úohdj page 1 - yolatesl.yolasite.com/resources/science-8.pdf · 8 fy%aksh page 1 úohdj...

8 fY%aKsh

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'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' wOHdmk l<dmh

8 fY%aKsh - úoHdj úIhh jd¾Isl ie,iqu

úÿyf,a ku (- i;shlg ld,ÉfPao .Kk (-

.=reNj;df.a ku (- jdrhlg l<hq;= we.hSï .Kk (-

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d uÜgu bf.kqï M, - m<uq jdrh ld,É-fPao

fhdacs; bgql, .=Kd;aul fhojqï wdr'osk wj'osk wdr'osk wj'osk

1'0 ffcùh moaO;sj, M,odhs;dj jeä oshqKq lsrSu i|yd cSjh yd ffcj l%shdj,s .fõIKh lrhs'

1'1 Ìqø cSùkaf.a jeo.;alu .fõIKh lrhs'

mshú weiska oelsh fkdyels cSùka isák nj fmkaùug ir, l%shdldrlï isÿ lrhs'

Ìqø cSùka wdydr u; we;s lrk n,mEï úu¾Ykhg lKavdhï l%shdldrlï ks¾udKh lrhs'

Ìqø cSùka øjHj, .=K fjkia lsrSug Ndckh lrk wjia:d .fõIKh lrhs'

Ìqø cSùkaf.a jeo.;alu ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lrhs' m%ldY lrhs'

tall $ mdi,a mdol we.hSu '''''''''''''''''''''''''''

02 01 01 01 01

ùäfhda la,sm" lshùï øjH" iSks ødjKh" rd" lsrs" wkaùÌSh l|d" jeiqï fm;s" m%;scSjl" PH lvodis" ùÿre nvq" ì%iag,a fndaâ" udl¾ mEka" hSiaÜ" wdydr øjH" WIaK;ajudk

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1'0 ffcùh moaO;sj, M,odhs;dj jeä oshqKq lsrSu i|yd cSjh yd ffcj l%shdj,s .fõIKh lrhs' 1'0 ffcùh moaO;sj, M,odhs;dj jeä oshqKq lsrSu i|yd cSjh yd ffcj l%shdj,s .fõIKh lrhs'

1'2 i;a;aj ldKavj, ndysr ,ÌK mrsÌd lrhs'

1'3 Ydlj, m%Odk lD;Hh úia;r lrhs'

mDIAGjxYSka yd wmDIAGjxYSka ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lsrSu i|yd mrsir .fõIKh lrhs'

ndysr ,ÌK Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka wmDIAGjxYSka m%Odk ldKavj,g j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

ndysr ,ÌK Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka mDIAGjxYSka m%Odk ldKavj,g j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

wmDIAGjxYSkaf.a yd mDIAGjxYSkaf.a úúO;ajh w.h lrhs'


Ydlhl m%Odk fldgia

.fõIKh lr tajdfha rEm igyka w|shs'

Ydlhl m%Odk

fldgiaj, uQ,sl lD;H úia;r lrhs'

01 02 02 01 01 01 01

wjg mrsirh"ùäfhda la,sm" mrsirfhka ,nd.;a kso¾Yl" lshùï øjH" rEm igyka mrsirfhka ,nd.;a kso¾Yl" lshùï øjH" mska;+r fÌa;% igyka fmd;" msysh" kso¾Yl" ird" w;aldph" veys wVq" l;=re

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1'3 Ydlj, m%Odk lD;Hh úia;r lrhs'

Ydlj, úúO;ajhg ;=vq fok wkqj¾;k meyeos,s lrhs'

Ydlj, m%Odk fldgiaj, wkqj¾;k tajdfha iqúfYaI lD;Hj,g iïnkaO lsrSu wruqKq lr .ksñka mrsirh úu¾Ykh lrhs'

mrsir .fõIKfhaoS mrsirhg isÿúh yels ydksh wju úh hq;= nj ms<s.kshs'

iqúfYaI wkqj¾;k iys; Ydl m;%j," l|kaj, yd uq,aj, wdo¾Y tl;= lrhs' rEm igyka w|shs'

Ydl wdo¾Ylj, tl;=jla ms<sfh, lr wod< f;dr;=re iu. tajd ixrÌKh lrhs'

Ydlj, úúO fldgiaj, úúO;ajh w.h lrhs'


01 01 01 01

fÌa;% igyka fmd;" msysh" kso¾Yl" ird" w;aldph" veys wVq" l;=re fmdau,Ska" fmd,s;Ska" is,sld fc,a" ma,eá.akï

