horace/grade6/corey/ss1/meso.htm

Ancient Cities on Euphrates

Sumerian• BuranunAkkadian• PurattumOld Persian• UfratGreek and Latin• EuphratesArabic• FuratTurkish• Fırat

Ancient Cities on Euphrates

• Summerian Cities

– Nippur

– Ur

• Babylon

• Carchemish

• Limited transport

• Irrigation

Ancient Cities on Tigris River

Sumerian

• İdigna

Akkadian

• Idiglat

Old Persian

• Tigra

According to Herodotus

• Tigres

Turkish

• Dicle

Ancient Cities on Tigris River

Assyrian Capitals• Asshur• Nimrud• NinevahSeleucid Cities• Celeusia• CtesiphonAbbasid Towns• Baghdad• Samarra• Mosul

Fertile Crescent

Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (GAP)Southeastern Anatolia Project

GAP

• Adıyaman

• Batman

• Diyarbakır

• Mardin

• Siirt

• Şanlıurfa

• Şırnak

• Kilis

GAP

• Development Project• Energy Production

• Agricultural Production

• Increase

– Urban and Rural Infrastructure

– Education

– Health

– Industry

– Transport

GAP-History

Rivers• Euphrates (Fırat)• Tigris (Dicle)• First investigation

– 1935• EIEI

– 1936– Observation stations

• DSI –• Devlet Su İşleri • (General Directorate of

State Hydraulic Works)

Keban Barajı

• Construction

– Started in 1964

– First Phase 1974

– Second Phase 1981

http://anafot.net/FOTOMAKALE-93-Mustafa+Sabri+T%C3%9CRKAY+-+G%C3%B6ky%C3%BCz%C3%BCmden+Anadolu

Impact on Archaeological Research

• Keban Dam

• Archaeological Work

• 1968-1975

• International

• Multidisciplinary work

Keban Dam

• Salvage Project

• Cultural Heritage

• Document

• Study

• Protect

• Turning point for archaeological practice in TurkeyFigure 2. van Loon and Güterbock 1972, pl. 54.

The trench shot.

Lower Euphrates Project

• Sub-project in GAP

• Atatürk Dam

• Hydropower generation

• Irrigation

http://anafot.net/FOTOMAKALE-93-Mustafa+Sabri+T%C3%9CRKAY+-+G%C3%B6ky%C3%BCz%C3%BCmden+Anadolu

Atatürk Dam

Samsat-Adıyaman

http://www.gezi-yorum.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/samsat.kale_.+1.jpg

Heritage Lost: Samsat

Adıyaman• Mound• 50 m highPeriphery• 2 km Small Scale ExcavationUnderwaterCapital of the Kingdom Of

CommageneMilitary town of Roman

Army

Samsat

http://www.samsathaber.com/mkportal/modules/gallery/album/a_21.JPG

Samsat

Samsat Stele at British Museum

Birecik Dam

Construction begin• 1996Provinces• Şanlıurfa• Gaziantep• Adıyaman• 44 villages• 9 villages completey

submerge• 3 villages partially• 6500 people resettle• Project completed

– 2000http://mw2.google.com/mw-panoramio/photos/medium/5565351.jpg

Zeugma

Gaziantep

• Nizip

• Village of Belkıs

• Birecik Dam

Zeugma-History

• 3rd Century BC

• Seleucus I Nicator

– Alexander the Great’sCommander

– Established a settlement• Western Bank: Seleucia

– Eastern Bank• Apamea

http://www.nizip.com/gallery/files/zeugma_urma.jpg

Seleucia and Apamea

• Pontoon Bridge

• No archaeological record

• 64 BC– Roman conquest of Seleucia

– Change the name

• Zeugma– “Bridge” or “crossing” in Old

Greek

• Collapse of the Seleucid Empire

• Romans– Commagene

Zeugma-History

Roman Period

• Two legions

• Intersection Point

– Road tolls

– Last stop before the Persian Empire

Zeugma-History

• Commercial city

• Military Center

• Religious Center

• 20-30 000 inhabitants

Zeugma-History

• 253 AD

• Sassanid attack from Persia

• City in ruins

• Villas

– Shelter for animals

• Zeugma forgotten

http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/14969891.jpg

Zeugm-International Rescue Project

• 1992 Gaziantep Museum

• 2000

• Turkish Ministry of Culture

• Southeastern Development Project

• Packard Humanities Institute

Zeugma

• 1992

• Villa– Colonnaded Atrium

– 2nd c. AD

• Mosaic– Dionysus and Ariadne

• 1998– Theft

– Mosaic missing since then

http://zeugmamosaicmuseum.blogspot.com/

Zeugma

• 1993-1994 Excavations

– Gravestones

– Pieces of sculptures

– Mosaic fragments

– Save Zeugma Campaing

Zeugma

• 1996• Bulldozers• Mosaics• Pool of the Roman Bath• Construction on hold

– 3 months

• 4th Legion of the Roman Army

• Mosaics• Swords• Barracks

http://www.angelfire.com/ar/atay/ZEUGMA/ZeugExca.html

Zeugma

• 1997– Two more villas– Summer– Winter

• İn tents

• 1998– Call for “Save Zeugma”

• 1999– Funds for a museum– Heavy equipment– Mosaic conservation

• Dam starts to fill up• Packard 5 million USD

Donation

Mosaics-Gypsy Girl

http://www.angelfire.com/ar/atay/ZEUGMA/Z4gyp.jpg

http://zeugmamosaicmuseum.blogspot.com/

Poseidon, Oceanus, Thetys

http://zeugmamosaicmuseum.blogspot.com/

Zeugma-Mosaics

Akhelous, God of Euphrates

Birecik Dam

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Samples/Birecik.html

Birecik Dam

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Samples/Birecik.html

Zeugma

http://eylemselen.tripod.com/zeugma15.jpg

Zeugma

After 2005

• Kutalmış Görkay

– Ankara University

• Excavation

• Conservation

• Restoration

Zeugma-Protective Shelter

http://www.zeugmaarchproject.com/index.php/english/protective-shelter-for-roman-houses

Zeugma Protective Shelter

Zeugma Protective Shelter

Zeugma Protective Shelter

Zeugma Protective Shelter

Zeugma Protective Shelters

Zeugma Protective Shelter

Zeugma Roman Villas- Inside the Shelter

Zeugma

Zeugma in UNESCO WH Tentative List

• Criterion II:

The archaeological site of Zeugma is of immense historical significance for understanding the ancient integration of Hellenistic and Semitic cultural spheres and the birth of syncretistic hybrid cultures in the region.

http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5726/

Zeugma in UNESCO Tentative List

• Criterion (iii): There are many Roman houses decorated with exquisite mosaics and frescos mostly dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE. Zeugma mosaics are a unique collection, of pictorial art reflecting private taste in a cosmopolitan city in the Hellenistic and Roman East.

http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5726/

Zeugma in UNESCO Tentative List

• Criterion (iv): On BelkısHill, where the city's foremost sanctuary is perched, three colossal cult statues have been discovered, while many others were found in pieces on the slopes of the hill. These statues most probably belong to the deities of the Commagenian pantheon.

http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5726/

http://img708.imageshack.us/img708/8682/4907004667014e424d2cb.jpg

Gaziantep Mosaic Museum

Gaziantep Mosaic Museum

Gaziantep Mosaic Museum

http://www.anteppress.com/Sayfa.php?Git=Foto&gid=79&sayfa=18

Zeugma

• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/zeugma/mosa_q.html

GAP Dams

Euprates Basin• Atatürk Dam (1992)• Birecik Dam (2000)• Büyükçay Dam• Çamgazi Dam (1998)• Çataltepe Dam• Gömikan Dam• Hancağız Dam (1988)• Kahta Dam• Karakaya Dam (1987)• Karkamış Dam (1999)• Kayacık Dam (2005)• Kemlin Dam• Koçali Dam• Sırımtaş Dam (2013)

GAP Dams

• Tigris Basin

• Batman Dam (1998)

• Cizre Dam

• Dicle Dam (1997)

• Garzan Dam (2012)

• Kayser Dam

• Kralkızı Dam (1997)

• Ilısu Dam (2014)

• Silvan Dam (2016)

Hasankeyf