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What was Germany s experience What was Germany s experience of World War One?

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Page 1: of World War One? - WordPress.com World War One? ... (War Triptych) by Otto Dix, painted 1929‐1932. ... End of the war • 1917‐18 German armies reformed defensive lines and

What was Germany’s experienceWhat was Germany s experience of World War One?

Page 2: of World War One? - WordPress.com World War One? ... (War Triptych) by Otto Dix, painted 1929‐1932. ... End of the war • 1917‐18 German armies reformed defensive lines and

Triptychon Der Krieg (War Triptych) by Otto Dix, painted 1929‐1932.This gruesome picture aptly depicts the start, main and end of WW1 from a German g p p y pperspective.

Page 3: of World War One? - WordPress.com World War One? ... (War Triptych) by Otto Dix, painted 1929‐1932. ... End of the war • 1917‐18 German armies reformed defensive lines and

19141914H d i t J l• Huge demos against war July

• When govt. presented war as against Slav aggression, the nation ralliedthe nation rallied.

• Kaiser “I know no parties any more, only Germans”L ft d i ht lli d b hi d k d i i lik W• Left and right rallied behind key decisions, like War Credits

• B r frieden ol ntaril handed all le islati e po ers to• Burgfrieden voluntarily handed all legislative powers to Bundesrat.

• Until 1917 few politicians opposed the national line• Until 1917, few politicians opposed the national line, and those who did were ignored.

Page 4: of World War One? - WordPress.com World War One? ... (War Triptych) by Otto Dix, painted 1929‐1932. ... End of the war • 1917‐18 German armies reformed defensive lines and

The WarThe War

• 1914 – Schlieffen Plan• 1915 – New commander for Army.  Effort to yknock out Russia first, then France.  Also to knock out Britain with Uboats. Food shortages causedout Britain with Uboats.  Food shortages caused by British blockade and poor German planning.  Rationing and increased female labourRationing and increased female labour.

• 1916 – Year of attrition.  Verdun and Somme.  l l i i i fNaval losses to Britain.  Austria on verge of 

collapse, and Romania joined Allies.

Page 5: of World War One? - WordPress.com World War One? ... (War Triptych) by Otto Dix, painted 1929‐1932. ... End of the war • 1917‐18 German armies reformed defensive lines and

Total War 1916 18Total War 1916‐18Hi d b Pl A t 1916 K k t R i i• Hindenburg Plan August 1916.  Knock out Russia using all resources and any cost.

• New Supreme War OfficeNew Supreme War Office.• Auxiliary Labour Law Dec 1916• Failed to produce clearer command or labour systems;Failed to produce clearer command or labour systems; merely drained German resources.

• 1916‐18 supplies of fuel and raw supplies ran short.  In addition food supplies ran low.  Turnip became staple food.

• Middle classes and lower classes became alienated• Middle classes and lower classes became alienated from the government.

Page 6: of World War One? - WordPress.com World War One? ... (War Triptych) by Otto Dix, painted 1929‐1932. ... End of the war • 1917‐18 German armies reformed defensive lines and

End of the warEnd of the war• 1917‐18 German armies reformed defensive lines and prepared for a more mobile style of warfare.

• But home front problems generated social and political unrestunrest.

• July Crisis 1917 led to a series of political splits.  Issues focussed on issues of victorious peace vs. Peacefocussed on issues of victorious peace vs. Peace without victory, reform of voting system and peace with or without annexation.

• 1918 Strikes in Germany led to last ditch assaults on the Western Front which failed to break the Allies. 500k casualties to advance 80 miles500k casualties to advance 80 miles.

• New Chancellor 4th October – start of peace settlement and constitutional change.

• Mutinies broke out as a result of the peace settlement starting.

Page 7: of World War One? - WordPress.com World War One? ... (War Triptych) by Otto Dix, painted 1929‐1932. ... End of the war • 1917‐18 German armies reformed defensive lines and

Armistice/SurrenderArmistice/Surrender

il ’ i b li d b b i• Wilson’s 14 Points believed to be basis according to many Germans.  These were quite reasonable.

• Required humiliation of loss of land from qtreaties and surrendering navy.

• Different view of Armistice on each side –Different view of Armistice on each side Germans thought they would have a negotiated peace Allies thought Germany hadnegotiated peace, Allies thought Germany had surrendered.

Page 8: of World War One? - WordPress.com World War One? ... (War Triptych) by Otto Dix, painted 1929‐1932. ... End of the war • 1917‐18 German armies reformed defensive lines and

Based on the previous notes, how well do you feel that this painting depicts German experience of war?p f

Page 9: of World War One? - WordPress.com World War One? ... (War Triptych) by Otto Dix, painted 1929‐1932. ... End of the war • 1917‐18 German armies reformed defensive lines and

QuestionQuestion

h i ld i d h h• The First World War increased, rather than narrowed, Germany’s political divisions.

• How far do you agree with this judgement? (30)

– In answering this question, you should consider when the political divisions widened and narrowed, and which change was more significant.

– Remember to make up your mind when you plan so h t ( i i ) f thyou can show your argument (your opinion) from the 

introduction onwards.