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2'0 cSú;fha .=Kd;auh by, kexùu i|yd mod¾:h .=K yd tajdfha wka;¾ l%shd úu¾Ykh lrhs'

2'1 mod¾:fha wika;; iajNdjh úu¾Ykh lrhs'

mod¾:fha úúO wjia:dfjys wxY=j, ieleiau rEm igyka weiqrska ksrEmkh lrhs'

mod¾:h b;d l=vd wxY=j,ska iEoS we;s nj m%ldY lrhs'

>k" øj yd jdhq j, wxY=uh$wika;; nj fmkakqï lsrSug ir, l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lrhs'

mod¾:fha wix;; nj ksoiqka u.ska ;yjqre lrhs'

yevh yd mrsudj >k" øj yd jdhq j, fN!;sl .=K folla f,i meyeos,s lrhs'

>k;ajh yd iïmSvH;dj meyeos,s lsrSug yd tajd mod¾:fha ;j;a .=K folla nj meyeos,s lrhs'

fok ,o fN!;sl .=K wkqnoaO jQ >k" øj yd jdhq ikaikaokh lrhs'

01 01 02 01 01

Rcqf*daï" mn¿" .ï KMno4, rgyqKq" mdg ;Ska;" Rcqf*daï ì%iag,a fndaâ" .ï" isrsxchla" Cu iqreKavq" C, HNO3

ì%iag,a fndaâ" .ï

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2'0 cSú;fha .=Kd;auh by, kexùu i|yd mod¾:h .=K yd tajdfha wka;¾ l%shd úu¾Ykh lrhs' 2'0 cSú;fha .=Kd;auh by, kexùu i|yd mod¾:h .=K yd tajdfha wka;¾ l%shd úu¾Ykh lrhs'

2'1 mod¾:fha wika;; iajNdjh úu¾Ykh lrhs'

2'2 ffoksl cSú;fhaoS mod¾:fha fN!;sl .=K m%fhdackhg .kakd wdldrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ffoksl cSú;hg mod¾:fha wix;; iajNdjfha jeo.;alu ms,s.kshs'

mod¾:fha iajNdjh wjfndaO lsrSu i|yd úoHd{hska úiska Ndú; lrk ;d¾lsl iïfm%aIK w.h lrhs'


ksh; ixhq;shla we;s

øjH ixY=oaO øjH f,i yøkajhs'

oS we;s øjH ixY=oaO yd

ixY=oaO fkdjk øjH f,i j¾. lrhs'

;jÿrg;a fjka lr

fkdyels ixY=oaO øjH uQ,øjH f,i yøkajhs'

uQ,øjH 2 la fyda Bg

jeä .Kkla wka;¾.; ixY=oaO øjH ixfhda. f,i yøkajhs'

01 01 01 01 01

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fN!;sl .=K .fõIKh i|yd ir, l%shdldrlï isÿ lrhs'

úúO øjH úúO fN!;sl .=Kj,ska hq;= nj úia;r lrhs'

>k;ajh" øjdxlh yd ;dmdxlh ksrSÌKh lsrSu i|yd ir, l%shdldrlï isÿ lrhs'

ixY=oaO øjHj, >k;ajh øjdxlh yd ;dmdxlh jeks fN!;sl .=K i|yd ksh; w.hla mj;sk nj m%ldY lrhs'

fok ,o øjHj, úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj fmkakqï lsrSu i|yd ir, l%shdldrlula ks¾udkh lrhs'

fN!;sl .=K mokï lr .ksñka fok ,o uQ,øjH f,day yd wf,day f,i j¾. lrhs'

02 01 02 02

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2'0 cSú;fha .=Kd;auh by, kexùu i|yd mod¾:h .=K yd tajdfha wka;¾ l%shd úu¾Ykh lrhs' 3'0 ld¾hlaIu;dj yd M,odhl;ajh m%Yia; uÜgul mj;ajd .ksñka Yla;sfha úúO iajrEm tajd mod¾:h yd isÿ lrk wka;¾ l%shd iy Yla;s mrsKduh Ndú;hg .kshs'


3'1 èjksh ksIamdokh ms<sn|j oekqj;a fjhs' 3'2 èjksh ksIamdokh i|yd ir, WmlrK ;kñka wjYH yv W;amdokh lsrSug Wjukd fjkialï isÿ lrhs''

ffoksl cSú;fha l%shdldrlï i|yd øjHj, fN!;sl .=K m%fhdackj;a jk nj ms<s.kshs


èjksh ksmojk ir,

NdKav jdokfhka f;jeoEreï èjks m%Nj y÷kd .kshs'

;ka;= fyda oVq" mg, yd jd l|ka lïmkfhka èjksh Wmojk ix.S; NdKav i|yd ksoiqka imhhs'

ish¿ iajNdúl iy lD;su Yío ;ka;=j, fyda oVqj," mg,j, yd jd l|kaj, lïmkfhka W;amdokh jk nj meyeos,s lrhs'

ish¨ lïmk udkjhd úiska Y%jKh l, yels èjks Wmojk nj fmkakqï lsrSu i|yd ir, l%shdldrlï isÿ lrhs

01 01 01 01

ix.S; NdKav ix.S; NdKavj, mska;+r" ix.S; NdKav iriq,a lÜg,h

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3'0 ld¾hlaIu;dj yd M,odhl;ajh m%Yia; uÜgul mj;ajd .ksñka Yla;sfha úúO iajrEm tajd mod¾:h yd isÿ lrk wka;¾ l%shd iy Yla;s mrsKduh Ndú;hg .kshs'

3'1 èjksh ksIamdokh ms<sn|j oekqj;a fjhs' 3'2 èjksh ksIamdokh i|yd ir, WmlrK ;kñka wjYH yV W;amdokh lsrSug jqjukd fjkialï isÿ lrhs''

iriq,aj, ndyqfõ osf.ys fjkia ùu wkqj we;sjk yfvys úp,H;dj y÷kd .kshs'

èjksh fjkia lsrSu i|yd iSreudre l, yels tla tla j¾.hg wh;a ^;ka;= fyda ovq" mg, iy jd l|ka lïmkh lrk& ir, ix.S; NdKav ;khs'

iïm%odhsl ix.S; NdKavj,ska wdrïN lrñka kQ;k ix.S; NdKavo we;=,;a jk mrsos èjks ksIamdokh wjOdrkh flfrk flá idys;H úu¾Ykhla ix.%y lrhs'

ix.S; kdo yd f>daId w;r fjki meyeos,s lrhs'

cSjfha .=Kd;auh jeä oshqKq lsrSug ix.S;fha Ndú;h w.h lrhs'


01 01 01 01 01

ysiaáka" lïì" khsf,daka ;ka;=" WK nïnq" ne¨ka" ihsrkh" nyqlïmlh

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ksmqK;d uÜgu bf.kqï M, - fojk jdrh ld,É-fPao



3'3 M,odhs f,i pqïNl Ndú; lsrSu ms<sn| w;aoelSï ,nhs'

pqïnlj,g wdl¾IKh jk yd wdl¾IKh fkdjk øjH y÷kd .ekSu i|yd ir, l%shdldrlï isÿ lrhs'

oKav pqïnlhla jgd

we;s pqïnl fÌa;%h úúO l%u u.ska wdo¾Ykh lrhs'

pqïnlhla wjg pqïNl n,h n,mj;ajk m%foaYh pqïNl fÌa;%h f,i úia;r lrhs'

pqïNlhl W;a;r yd oÌsK O%ejh y÷kd .kshs'

pqïnl;ajh hkq l=ulaoehs meyeos,s lrhs'

01 02 01

pqïnl ^oKav pqïnl" LQrm pqïnl" ue.akvQ¾ pqïnl" U yeve;s pqïnl"& pqïnl fkdjk øjH ^ ma,diaála ovq" ñksrka" lvodis& oKav pqïnl" hlv l=vq" îlr" mrSÌK k," .a,sirska$fmd,af;,a" iqÿ lvodis oKav pqïnl" ,S wdOdrl" Rcqf*daï" fíiula ud,sud

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3'3 M,odhs f,i pqïNl Ndú; lsrSu ms<sn| w;aoelSï ,nhs'

pqïnl fÌa;%j, osYdj y÷kd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels WmlrK ud,sudj f,i myod fohs'

fmdf<dfõ pqïnl W;=r y÷kd .ekSu i|yd ksis mrsos ud,sudj Ndú;hg .kshs'

pqïnl W;=r yd N+f.da,Sh W;=r w;r fjki meyeos,s lrhs'

iam¾Y l%uh yd úoHq;a l%uh Ndú;hg .ksñka ia:sr pqïnl ;ekSfï ir, l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lrhs'

pqïnl .=K oS¾> ld,hla rod mj;sk øjHj,ska ia:sr pqïnl ;kk nj meyeos,s lrhs'

ia:sr pqïnl ;ekSu i|yd jdfkao ;djld,sl pqïnl i|yd uDÿ hlvo fhda.H fõ'

ksis mrsos pqïnl Ndú; lsrSug yd wiqrd ;eìu isÿ lrhs'

ia:sr pqïnl j, Ndú; i|yd ksoiqka olajhs'

tall$mdi,a mdol we.hSu

01 01 01 01 01

ud,sudj úh,s fldaI" w,afmks;s" oKav pqïnl oKav pqïnl" LQrm pqïnl" U yeve;s pqïnl" pqïnl fmÜá" ,S máh" uDÿ hlv má

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3'4 Odrd úoHq;h iïnkaO uQ,sl rdYs ms<sn|j oekqj;a fjñka wod, WmlrK Ndú; lr rdYs ukshs

iqÿiq ksoiqka weiqrska úoHq;a úNjh meyeos<s lrhs'

fjda,aàh;dj úNj wka;rhla f,i meyeos,s lrhs'

fjda,aàh;dfõ tall V f,i m%ldY lrhs'

fjda,aÜógrhla Ndú; lr mrsm:hl fok ,o ,Ìh folla w;r fjda,aàh;dj ksjerosj ukshs'

úoHq;a Odrdjla by, úNjhl isg my, úNjhla olajd .,d hk nj úia;r lrhs'

úoHq;a Odrdfõ osYdj + isg

- fj; úoHq;a Odrdfõ tall A

f,i weógrh Ndú; lr

mrsm:hl fok ,o ,Ìhla miq lr .,k Odrdj ksjerosj ukshs'

R m%;sfrdaOh hkq ikakdhlhla yryd .,k Odrdjg th úiska we;s flfrk ndOdj nj myod fohs'

01 02 01 01

negrsh" n,an" iaúÉ" iïnkaOl lïî" weógrh" fjda,aÜógrh" m%;sfrdaOl" ikakdhl

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3'0 ld¾hlaIu;dj yd M,odhl;ajh m%Yia; uÜgul mj;ajd .ksñka Yla;sfha úúO iajrEm tajd mod¾:h yd isÿ lrk wka;¾ l%shd iy Yla;s mrsKduh Ndú;hg .kshs' 2'0 cSú;fha .=Kd;auh by, kexùu i|yd mod¾:h .=K yd tajdfha wka;¾ l%shd úu¾Ykh lrhs'

3'4 Odrd úoHq;h iïnkaO uQ,sl rdYs ms<sn|j oekqj;a fjñka wod, WmlrK Ndú; lr rdYs ukshs 2'3 mrsirfha isÿjk mod¾:fha fjkialïj, m%;sM, .fõIKh lrhs'

m%;sfrdaOfha tallh ´uh (Ω) f,i meyeos,s lrhs'

úoHq;h wdY%s; ksjerosj uekSfï jeo.;alu ms<s.ekSug;a ms<sjka úh hq;=h'


mod¾:fha fjkialï

wdo¾Ykh lsrSug ir, l%shdldrlï isÿlrhs'

Yla;sh iemhSfuka mod¾:fha fjkialï isÿl, yels nj m%ldY lrhs'

øjHj, ixhq;sh fjkilg Ndckh ùu fyda fkdùu wkqj fok ,o úm¾hdi j¾. lrhs'

fN!;sl úm¾hdihla hkq øjHhl ixhq;sh fjkilg Ndckh fkdjk fjkila nj m%ldY lrhs'

01 01 01 01 01

fldm¾ i,afmaÜ" iskala leà;s fmdgEishï m¾ uex.fkaÜ kema;,Ska fnda,

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2'3 mrsirfha isÿjk mod¾:fha fjkialïj, m%;sM, .fõIKh lrhs'

wjia:d úm¾hdi wkqnoaO fN!;sl úm¾hdi wdo¾Ykh i|yd ir, lS%hdldrlï ks¾udKh lsrSug yd isÿ lsrSug;a'

ridhksl úm¾hdihloS yeu úgu fjkia ixhq;shlska hq;a kj øjH iEoSula isÿjk nj;a'

ir, l%shdldrlï u.ska ridhksl úm¾hdi isÿ jQ njg idlaIH bosrsm;a lrhs'

fok ,o ridhksl úm¾hdihl m%;sl%shl yd M, y÷kd .ekSug;a'

ir, l%shdldrlï weiqrska újD; moaO;shla yd ixjD; moaO;shla hkq l=ulaoehs úia;r lrhs'

isÿ lrk ,o l%shdldrlïj, m%;sM, Ndú;fhka ialkaO ixia:s;s kshuh m%ldY lrhs'

01 01 01 02

f,â khsfÜ%Ü" fidaähï laf,darhsâ whäka leg bámkaoï N+ñf;,a" le,aishï yhsfv%dlaihsâ" hlv weK o¾Yl (PH, ,sÜuia& HCL wï,h" fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ"

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oykh hkq odyH øjHhla yd oyk fmdaIlhla w;r m%;sl%shdjla f,i úia;r lrhs'

oykfhaoS ldnkavfhdlaihsâ yd c,h ksmofjk nj wdo¾Ykh lsrSu i|yd mrSÌK ks¾udKh lsrSug yd isÿ lsrSug;a

bámkaoï yd nkaika odyl oe,af,a l,dm kï lrhs'

iïmQ¾K oykh yd wiïmQ¾K oykh w;r fjki y÷kd .kshs'

.sks ;%sfldaKh yd .skakla we;sùug caj,k WIaK;ajh lrd t<öfï wjYH;dj úia;r lrhs'

hlv u,neoSug n,mdk idOlj, wjYH;dj wdo¾Ykh lsrSu i|yd ir, mrSÌK isÿ lrhs'

f,day u,skùu yd hlv u,neoSu ridhksl úm¾hdi nj m%ldY lrhs'

02 02 01 02

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hlv u,neoSu je,elaùu i|yd Ndú; l, yels l%u y÷kajdoSug;a

tosfkod cSú;fha Ndú; lrk hlv NdKavj, u,neoSu ukaokh lsrSu i|yd wjYH mQ¾fjdamdh fhdod .ekSug;a

wd¾:sl jYfhka w;suy;a w,dNhlg fya;= jk hlv u,neoSu je,elaùfï jeo.;alu ms<s.ekSug;a

wï, NIau j,skao NIau wï, j,skao WodiSk jk nj m%ldY lsrSug;a

tosfkod cSù;fhaoS WodiSkslrk uQ,O¾u fhdod .ekSu i|yd ksoiqka iemhSug;a

iqÿiq o¾Ylhla Ndú;fhka WodiSKlrK m%;dlS%hd wdo¾Ykh lsrSug;a

tosfkod cSú;fha isÿjk fN!;sl yd ridhksl úm¾hdi f,i j¾.SlrKh lsrSug; ms<sjka úh hq;=h

tall$mdi,a mdol we.hSu

02 02 01 01

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1'4 udkj nysiai%dùh moaO;sh .fùIKh lrhs'

1'5 udkj iakdhq moaO;s .fùIKh lrhs'

nysiai%djh hkq l=ulaoehs m%ldY lrhs'

udkj nysiai%dùh bkaøsh yd nysiai%dùh M, kï lrhs'

udkj uq;% moaO;sfhys m%Odk fldgia we| kï lrhs'

jDlalfha msysàu yd jHqyh úia;r lrhs

jl=.vqj,g ydks ùug fya;= yd th j<lajd .ekSug wkq.ukh l<hq;= ms<sfj;a m%ldY lrhs'

ksis mrsos l%shd;aul jk nysiai%dùh moaO;shla i|yd fi!LH iïmkak cSjk rgdjla mj;ajd .ekSfï jeo.;alu ms<s.kshs'


iakdhq iudfhdackh hkq ljrlaoehs idlÉPd lsrSu

udkj iakdhq moaO;sfha m%Odk fldgia y÷kd .ekSu

01 01 01 01 01

wdlD;s" pdÜ igyka" nysiai%dùh moaO;sfha rEm igyka" mdg mEka" äuhs fld< wdlD;s" pdÜ igyka" rEm igyka" rn¾ i¾mfhla

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1'5 udkj iakdhq moaO;s .fùIKh lrhs'

1'6 ñksidf.a ifuys jHqyuh yd lD;Huh iïnkaO;d mrSÌd lrhs'

uOHu iakdhq moaO;sh wdrÌdù we;s wdldrh m%ldY lsrSu

m¾hka; iakdhq moaO;sh hkq l=ulaoehs m%ldY lsrSt

iakdhqq wdfõ.hl iajNdjh wdo¾Ykh lsrSu i|yd ir, l%shdldrlula ie,iqï lsrSu

tosfkod lghq;=j,oS myiqfjka ydkshg m;aúh yels iakdhq moaO;sfha wdrÌdj i|yd wjYH ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh lsrSfï jeo.;alu ms<s.ekSug ms<sjka ùu


udkj p¾ufha m%Odk lD;Hh meyeos,s lrhs'

udkj ifuys o< igykla we|Sug yd tys m%Odk fldgia kï lrhs'

01 01 01 01

wdlD;s" pdÜ igyka" rEm igyka"

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1'0 ffcùh moaO;sj, M,odhs;dj jeä oshqKq lsrSu i|yd cSjh yd ffcj l%shdj,s .fõIKh lrhs' 3'0 ld¾hlaIu;dj yd M,odhl;ajh m%Yia; uÜgul mj;ajd .ksñka Yla;sfha úúO iajrEm tajd mod¾:h yd isÿ lrk wka;¾ l%shd iy Yla;s mrsKduh Ndú;hg .kshs'

1'6 ñksidf.a ifuys jHqyuh yd lD;Huh iïnkaO;d mrSÌd lrhs'

3'5 ir, úoHq;a WjdrKj, M,odhs;dj ffoksl lghq;= i|yd m%fhdackhg .kshs'

ksfrda.S iula mj;ajd .ekSfï jeo.;alu m%ldY lsrSug ms<sjka ùu

iu u; flfrk hï msrshï yd tajdfha m%;sM, ms<sn|j f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'

iu wkjYH msrshï lsrSï j,g Ndckh lsrSfuka je<lSfï wjYH;dj m%ldY lsrSug ms<sjka ùu'

tall $ mdi,a mdol we.hSu ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

fok ,o mrsm: igyka Ndú; lr ir, fY%aKs.; yd iudka;r.; mrsm: f.dv ke.Su

fY%aKs.; yd iudka;r.; mrsm: iïnkaO ksrSÌK meyeos,s lsrSu'

úÿ,s mkaoul mrsm: igyk we|Su

mrsm: iïmQ¾K jQ úg muKla n,anhla oe,afjk nj m%ldY lrhs'

01 01 02 01

mrsm: rEmigyka" fldaI" n,an" iaúp" jh¾" úh<s fldaI

8 fY%aKsh

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3'0 ld¾hlaIu;dj yd M,odhl;ajh m%Yia; uÜgul mj;ajd .ksñka Yla;sfha úúO iajrEm tajd mod¾:h yd isÿ lrk wka;¾ l%shd iy Yla;s mrsKduh Ndú;hg .kshs' 3'0 ld¾hlaIu;dj yd M,odhl;ajh m%Yia; uÜgul mj;ajd .ksñka Yla;sfha úúO iajrEm tajd mod¾:h yd isÿ lrk wka;¾ l%shd iy Yla;s mrsKduh Ndú;hg .kshs'

3'5 ir, úoHq;a WjdrKj, M,odhs;dj ffoksl lghq;= i|yd m%fhdackhg .kshs' 3'6 tosfkod cSú;fhaoS úoHq;fha M, ld¾hÌu f,i Ndú;hg .kS'

fok ,o wjia:dj,g .e,fmk mrsos wdf,dal mrsm: ;khs'

mrsm: tl,ia lsrSfï wdjqo M,odhsj Ndú; lrhs

mrsm:hl Odrdj md,kh lrK WmlrK Ndú;h

ksji ;=< úoHq;a WjdrK Ndú;hg .ekSfïoS wkq.ukh l< hq;= wdrÌs; ms<sfj;a ,ehsia;= .;lrhs'

ksjfia Ndú;hg .kakd úoHq;a WjdrK ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lsrSug yd jvd M,odhs yd ld¾hÌu WjdrK fldard .kshs


úoHq;fha ;dmk M,h" m%ldY M,h" pqïNl M,h" yd ridhksl M,h fmkakqï lsrSu i|yd ir, l%shdldrlï isÿ lsrSu'

02 01 01 01 01 01

Bhï mdykh" Bhï Odrd kshdulh úoHq;a WjdrKj, rEm igyka úoHq;a -pqïNl" LED, úh,s fldaI" ;T lïí" iïnkaOl lïí" mrsjD;a; lïí

8 fY%aKsh

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3'6 tosfkod cSú;fhaoS úoHq;fha M, ld¾hÌu f,i Ndú;hg .kS'

úoHq;h úúO Ylaks m%fNao njg mrsKduh lsrSug yels nj meyeos,s lsrSu

tosfkod cSú;fhaoS úoHq;fha ;dmk M,fhys Ndú; úu¾Ykh lsrSu

ridhksl M,h tosfkod cSú;fhaoS Ndú;hg .kakd wdldrh wdo¾Ykh lsrSu

ir, úoHq;a pqïNlhla ;kd tys m%n,;dj fjkia lsrSfï l%u wdo¾Ykh

úoHq;fha pqïNl M,h Ndú;hg .ksñka l%shd;aul jk ir, wdlD;s ;ekSu

wdf,dal úfudapl osfhdavhla Ndú; lr úoHq;fha m%ldY M,h fmkaùu i|yd ir, WjdrK ;ekSu

úoHq;fha M, Ndú;hg .kakd kj ksmehqï ks¾udKh lsrSug yd úoHq;fha M, tosfkod cSú;fhaoS M,odhs whqrska Ndú;hg .; yels nj ms<s.kshs'

02 01 01 01 01 01

8 fY%aKsh

úoHdj

ksmqK;dj



3'0 ld¾hlaIu;dj yd M,odhl;ajh m%Yia; uÜgul mj;ajd .ksñka Yla;sfha úúO iajrEm tajd mod¾:h yd isÿ lrk wka;¾ l%shd iy Yla;s mrsKduh Ndú;hg .kshs' 1'0 ffcùh moaO;sj, M,odhs;dj jeä oshqKq lsrSu i|yd cSjh yd ffcj l%shdj,s .fõIKh lrhs'

3'6 tosfkod cSú;fhaoS úoHq;fha M, ld¾hÌu f,i Ndú;hg .kS' 1'7 Ydlj, meje;au yd mrsirfha iqrÌs;;dj ;yjqre flfrk ffcj l%shdj,s iuyrla úu¾Ykh lrhs'


f;jk jdrh

úirKh yd wdi%e;sh wdo¾Ykh lsrSug ir, l%shdldrlï isÿlrhs'

úirKh yd wdi%e;sh Ydlj, m%Odk mrsjyk l%u f,i úia;r lrhs'

c,h mrsjykh fmkakqï lsrSu i|yd ir, l%shdldrlï isÿlrhs'

ødjH Lksc yd wdydr øjH Ydlj, mrsjyk moaO;s yryd mrsyrKh ùu i|yd iqÿiq WodyrK m%ldY lrhs'

Ydlj, meje;au i|yd øjH mrsjykfha jeo.;alu ms<s.ekSu

01 01 01 01 01

KMnO4, ìlr" ¨Kq" msysh" w¾;dm,a" fmdaÉÑj, isgqjk ,o Ydl" mrSÌK k," fia,hska ng" lsr, wen" fmd,s;Ska" fif,dafÜma

8 fY%aKsh

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ksmqK;d uÜgu bf.kqï M, - f;jk jdrh ld,É-fPao



1'7 Ydlj, meje;au yd mrsirfha iqrÌs;;dj ;yjqre flfrk ffcj l%shdj,s iuyrla úu¾Ykh lrhs'

Ydlj, W;aiafõokh fmkaùu i|yd ir, l%shdldrlï ks¾udKh lr isÿ lrhs'

iqÿiq WodyrK u.ska W;aiafõokh wju lsrSu i|yd Ydlj, we;s wkqj¾;k úu¾Ykh lr jd¾;d lrhs'

W;aiafõokfha jeo.;alu ms<s.kshs'

ìxÿoh yd W;aiafõokh w;r fjki y÷kd .kshs'

m%Ndixiaf,aIKfha m%Odk M,h yd w;=re M,h fmkaùu i|yd ir, mrSÌK lrhs'

m%Nd( jpk iólrKfhka olajhs'

m%Nd( fha f.da,Sh jeo.;alu ms<sn| jd¾;djla bosrsm;a lrhs'

ffcj f,dalfha meje;au i|yd m%Nd( fha jeo.;alu ms<s.ekSu'


01 01 01 01 01

8 fY%aKsh

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1'8 cSúfhl=f.a cSjk pl%h ksrSÌKh lr wjfndaO lr .kshs'

iEu cSúfhl=g u cSjk pl%hlska iïmQ¾K jk cSú; ld,hla we;s nj rEm igyka weiqrska fmkajd fohs'

udkjhdf.a yd iuk,hdf.a cSjk pl% y÷kajd oS ikaikaokh lrhs'

rEmdka;rKh hk moh úia;r lrhs'

rEmdka;rKh iys; cSjk pl% we;s cSùka yd rEmdka;rKh rys; cSjk pl% we;s cSùka i|yd ksoiqka imhhs'

iïmQ¾K yd wiïmQ¾K rEmdka;rK fjkalr y÷kd .kshs'

iïmQ¾K yd wiïmQ¾K rEmdka;rK i|yd ksoiqka olajhs'

rEm igyka weiqrska imqIam Ydlhl cSjk pl%h bosrsm;a lrhs'

01 01 01 01

äuhs lvodis" meiag,a" Ydlj, yd i;=kaf.a cSjk pl% fmkakqï lrk rEm igyka .ï

8 fY%aKsh

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1'8 cSúfhl=f.a cSjk pl%h ksrSÌKh lr wjfndaO lr .kshs'

cSjk pl%hl úúO woshr i|yd imhd .; yels wdo¾Y tl;= lsrSug yd tajd WÑ; wdldrfhka m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

id¾:l f,i u¾okh lsrSfï wruqKska hq;=j m,sfndaOlhkaf.a cSjk pl%j, úúO woshr y÷kd .kshs'

m,sfndaO id¾:l f,i u¾okh lsrSu i|yd cSjk pl%j, woshr Ndú;hg .; yels nj ms<s.kshs'

ffcj úúO;ajh iq/lSu i|yd cSjk pl%j, ixfõoS woshr wdrÌd lsrSfï jeo.;alu ms,s.ekSug yelshdj ,nhs'


01 01 01 01

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1'9 wdydr øjH ñ,oS .ekSfïoS wdydr mrsrÌKh yd meiqreu ms<sn| oekqu Ndú;hg .kshs'

wdydr mrsrÌKh hkq l=ulaoehs úia;r lsrSu'

wdydr mrsrÌKfha wjYH;dj meyeos,s lsrSu'

mrsrÌKh lrk ,o yd mrsrÌKh fkdlrk ,o wdydr i|yd ksoiqka iemhSu'

meiqreï lrk ,o wdydr i|yd ksoiqka iemhSu'

wdydr mrsrÌKh i|yd Ndú; lrk úúO iïm%odhsl yd kùk ;dÌKsl l%u ,ehsia;= .; lsrSu'

wdydr mrsrÌKhg mokï jk uQ,O¾u meyeos,s lsrSu'

imhk ,o wdydruh whs;u mrsrÌKh lsrSu'

mrsrÌKh lrk ,o yd msrsie,iqï lrk ,o wdydrj, jdis yd wjdis ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'

01 01 01 01 01

¨Kqq" iSks foys" mska;+r

8 fY%aKsh

úoHdj

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1'0 ffcùh moaO;sj, M,odhs;dj jeä oshqKq lsrSu i|yd cSjh yd ffcj l%shdj,s .fõIKh lrhs' 4'0 nqoaêu;a yd ;sridr f,i mrsfNdackh lrkq msKsi iajNdúl ixisoaê wjfndaO lr.ksñka fmdf<dfõ iajNdjh" .=K yd l%shdj,s .fõIKh lrhs'

1'9 wdydr øjH ñ,oS .ekSfïoS wdydr mrsrÌKh yd meiqreu ms<sn| oekqu Ndú;hg .kshs' 4'1 fi!r.%y uKav,h wNHjldYh yd wNHdjldY .fõIK ms<sn| f;dr;=re msrslaihs'

ñ,oS .ekSug fmr msrsie,iqï lrk ,o wdydr weiqreïj, uqøKh lr we;s f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsrSfï jeo.;alu ms<s.ekSug ms<sjkaùu


fi!r.%y uKav,h

úoyd oelaùug úúO wdlD;s ks¾udKh lrhs'

rd;%S wyi ksrSÌKh lsrSfuka .%yf,dal yd ;drld y÷kd.kshs'

m%Odk ;re rgd y÷kd.ekSug yd we;eï ;re rgdj,g wh;a jeo.;a ;drld kï lsrSug yelshdj ,nhs'

mDÓúfha oDYH .uka ud¾.fha msysá f;dard .kakd ,o ;re mx;s fod<i rdYs pl%h f,i y÷kajhs'

01 01 02 01 02 02

weiqreï lrk ,o melÜ" rEm igyka

ma,diaála fnda, 3" wdOdrl" î%iag,a fndaâ" úÿ,s mkaou" úh<s fldaI" fif,daf*aka fld<" ;re ldâ" ùäfhda mg" ