printed on recycled paper

United States Solid Waste and EPA/530-SW-90-001

Environmental Protection Emergency Response January 1990

Agency (OS-305)

Office Paper RecyclingAn Implementation Manual

OFFICE PAPER RECYCLING:

AN IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

401 M STREET, SW

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

January 1990

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Mr. Truett DeGeare and his staff at the Office of Solid Waste, U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, provided overall project direction. Ms. Lauris C. Davies of theU.S. EPA, Hazardous Waste Division, Waste Management Branch, Region X,served as the Work Assignment Manager. Other support was provided by theU.S. EPA Recycling Workgroup in Washington, D.C.

Several individuals served as reviewers and provided useful information specificto office paper recycling, including: Ms. Beverly Goldblatt, General ServicesAdministration, National Capital Region; Ms. Sheila Millendorf; and Dr. RosalieGreen, Coordinator, Office Paper Recycling program, Fairfax County, Virginia.In addition, we would like to acknowledge those organizations that made theirfacilities available for the photographs in the manual:

Fairfax County, Virginia, Division of Solid Waste;Los Angeles City Hall;California State University, Long Beach;TransAmerica, Inc.;Econohaul;andBrowning-Ferris Industries.

FOREWORD

In recent years, the management of municipal solid waste hasgrown increasingly difficult and complex: Americans producemore and more garbage, yet have fewer and fewer places to putit. In response to these problems, many communities,counties and States are turning to recycling and othercreative waste reduction methods to help counter the garbageglut .

The Federal government has an important role to play inincreasing recycling and reduction of waste to meet ournational goal of 25 percent reduction and recycling by 1992.In the Environmental Protection Agency's strategy report "TheSolid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda for Action," we note that theFederal government should provide incentives, better planningand implementation tools, and most importantly, shouldparticipate in all phases of recycling from source separationand collection of recyclable materials to purchasing ofrecycled products. In many areas of the country, includingthe District of Columbia, State and local mandatory recyclinglaws require that government agencies and privateorganizations recycle.

In keeping with the goals and objectives outlined in the"Agenda for Action," this implementation manual for recyclingof office paper is designed to assist Federal agencies inplanning, implementing, and promoting a high-grade officepaper recovery program. In addition, the basic principlesoutlined in this manual should be useful to anyone planningan office paper recycling program, including State and localgovernment agencies, commercial businesses and other privateorganizations.extensive workby more recent

This manual is

The concepts in this document are grounded indone by EPA and others in the 1970's, updatedexperience and success in the 1980’s.

only one tool to help and encourage Federalagencies and institutions to recycle. EPA’s Office of SolidWaste is planning several technical assistance and outreachprojects for Federal agency recycling, while EPAJS In-houseRecycling Workgroup is striving to make EPA a model for otheragencies to follow. In addition, EPA is helping otherFederal agencies to complete the recycling process bypromoting the Federal procurement guidelines for purchase ofrecycled materials.

We hope that this manual will serve as the cornerstone forimplementing recycling in offices, both governmental andprivate. As shown at EPA, other Federal agencies, and

Sylvia K. Lowrance Director, Office of Solid Waste

offices across the United States, recycling of office paperworks ! We encourage you to use not only this manual, but toconsult other sources of information listed at the end ofthis document to reduce and recycle more of your solidwastes. In order to stem the tide of solid waste problems,to save economic and natural resources, and to meet theimportant recycling goals of tomorrow, we all share theresponsibility to change the “throw-away” ethic and startrecycling.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PageINTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 1

CONSIDERING OFFICE PAPER RECOVERY ...............................................................................................4

PLANNING, IMPLEMENTATION, AND OPERATION ................................................................................. 10

DESIGNATING A PROGRAM COORDINATOR ................................................................................ 10

FEASIBILITY STUDY ......................................................................................................................... 12

MARKET ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................... 13

ESTABLISHING WASTE PAPER SALES CONTRACTS ................................................................... 13

RENEGOTIATING DISPOSAL SERVICE CONTRACTS ................................................................... 17

DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING THE COLLECTIONAND STORAGE SYSTEM .................................................................................................................. 18

EMPLOYEE PUBLICITY AND EDUCATION ..................................................................................... 26

CONTINUING PROGRAM OPERATION ........................................................................................... 32

PROJECTING THE ECONOMICS OF PAPER RECOVERY ....................................................................... 35

COST FACTORS IN PAPER RECOVERY.. ....................................................................................... 35

COMPARISON OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS WITHAND WITHOUT RECYCLING ............................................................................................................ 41

ARRIVING AT SUCCESS AND BEYOND TO THE FUTURE PROGRAM ..................................................43

CASE STUDY: EPA HEADQUARTERS, WASHINGTON, D.C ..................................................................45

APPENDIX A: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYGUIDELINES FOR SOURCE SEPARATIONAND MATERIALS RECOVERY

APPENDIX B: FEDERAL SUPPLY SERVICE BUREAU - GSA REGIONS

APPENDIX C: WASTE COMPOSITION SAMPLING PROCEDURE

APPENDIX D: PAPER GRADE DEFINITIONS

OFFICE PAPER RECOVERY AN IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL

INTRODUCTION

The Garbage Crisis

The United States faces a growing solidwaste disposal problem: rapidly expand-ing amounts of waste and shrinking landfilldisposal capacity. Every day, each of usproduces an average of 3.6 pounds ofsolid waste. Annual generation of wastepaper alone by offices, schools, andhomes across the country, increased from12.1 to 18 million tons between 1970 and1986. In 1987 alone, Americans gen-erated 160 million tons of municipal solidwaste, eighty percent of which is nowburied in landfills. The waste growth trendwill continue; can we afford to let thisoccur?

By 1991 one third of the nation’s landfillswill be closed, with few new ones toreplace them. The economic and en-vironmental costs of disposing of theseincreasing volumes of refuse areescalating along with our wastegeneration rates. In some areas, thedilemma has reached crisis proportionswhere tons of waste must be shippedhundreds of miles to scarce landfills atcosts of up to $130 per ton.

The Solution

Federal, state and local officials have toseek new, creative waste managementpractices, including waste reduction andrecycling (including composting). Onlyabout 10 percent of the nation’s volume of

solid waste is currently recycled orreused, far below what it could be. Forthe nation, the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) has establisheda goal of 25 percent reduction andrecycling of municipal solid waste by1992. This goal recognizes the manyadvantages to increased solid wasterecycling: reduction of waste volumesotherwise destined for the landfill,reduction of costs, productive use ofwaste materials, and conservation oflandfill disposal capacity. In addition,manufacture of products from recycledmaterials generally consumes, lessenergy, water, and other naturalresources such as trees. For example,manufacturing paper products usingrecycled fibers consumes 50 to 60apercent less energy than when usingvirgin fibers, and approximately one ton ofrecovered paper replaces 17 southernpines or three tons of wood pulp. Clearly,recycling is the best possible solution andthe easiest to implement.

Why Recycle Paper?

Paper waste is a logical target forincreased recycling for two reasons. First,it represents such a large percentage ofmunicipal solid waste - an estimated 41percent (Exhibit 1). Of this 41 percent,newsprint and paper packaging

a New York Legislative Commission on Solid WasteManagement: The Economics of Recycling MunicipalWaste; 1986.

1

EXHIBIT 1Paper makes up an average 41 percent of the waste stream,but in offices the percentage maybe as high as 90%. That’swhy paper is a major recycling target.

(corrugated) are the principal componentsand recycling of these waste products isfairly common. The waste paper fromgovernment and commercial officebuildings is also a natural target forrecycling, but recycling has yet to becomea common practice. The largest wastecomponent in offices is high-grade whitepaper (bond, copy paper, and computerpaper). Fortunately, this grade of paper isrecyclable and can be profitable. EPAsurveys conducted in the 1970s indicatethat a well-run recycling program canreduce the volume of office waste asmuch as 75 percent, generate income andhelp ease the pressure on our nation’slandfills.

Second, successful recycling of high-grade office paper can readily be

accomplished. It has already beensuccessfully demonstrated at manylocations, including local, county, andstate agencies (CA, NJ, Rl, and others),some Federal agencies, and privatecorporations (such as AT&T and LeviStrauss). When correctly implemented, anoffice paper recovery program will:

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Slash waste disposal costs byreducing the volume of wastecollected and delivered to thelandfill.

Earn revenues from the sale ofhigh-grade paper; paper brokersand mills will pay good prices forhigh-grade wastepaper because ofits short supply and usefulness inmanufacturing new products.

Divert large portions of waste fromnearly full landfills that otherwisewould occupy scarce landfill space.One ton of recovered paper saves3.3 cubic yards of landfill space.

Stimulate a growing market forrecyclable paper by providing aconstant supply of high quality fiberto the paper industry; papermills use high grades ofwastepaper as a substitute forwoodpulp.

Conserve forest lands and othervaluable resources. As statedearlier, less energy and water isrequired to produce paper fromwastepaper than from virgin pulp.

Decrease emissions harmful to theenvironment. The recycling pro-cess reduces air,pollution whenmanufacturingmaterials.

water, and landcompared to

using virgin

● Project a good public image of theoff ice workers and their or-ganization as responsible citizensconcerned about the environment.

Recognizing the value of waste paperrecycling and the success of office paperrecovery programs, EPA developed the“Use it Again, Sam” program in the 1970sto promote high-grade office paperrecovery in the Federal government (seeExhibit 2). As part of this early program,EPA published a number of technicaldocuments and promotional materialsand published Materials RecoveryGuidelines for Source Separation, 40 CFRPart 246. (See reference list andAppendix A for further information).

These publications provided assistance toFederal and commercial offices on how torecover high-grade paper from the wastestream prior to disposal.

Why This Manual?

This manual is a revision of EPA’s 1977guide to office paper recovery. EPAdecided to revise this manual to stimulateincreased recycling of office paper bygovernment, institutions, and commercialbusinesses. The primary purpose of thisrevised manual is to serve as a guide forpersonnel responsible for theimplementation and administration ofoffice paper recovery programs. 1 Thisguide will take you step by step throughthe process of setting up a high-gradepaper recovery program, includingassessing your recycling potential, findinga market for your paper, and educating

The guide is directly applicable torecycling coordinators in Federalinstitutions and agencies, since theassistance role of the General ServicesAdministration is explained in some detailand Federal regulations and policies arediscussed. In addition, however, thosewishing to set up recycling programs instate and local governments, as well asprivate offices and organizations, will findthis manual a useful tool for developmentof an office paper recovery program.

1 EPA and GSA are working together to provide otherassistance on recycling to Federal agencies includinghigh-grade paper and other recyclables such as beveragecontainers, newspapers, and corrugated materials.

employees. A case study of EPA’s EXHIBIT 2

recovery program is also included to show In 1976 this poster was displayed at EPA headquarters toannounce the commencement of the office paper recycling

how one program has become a success. program.

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CONSIDERING OFFICE PAPER RECOVERY

VVhy Recycle in Your Offices?

Good reasons to recycle in your office areas plentiful as the paper! Recyclinghigh-grade paper can save moneythrough avoided disposal costs, earnmoney through the paper sales revenues,and conserve landfill space, energy, andnatural resources. Yes, it takes time andsome resources to set up and operate anoffice paper recovery program, butexperience has shown that they work!Recycling programs can build cama-raderie among employees, and fostergood relations with the surroundingcommunity. Finally, recycling can instillworkers with a sense of pride in doingsomething for the environment.

If these reasons aren’t enough, local,state, and Federal regulations oftenrequire institutions, Federal agencies, andbusinesses to separate and collectrecyclables such as high-grade paper.For example, at the Federal level, Title 40,Part 246 of the Code of FederalRegulations states that “high-grade papergenerated by otfice facilities of over 100office workers shall be separated at thesource of generation, separate/ycollected, and sold for the purposes ofrecycling” (see Appendix A for moreinformation).

In addition to these Federal requirements,state and local laws may require offices torecycle. As of October 1989, elevenstates and the District of Columbia passedmandatory recycling laws which focus onresidential recycling, but also recommend

or require recycling in offices andgovernment agencies. But for whateverreason: the law, the profits or theenvironment, recycling makes sense foralmost any office.

Can An Office Recycling Program beEconomically Successful?

After considering the reasons (and often,requirements) listed above for im-plementing a recycling program, you mayask, whether such a program can beeconomically successful.

The answer is yes, but many factors areinvolved and must be carefullyconsidered. For an office paper recoveryprogram to be economically successful:

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EPA

Quantities of high-grade paperpresent in the waste stream mustbe large enough to justify itsseparation and reuse.

Money saved from avoideddisposal costs and earned from thesale of the waste paper shouldbalance the costs of operation.

The paper should be in demand(marketable) by industry, therebywarranting long-term purchasecontracts.

A proven cost-effective method ofseparation at the source must beavailable.

studies show that office wastestreams are made up of various grades of

4

staff or

paper. High-grade paper consists ofwhite ledger (bond and copy paper) andcomputer printout(white or colored stripedand perforated form papers used incontinuous feed computer printers).Other grades of paper present in the officebuilding waste stream include newsprint,colored ledger, kraft paper, corrugatedand other paper board, and coated paperproducts. The high-grades command ahigher market price, have a more stablemarket demand, and are available inlarger quantities than other grades ofoffice paper. High-grades may comprisefrom 30 to 75 percent of an office’s wastestream. Metals, glass, and other materialscommonly found in residential and

commercial waste streams are found inminimal amounts in office waste. For

these reasons, most office paper recoveryprograms nationwide target the

high-grade fraction so that, with carefulplanning economic success is likely tooccur. Even if an office institutes amulti-material recycling program, includinglow grades of paper, newspaper andbeverage containers, the valuable high-grade paper should be kept separate (notmixed with other paper grades).

Office paper recovery programs are basedon the principle of source separation.Source separation is defined as the settingaside by the user of recyclable materialsat the point of generation. Exhibit 3

outlines the entire office paper recyclingroutine. An efficient yet simple systemintegrated within the daily office routinecan push participation rates higher.

Several methods have been used forseparating and collecting recyclable

high-grade waste paper from office

EMPLOYEE AND SOURCE COLLECTION BY STORAGE BY LOADING FORMAINTENANCE SEPARATION BY MAINTENANCE MAINTENANCE SHIPMENT BY

STAFF OFFICE STAFF STAFF MAINTENANCE

EDUCATION EMPLOYEESCONTRACTOR

EXHIBIT 3

Outline of the office paper recycling routine.

5

buildings. In several case studiesconducted in the 1970s, EPA evaluatedthree source separation methods invarious locations: dual wastebaskets,central containers, and desk-top systems.

Sou ce Separ ration Methods

Under the dual wastebasket system,each employee is provided with two wastecans or wastebaskets - one for recyclablepaper, and one for non-recycled wastesas shown in Exhibit 4. The buildingcustodial staff collects the contents ofeach basket independently or simul-taneously, and the recyclable are keptseparate. The collection frequency (ie.daily, weekly, etc.) will depend on theaverage paper use by employees.

Under the central container system(Exhibit 5), separated recyclable paper iscarried by each employee to one of thelarge central containers located through-

EXHIBIT 4The “two-basket” system has each basket clearly marked for thekind of waste accepted to avoid mixing by employees orcollection staff.

out the office. Often, this method isappropriate in smaller offices or officebuildings where the custodial staff cannotbe used for the desk-to-desk collection ofrecyclable, or when only a limitedrecycling program is to be established (forinstance, only atAll other solidwastebaskets and

the copying machine).waste is placed in

handled separately.

The desk-top system is a refinement ofthe central container system. Under thissystem, each employee places allhigh-grade waste paper in a smallcontainer located on or near his or herdesk as illustrated in Exhibit 6.Non-recyclable waste is deposited inwastebaskets as before. When thecontainer is filled (Exhibit 7), the employeedeposits the accumulated waste paper ina central container conveniently located inthe office (each central container shouldserve no more than 50 persons).Appropriate central locations includeclerical stations, elevator lobbies, mailrooms, copying areas, computer rooms,and print shops. The paper is collectedfrom the central containers by the trainedcustodial or contractor staff.

While not generally recommended, a fewcommercial organizations have usedunskilled workers to collect the recycledpaper from each desk-top container,rather than relying on actions to be takenby each employee. This method probablyis most effective in larger officecomplexes, but will likely increase overallcollection costs, contamination rates, andinadvertent removal of importantdocuments or papers from the desk. Atany rate, one of the three suggestedmethods should be effective if suitablytailored for any office’s unique situation.

6

which paper is recyclable?

I

White or natural-colored high-grade waste

paper products acceptable under mostsource-separation recovery programs are:

White typing, writing, photocopy(xerographic), letterhead, andscratch paper.

Computer printout paper (whitebond and color striped).

Index cards.

Tabulating cards.

Items generally unacceptable in a highgrade office paper recycling program are:

Colored “sticky” note slips (with astrip of adhesive on the back).

Envelopes with plastic windows.

Carbon paper and other sensitizedpaper.

Colored paper.

Newspapers, magazines, books,and glossy or slick paper.

Cardboard or chipboard.

File folders.

Chemically coated paper, gummedlabels, adhesives, tablet bindings.

Blueprint paper.

Film, photographs, or scotch tape.

Rubber bands, plastics.

Facsimile Machine (FAX) paper.

Paper and cups with food

contamination.

EXHIBIT 5Central containers usually consist of plastic or cardboard. Theyshould be appealing and clearly labeled. Often baffle lids arerequired to comply with fire codes and some have slit-type lidsto discourage disposal of food in containers.

The Desktop System

EPA studies indicate that the desk-topcontainer system is effective in “skimming”a specified grade of recyclable paper fromthe office waste stream. The desk-topsystem surpasses the other two systemsin employee participation, the value andpercentage of the waste streamrecovered, and in minimizing the amountof contamination found in the recyclingcontainers.

There are several reasons for thisfavorable performance:

Use of the small, accessible,desk-top container quicklybecomes habitual. The containersare visible and thereby yield goodparticipation rates. Employeeproductivity is unchanged and

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paper can be stored in desk-topcontainers for extended periods oftime before quantities must beemptied.

. Contaminants such as apple coresand soda bottles cannot be placedin most containers. Colored paperis easily spotted if it is inadvertentlyincluded.

. Each employee “volunteers” theminimal labor of transferring theaccumulated paper from his or herdesk-top container to the centralcollection container. This reduceswaste and recycling collectioncosts.

This manual outlines procedures forimplementing various types of high-gradepaper source separation programs. Othermethods are feasible and may bepreferred, depending on office layouts,employee preferences, available space toconduct collection, and cost con-

EXHIBIT 6The cardboard file folder pictured here is for desk waste. Easyto use and clearly marked with the program’s logo and phonenumber, it’s highly visible and gets everyone personallyinvolved. The box has a wide enough base to stay uprightwhen placed on the floor to reduce employee desk clutter.

siderations. However, this manualemphasizes the use of the desk-toprecovery method as a good approach toavoid excessive contamination of therecyclable and to maintain highparticipation rates of the office buildingemployees.

The remainder of this manual is organizedinto three sections:

. The first section addressesadministrative requirements duringprogram planning and im-plementation. It includes designat-ion of a program coordinator,considerations for a feasibilitystudy, establishment of salescontracts, development of collec-tion and storage systems, em-ployee publicity and educationcampaigns, and program mainte-nance.

. The second section discusses theeconomics of recovery programs.It is useful to assess the economicsof an office paper recoveryprogram prior to program planningand initiation. This section ad-dresses how to assess the reduceddisposal costs (due to the reducedvolume of the waste stream), thequantity and value of the recoveredpaper, and the costs associatedwith establishing and operating asuccessful program.

● The final section of this manualdescribes a high-grade wastepaper recovery program for theEPA headquarters in Washington,D.C. The case study traces thedevelopment of EPA’s recoveryprogram from the initiation of the“Use it Again, Sam” program in

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exhibit 7

1975 to the recent success of theprogram developed by EPA’sin-house Recycling Work Group,which was established in 1988.

Appendices to this manual are providedas references that may be helpful inprogram planning. Included are EPAguidelines for source separation andrecovery’ (40 CFR Part 246), a list of GSAcontacts for each region of the country2, asample waste composition study3, anddefinitions of paper grades.4

1. 40 CFR Part 246

2. Provided by General Services Administration, Region 3,Federal Supply Service Bureau, Washington, D.C.

3. SCS Engineers, Reston, VA. Based on data from wastecomposition studies.

4. Paper Stock Standards and Practices, Circular PS-88,published by the Paper Stock Institute of America, NationalAssociation on Recycling Industries, Inc.

An employee empties her own collection container full ofrecyclable paper into a centrally located container adjacent to acopy machine. This method decreases labor requirementsbecause all the recyclable waste has been separated at thesource and concentrated in several locations.

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PLANNING, IMPLEMENTATION, AND OPERATION

Besides committed individual employeeenthusiasm and participation, successfulhigh-grade office paper recoveryprograms that use the desk-top system,have several key elements in common:

An enthusiastic and knowledgeableprogram coordinator.

A secure market for the recoveredpaper.

A simple and reliable collection andstorage system.

An effective employee educationand publicity campaign.

A reliable method of continuedprogram administration.

Strong visible support frommanagement.

The procedures discussed below will helpestablish a successful program with thesekey elements in place. Exhibit 8 presentsa flow chart of the major activities that willbe discussed.

DESIGNATING A PROGRAMCOORDINATOR

No program can be successful if peopledon’t join in. Yet participation isn’tenough. Each office paper recoveryprogram needs a program coordinator toadminister the planning, implementation,and operation of the program and to actas a liaison among upper management,building managers, maintenance super-visors, employees, and sales contractors.Good program coordination is crucial to

the success of the recycling program. Assuch, it should be an official function, nota volunteer duty to do in one’s spare time.Planning and organizational talent,coupled with enthusiasm and an ability tocommunicate with others, are qualitiessought in the program coordinator.Ideally, his/her interest areas shouldinclude cost and waste reduction andenvironmental control. Personnel at theadministrative level who are eager tobecome recycling specialists and use theirabilities are possible choices forcoordination work.

In most cases, one person is assigned orrequests to be the program coordinator.However, in large buildings, or when oneindividual does not have sufficient time toperform the task, more than one personmay be assigned on a part-time orfull-time basis. Having more than onecoordinator assures that someone alwayswill be available to oversee the program.

In multi-tenant office buildings, theprogram coordinator should be selectedfrom the organization with the largestnumber of employees housed within thefacility. One person from each tenantorganization should be designated tooversee his/her organizational program,assist the program coordinator in sched-uling education sessions, and performother program implementation activities.

The duties and responsibilities thataccompany the operation of the wastepaper recovery program may require theprogram coordinator(s) to perform the

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Designate program coordinator. Feasibility study: waste stream analysis, evaluation of building layout, markets-preliminary evaluation, decide on program type. quantity, quality, plan program. Establi

exhibit 8

following:

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Somethose

Establishcontractcontract.

a waste paper salesor access an existing

Renegotiate a disposal servicecontract.

Develop and implement thecollection and storage system.

Conduct the employee publicityand education campaign.

Continue program operation.

of these tasks may be similar tofor which other personnel are

currently responsible. Part of the programcoordinator’s role will be to work closelywith personnel responsible for theseduties to implement the waste paperrecovery program.

The administrative requirements for theseactivities are significant during programstart-up (often the first 3 to 4 months), buttend to decrease after the program isunderway. Case studies indicate theimportance of initial administrative andeducational activities in maximizingemployee education and participation andin minimizing contamination levels. EPA’sexperience suggests that the tendency isto under-estimate the administrative timerequirements associated with theimplementation and operation of paperrecovery programs. While time requiredto coordinate a program will varydepending upon the size of theorganization, the configuration of thebuilding, and the services provided byeither existing administrative functions orthe paper sales contractor, a full-timerecycling coordinator or consultant usuallyis necessary for the first 3 to 4 months.

PROGRAM PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION FLOW CHART

The program coordinator shoulddesignate program monitors to assistwith various portions of the recyclingprogram such as overseeing the collectioncontainers, screening for contaminants,encouraging employees to participate inthe program, and answering questionsfrom fellow workers. Program monitorsshould have a good rapport with the staffand a thorough understanding of theprogram’s objectives. One monitor perdepartment or for every 50 to 100employees is recommended, dependingon organizational structure, office layout,the receptiveness of the employees, andother considerations. These leadershiproles are usually assigned bymanagement as an additional task tocurrent employees as an honor (and itshould receive periodic recognition).Typically, their time is not tracked as alabor charge to the program. (Revenuesfrom the recovery program can in somecases be donated to employee fringebenefits as an incentive.)

FEASIBILITY STUDY

To initiate an office paper recoveryprogram, a feasibility study should beconducted for the facility. The feasibilitystudy generates information and data forthe design of the program; it evaluates themost practical types of programs to beimplemented; it identifies potential marketsfor recycled paper; and in some areas, itsatisfies the requirements for programsmandated by state or local governments.

To determine a program’s feasibility andobtain information for contract negotiation,

the grades ofpaper tO be separated out(i.e., white ledger or computer printout ormixed white ledger) and the amount of

those grades to be segregated must beidentified. These data affect the sizes andtypes of collection containers, the pricepaid for waste paper (by dictating thenumber of pickups based upon thecontractor’s minimum pickup requirement)and the available storage space at theloading dock. Larger pickups oftenreceive a higher unit price for wastepaper.

There are three ways to obtain thisinformation: assume ge neration ratesbased upon generalized statistics, (e.g.,0.5 Ibs. white ledger/employee/day);

conduct a one- or two -week waste stream

analysis, whereby representative samplesof the facility’s wastes are manually sortedand weighed by grade description; orconduct a pilot-sca Ie program, whereby aportion of the facility’s employeesparticipate in a recovery program over aperiod of several weeks for the grades ofpaper intended for recovery and thesegregated grades of paper are collectedand weighed. The first method ofcalculating amounts based on a formula isa “tried and true” method that is usuallyremarkably close to what can becollected. The waste-stream analysis isusually time consuming and costly, whilethe pilot-scale program requires goodorganization. The latter two methods canhelp produce an accurate breakdown ofdifferent paper grades which is beneficialto evaluating the economics of theprogram.

Other suggestions for program feasibilitystudies include using a phased-inapproach for recovery of high-gradepaper (e.g., first in computer or copyrooms rather than in employee’s offices)to identify the paper load in central

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containers and the storage spacenecessary for such high volume sourcesof paper. Additional information that isuseful for the feasibility study is anassessment of the building layout,availability of central container and loadingdock storage space, and locations forcentral collection facilities. Once thefeasibility study is completed andinterpreted, the next step is finding amarket to sell the collected waste.

MARKET ANALYSIS

Every good recycling program needs amarket analysis of the demand forrecyclable. In office paper recoveryprograms, unlike residential programs, amarket analysis for high-grade paper isstraight-forward. High-grade paper is avaluable commodity, so the programcoordinator rarely has to search hard tofind a market. However, the programcoordinator will need to assess the qualityand quantity of paper that different wastepaper buyers will accept, the price thatbuyers will pay, and the services thebuyers will provide. All of thesepreliminary steps can be done prior toissuing an invitation for bids (discussed inthe next section) in order to evaluate whatshould be collected in the program and toestimate the costs and revenues. Theprogram coordinator may also wish tosecure letters from waste paper buyersindicating their interest and intent to bid ona contract if it were proposed.

For Federal agencies, this market analysisis often even simpler: the GeneralServices Administration (GSA) may havedone this analysis and already have aviable sales contract in place.

The market analysis involves making initialcontacts with local waste paper dealers.Information that should be obtained fromlocal dealers includes:

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Descriptions and grades of paperhandled.

Acceptable contamination typesand levels.

Container types and sizes providedand equipment, if any, available foruse (e.g., compactor, handcarts,forklifts, etc.).

Minimum quantities per pickup andpickup scheduling procedures.

Methods for handling confidentialor classified materials.

Prices for high-grade paper.

ESTABLISHING WASTE PAPER SALESCONTRACTS

The GSA (assisting Federal civilianagencies) and the Defense LogisticsAgency (DLA) work with programcoordinators to manage the waste papersales contracts. A list of regional GSAcontacts is provided in Appendix B.However, some GSA regions do nothave waste paper sales contacts.Consequently, program coordinators mayhave to work with their contracting office,GSA, etc., to negotiate their own wastepaper sales contract. Additionally, Federaloffices with large volumes of waste papermay find it effective to contract separatelyfrom GSA for their waste paper sales,even if GSA has an existing sales contractin place. To do this, however, thecontracting officer should have a thoroughknowledge of the Federal PropertyManagement Regulations (FPMR) as they

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apply to sales, and any other pertinentregulations. Thus, most Federal agenciesshould use the GSA services wherepossible to establish and maintain aspecific contract for waste paper sales.

The first step to establishing a salescontract is to solicit more detailedinformation from local buyers and brokers.This information includes the following:

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Pricing mechanism (i.e., flat fee,floating price or periodic adjustmentof price) and term of contractsawarded (e.g., one year).

Conservative unit price or minimumprice expected over the next yearfor the high-grade paper that will beseparated (e.g., white ledger,computer printout, etc.).

References of current salescontracts with facilities to assessthe reliability and flexibility of thedealer, particularly with regard tocontaminated loads.

Letter of Intent to Bid.

Invitation for B dsi

The major elements of(IFB) are:

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Description and

Invitation for Bids

grade of wastepaper to be sold with allowablecontaminant loadings.

Estimated generation rates.

Location(s) of paper pickups.

Minimum pickup quantities andmethod of scheduling pickups.

Containers and equipment pro-vided by the contractor.

● Confidential document destructionprocedures, if applicable.

● Performance penalties.

● Pricing mechanism and term ofcontract.

Waste paper grades may be defined as inPaper Stock Standards and PracticesPS-88 (Appendix D) which is an industrystandard or they may be set by individualdealers based upon the businesses towhich they sell the waste paper (e.g.,tissue mill, etc.). Exhibit 9 is an exampleof the 1989 GSA sales contract for theWashington, D.C. area and specifies ahigh, medium, low grade classification.These grades allow for the contractor topurchase paper containing certain levelsof contaminants at a lower price. Notethat this classification was defined by GSAon this one contract to facilitate collectionand grading of the material. It is not anindustry standard.

Development of Contract

The estimated recovery rate for eachgrade segregated should be specified inthe IFB so the contractor can estimateoverall quantities and associated prices tobe paid under the contract.

The location of the paper pickup(s)including loading docks or one or morebuildings must be specified in the IFBalong with the option for the bidders toinspect the area(s) prior to submitting theirbids.

The method of handling confidential orclassified materials must be specified inthe IFB. These materials must beshredded, macerated, pulped or burned

14

Grade 1: Computer printout, white ledger, hard white shavings, and manila

tabulating cards or any combination thereof.

No more than 1% total outthrows or prohibitive materials by weight.

Grade 2: Miscellaneous ledger and contaminated Grade 1 paper or any

combination thereof.

No less than 1% and no more than 3% total outthrows or

prohibitive materials by weight.

Grade 3: Various grades of paper, including carbon interleaf, file stock, wet

strength, corrugated containers, heavy books, and contaminated

Grade 2 paper or any combination thereof.

No less than 3% and no more than 10% total outthrows or

prohibitive materials by weight.

Acceptable contaminants include paper clips, staples, and soluble glues (i.e., bond envelope glue).

Unacceptable contaminants include pressure-sensitive labels and tapes, plastic window envelopes,

rubberbands, brown/golden kraft envelopes, binders (i.e., pressboard, plastic, and cloth covered),

paper fasteners, binder clips, plastic materials, and carbon paper,

Prohibitive materials: a) Any materials which by their presence in a packing of paper stock, in

excess of the amount allowed, will make the packing unusable as the grade specified. b) Any

materials that may be damaging to equipment.

Outthrows: Outthrows shall be understood to be all papers that are so manufactured or treated

or are in such form as to be unsuitable for consumption as the grade specified.

EXHIBIT 91989 GSA Paper Grade Specifications for Washington, D.C.

15

nerates confidential waste paper it still can be included in the recovery program. Shredding of the confidential waste is common practice and it can be sold to the waste

Specifications in contracts vary amongGSA regions and may change annually.Categories that are chosen for contractspecifications are dependent on theindividual contractor and should reflect thecontent of the facility’s specific wastestream.

Segregation of computer printout fromwhite ledger may be economical,depending on recovered quantities, due tothe higher market price. Even whensegregating only high-grade paper, a

lower grade should also be specified inthe contract to reflect the price to be paidfor a contaminated high-grade load.

Minimum pickup quantities must bespecified and may be related to thecontainer types provided (e.g., 4 bales,canvas hampers, trays or pallets of 1-5tons). Scheduling for pickups either forspecific days and times or on an on-callbasis (e.g., within 48 hours of notification),must be specified.

Containers to be supplied by the wastepaper dealer must be specified in the bidalong with the storage requirements ofeach. Some contractors pay a premiumfor baled paper if a low contaminationlevel is guaranteed. Others prefer that thepaper be stored in boxes or bins so thatthey can scan for contaminants priorbaling. Also equipment suchhandcarts, forklifts, balers, shredders,compactors which need to be suppliedthe waste paper dealer shouldspecified in the contractor’s bid.

toas

bybe

The method of pricing pickups is basedupon the contractor weighing the load.Usually the loaded truck is weighed andthe tare weight of the truck plus thecontainers is subtracted from this weight.In GSA’s 1989 contract, a “Waste PaperDelivery Order” form is completed inquadruplicate and signed by both thecontractor and the governmentalrepresentative. Load weights are reportedback to the government on certified scaletickets within two weeks for proper billing.The program coordinator may want toestablish pre-set weights in the contract(estimated weight per container) in orderto provide “ball park” figures on weights atthe time of pickup. It is important that the

16

office or agency maintain close oversightof the weighing and billing procedures inorder to minimize the opportunity for theftor inaccurate weighings.

are available toor at leastcoordinator onup a program.often suggest

set up a recovery programeducate the program

the mechanics of settingThese consulting servicesresources for procuring

Important aspects of a waste paper salescontract are the pricing mechanism andthe term of the contract. Long-termcontracts are preferable but require moreflexible pricing mechanisms (i.e., floatingprices tied to the market value of thepaper) or a periodic revision of the quotedprice per ton. A guaranteed minimumfloor price should be specified in eachcase. One year is considered to be theminimum term of a waste paper salescontract. The Washington, D.C. GSAwaste paper contract is reissued forbidding on a yearly basis and specifies aflat fee per ton of waste paper for eachgrade of paper.

The contract elements discussed aboveapply primarily to waste paper contractsfor pickups at loading docks or centralstorage areas. Other types of contractsinclude “full service” contracts, wherebythe waste paper dealer establishes thefacility’s entire recovery program includingemployee education and paper collectionand handles all waste paper pickups. Theexpenses of these other services wouldbe deducted from the value of the paperyielding a lower unit price per ton paid forthe paper. While these contracts seemattractive, the contractor needs to bequalified in implementing all aspects of theprogram. In addition, the contractor mayoften limit his services to paper pickup atthe dock when paper prices drop, leavingthe program undirected.

Office paper recoveryindependent of waste paper

consultants,dealers, also

collection, educational, and publicitymaterials and may provide educationaltools such as slide shows, videos,posters, and other materials. In otherwords, the information available is vastand the many different ways of devisingcontracts and methods guarantee findinga program geared to your needs.

RENEGOTIATING DISPOSAL SERVICECONTRACTS

Depending upon the region of the countrywhere the facility is located, reducedwaste disposal fees may be the mostsignificant aspect of the cost-effectivenessof a recovery program. The programcoordinator should investigate this inconjunction with the office’s contractservices staff. Waste disposal contractsusually are based upon one of three costaccounting methods: a flat fee per week,month or year; a fee per “pull” or emptyingof the waste storage containers (as well asa fee for renting the containersthemselves), or a fee per ton of wastehauled. The first two are the mostcommon in large office buildings. Thewaste hauler should be contacted tonegotiate a reduction in hauling fees bychanging the flat fee, the number ofcontainers serviced, and/or the number ofpulls needed.

In situations where waste disposal costsmay be included in the lease agreementfor office space (a common occurrencefor Federal agencies), no benefit fromavoided disposal costs accrues to the

17

selecting and distributing desk-top containers

recycling today

organization performing the recycling.Negotiations between the organizationand the landlord regarding changes in thelease agreement must be undertaken toestablish whether savings from reduceddisposal costs may be accounted andcredited towards the organization’s costsfor establishing the recycling program.

DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING THECOLLECTION AND STORAGE SYSTEM

Because it gets people involved andminimizes contamination, the desk-topsystem is emphasized in this manual. Thedesk-top system requires that employeesaccumulate paper at their desks anddeposit it in central containers at theirconvenience. The paper is then collectedfrom central containers and consolidatedin the main storage area by custodial orgeneral service labor groups within thefacility. A simple and reliable system mustbe developed for collecting and storingthe recovered paper. Key components indeveloping and implementing thecollection and storage system include:

●

●

●

●

●

Selecting and distributing easilyidentifiable desk-top or desk-sidecontainers (including the program’slogo and/or motto and instructionsfor use, as illustrated in Exhibit 11).

Determining central containerlocations and selecting anddistributing central containers.

Acquiring and routing collectionpersonnel.

Considering necessary equipment(storage containers, collectionequipment, shredders, etc.).

Acquiring storage space.

EXHIBIT 11It is important to show the logo for recycling directly on thedesktop container. Acceptable materials are printed on one side,unacceptable (contaminants) on the opposite side.

● Determining methods of collectingand storing confidential wastes.

Get everybody participating in theprogram through the distribution ofindividual containers. A variety ofdesk-top containers are availablecommercially through office suppliers andrecycling vendors. Sources for locatingrecycling equipment vendors includemagazines and publications such as

Resource Recycling, Waste Age,and the American

Recycling Market Annual Direc-

tory/Re ference Ma nual, to name a few.Desk-top containers may be availablefrom the waste paper contractor. If, thecontractor is changed, however, there isthe chance that the facility will be leftwithout equipment (unless it is thenpurchased from the contractor directly).GSA can supply containers (cardboard

18

Central container location, selection and distribution

vertical file boxes and central containerswith a lid and slit in the top) to Federalagencies through their catalogue and theCustomer Supply Center in Washington,D.C. They are in the process ofincreasing their availability nationwide.Alternatively, contact the office suppliersused for other supplies or vendors ofrecycling equipment to determine what isavailable for use as desk-top containers.If the style available does not suit yourneeds and you need a large quantity, thenput a design of your own out for bid.

The desk-top containers may be made ofpaperboard or plastic and resemblevertical napkin holders, heavy duty verticalfile folders, vertical boxes, or horizontalin-boxes. However, the selection of apractical desk-top container depends onthe needs and requirements of the specificfacility, aesthetic preferences, andbudgetary constraints. Vertical con-tainers, illustrated in Exhibit 12, are usuallypreferred and recommended by EPAbecause of the large paper capacity and

EXHIBIT 12On the vertical cardboard desk-top folder labels may be used toidentify the purpose of the container and the program.,

reduced amount of desk space requiredwhen compared to horizontal containers.The container selected should be stable,durable, and require a small amount ofdesk space.

A consistent desk-top container style andcolor should be used throughout thepaper recovery program. Each containershould be clearly Iabelled or printedidentifying the program and listing whatcan and cannot be recycled. The labelalso may include the telephone number ofthe program coordinator so thatemployees may call in case of questionsor problems. Since both employees andcollection staff may not speak or readEnglish as their first language, containerinstructions should be multi-lingual asappropriate.

Desk-top containers are supplied to eachemployee, usually during programeducation sessions. At smaller facilities,containers may be distributed toemployees at their desks during or aftereducation sessions. Making sure eachworker has his/her own container willinsure greater participation and, in thelong run, greater overall success.

No program will work without clearorganization -- that is, each participantknowing what to do and where to go.Central containers to serve from 15 to 25employees (for example in office bayareas) and up to 50 employees (in largerstorage areas) should be locatedthroughout the office facility. Locations foreach container depend on the availablespace in the building, local building fire

19

EXHIBIT 13This central container measures 5.0 cubic feet. It is made ofwhite double strength cardboard making it both visible andattractive in the office environment. Note that the acceptable andunacceptable materials are printed on the front.

codes, and practical considerations. Forexample, some fire codes may prohibit theplacement of containers in hallways orentrances. If possible, containers shouldbe stationed in locations accessible andvisible to both general office employeesand collection crews. Central containersshould be placed in computer centers,record rooms, reproduction rooms, andother areas where large volumes of paperare generated.

Central containers may vary in size andshape from 1.5-cubic-foot cardboardboxes to 44-gallon rubber or plasticcylindrical containers with swing lids orone-cubic-yard canvas hampers. Exhibits13 to 16 illustrate various designs andlocations used for central containers.When selecting central containers, theamount of paper generated per area andthe frequency of collections should beconsidered. Small table-top containers

may be suitable for general officelocations with cramped quarters or lowpaper generation rates, while largercontainers or bins may be necessary inareas with high rates of paper generation,such as photocopy rooms. Eachcontainer should have sufficient storagecapacity to hold the paper betweencollections, which may vary from daily toweekly, depending on the program. Firecodes can dictate the choice of centralcontainers. For example, some fire codesmay specify the use of coveredcontainers, such as bins with fire bafflelids. These containers can be purchasedthrough custodial suppliers, the recyclingcontractor or other vendor. Put a designout for bid if the containers available don’tsuit your needs and a large quantity isdesired. Program budgets may play arole in container selection. Programs withavailable funds will probably purchasepermanent containers, such as plastic,rubber or canvas wheeled bins orhampers. Programs with budgetaryconstraints could use empty copy papersupply boxes, but be sure these boxesare clearly marked as recycled papercontainers.

Central containers should be clearlyidentified using the same color andprogram logo used on the desk-topcontainers to avoid being used as trashcontainers or thrown away themselves. Inaddition, a list of acceptable orunacceptable items should be posted onor near each container location. Ifcomputer and high-grade paper arecollected separately, be sure to identifythe type of paper that the container isintended to hold (e.g., “Computer PaperOnly”). Again, Iabelling should be multi-lingual, as appropriate for collection staff

20

acquiring and routing collection personnel

and employees who may not have Englishas their first language.

Some waste paper dealers will providecentral collection containers. However,these containers may not work with thedesired program theme or given spatialconstraints. Regardless of how or wherethey are arranged, container locationsmust be obvious and accessible to theindividual employee.

Paper deposited by employees into thecentral containers must be consolidatedand transferred to the main storage area.Collection personnel perform this task.EPA studies have shown that facilitieshousing from 100 to 500 employees mayuse part-time labor to collect recoveredpaper, while larger facilities (over 2,500employees) will likely have to allocate theequivalent to eight man-hours a day or afull-time position to perform this task. Theamount of paper generated by the facilityand the number of collection stations alsomust be considered to estimate neededcollection labor.

The recycling coordinator should makeevery effort to meet these collection laborneeds with existing staff or contract laborin order to minimize program costs. Mostprograms successfully accomplish recycl-ing collection activities using the existinglabor force, including custodial staff,contractors for furniture moving andfacility maintenance, etc. Custodial staffor other collection labor must bethoroughly trained and educated aboutthe recycling program and their tasks

(especially to avoid mixing of recyclablepaper and trash).

Several options may be available forintegrating waste and paper collectionactivities. Recycled paper and otherremaining wastes may be collected simul-taneously, each deposited in separatebags or bins on a collection cart andtaken to separate storage areas (Exhibit17). With simultaneous collection, effortsmust be made to ensure that therecovered paper is kept separate toprevent contamination. As an alternative,some offices use a rotating collectionsystem in which the custodial staff collectthe separated paper and other wastes onalternate nights. Another method, illus-trated in Exhibit 18, is to keep recycledpaper collection separate from otherwaste collection altogether. In thissituation, one or more members of the

EXH IBIT 14A large waste basket near a copy machine serves as areceptacle for waste paper. Larger containers are necessary inareas with high paper generation rates such as copy areas orcomputer printers.

21

exhibit

EXHIBIT 15This recycling program uses separate stacked bins for centralcollection of various grades of paper. The combination of binscan be adjusted depending on generation rates of each papertype at the collection locations, thus making for a very flexiblesystem,

custodial staff may be assigned toindependently collect recyclable paper.Separate paper collection may also beperformed by other personnel, such asmailroom, supply distribution, main-tenance, general service, or otheravailable service staff. In many cases,contracted maintenance or general ser-vice agreements can be renegotiated toinclude the additional job of papercollection.

When integrating paper collection withexisting office routines, consider thenumber of custodians servicing thebuilding, the nature of their employment(in-house, contract, union), their hourlyavailability (day or night shift), and otherpersonnel who could perform these

duties. If existing personnel cannot beused to perform the consolidationactivities, contracting or hiring someadditional labor may become necessary.In addition, many government agenciesand private organizations participate intemporary or full-time hiring programs forlocal high school or college students,minority or under-privileged groups, or thedisabled.

Paper collection must be supervisedclosely to maintain high participation rates.Reliability can be maximized by avoidinglabor turnover, particularly in largerprograms where familiarity with papercollection points is critical. It is importantto maintain communication with collectionpersonnel regarding changes in theprogram, overflowing central containers,or other key information. For this reason,it may be beneficial to arrange for papercollection operations to be performedduring the day, when the program

16A small collection box near a copy machine saves space butlikely needs to be serviced each day by the collection crew.

22

coordinator and program monitors areavailable to communicate with thecollection staff.

Collection personnel must begin servicingcentral collection containers as soon asthe program begins. In large buildings, itmay be beneficial to conduct a “dry run”before program implementation and toensure that each collector has a floor planshowing where central containers arelocated. In this manner, the collectionstaff becomes familiar with central con-tainer locations and the most practicalcollection routes. A month of programoperation will serve to establish appropri-ate collection routes, the proper frequency

EXHIBIT 17The custodial staff services both the paper and other wastecontainers simultaneously. The paper wastes are collected inclear plastic bags and other waste in black plastic bags.

of collections, and any added laborrequirements.

Collection Equipment

The collection and movement ofrecovered office paper can be integratedwith other materials handling activitieswithin the facility, such as maintenance,mail and supply distribution, or wastecollection. Existing equipment may beavailable for the collection of office paper.Collection and handling equipmentcommonly used in office buildings forpaper recovery programs includes:

Wheeled canvas bins or barrels.

● Mail carts.

● Canvas bags.

● Hand carts, dollies or gurnees.

● Forklifts.

Balers.

If existing equipment is unsuitable orunavailable, leasing of equipment from thewaste paper dealer (as part of thecontract) or purchase of additionalequipment may be necessary. Factors tobe considered when purchasing

equipment include hallway width, doorwaywidth, type of floor covering, and freightelevator size. Wheeled bins are the mostcommon transport equipment (Exhibit 19).Some programs use 44-gallon containersboth to collect and transport the papersimilar to that shown in Exhibit 20. Whenthe central collection container is full, it issimply wheeled to the main storage area,emptied, and returned to the floor orreplaced with an empty container.

23

EXHIBIT 18The paper collection system at this university campus uses student labor to service thecollection containers in the buildings. The program has a vehicle used for transporting paper toa storage area.

If paper is stored in pallet boxes, a palletjack or forklift will be needed to move thefull pallets (each pallet will weigh between1,000 and 1,500 pounds). Collectedpaper can be baled, particularly in build-ings already equipped with a high-speedbaler or when a significant premium canbe obtained for baled paper (Exhibit 21).

Storage Space

Acquiring storage space is an importantstep towards development of a papercollection system. The programcoordinator can play a major role inworking with the building manager andsales contractor to locate and obtainappropriate storage space.

Recovered paper is most often stored inmobile canvas hampers, pallet boxes, orbulk containers. Exhibits 22 and 23illustrate some methods of storage for

wastepaper. Containers may be providedby the waste paper dealer. Consult withthe local waste paper dealer to determinewhich type of containers can be providedand which would be most suitable for usein the building. Indoor storage is usuallyin 1.5-cubic-yard mobile canvas hampersor 2.5-cubic-yard pallet boxes. Bulkcontainers are used when outdoorstorage is necessary and may range from3 to 30 cubic yards.

The amount of storage space needed willbe dictated by the quantity of the papercollected, the requirements of the contractand the method of storage. Mostcontracts require the accumulation of aspecified minimum tonnage before pickup.To determine the necessary space,calculate the number of storagecontainers needed and multiply by thebase square footage of each. Table 1presents rough data necessary to makeestimated calculations of needed space.

24

needed around containers so that they are accessible and conform with fire and safety regulations. Some sales contracts may stipulate specific collection frequencies or pickup days regardless of paper

Canvas carts, usually supplied by the paper vendor can be wheeled to each central container during collection. The lightweight carts facilitate transportation to the storage facility/

TABLE 1Methods of Storage

I

ContainerSpecifications Mobile Hampers Pallets Bulk Containers

Size 1.5 cu. yds. 2.5 cu. yds. 4 cu. yds.

Capacity 400 Ibs. 1,000-1,500 Ibs. 2,000 Ibs.

Floor space 12 Sq. ft. 20 Sq. ft. 30 Sq. ft.requirements per unit

Keep in mind that additional space may be or placed in a temporary storage area and

requirements will depend upon theamount of paper generated between Many officepickup days. If the amount of paper amounts ofproduced between pickup days is known, materials thatthen the storage space requirements canbe calculated using the above data bysimply multiplying the number of con-tainers needed by the space eachrequires.

Accumulated paper should be kept asclose to the point of pickup as possible,perhaps in the basement or loading dockarea of the building. The space should beconvenient to the freight elevator andsecured to prevent potential contami-nation, and tampering with or theft of thepaper. In addition, the space should meetlocal fire code requirements, which mayinclude sprinkler protection or otherprovisions. If space near the loading dock

facilities generate largeconfidential or classifiedare printed on high-grade

EXHIBIT 19

25

distributing the program kick-off memo

EMPLOYEE PUBLICITY ANDEDUCATION

EXHIBIT 20Plastic wheeled containers are often used for collection andstorage. Lids may be required to reduce fire hazards or toprotect the contents from the weather if they are stored outside.

recyclable paper. Regulations oftenrequire these materials to be incinerated,pulped, or shredded. Recycling of thisconfidential wastepaper may be possible.The contracted waste paper dealer needsto be contacted to determine if shreddeddocuments are marketable. Managementof these special wastes may requireseparate collection and secure andseparate storage of the shredded orunshredded confidential paper. Ifseparate collection and/or storage isnecessary, some estimate should bemade of the quantity of confidential paperbeing recycled. Keep in mind thatshredded paper takes up more spacethan flat or crumpled paper.

People are the key to any successfulrecycling effort. No recycling programcan be successful if people don’tparticipate. The success of a sourceseparation program depends uponemployee education, awareness, co-operation, enthusiasm and action. Also,the endorsement and commitment of topmanagement to the program will helpensure success and encourage em-ployees to participate. A vigorouseducation campaign explaining the goalsand mechanics of the program is crucialto establishing initial employee par-ticipation as well as maintaining thatparticipation over time.

Major elements of the educationcampaign are:

●

●

●

●

Distributing a kick-off memorandumfrom the top administrator of theorganization to all personnel.

Scheduling and conducting ed-ucation sessions for management,program monitors, collection staff,and general employees.

Acquiring and/or developing post-ers, slide shows, and other publicitymaterials.

Conducting ongoing publicity andeducation before program start-up.

. . .

The word “Recycle” needs to be spread toeach employee, which can be bestaccomplished with a kick-off memo. Thepurpose of the kick-off memo is to

26

scheduling and conducting the education sessions

demonstrate top-level support andcooperation for the implementation of thepaper recovery program. The memoshould include:

Endorsement of the program bytop-level management and a clearstatement of the organization’s goalto reduce waste.

Environmental and economicbenefits of paper recovery.

Potential for revenues and savingsand where they will go.

Separation and collection pro-cedures and the ease with whichthey can be incorporated into dailyroutines.

Identification of the organization’sprogram coordinator (and programmonitors as appropriate).

EXH IBIT 21Baling may be desirable if large quantities of paper aregenerated by the facility. A waste paper dealer often will acceptbaled paper only if a low level of contamination can beguaranteed by the facility.

● Announcement of the educationalsessions and a schedule of whenthey will be conducted.

Distribution of this memorandum shouldoccur a few weeks prior to the educationsession, leaving sufficient time to ensureemployee attendance and interest.Copies of the memo should be availablefor distribution throughout the course ofthe program. An example of a kick-offmemo is presented in Exhibit 24.

The next step is to inform each workerabout how the program will work. Aschedule of the education sessionsshould accompany the kick-off memo.Attendance at the education sessionsshould be mandatory, and it is importantthat sessions are organized andscheduled to be as convenient as possiblefor all employees.

Employee education sessions shouldinitiate recycling as a way of life. Once anemployee has attended the session, (s)heimmediately begins participating in theprogram. All other aspects of theemployee education program includingposters and other publicity materials,should be in place prior to the educationsessions.

How sessions are scheduled will dependon the facility’s management, size, andavailable meeting space. Many or-ganizations already have procedures forconducting employee education activities.When scheduling sessions consider thefollowing:

27

●

●

●

●

Conduct sessions for managementprior to distribution of the kick-offmemo. Informed managers will bebetter able to communicate theimportance of attendance to theirsubordinates.

Educate program monitors, col-lection staff, and other personnelinvolved in program operationsprior to the general office sessions.They must have a working knowl-edge of program mechanics beforeimplementation.

Arrange follow-up briefings forthose employees who are unable toattend the initial sessions.

Arrange sessions in mid-morningand mid-afternoon; avoid sched-uling at lunch (unless employeesare agreeable to “brown-bag”sessions), the beginning and end of

the day, and near holidays.

Education sessions should be no longerthan 15 to 20 minutes, and should includea formal presentation and time forquestions and answers. Include thefollowing key elements in the formalpresentation:

●

●

●

●

A concise description of theprogram operation.

Pictures or displays of all collectionequipment.

Detailed description of acceptableand non-acceptable items stressingthe importance of keeping con-taminants out of sorted paper.

A description of the environmentalbenefits of paper recycling and theend products of the recyclingprocess (tissue, recycled office

EXHIBIT 22Paper can be stored in 3 cubic yard, roll away containers. Generation rate, collection schedule, andstorage area will determine the type of storage containers best suited for a facility.

28

developing or procuring publicity materials

I

paper, etc.).

Slide shows or videos can be effectivemeans to convey these key aspects of theprogram, along with posters and displaysof acceptable and unacceptable items,and desk-top and central collectioncontainers. Posters and flyers shouldappear several days before the firstemployee education session. Exhibit 25 isa poster that was used to announce theinitiation of an office paper recyclingprogram.

Desk-top containers should be distributedduring or immediately following theeducation sessions. It is helpful to place a“how to” memo in the container high-lighting the reasons for recycling andimportant features of the program, how itworks, the types of acceptable paper,central container locations, and a tele-phone number to call in case of questions.

Employees should leave the session andbegin recycling as soon as they return totheir desks. New employees shouldreceive the same information andhandouts including their own desk-topcontainer during orientation and/ortraining on their first day.

No successful program is withoutcontinual monitoring and reminders. Initialpublicity materials such as posters and“how to” memos should be available at thetime the education sessions are held.Publicity materials aimed at the employeeshould support and reinforce theinformation provided during the educationsessions and should continually remind

EXHIBIT 23Canvas bins on rollers can be used for collection, transportationto the storage area and as storage between collections by thewaste paper dealer, The bins also can be stacked inside eachother when not in use so that less space is utilized betweencollections.

employees of the program and the rolethey play in making it successful. Publicitytools include:

Program logos and slogans.

Posters.

Newsletters and news articles.

Brochures, leaflets, and memos.

A program logo or slogan can serve asthe key unifying and identifying element inan office paper recovery program. A logocan be repeated on essentially all physicalcomponents in the program, includingdesk-top and central collection containers,posters, and other publicity materials. Aseries of items exhibiting a recyclingprogram logo is presented in Exhibit 26.

Posters, as illustrated in Exhibit 27,designating acceptable and non-acceptable materials may be used to markcentral container locations or just toannounce and reinforce the program.Posters serve as strong visual reminders

29

TO: ALL ABC COMPANY EMPLOYEESFROM: JANE DOE, PRESIDENTDATE: MAY 24, 1989SUBJECT: OFFICE PAPER RECYCLING AT ABC COMPANY

Studies show that each office worker throws away an average of a half-pound ofrecyclable paper every day. That’s the equivalent of (X) tons a year from our officealone. This means that over (Y) trees and (Z) gallons of oil are needed each year justto keep our office afloat in paper. 1 We’re starting a recycling program to put thispaper to better use. By recycling, we’ll lower our garbage disposal costs, earnrevenue from the sale of our paper, and do our part to improve the environment.

Participation in this program will require only small changes in your daily habits. Youwill be given a desk-top container for storing white paper and computer paper. Whenyour desk-top container is full, simply empty the contents into the central containernearest your desk. The locations of the central containers will be:

NEXT TO ALL OF THE COPY MACHINES;ROOMS 200,319, AND 452;OUTSIDE THE COFFEE ROOM.

Please attend a short orientation session to learn more about how the program works.Three fifteen minute sessions have been scheduled for June 15, 1989. The sessionswill start at 9:30 AM, 10:30 AM, and 1:30 PM. Your supervisor has a sign up sheet.

Your participation in this program does make a difference! For every piece of paperyou recycle, you will:

. Protect the environment and save natural resources.

. Conserve scarce landfill space.

● Save money for our company.

If you have any questions about the program, please contact JOHN SMITH, atExtension 4635. Thanks for your cooperation.

1 X = (#OF EMPLOYEES) X (0.5 LBS.) X (240 WORKING DAYS PER YR)/2,000 LBS.Y = (17 trees) x (X tons of paper)Z = (682.5 gallons of oil) x (X tons of paper)

Reference: Your office Paper Recycling Guide. San Francisco Recycling Program.

EXHIBIT 24

A model for a typical kick-off memo for announcing an office paper recycling program.,

30

ongoing publicity and education

I

and should be updated from time to timeto reinforce participation in the program.

In-house or company newsletters,newspaper articles, brochures, memos,and notices also serve as constantreminders of program operation. They areeffective tooIs in the initial and continuingeducation of employees. Thesecommunications convey changes inprocedures or program pro-gress/performance.

It may be desirable to publicize the paperrecovery program in the local newspaperand/or the organization’s newsletter.Such a measure improves public relationsand boosts employee morale and support

EXHIBIT 25To announce the education sessions that kick-off the recyclingprogram, posters are placed throughout the office so thatemployees are notified.

of the program. Paper recycling can be avisible demonstration of the office “goodneighbor policy”. Unlike the Federalgovernment, private businesses may beable to donate proceeds to localcommunity groups or charities. Suchefforts are well worth publicizing to thecommunity and other interested parties.

Memos, newsletters, and brochures canbe produced in-house or by outsideservices which specialize in production ofposters, slide shows, or videos. Somepublicity materials may be availablethrough Federal, municipal, or privateorganizations. Both GSA and EPA aredeveloping outreach materials to assistagencies in educating employees onrecycling. If the recycling program ismandated through local or statelegislation, then check with the overseeingagency regarding assistance to conductthe employee education campaign.Alternatively, check with local waste paperdealers or recycling consultants foravailable materials and program start-upservices. In other words, use all theresources available to keep up themomentum and enthusiasm that has beenestablished in the program.

The publicity and education campaignsshould be continuous. There must beimmediate and sustained reinforcement ofthe changing habits required for recycling.It must be clear that the program ispermanent and that it will work onlythrough the cooperation of all participants.Ongoing publicity materials shouldhighlight program accomplishments,contamination problems, program

31

modifications, and revenues that havebeen received from the sale of the paper.A continuing employee education programcan assure increasing participation, whileplacing few demands on employees.Another aspect of ongoing education isnew employee orientation. It is essentialthat new employees are well informedabout the program through literature,handouts, orientation sessions, etc.(Exhibit 28).

CONTINUING PROGRAM OPERATION

Office paper recovery programs requirecontinued administration on the part ofbuilding management and the programcoordinator to sustain employeeenthusiasm and cooperation. Ongoing

administrative aspects include:

Stabilizing and monitoring programoperations.

Providing assistance as needed toemployees.

Coordinating with sales con-tractors.

Recordkeeping of costs andrevenues.

Monitoring recovery rates andparticipation.

Reporting successes and problemsto management and employees.

Program start-up will identify problemareas, such as in distribution of con-

EXHIBIT 26Logos and slogans can be reproduced on a multitude of items used every day so that theprogram is well publicized and there are constant visual reminders to recycle.,

32

exhibit 28

tainers or missed collections of centralcontainers. The program coordinator willneed to work closely with the collectionstaff to resolve any collection problems. Itmay be necessary to adjust collectionfrequencies, container locations, andcollection routes. These and othertrouble-shooting adjustments should beidentified and resolved quickly by thecoordinator. On an ongoing basis, theprogram coordinator should communicatespecific problems or changes to thecollection staff.

Program monitors should ensure thatcentral container locations are kept neatand orderly and that central containers are

EXHIBIT 27The poster above serves as a constant reminder for employeesto recycle, lists the types of wastes to be placed in eachreceptacle, and clearly identifies which basket receives eachtype of waste.

Educate new employees about the recycling program duringtheir orientation. A coffee mug with the program’s logo willwelcome them into the program.

emptied regularly. In addition, monitorscan screen containers for excesscontaminants and answer employeequestions. Monitors also may beinstructed to routinely screen waste-baskets for the presence of recyclablepaper and distribute reminders to thoseemployees not participating in theprogram. A list of the program monitorswill need to be updated as personnelchanges occur and periodic trainingscheduled for newly appointed monitors.

The telephone number of the programcoordinator and monitor should be listedin the office directory and distributed toemployees. Employees should beencouraged to call to report overflows,ask questions, or request specialassistance when they anticipategenerating large amounts of paper. Extracontainers can be made available foroffice clean-ups and other non-routineactivities.

Open communication between theprogram coordinator and the waste paperdealer is another key element of program

33

operation. The program coordinatorshould work closely with shipping andreceiving personnel to schedule paperpickups and ensure that the paper isproperly organized for pickup. Thecoordinator should also work with thewaste paper dealer to solve problemssuch as excessive downgrading of paperor late pickups.

The program coordinator should track theprogress and effectiveness of the paper

recovery efforts by tabulating recoveryrates, program operation costs, andrevenues from the sale of paper. Theserecords may provide information forongoing publicity memos for employees,progress reports for management, andhelp to determine the average quantity ofpaper recovered per employee. All thesehelp to portray the success of theprogram and generate further interest andcompliance.

34

avoided disposal costs

PROJECTING THE ECONOMICS OF PAPER RECOVERY

COST FACTORS IN PAPER RECOVERY

Office paper recovery can beeconomically successful! The costeffectiveness of a high-grade paperrecovery program depends on threeprimary factors: avoided disposal costsdue to reducing the present costs ofwaste disposal, proceeds from the sale ofwaste paper, and the costs of initiatingand operating a recycling program.Although avoided costs of disposal andprogram operation costs are not alwaystracked separately for Federally-implemented paper recovery programs,some attention given to improving andmanaging these components will lead tomore cost- effective recycling efforts.

One of the benefits of recycling is thatwaste disposal costs can be avoidedsince the waste is recycled rather thandisposed. To assess avoided disposalcosts related to recycling of paper wastes,first an estimate must be made of thequantities of high-grade paper expected tobe removed from the total waste stream.Second, an evaluation must be made ofthe waste removal service pricing method.This might be structured as a flat fee pertime period, a fee per “pull” (emptying ofcontainers), or a fee per ton of wastehauled. The first two methods are themost common in large office buildings.

The quantity of high-grade paper that canbe removed from the waste stream is

dependent upon the type of businessinvolved. Typically financial and insur-ance institutions generate the greatestamounts of high-grade waste paper whencompared to other institutions such asgeneral office buildings. The mostcommon types of high-grade papercomputer printout and white ledger.

The quantity of high-grade paper thatbe recovered can be estimated

are

willby

instituting a pilot recycling program-,conducting a waste stream analysis, orsimply making assumptions about wastepaper generation rates per employeeusing data derived from other in-placerecycling programs. Each of thesemethods was previously discussed in thesection on the Feasibility Study.

The avoided disposal costs are thedifference between your current disposalcosts and the costs for disposing of onlynonrecyclable wastes. Examine thecurrent disposal contract and determinethe costs of collecting/hauling thenonrecyclable waste. The waste haulershould be contacted to negotiate areduction in hauling fees by changing theflat fee, the number of containers serviced,and/or the number of pulls needed.

The average monthly or yearly disposalcosts may not be influenced by reductionin waste tonnage or volume due torecycling. For instance, facilities thatdispose of bulk items such as woodpallets and corrugated boxes may notsignificantly reduce the volume of theirwaste without compacting. As a result,

35

the storage and collection frequencyrequirements would remain unchanged,even though the hauling weight would bereduced. In addition, disposal costreductions may be precluded by:

Existing contractual agreementswith the hauler and/or pricingmechanisms that limit negotiatingcost reductions based upon flowreductions.

Leasing arrangements that preventnegotiating cost reductions inrented buildings where the lessorhas the responsibility for disposalcontracts.

In facilities studied by EPA in the 1970s,the disposal cost was reduced by abouthalf the percentage that the waste streamwas reduced. For example, if the weightof the waste stream was reduced by 40percent after program implementation, a20 percent reduction in disposal costresulted. This relationship indicates theimportance of tracking avoided disposalcosts to support a paper recoveryprogram.

Proceeds from the Sae of Waste paperI

The proceeds from the sale of wastepaper depend upon the quantity of papergenerated, the level of contamination, thetransportation costs to get the product tothe market, and the general state of thesecondary paper market.

Current market prices for one ton ofloose, unbaled high-grade paper can beobtained through industrial publications orlocal manufacturers that directly userecycled paper. The Fiber Market News

price quotes are for paper FOB (Free OnBoard - no shipping costs) at the facilityloading dock. Mill Trade Journ al quotesprices for paper FOB at the mill dock,whereas the price quoted in the Official_Board Markets publication is FOB at themill, baled and in boxcar loads (minimumamounts). In addition, local waste paperdealers can provide current prices forrecycled high-grade paper specific to localconditions and transportation costs. Anexample of published mill prices for May1989 is presented in Table 2. For allregions the price paid per ton forcomputer paper was 3 to 4 times higherthan that paid for sorted white ledger. Forboth paper types the highest prices arepaid in the West while dealers in the East,Mid-west, and South are receivingconsiderably lower prices for their wastepaper.

Federal, state, and some localgovernment agencies have procurementservice branches such as GSA and DLAwhich already may have waste papercontracts in place in specific U.S. regions.These agencies should be contacted forcurrent prices and relevant provisions ofthe contracts.

For most Federal agencies, collectedwaste paper is considered to be theproperty of the U.S. Government.Consequently, proceeds from the sale ofrecycled paper are deposited in the U.S.Treasury, as required by 40 USC Section485(a), Federal Property AdministrativeServices Act of 1949. Thus, revenuesderived from a specific Federal facility’sprogram most often cannot be used tooffset recycling program costs directly.(However, proposed Federal legislationmay change this requirement and enable

36

costs of implementing a recycling programindividual Federal agencies to controlthese proceeds from recycling programs.)A few civilian agencies may be exemptfrom this requirement due to the way inwhich their funds have been appropriated.Program coordinators in Federal agenciesshould contact their general counsel andGSA to ensure that revenues are returnedto the proper entity.

Proceeds from the sale of recyclable atthe military department or department ofdefense are used for operational costs ofthe program. The balance exceedingoperation and maintenance of theprogram is split evenly. Fifty percent goestowards energy conservation programsand occupational health and safetyactivities. The remaining proceeds arecredited to a military welfare and moraleaccount at the installation. Amounts inexcess of $2,000,000 per fiscal year aredeposited in the Treasury. (U.S. CodeMilitary Construction codification Act, Oct.1, 1982, Title 10, Section 2577).

The costs for implementing a recyclingprogram vary among programs and withtime. Initially, a high-grade waste paperrecycling program is likely to increaseboth administrative and custodial (orcollection) labor, and costs for publicity,educational materials, containers,equipment, and perhaps, storage space.The largest administrative costs typicallyentail start-up costs that occur over thefirst several months. Once the program isin place and fine-tuned, then theadministrative costs should decline and belimited to trouble-shooting the program onan as-needed basis.

Other costs required to initiate a programdepend on the type of facility (size,complexity, and outlay) as well as thesupport and cooperation from manage-ment, employees, and out-of-housecontractors (i.e., custodial services and

TABLE 2

MILL PRICES FOR HIGH-GRADE WASTE PAPER(May 1989)

PRICES (per ton)

Sorted ComputerRegion White Ledger Printout

East $55-60 $200-210Mid-West $65-75 $205-215South $55-65 $200-210West $70-80 $300-310

Source: Official Board Markets, 65 (19), May 13, 1989.

37

waste disposal services). Many of thesecost components are listed in Table 3,along with estimates of requirements forprogram start-up and operation.

As an example, custodial laborrequirements often can be met through anexisting custodial service contract. ManyFederal agencies have existing clauses intheir contracts that require waste paperpickups. Alternatively, the existingcustodial service contract may requirerevision. Estimated labor requirements forcustodial services are given in Exhibit 29.

Purchases or capital outlays neededinclude containers for separating andcollecting (and sometimes storing) thewaste paper, and educational andpublicity materials. Containers for theseparation and collection of waste paperwill need to be purchased commercially,entailing desk-top containers (at least oneper employee) and central collectioncontainers (about one per 20 employees).These containers can be obtained fromoffice supply or custodial supplycompanies. The recycling contractor mayalso be able to supply central collectioncontainers. Alternatively, some agenciesdesign specific desk-top and centralcontainers and request that manufacturerssupply these units throughprocess. Table 3 presentsestimated costs for desk-topcontainers obtained fromsources.

a biddinga range ofand central

all these

Storage containers, depending on sizedesired or needed, range anywhere fromunder $500 for a 4 cu. yd. front loader tomore than $3,000 for a 30 cu. yd. roll-offcontainer. Because containers for storing

waste paper at a loading dock typicallyare provided by waste paper dealers, theywere not included in the expenditure table.

Additional collection equipment may beneeded, depending on the facility’srequirements. Some waste paper dealersprovide wheeled central storagecontainers to ease inter-facility transport tosecondary containers, thereby reducingpaper handling labor by eliminatingtransfers at the central storage area.Compactors or paper balers may need tobe purchased or leased to reduce papervolumes if there is little available storagespace to be acquired. Associatedequipment might include pallets, forklifts,and roll-off containers, depending on thesize of the program.

Storage space for containers may alreadybe available at the loading dock, oradditional space may need to be leased(or purchased) from the landlord orowner. Additional space requirementscan be minimized by arranging for morefrequent pickups by the recyclingcontractor.

Costs for educational and publicitymaterials (such as posters and labels forthe containers) and memos or brochuresto inform employees about the programcan be minimized by in-house productionof the items. Once a program isimplemented, further use of low-costnewsletters or other news bulletins shouldbe made to reduce publicity costs. Theposters can be reissued every couple ofyears to revitalize interest in the program.Estimated costs for educational andpublicity materials are given in Table 3.

38

TABLE 3

ASSUMPTIONS USED IN ESTIMATING RATES, TIME, ANDEXPENDITURES ASSOCIATED WITH WASTE PAPER RECOVERY PROGRAMS

A) Mixed High-Grade Paper Recovery

General offices or offices w/o 0.5 lbs/employee/day (l)significant computer usage

(assume computer printoutgeneration is much lessthan for white ledger)

Banks and insurance companies or 1.0 lbs/employee/day (2)offices w/significant computerusage

(assume computer printoutgeneration is equal to orgreater than that for whiteledger)

B) Percent Recovery 60- 70%(3)

C) Weight-to-Volume Conversion 1 ton = 5 cu/yd non-compacted(for loose paper)

= 3 cu/yd compacted

D) Administrative Labor for theRecycling Coordinator

1. Start-up labor 10 hrs/100 employees/month(during months 1 &2)

2. Labor to maintain the program 2.25 hrs/100 employees/month(for month 3+)

E) Custodial labor to pick up 8 hrs/100 employees/month(4)waste paper from central containers

39

$2/container/employee

($1 - $4)

TABLE 3 (continued)

F) Containers

1. Desktop containers

paperboard/plasticfile folder to upright

2. Central containers w/lids

20 gal. plastic $25/container/20 employees(5)32 gal. plastic $25/container/20 employees(5)44 gal. plastic $35-45/container/20 employees(5)36 gal. paperboard $4.50/container/20 employees(5)

G) Publicity and Education

Posters (purchased) $25/poster/central containerLabels (purchased) $0.50/sticker/containerMemos/Brochures $0.25/person

(produced in-house)

H) Life Period

Life of paperboard containers 5 years or lessLife of plastic containers 10 yearsLife of educational materials 2 years

Notes:-

(1) This value is sensitive to the amount of computer printout generated and is assumed to be a conservative value.(2) With the advent of increased computerization, waste paper generation also has increased. This is a conservative value, e.g.,

utilities that are highly computerized have been shown to collect 1.7 lbs./employee/day. While it is common to collectcomputer printout and white ledger separately because of the higher value of computer printout, no breakdown is givenhere because it is highly facility-specific.

(3) For use with waste stream analysis studies only. Values given in “A” already incorporate this assumption.(4) Refers to Exhibit 29. Labor Requirements for Collection of Recovered Paper.(5) Any combination will work; remembering that 20 people generating high- grade waste paper at a rate of 0.5 lb/day will fill a

space equal to 25 gallons in one week.

40

50

man hours/month

exhibit 29

I

COMPARISON OF SOLID WASTEDISPOSAL COSTS WITH AND WITHOUTRECYCLING

The cost effectiveness of implementing ahigh-grade waste paper recycling programcan best be illustrated by comparing costsfor solid waste disposal at a facility beforerecycling is implemented (currentsituation) versus after recycling isimplemented (proposed situation).Typically, the comparison is estimated forone year due to lack of long-termfixed-price contracts for waste disposaland waste paper sales. Costs andcomputations should include capitalexpenditures and operation andmaintenance (O&M) costs. In order todevelop an annual cost for the upcomingyear, capital expenditures are convertedto annual costs by dividing eachexpenditure by the estimated useful life(number of years) of the capital item.Operation and maintenance costsnormally are tracked as annual costs.

Table 4 is a worksheet used to aid in thecomputation of costs for solid wastedisposal with or without recyclingactivities. The worksheet will help indicatepotential savings gained after im-plementation of a paper recoveryprogram. Items listed in the worksheetare monthly and annual O & M and capitalcosts laid out for program operations. Toannualize a capital cost for an item, it mustbe divided by its expected life period(obtained from Table 3).

The only way that program success canbe gauged economically, is throughcareful tracking of costs continuallythroughout the life of the program. Thosevalues used in the Table 4 worksheet mayonly be ballpark figures, yet theirusefulness in determining the feasibility ofa paper recovery program should not beunderestimated.

350-.MAN HOURS/MONTH = (NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES) X

300.(0.07 COLLECTION MAN HOURS/EMPLOYEE/MONTH)

250 _

200-

150-

100-

0

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES HOUSED WITHIN THE FACILITY

Labor requirements for collection of recovered paper.

41

42

TABLE 4

WORKSHEET FOR COMPARISON OF SOLID WASTEDISPOSAL COSTS WITH AND WITHOUT RECYCLING

ANNUAL

PRESENT DISPOSAL COSTS:Disposal $Equipment +$

Custodial Labor +$

Revenue From Any CurrentRecycling Program -$

TOTAL $

DISPOSAL COSTS AFTER IMPLEMENTATION:Disposal Costs for Reduced

Waste Volume1 $Labor - Administrative +$

Custodial +$

Equipment -Desk-top Containers +$

Central Containers +$

Storage, etc. +$

Publicity/Educational InformationPosters +$

Labels +$

Brochures/Memos +$

SUBTOTAL $

Waste Paper Sales Revenues2 -$

Net Recycling Disposal Costs $

SAVINGS:=

Present Disposal Net Recycling Net Savings (Costs)

Costs Total Disposal Costs

1 Determine the reduced waste volumes resulting from recycling and contact your waste disposal company to determinereduced costs.

2 Contact waste paper dealers or consult market listings for the current value of your waste paper with or without pickup.

ARRIVING AT SUCCESS AND

BEYOND TO THE FUTURE PROGRAM

Through a concerted recycling effort thecurrent solid waste crisis can be turnedback before it worsens. Businesses andoffices instituting high-grade waste papercollection programs can help reclaim agreat deal of the 41 percent of solid wastemade of paper . If each employee can bemade to feel that they take part equallyand enthusiastically in a greaterof social good, then a paperprogram can successfullycomplished. Key componentsprogram include:

Management support.

Designating a capablecoordinator.

programrecoverybe ac-of any

program

Effective program monitors.

Conducting an effective employeepublicity and education program.

Developing and implementing areliable collection system.

Reliable storage and removal.

Establishing an appropriate Iong-term marketing arrangement (i.e., apaper sales contract).

Establish periodic program mon-itoring to quantitatively assessprogress.

are a plethora of reasons toimplement a successful recyclingprogram. Source separation andrecycling of high-grade paper helps toconserve timber, water, and energy

resources with benefit to the economyand our nation’s environment. Recyclingreduces the solid waste quantitiesgenerated by office buildings and thus canreduce building management costs.High-grade paper recovery programsusing the desk-top containers havedemonstrated high levels of participationand help to educate employees aboutrecycling. This education can have farreaching effects, since employees maystart to recycle as part of their daily routineat home and pass on the message tofamily members and friends.

After the office paper recovery program isoperating successfully, the organizationcan further increase its recycling effortsby instituting separation programs forbeverage containers and other papergrades, for example. Office recyclingprograms can be more effective byincreasing the office’s use of materials andproducts that are recyclable rather thandisposable. One method is to reduce theamount of non-recoverable paper

(co lored, coa ted. etc.) procured for use inthe office. For example, in the District ofColumbia, the Council of Governments isurging offices to avoid using non-recyclable yellow legal paper.

Promote waste reduction efforts in theoffice by encouraging employees toreduce their waste generation. Makedouble-sided copies, use the blank side ofused paper as scratch paper, andcirculate less in-house paper (by using

43

electronic mail communication or routingmemos by department rather thandistributing them to each employee).

Less waste can be generated through thepurchase of more durable goods in lieu ofdisposals; refilling rather than replacingcartridges for printers; procurement ofmore supplies in bulk to avoid over-packaging, and purchase of surplus orsecond hand supplies, equipment, andfurniture. In short, get everyone thinking“conservation”.

Finally, recycling does not end withcollection of recyclables. As illustrated inthe three arrow recycling symbol, thesystem is continuous and the recyclingprocess is complete only if manufacturersand consumers use and demandproducts made of recycled materials.Federal agencies and other organizations

should purchase products made fromrecycled paper. In many areas, Federaland state laws require and encourageprocurement of recycled materials such asretreaded tires, recycled oil, etc.Purchasing recycled materials ensuresthat there is a demand for the papercollected through recycling programs.

Recycling, waste reduction, andpurchasing recycled materials by Federal,state and other offices are importantpieces in solving the solid waste puzzle.Implementing a successful office paperrecycling program as outlined in thismanual is one way for Federal and otheroffices to help meet our national goal of25% recycling and reduction of waste andto set the tone for others to follow. Byeasing the landfill capacity dilemma wecan help ourselves and preserve thefuture for coming generations.

44

CASE STUDY

EPA HEADQUARTERS, WASHINGTON, D.C.

This case study describes EPA’shigh-grade waste paper recovery programthat was initiated in 1975 at the EPAheadquarters at Waterside Mall, 401 MStreet S.W., in Washington, D.C. Adesk-top system was employed forseparation and collection of waste paper.

The program was publicized through theslogan “Use it Again, Sam”. This programwas introduced to employees throughmemos and pamphlets (Exhibit 30). Blackplastic desktop holders were distributed toeach employee, and secondary collectioncontainers (one per 20 employees) wereplaced throughout the office. Thesecondary containers were cardboardboxes (approximately 2’ x 1.5’ and 0.75’high) and were used for paper collectionfrom nearby desk-top containers. Paperwas collected from the cardboardcontainers by the custodial staff andstored at the loading dock in a centralstorage area. GSA’s Office of PublicBuildings and Real Property (OPR) andtheir Buildings Management Division,assigned and funded personnel tooversee the program while the GSAFederal Supply Service supervised theassigned personnel. From 1975 to 1978,an estimated 400 tons of high-grade paperwas collected and recycled, generating agross revenue of $15,000.

In 1978, EPA shifted the responsibility forfloor-to-floor waste paper collecting fromtheir custodial contractors to their contractin-house movers, Trans- Continental, Inc.

In 1982, GSA initiated a program forimplementing high-grade waste paperrecovery at all Federal agencies in theNational Capital Region. This programstarted with 28 targeted buildings but waslater discontinued at most of the locationsdue in part to the declining value of wastepaper. EPA (at Waterside Mall) and threeother buildings housing Department ofAgriculture offices continued the recoveryprogram.

The collection of high-grade waste papercontinued at a marginal level at EPA untilabout 1988. Problems cited in theprogram included the lack of activeprogram management including employeeeducation; contractor problems for wastepickups; difficulties in obtaining recycleboxes from the Federal Supply Service;and insufficient recordkeeping to track theeconomics of the program.

Recyc Iing Work Group

In 1988, EPA sought to increase recyclingof solid wastes. In February of that year,EPA established a “Recycling WorkGroup” to help the agency attain the goalof 75 percent recycling of agency whitepaper wastes by December 1989. TheWork Group makes recommendations toEPA’s Facilities Management ServicesDivision which currently administers thehigh-grade waste paper collectionprogram. Funding for the Work Group isthrough the budgets of the Office ofAdministration and Resources Man-

45

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYWASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

‘

OFFICE OFSOLID WASTE AND EMERGENCYRESPONSE

SUBJECT: PAPER RECYCLING AT WATERSIDE MALL

FROM: Russell E. Train

TO: All EPA Employees

Our Agency will soon initiate at Waterside Mall the first federal paperrecycling program in the Washington, D.C. area. The object of this programis to recycle all the high-grade white and off-white wastepaper we generateat Waterside Mall. As you may know, EPA has proposed that all federalagencies recycle their high-grade wastepaper. We hope our program willserve as an example for these agencies. As we approach the Agency’s fifthanniversary, it is significant that this program presents a rare opportunityfor every individual to contribute personally and tangibly to a collectivelysignificant environmental improvement effort.

By recycling our high-grade wastepaper, we can recover over half of allthe waste that leaves EPA’s buildings. A contract recently signed for saleof our paper will bring revenues of approximately $50 per ton to the U.S.Treasury. This is in addition to the fact that recycling conserves energyand natural resources and protects our land from overburdens of waste.

The recycling program at Waterside Mall will be simple; only smallchanges in our daily habits are required. Each employee will have adesk-top container into which he or she will place white and off-whitewastepaper. When the container is filled, about once a week, the employeewill empty the accumulated paper into a designated box at convenientlylocated recycling stations on each floor. These stations will be clearlymarked with our USE IT AGAIN, SAM slogan and will be located at a placewhich each employee frequents in the course of his or her normal businessday.

A series of slide shows will be given to acquaint each employee withthe program. A schedule of these will be distributed within the next twoweeks. I urge each of you to attend. In addition to the slide shows, theOffice of Solid Waste Management Programs will provide assistance asrequired.

Within the next week, program coordinators from that office willidentify convenient recycling station locations and answer questions.

The success of this program depends upon everyone’s cooperation.

EXHIBIT 30

The program kick-off memo used at EPA headquarters to introduce the paper recovery program.

46

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Paper Recycling Program

agement and the Office of Solid Waste telephone number to call for paper

and Emergency Response. pickup, and a contact for in-formation requests on the program.

Work Group initiatives conducted during ● Recommending that the Crystal1988 and 1989 in conjunction with the City and Fairchild buildings housinghigh-grade waste paper recovery program EPA employees be included in theinclude: waste paper collection program in

Hiring one full-time employee toaddress in-house recyclingprograms at EPA and outreach toother Federal agencies.

Designating one official recyclingcoordinator/monitor for eachprogram office within EPA.

Making spot checks at EPA officesin Waterside Mall; noting theabsence of recycle boxes,distributing cards (see Exhibit 31)to each office reminding them that

place at Waterside Mall.

● Conducting a one-week wastestream analysis to estimate theeffectiveness of the paper recoveryprogram and distributing a memoto employees reporting the results.

● Implementing a “friendly” ad-ministrative enforcement programwhereby recycle reminders will beposted when spot visual checksreveal inadequate programparticipation at a given office(Exhibit 32).

desk-top and secondary containers\

are available free of charge at the ● Including information about re-

supply store, distributing recycling cycling into new

boxes, providing them with a orientation sessions.employee

● Desk Top Containers and Boxes are available --FREE-- at theSupply Store (G-100)

● FOR PAPER PICK-UP CALL 382-2140

● For general information on the EPA Recycling Program

call:

Look for Glass & Aluminum Recycling Programs Soon!

EXHIBIT 31

A 3x5 inch card was distributed to employees when an absence of recycling containers is noted.

47

EPA's White Paper Recycling program. Recycle all: white letterhead paper, white computer paper, white photocopier paper, white bond paper, (staples need not be removed. paperclips and binder clips mus

. Placing signs over copiers urgingtwo-sided copying.

In conjunction with these activities at EPA,GSA revised their high-grade waste paperpickup contracts in 1988 and 1989. Thestandard contract was changed to reflecta price consistent with the market value ofthe paper. The price-per-ton forhigh-grade waste paper (white ledger andcomputer paper) was increased from $30under the 1988 contract to $80 under the

Planned activities discussed during theWork Group meetings include thefollowing:

. Replacing the secondary con-tainers with a smaller size (i.e., 1.5’by 1.0’ by 0.75’).

. Conducting another waste streamanalysis in 1989 to monitor theprogram’s success.

l Increasing efforts for procurement1989 contract. of recycled paper products

The above messages are printed each on one side of a card and hung on the doorknob of an employee’soffice if it appears they have been discarding recyclable material in the trash.

48

Monthly Quantities of High-Grade Wastepaper Collected at EPA Headquarters (December 1986-April 1989). Pounds of high-grade wastpaper collected. Months: Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

●

including letterhead, copy paper frequencies to meet the needs of the

and business cards. expanding program.

Continuing efforts for recyclingother materials (glass and Current program Operations

aluminum) inside the EPA building.

In addition, the Work Group is expandingthe high-grade paper recovery program toinclude bulk paper grades andnewspapers in compliance with the Districtof Columbia’s recycling mandate. Thus,EPA is purchasing desk-top and centralcollection containers for collecting variousgrades of paper. The Recycling WorkGroup and coordinator have stepped up

Exhibit 33 illustrates the trends in monthlyquantities of waste paper collected at EPAheadquarters over the past threecontracts (1986-87, 1987-88 and1988-89). Each succeeding contractperiod surpassed the other in totalquantity collected:

185.5 tons in 1986-87 at $30.00/tonfor white ledger for a total of

employee education efforts and collection $5,565.

49

269 + 250 tons/1 year x 2000 lbs/ton x 1/6600 employees x 1 year/240 working days = 0.66 pounds/employee/day

268.7 tons in 1987-88 at $30.00/tonfor white ledger for a total of$8,061.

● 403 tons of high-grade paper at$80.00/ton were collected duringFY 1988-89 for a total of $32,240.

The effectiveness of the program at EPAwas evaluated in 1988 through a wastestream composition study by FranklinAssociates Ltd. and NUS Corporation.The study entailed a one-week physicalsampling of wastes generated in the threeleased EPA buildings (Waterside Mall,Crystal City, and Fairchild). During the1988 fiscal year, EPA collected andrecycled about 269 tons of high-gradewaste paper. A comparison of the surveyresults estimate that 250 tons ofhigh-grade paper was disposed (notrecovered) during the same time period.Thus, approximately 52 percent of thehigh-grade waste stream was recoveredsuccessfully. Approximately 6,600 EPAemployees occupy the three buildings.

Estimates of waste generation rates forhigh-grade paper were made on the basisof the waste composition study andamounts of recoverable paper. Thecomputations shown below indicate a rateof 0.66/pounds/employee/day.

Current operations (1989) for EPA’sprogram involve a staff of three laborersthat empty the secondary containers ateach of the three EPA buildings, withsubsequent transport and storage at theloading dock at Waterside Mall. (Fairchild

and Crystal City do not have adequatestorage space.) Waterside Mall isserviced by this staff once per day.Fairchild is serviced twice per week andCrystal City is serviced once per week.Crystal City and Fairchild were added tothe program in 1988. Collection of wastepaper at these two facilities is limited tothe use of 44-gallon plastic barrels atcentral locations in copy rooms.

Waste paper pickups by the GSAcontractor are scheduled on an“as-needed” basis at Waterside Mall andusually occur at a rate of between 1-2pickups per week. A telephone call oneday in advance is required to arrange thepickup. A minimum of four filled centralstorage containers provided by the wastepaper dealer are needed for a pickup.The central containers currently providedto EPA are large cardboard containers onpallets.

The operations staff at Waterside Mall has10 central containers on hand to store andfill with recovered paper. The waste paperdealer fills out a delivery order formdenoting the pickup location, date, trucknumber, number and type of containersand the grade of paper picked up, ifattainable. A government representativesigns and receives a copy of the orderform as well as empty boxes equal innumber to those removed. Within 24hours, the truck is weighed by thecontractor and the tare weight of the truckis subtracted from the weighed value toobtain the weight of the waste paper. This

figure is then reported to GSA and to EPAwithin 14 days of the pickup. Grade 1paper as defined by EPA’s GSA contractincludes:

. Computer printout.

. White ledger.

. Hard white shaving.

. Manila tabulating cards.

Central collection containers must notcontain greater than 1 percent unaccept-able contaminants by weight. Acceptablecontaminants are paper clips, staples, andsoluble glues (i.e., bond envelope glue).Unacceptable contaminants includepressure-sensitive labels and tapes,plastic-window envelopes, rubberbands,brown/golden kraft envelopes, binders,paper fasteners, binder clips, plasticmaterials, and carbon paper.Contaminated loads are downgraded toGrade 3 and are priced at $31/ton in the1989 contract. Only minor contaminationproblems have occurred to date in the1989 contract (less than two percent ofthe loads have been downgraded).

Waste paper containing classified orconfidential material is shredded once perweek and combined with the Grade 1paper prior to being collected by thewaste paper dealer. Other confidentialmaterials may be shredded at individuallocations within EPA headquarters anddisposed with other solid waste materials.

The EPA headquarters’ recycling programcannot be assessed in terms of itscost-effectiveness as related to theAgency’s budget. The proceeds from thesale of waste paper (which is the propertyof the Federal government) are directedback into the U.S. Treasury [as specifiedin 40 USC Section 485(a) pursuant to theFederal Property and AdministrativeServices Act of 1949]. Also, the buildingsin which EPA headquarters reside areleased to them and waste collection anddisposal are included in the lease as aservice provided by their lessor.Therefore, cost savings in terms ofavoided disposal costs or proceeds frompaper recovery cannot be tracked readily.

51

Program Design and implementation procedures Report, ouncil on the Environment on New York city

OTHER SOURCES OF RECYCLING INFORMATION

OFFICE PAPER RECYCLING:

Opt imization of Office Pape r Recovery Systems, Final Report, EPA Office of Solid Waste, May 1977(NTIS #PB264 214/LP).

Office Paper Recovery : An Implementation Manual, EPA Office of Solid Waste, 1977 (SW-571C).

Office Paper Recyc Iing, Metro Service District, Portland, OR, 1987.

Setting Up An Off ice Paper Recycling Program , Community Environmental Council, Inc.,Santa Barbara, CA, 1987.

“How to Recycle Waste Paper,” American Paper Institute, Paper Recycling Committee, New York, NY.

New York, NY.

You r Office Paper Recycling Guide , The San Francisco Recycling Program, San Francisco, CA.

EPA'S MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND RECYCLING PROGRAM:

The Solid Waste Dilemma: An Age nda for Action, EPA Office of Solid Waste, February 1989(EPA/530-SW-019)

EPA RCRA/Superfund Hotline -1 (800) 424-9346 or (202) 382-3000

RECYCLING OTHER MATERIALS IN THE OFFICE:

Guide for Preparing Commercial Solid Waste Reduction and Recycling Plans , OSCAR, Rhode IslandDepartment of Environmental Management, Providence RI.

A Guide to Recycling Commercial Waste,i New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Office ofRecycling, Trenton, NJ.

OTHER MUNICIPAL WASTE AND RECYCLING PUBLICATIONS:

Bibliography of Municipal Solid Waste Management Alternatives,. .

EPA Office of Solid Waste, August 1989(EPA/530-SW-89-055)

PURCHASING RECYCLED MATERIALS:

“Building Markets for Recyclables - The Federal Paper Guideline,” Waste Age, October 1988.

“Buying Recycled Paper: A Primer,” Waste Age, July 1989.

EPA Procurement Hotline - (703) 941-4452 (for information and copies of all EPA procurement guidelines,including paper, retread tires, rerefined lubricating oils, and building insulation products).

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GUIDELINESFOR SOURCE SEPARATION FOR MATERIALS RECOVERY

(40 CFR 246)

S-62 1161:1181

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GUIDELINESFOR SOURCE SEPARATION FOR MATERIALS RECOVERY

(40 CFR 246; 41 FR 16950, April 23, 1976; Effective May 24, 1976; Amended by47 FR 36602, August 20, 1982)

Title 40--Protection of EnvironmentCHAPTER 1—ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION AGENCY

PART 246--SOURCE SEPARATION FORMATERIALS RECOVERY GUIDELINES

SubpartA--General ProvisionsSec.246.100 Scope246.101 Definitions.

Subpart B—Requirementsand RecommendedProcedures

246.200246.200-1246.200-2

246.200-3

246.200-4

246.200-5

246.200-6

246.200-7

246.200-8

246.200-9

246.200-10

246.201246.201-1246.201-2

246.201-3

246.201-4

246.201-5

246.201-6

246.201-7

246.201-8

246.201-9

246.202246.202-1246.202-2

246.202-3

246.202-4

246.202-5

246.202-6

9-17-82

High-grade paper recovery.Requirements.Recommended procedures: high-

grade paper recovery fromsmaller offices.

Recommended procedures: mar-ket study.

Recommended procedures: lev-els of separation.

Recommended procedures:methods of separation andcollection.

Recommended procedures: stor-age.

Recommended procedures:transportation.

Recommended procedures: costanalysis.

Recommended procedures: con-tracts.

Recommended procedures: pub-lic information and education.

Residential materials recovery.Requirement.Recommended procedures:

newsprint recovery fromsmaller residential facilities.

Recommended procedures: glass,cans, and mixed paper sepa-ration.

Recommended procedures: mar-ket study.

Recommended procedures:methods of separation andcollection.

Recommended procedures:transportation to market.

Recommended procedures: costanalysis.

Recommended procedures: con-tracts.

Recommended procedures: pub-lic information and education.

Corrugated container recovery.Requirement.Recommended procedures: cor-

rugated container recoveryfrom smaller commercial fa-cilities.

Recommended procedures: mar-ket study.

Recommended procedures:methods of separation andstorage.

Recommended procedures:transportation.

Recommended procedures: costanalysis.

246.202-7 Recommended procedures: es-tablishment of purchase con-tract

246.203 Reevaluation.

246.203-1 Requirement.

APPENDIX--RECOMMENDED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Authority: Secs. 1008and 6004 of the SolidWaste Disposal Act, as amended by theResource Conservation and Recovery Act of1976,as amended [42 U.S.C. 6907.6964].

[Authority citation revised by 47 FR36602, August 20, 1982]

Subpart A-General Provisions

§246.100 Scope.(a) These guidelines are applicable to

the source separation of residential, com-mercial, and institutional solid wastes.Explicitly excluded are mining, agricul-tural, and industrial solid wastes; haz-ardous wastes; sludges; construction anddemolition wastes; infectious wastes;classified waste.

(b) The “Requirement” sections con-tained herein delineate minimum actionsfor Federal agencies for the recovery ofresources from solid waste throughsource separation. Pursuant to Section211 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act, asamended, and Executive Order 11752Section 4(a), the “Requirement” sec-tions of these guidelines are mandatoryfor all Federal agencies that generatesolid waste. In addition, they are recom-mended to State, interstate, regional,and local governments for use in theiractivities.

(c) ‘The “Recommended Procedures”sections are presented to suggest actionsor preferred methods by which the ob-jectives of the requirements can be real-ized. The “Recommended Procedures”are not mandatory for Federal agencies.

(d) The Environmental ProtectionAgency will render technical assistancein the form of sample cost analysis for-mats, sample bid specifications, imple-mentation guidance documents andother guidance to Federal agencies whenrequested to do so, pursuant to Section3(d)1 of Executive Order 11752.

(e) Within one year after the effec-tive date of these guidelines, agenciesshall make a final determination as towhat actions shall be taken to adopt therequirements of these guidelines andshall, within two months of such deter-mination, submit to the Administrator aschedule of such actions.

(f) Federal agencies that make the de-termination not to source separate as de-scibed in§§ 246.200-1, 246.201–1, and246.202-1, for whatever reason, shallmake available to the Administrator theanalysis and rationale used in makingthat determination. The Administratorshall publish notice of the availabilityof this report to the general public inthe FEDERALREGISTER.The following areconsidered to be valid reasons for notsource separating under individual factsand circumstances: inability to sell therecovered materials due to lack of mar-ket, and costs so unreasonably high as torender source separation for materialsrecovery economically impracticable.

(1) The following points are to be cov-ered in the report:

(i) A description of alternative actionsconsidered with emphasis on those alter-natives which involve source separationfor materials recovery.

(ii) A description of ongoing actionswhich will be continued and new actionstaken or proposed. This statement shouldidentify all agency facilities which will beaffected by these actions including a briefdescription of how such facilities will beaffected.

(iii) An analysis in support of the ac-tion chosen by the agency including tech-nical data, market studies, and policyconsiderations used in arriving at sucha determination.

In covering the points above, agenciesshould make every effort to present in-formation succinctly in a form easily un-derstood, but in sufficient detail so thatthe factors influencing the decision notto source separate for materials recoveryare clear.

(2) The above report shall be sub-mitted to the Administrator as soon aspossibie after a final agency determina-tion has been made not to adopt the re-quirements of these guidelines, but in nocase later than sixty days after such finaldetermination. The Administrator willindicate to the agency his concurrence/nonconcurrence with the agency’s deci-sion, including his reason therefor.

(3) Implementation of actions thatwould preclude source separation for ma-terials recovery shall be deferred, forsixty days where feasible, in order togive the Administrator an opportunityto receive, analyze and seek clarificationof the above required report.

[Sec. 246.100(f)(3)]Published by THE BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20037 195

161:1182 FEDERAL REGULATIONS

(4) It is recommended that where thereport required by §246.100(f) concernsan action for which an EnvironmentalImpact Statement (EIS) is required bythe National Environmental Policy Act.that the report be circulated togetherwith the EIS.

(g) [Removed]

[246.100(g) removed by 47 FR 36602,August 20, 1982]

(g) The report required under §246.100(e) and (f) shall be made on formsto be prescribed by the Administrator bynotice in the Federal Register.[246.100(h) revised and redesignated as

(g) by 47 FR 36602, August 20, 1982]

§246.101 Definitions.As used in these guidelines:(a) “Agricultural solid waste” means

the solid waste that is generated by therearing of animals, and the producingand harvesting of crops or trees.

(b) “Baler” means a machine used tocompress solid wastes, primary materials,or recoverable materials, with or with-out binding, to a density or form whichwill support handling and transportationas a material unit rather than requiringa disposable or reuseable container. Thisspecifically excludes briquettes and sta-tionary compaction equipment which isused to compact materials into dispos-able or reuseable containers.

(c) “Bulk container” means a largecontainer that can either be pulled orlifted mechanically onto a service ve-hicle or emptied mechanically into aservice vehicle.

(d) "Classified Waste” means wastematerial that has been given securityclassification in accordance with 50U.S.C. 401 and Executive Order 11652.

(e) “’Collection” means the act of re-moving solid waste (or materials whichhave been separated for the purpose ofrecycling) from a central storage point.

(f) “Commercial establishment” meansstores, offices, restaurants, warehousesand other non-manufacturing activities.

(g) “Commercial solid waste” meansall types of solid wastes generated bystores, offices, restaurants, warehousesand other non-manufacturing activities,and non-processing wastes such as officeand packing wastes generated at indus-trial facilities.

(h) “’Construction and demolitionwaste”’ means the waste building mate-rials, packaging, and rubble resultingfrom construction, remodeling, repair,and demolition operations on pavements,houses, commercial buildings and otherstructures.

(i) “Compartmentalized vehicle”means a collection vehicle which has twoor more compartments for placement ofsolid wastes or recyclable materials. Thecompartments may be within the maintruck body or on the outside of that bodyas in the form of metal racks.

(j) “Corrugated container waste”means discarded corrugated boxes.

(k) “’Corrugated box” means a con-tainer for goods which is composed of aninner fluting of material (corrugatingmedium) and one or two outer liners ofmaterial (linerboard).

(1) “Federal facility” means any build-ing, installation, structure, land, or pub-lic work owned by or leased to the Fed-eral Government. Ships at sea, aircraft inthe air, land forces on maneuvers, andother mobile facilities are not consideredFederal facilities for the purpose of theseguidelines. United States Governmentinstallations located on foreign soil or onland outside the jurisdiction of theUnited States Government are not con-sidered Federal facilities for the purposeof these guidelines.

(m) “Food waste”’ means the organicresidues generated by the handling, stor-age, sale, preparation, cooking, and serv-ing of foods: commonly called garbage.

(n) "Generation” means the act orprocess of producing solid waste.

(o) “High-grade paper” means letter-head, dry copy papers, miscellaneous bus-iness forms, stationery, typing paper,tablet sheets, and computer printoutpaper and cards, commonly sold as“’white ledger,” “computer printout”and "tab card" grade by the wastepaperindustry.

(p) “Industrial solid waste’” means thesolid waste generated by industrial proc-esses and manufacturing.

(q) “Infectious waste” means: (1)Equipment, instruments, utensils, andfomites (any substance that may harboror transmit pathogenic organisms) of adisposable nature from the rooms of pa-tients who are suspected to have or havebeen diagnosed as having a communi-cable disease and must, therefore, be iso-lated as required by public health agen-cies: (2) laboratory wastes, such aspathological specimens (e.g. all tissues,specimens of blood elements, excreta,and secretions obtained from patients orlaboratory animals) and disposablefomites attendant thereto; (3) surgicaloperating room pathologic specimensand disposable formites attendantthereto and similar disposable materialsfrom outpatient areas and emergencyrooms.

(r) "Institutional solid waste” meanssolid wastes generated by educational,health care, correctional and other insti-tutional facilities.

(s) "Mining wastes” means residueswhich result from the extraction of rawmaterials from the earth.

(t) “Post-consumer waste” (PCW)means a material or product that hasserved its intended use and has teen dis-carded for disposal or recovery afterpassing through the hands of a final con-sumer.

(u) “Recoverable resources” meansmaterials that still have useful physical,chemical, or biological properties afterserving their original purpose and can,therefore, be reused or recycled for thesame or other purposes.

(v) “Recovery” means the process ofobtaining materials or energy resourcesfrom solid waste.

(W) “Recycled material” means a ma -terial that is used in place of a primary,raw or virgin material in manufacturinga product.

(x) “Recycling” means the process bywhich recovered materials are trans-formed into new products.

(y) “Residential solid waste” meansthe wastes generated by the normal ac-

Environment Reporter

tivities of households, including but notlimited to, food wastes, rubbish. ashes,and bulky wastes.

(z) “Separate collection” means col-lecting recyclable materials which havebeen separated at the point of genera-tion and keeping those materials sepa-rate from other collected solid waste inseparate compartments of a single col-lection vehicle or through the use ofseparate collection vehicles.

(aa) “Sludge” means the accumu-lated semiliquid suspension of settledsolids deposited from wastewaters orother fluids in tanks or basins. It doesnot include solid or dissolved material indomestic sewage or other significant pol-lutants in water resources, such as silt,dissolved material in irrigation returnflows or other common water pollutants.

(bb) “Solid waste” means garbagerefuse, sludge, and other discarded solidmaterials, including solid waste mate-rials resulting from industrial, com-mercial, and agricultural operationsand from community activities, butdoes not include solids or dissolved ma-terials in domestic sewage or other sig-nificant pollutants in water resourcesmsuch as silt, dissolved or suspended solidsin industrial wastewater effluents, dis-solved materials in irrigation returnflows or other common water pollutants.Unless specifically noted otherwise, theterm “solid waste” as used in these guide-lines shall not include mining, agricul-tural, and industrial solid wastes; haz-ardous wastes; sludges; construction anddemolition wastes; and infectious wastes.

(cc) “Source separation” means thesetting aside of recyclable materials attheir point of generation by the gen-erator.

(dd) “Specification” means a clearand accurate description of the tech-nical requirements for materials, prod-ucts or services, identifying the mini-mum requirements for quality and con-struction of materials and equipmentnecessary for an acceptable product. Ingeneral, specifications are in the formof written descriptions, drawings, prints,commercial designations, industry stand-ards, and other descriptive references.

(ee) “Stationary compactor” means apowered machine which is designed tocompact solid waste or recyclable mate-rials, and which remains stationarywhen in operation.

(ff) “Storage” means the interimcontainment of solid waste after genera-tion and prior to collection for ultimaterecovery or disposal.

(gg) “Virgin material” means a rawrnaterial used in manufacturing that hasbeen mined or harvested and has not asyet become a product.

Subpart B-Requirements andRecommended Procedures

§ 246.200 High-grade paper recovery.§246.200-1 Requirements.

High-grade paper generated by officefacilities of over 100 office workers shallbe separated at the source of genera-tion, separately collected, and sold for thepurpose of recycling.

[Sec. 246.200-1] 196

SOURCE SEPARATION GUIDELINESS-621

161:1183

§ 246.200-2 Recommended procedures:High-grade paper recovery fromsmaller offices.

The recovery of high-grade paper gen-erated by office facilities of less than 100office workers should be investigated inconformance with the following recom-mended procedures and implementedwhere feasible.

§ 246.200-3 Recommended procedures:Market study.

An investigation of markets should bemade by the organization responsible forthe sale of recyclable materials in eachFederal agency and should include at aminimum:

(a) Identifying potential purchasersof the recovered paper through standardmarket research techniques;

(b) Directly contracting buyers, anddetermining the buyers’ quality specifi-cations, the exact types of paper to be re-cycled, potential transportation agree-ments and any minimum quantity cri-teria: and

(c) Determining the price that thebuyer will pay for the recovered paperand the willingness of the buyer to signa contract for purchase of the paper at aguaranteed minimum price.

§246.200-4 Recommended procedures:Levels of separation.

A two-level separation is recommendedfor most facilities. This separation shouldconsist of (a) high-grade wastepaperand (b) all other waste. Facilities thatproduce large enough quantities of wastecomputer paper and cards to make theirseparation into a separate category costeffective may choose to implement threelevels of separation: (1) computerpapers, (2) other high-grade papers, (3)all other wastes.

§ 246.200-5 Recommended procedures:Methods of separation and collection

(a) Systems designed to recover highgrades of office paper at the source ofgeneration, i.e., the desk, are the desk-top system, the two-wastebasket system,and the office centralized container sys-tem

(b) With the desk-top system, recycla-ble paper is placed by the generator ina container on his desk, while other wasteis placed in a wastebasket. With the two-wastebasket system, recyclable paper isplaced by the generator in one desk-sidewastebasket, and all other waste is placedin another. In the centralized containersystem, large containers for the collec-tion of recyclables are placed in cen-tralized locations within the office areasof the building. Nonrecyclable waste isplaced in desk-side wastebaskets.

(c) The recommended system is thedesk-top system because it is designed tomaximize recovery of high value materi-al in an economically feasible manner.While the two-wastebasket system andcentralized container system have beenimplemented with success in isolated in-stances, data indicate that, on the whole,these systems have experienced high lev-els of contamination, low levels of par-ticipation, and low revenues. The desk-top system has been designed to mini-mize these problems.

(d) The precise method of separationand collection used to implement thedesk-top system will depend upon suchthings as the physical layout of the indi-vidual facility, the ease of collection, andthe projected cost effectiveness of us-ing various methods. The recommendeddesk-top system is carried out in the fol-lowing manner:

(1) Workers are to deposit high-gradepaper into a desk-top tray or other smalldesk-top holder to be supplied by theagency. This holder should be designedin such a way as to prevent it holdingcontaminants, such as food or beveragecontainers.

(2) At the office worker’s convenienceor when the tray is filled, the worker car-ries the paper to a conveniently locatedbulk container within the office area.This large container should be located inan area the worker frequents in the nor-mal course of business.

(3) In locations where computer cardsand printouts are to be collected sepa-rately, the receptacle for these wastesshould be near the computer terminal orin some other logical, centrally locatedplace.

(4) Collection of the high-grade paperfrom the bulk containers in the officearea should be performed by the jani-torial or general maintenance service.The number of locations and the fre-quency of collection of these containerswill be determined by office size andmaintenance staff capacity.

(e) Mixed paper and some high-gradeoffice papers have also been recovered forrecycling by hand-picking in an individ-ual building’s trash room or at a cen-tralized facility serving several buildings.With these hand-picking systems, recy-clable waste is not separated at thesource of generation, but is mixed withother waste in the usual manner and re-moved to a centralized location where re-cyclable paper is picked out of the mixedwaste by hand. Facilities may choose touse this method of high-grade paper re-covery if it is shown by analysis to beeconomically preferable to source sepa-ration.

§ 246.200-6 Recommended procedures:Storage

Among the alternatives for paper stor-age are on-site baling, the use of station-ary compactors, or storage in corrugatedboxes or normal waste containers. Storedpaper should be protected from fire, in-clement weather, theft, and vandalism.

§ 246.200-7 Recommended procedures:Transportation.

Transportation to market may be sup-plied by the facility, by a private hauler,or by the purchaser. Collection of therecyclable paper should be on a regular,established schedule.

§ 246.200-8 Recommended procedures:Cost Analysis.

After potential markets have beenlocated (but prior to initiation of formalbidding procedures), preliminary deter-minations of various separation methods,storage, and transportation costs havebeen made, and estimated tonnages ofboth recoverable high-grade paper and

residual solid waste have been estab-lished, an analysis should be conductedwhich compares the costs of the presentwaste collection and disposal systemwith the proposed segregated systems.At a minimum, the study should includeall capital, operating and overhead costsand take into account credits for revenuefrom paper sales and savings from di-verting recycled materials from disposal.Potential costs to upgrade collection anddisposal practices to comply with EPA’sGuidelines for the Storage and Collec-tion of Residential, Commercial and In-stitutional Solid Wastes (40 CFR Part243) and Thermal Processing and LandDisposal Guidelines (40 CFR Parts 240and 241) should be included in the anal-ysis. In formulating a separation systemand evaluating its costs, every effortshould be made to use janitorial andwaste collection resources efficiently.This cost analysis should enable thefacility to determine the most cost effec-tive method of implementing the require-ment of this part.

§ 246.200-9 Recommended procedures:Contracts.

Formal bids should be requested forpurchase of the recovered materials, suchbids being solicited in conformance withbidding procedures established for theresponsible agency. Contracts should in-clude the buyer’s quality specifications,quantity and transportation agreements,a guarantee that the material will beaccepted for one year or more, and aguaranteed minimum purchase price.

§ 246.200-10 Recommended proce-dures: Public information and edu-cation.

A well-organized and well-executedpublic information and education pro-gram explaining the justification, goals,methods and level of separation shouldbe conducted to inform and motivateoffice personnel and secure their coopera-tion in separating their waste. This pub-lic information and education programshould precede the program and continueon a regular basis for its duration.

§ 246.201 Residential materials recov-ery.

§ 246.201-l Requirement.Separation of used newpapers at the

source of residential generation in con-junction with separate collection shall becarried out at all facilities in which morethan 500 families reside, and the news-papers shall be sold for the purpose ofrecycling.

§ 246.201-2 Recommended procedures:Newsprint recovery from smaller res-idential facilities.

The recovery of newsprint generatedby residential facilities of less than 500families should be investigated in con-formance with the following recom-mended procedures and implementedwhere feasible.

§246.201-3 Recommended procedures:Glass, can and mixed paper separa-tion.

In areas where markets are available,it is recommended that glass, cans, andmixed paper be separated at the source

[Sec. 246.201-3]

9-17-82 Published by THE BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20037 197

161:1184 FEDERAL REGULATIONS

of generation and separately collectedfor the purpose of recycling.

§246.201-4 Recommended procedures:Market study.

An investigation of markets should bemade for each material by the organiza-tion responsible for sale of recyclablematerials in each agency and should in-clude at a minimum:

(a) Identifying potential purchasersof the recovered material through stand-ard market research techniques.

(b) Directly contacting buyers anddetermining the buyers’ quality specifica-tions, potential transportation agree-ments and any minimum quantitycriteria.

(c) Determining the prices that thebuyer will pay for the recovered materialand the willingness of the buyer to signa contract for the purchase of the mate-rial at guaranteed minimum prices.

§246.201-5 Recommended procedures:Methods of separation and collection.

Following separation within the home,any of the following methods of collec-tion may be used:

(a) Materials may be placed at thecurbside by the resident and may becollected from each household usingseparate trucks or compartmentalizedvehicles.

(b) For multi-family dwellngs, sepa-rated materials may be placed in bulkcontainers located outside of the build-ing and collected by trucks dispatched tocollect recyclables.

(c) Collection stations may be set up atconvenient locations to which residents

bring recyclables. These stations shouldprovide separate bulk containers for each

item to be recycled. The size and type ofcontainer will depend on the volume andtype of material collected, the method oftransportation to be used in hauling thematerials to market and the frequencyof removal.

§246.201-6 Recommended procedures:Transportation to market.

Transportation to market may be sup-plied by the facility or the communitygenerating the waste, by a privatehauler, or by the purchaser.

§ 246.201-7 Recommended procedures:CostAnalysis.

After potential markets have been lo-cated (but prior to initiation of formalbidding procedures), preliminary deter-minations of various separation methods,storage and transportation costs havebeen made, and estimated tonnages ofboth recoverable materials and residualsolid waste have been established, ananalysis should be conducted which com-pares the costs of the present waste col-lection and disposal system with the pro-posed segregated systems. At a minimumthis study should include all capital,operating and overhead costs and takeinto account credits for revenue frompaper sales and savings from divertingrecycled materials from disposal. Poten-tial costs to upgrade collection and dis-posal practices to comply with EPA’sGuidelines for the Storage and Collectionof Residential, Commercial and Institu-tional Solid Wastes (40 CFR Part 243)

and Thermal Processing and Land Dis-posal Guidelines (40 CFR Parts 240 and241) should be included in the analysis.In formulating a separate collection sys-tem and evaluating its costs, everyeffort should be made to use idle equip-ment and underutilized collection man-power to reduce separate collection costs.This cost analysis should enable thefacility to determine the most cost effec-tive method of implementing the require-ments of this part.

§ 246.201-8 Recommended procedures:Contracts.

Formal bids should be requested forpurchase of the recovered materials,such bids being solicited in conformancewith bidding procedures established forthe responsible jurisdiction. Contracts

rialwillbe accepted for one year or moreshould include the buyer’s quality speci-fications, quantity and transportationagreements, a guarantee that the mate-and a guaranteed minimum purchaseprice.

§ 246.201-9 Recommended procedures:Public information and education.

A well organized and well executedpublic information and education pro-gram explaining the justification, goals,methods and level of separation shouldbe conducted to inform and motivatehouseholders and to secure their coop-eration in separating their waste. Thispublic information and education pro-gram should precede the program andcontinue on a regular basis for its du-ration.

§ 246.202 Corrugated container recov-ery.

§ 246.202-1 Requirement.Any commercial establishment gener-

ating 10 or more tons of waste corrugat-ed containers per month shall separatelycollect and sell this material for the pur -pose of recycling.

§ 246.202-2 Recommended procedures:Corrugated container recovery fromsmaller commercial facilities.

The recovery of corrugated containersfrom commercial facilities generatingless than 10 tons per month should beinvestigated in conformance with thefollowing recommended procedures andimplemented where feasible.

§ 246.202-3 Recommended procedures:Market study.

An investigation of markets should bemade by the organization responsible forsale of recyclable material in each Fed-eral agency and should include at aminimum:

(a) Identifying potential purchasersof the recovered corrugated throughstandard market research techniques.

(b) Directly contacting buyers and de-termining the buyers’ quality specifica-tions, potential transportation agree-ments and any minimum quantity cri-teria.

(c) Determining the price that thebuyer will pay for the recovered corru-gated and the willingness of the buyer

Environment Reporter

to sign a contract for purchase of thepaper at a guaranteed minimum price.

§ 246.202-4 Recommended procedures:Methods of separation and storage.

The method selected will depend uponsuch variables as the physical layout ofthe individual generating facility, therate at which the corrugated accumu-lates, the storage capacity of the facility,and the projected cost-effectiveness ofusing the various methods. All of the fol-lowing suggested modes of separationand storage presuppose that the corru-gated boxes will be accumulated at acentral location in the facility after theircontents are removed and that the boxesare flattened.

(a) Balers of various sizes: corrugatedboxes are placed in balers and compact-ed into bales. These bales may be storedinside or outside of the facility. Thebales should be protected from fire, in-clement weather, theft, and vandalism.

(b) Stationary compactors or bulkcontainers: corrugated boxes are placedin a stationary compactor or bulk con-tainers outside of the facility. The con-tainers should be protected from fire, in-clement weather, theft and vandalism.

§ 246.202-5 Recommended procedures:Transportation.

Transportation to market may be sup-plied by either the facility, a privatehauler or the purchaser. In facilities towhich goods are delivered from a centralwarehouse, corrugated may be back-hauled by delivery trucks to the centralfacility and baled there for delivery to auser.

§ 246.202-6 Recommended procedures:CostAnalysis.

After potential markets have beenidentified (but prior to initiation offormal bidding), preliminary determina-tions of various separation methods,storage and transportation costs havebeen made, and estimated tonnages ofboth recoverable material and residualsolid waste have been established, ananalysis should be conducted which com-pares the costs of the present waste col-lection and disposal system with the pro-posed segregated systems. At a minimum.the study should include all capital,operating and overhead costs and takeinto account credits for revenue frompaper sales and savings from divertingrecycled materials from disposal. Poten-tial costs to upgrade collection and dis-posal practices to comply with EPA’sGuidelines for the Storage and Collec-tion of Residential, Commercial and In-stitutional Solid Wastes (40 CFR Part243) and Thermal Processing and LandDisposal Guidelines (40 CFR Parts 240and 241) should be included in theanalysis. This cost analysts should en-able the facility to determine the mostcost effective method of implementingthese guidelines.

§ 246.202-7 Recommended procedures:Establishment of purchase contract.

Formal bids should be requested forpurchase of the recovered materials,such bids being solicited in conformancewith bidding procedures established forthe responsible agency. Contractsa should

[Sec. 246.202-7] 198

S-621

SOURCE SEPARATION GUIDELINES 161:1185

include the buyer’s quality specificatins,transportation agreements, a guaranteethat the material will be accepted forone year or more and a guaranteed mini-mum purchase price.

§ 246.203 Reevaluation.

§ 246.203-1 Requirement. [Removed]

[246.203-1 removed by 47 FR 36603, Au-gust 20, 1982]

APPENDIX-RECOMMENDEDBIBLIOGRAPHYBelknap, M. Paper recycling: a business per-

spective. Subcommittee on Solid Waste,New York Chamber of Commerce Publica-tion. September 1972.

Dane. S. The national buyer’s guide to re-cycled paper. Environmental Educators,Inc. Publication. Washington, 1973. 208 p.

Davis. R. H., and P Hansen. A new look atthe economics of separate refuse collection.

SCS Engineers, Inc report. Long Beach,California, April 1974.22 p.

Hansen, P. Residential paper recovery—amunicipal implementation guide. Environ-mental Protection Publication SW-155.Washington, U.S. Government PrintingOffice. 1975.26 p.

Hansen, P. Solid waste recycling projects—anational directory. Environmental Protec-tion Publication SW-45. Washington. U.S.Government Printing Office, 1973. 284 p.

Lingle, S. A. Paper recycling in the UnitedStates. Washington, U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Publication, August 1974. 22 p.

Lingle. S. A. Separating paper at the wastesource for recycling. Environmental Protec-tion Publication SW-128. Washington, U.S.Government Printing Office. 1974, 16 p.

Office of Solid Waste Management Programs.Third report to Congress; resource re-covery and waste reduction. Environmen -tal Protection Publication SW-161. Wash-ington, U.S. Government Printing Office.1975. 96 p

Paper Stock Conservation Committee. Waste-paper recycling. American Paper InstituteInc. Publication. New York, New York.12p..

SCS Engineers, Inc. Analysis of source sep-arate collection of recyclable solid wastecollection center studies. EnvironmentalProtection Publication SW-95c.2. U.S. En-vironmental Protection Agency, 1974, 70 p.(Distributed by National Technical In-formation Service, Springfield, Virginia, asPB-239 776.)

SCS Engineers,Inc. Analysis of source sepa-rate collection of recyclable solid waste;office buildings. U.S.Environmental Pro-tection Agency. 1976. (To be distributedby National Technical Information Service,Springfield. Virginia. )

SCS Engineers, Inc. Analysis of source sep-arate collection of recyclable solid waste;Separate collection studies. EnvironmentalProtection Publication SW-95c.i, U.S. En-vironmental Protection Agency, 1974. 157p. (Distributed by National Technical In-formation Service. Springfield, Virginia, asPB-239 775.)

Smith. F. L. An analysis of wastepaper ex-ports. Washington. U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Publication SW-132, 1974, 17 p.

9-17-82

[Appendix]

Published by THE BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20037 199

APPENDIX B

FEDERAL SUPPLY SERVICE BUREAU - GSA REGIONS“Surplus Sales Program”

REGION 3WASHINGTON, DC OFFICE

GSA District of Columbia; MontgomerySupply Distribution Facility (3FBPS-W) and Prince Georges Counties in6808 Loisdale Rd., Bldg. A Maryland, Arlington, Fairfax,Franconia, VA 22150 Loudoun, and Prince William Counties

COM - (703) 557-7785 and Cities of Alexandria and FallsFTS -557-7785 Church in Virginia

REGION 1

GSA, Federal Supply Service Bureau Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,Personal Property Services (2FBP-1 ) New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and10 Causeway Street, 9th Floor VermontBoston, MA 02222-1076COM - (617) 565-7316FTS -565-7316

REGION 2

GSA,Supply Distribution Facility (2FBP-S)26 Federal Plaza, Room 20-116New York, NY 10278COM - (212) 264-2626FTS -264-2626

GSASupply Distribution Facility (3FBP-S)Ninth and Market StreetsPhiladelphia, PA 19107COM - (215) 597-5671FTS-597-5671

GSA, Supply Distribution Facility75 Spring Street, SWAtlanta, GA 30303COM - (404) 331-0972FTS -331-0972

New Jersey, New York, Puerto Ricoand Virgin Islands

REGION 3

Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania,Virginia, and West Virginia (doesnot include Washington, DCMetropolitan Area - Region 3)

REGION 4

Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,Mississippi, North Carolina, SouthCarolina, and Tennessee

REGION 5

GSA,Supply Distribution Facility (5FBP-S)230 South Dearborn Street, 34th FloorChicago, IL 60604COM - (312) 353-6061

Illinois, Indiana, MichiganMinnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin

FTS - 353-6060

GSA,Supply Distribution

REGION 6

lowa, Kansas, Missouri, andFacility (6FBP-S) Nebraska

9001 State Line Road No. 308Kansas City, MO 64114COM - (816) 523-6955 or 7002FTS - NONE

REGION 7

GSA,Supply Distribution Facility (7FPB-S)819 Taylor StreetFort Worth, TX 76102COM - (817) 334-2351FTS-334-2351

GSASupply Distribution Facility (8FPB-S)Building 41, Denver Federal CenterDenver, CO 80225COM - (303) 236-7705FTS -776-7705

GSA,Supply Distribution Facility (9FPB-S)525 Market Street, 32nd FloorSan Francisco, CA 94105COM - (415) 974-9189FTS -454-9189

GSA,Supply Distribution Facility (10FPB-S)GSA CenterAuburn, WA 98002COM - (206) 931-7562FTS -396-7572

Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,Oklahoma, and Texas

REGION 8

Colorado, Montana, North Dakota,South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming

REGION 9

Arizona, California, Hawaii,Nevada, American Samoa, Commonwealthof the Northern Marianas, Guam, andTrust

REGION 10

Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, andWashington

1.

2.

3.

4.

APPENDIX C

WASTE COMPOSITION SAMPLING PROCEDURE

Separate a representative mixed waste sampleof about 50 Ibs. from a collection cart or stor-age bin placing it in a container of known vol-ume and weight.

Weigh the sample and estimate the volume(cubic feet or yards). Example:

o Estimated volume of the sample = 2.5 cu. ft.(0.09 cu. yd.).

o Gross sample weight 35.6 Ibs.- container weight 1.0 Ibs.Net sample weight 34.6 Ibs.

Compute density (lbs./cu. yd.) by dividing netsample weight (Ibs.) by estimated sample vol-ume (cu. yds.):

o 34.6 Ibs. + 0.09 cu. yrds. = 384 lbs./cu. yd.

Divide the sample into components listed in thefollowing waste generation and compositiontally sheet, placing each material in a corru-gated box or other container whose emptyweight has been recorded.

Weigh each box separately and subtract thecontainer weight to obtain the net materialweight.Compute the percentage of total weight rep-resented by each material.

These four steps should be repeated several

TotalSa mple Weight 34.6 Ibs. lb. %Paper

White ledger 13.9 40.2Colored ledger 1.1 3.3

Computer printout 3.6 10.6Newsprint 4.3 12.5Corrugated 1.9 5.6Books 0.6 2.0Cardboard files 0.8 2.5Other mixed paper 3.2 9.6

Garbage 1.1 3.3

Metals and Glass 1.7 5.1

Textiles, Plasticsand Wood 0.4 1.6

Special 1.3 3.8

TOTAL 34.6 100.1

5. Once the average density and composition areknown, various conclusions can be drawn.

a. Multiplying the density by the cu. yd. disposedof each month yields an estimate of totalmonthly solid waste generation.

b. Using composition percentages, the total gen-eration can be broken down into individual

times in order to develop valid density and com- material groups to give an indication of theposition averages. quantities of high-grade paper in the

wastestream.

Compactor Number Emptied % Full cu. Yds./Capacity Per Month When Emptied Month

I 40 cu. yd. 4 100% 160

I384 lbs./cu. yd. x 160 cu. yd/month = 61,.400 lbs./month or 30.7 tons/month.

I

IType of High- Total Waste % of Paper in the GenerationGrade Paper Generation x Waste stream = of Paper

White ledger 30.7 tons/mo x 40.2% = 12.3 tons/mo

ComputerPrintout 30.7 tons/mo x 10.6% = 3.2 tons/mo

I

APPENDIX D

PAPER GRADE DEFINITIONS

(42) Computer Printout: Consists of white sulphite or sulphate papers in formsmanufactured for use in data processing machines. This grade may contain coloredstripes and/or impact or non-impact (e.g., laser) computer printing, and may contain notmore than 5% of groundwood in the packing. All stock must be untreated anduncoated.

Prohibitive materials ........................................ None permittedTotal Outthrows may not exceed .......................................2%

(40) Sorted White Ledger: Consists of printed or unprinted sheets, shavings,guillotined books, quire waste, and cuttings of white sulphite or sulphate ledger, bond,writing paper, and all other papers which have a similar fiber and filler content. Thisgrade must be free of treated, coated, padded, or heavily printed stock.

Prohibitive materials ........................................ None permittedTotal Outthrows may not exceed .......................................2%

(30) Hard White Shavings: Consists of baled shavings or sheets of all untreated whitebond ledger or writing papers. Must be free from printing and groundwood.

Prohibitive materials ........................................ None permittedTotal Outthrows may not exceed ....................................... 2%

(37) Manilla Tabulating Cards: Consists of manila-colored cards, predominantlysulphite or sulphate, which have been manufactured for use in tabulating machines.This grade may contain manila-colored tabulating cards with tinted margins.

Prohibitive materials ........................................ None permittedTotal Outthrows may not exceed .......................................2%

OUTTHROWS

The term “Outthrows” as used throughout this Appendix is defined as “all papers that areso manufactured or treated or are in such a form as to be unsuitable for consumption asthe grade specified.”

APPENDIX D (continued)

PROHIBITIVE MATERIALS

The term “Prohibitive materials” as used throughout this Appendix is defined as:

. Any materials which by their presence in a packing of paper stock, in excess ofthe amount allowed, will make the packaging unusable as the grade specified.

. Any materials that may be damaging to equipment.

Note: The maximum quantity of “Outthrows” indicated in connection with the fol-Iowing grade definitions is understood to be the TOTAL of “Outthrows” and“Prohibitive Materials.”

A material can be classified as an “Outthrow” in one grade and as a “ProhibitiveMaterial” in another grade. Carbon paper, for instance is “UNSUITABLE” inMixed Paper and is, therefore, classified as an “Outthrow”, whereas it is“UNUSABLE” in White Ledger and in this case classified as a “ProhibitiveMaterial.”

Ref. Paper Stock Standards and Practices, Circular PS-88.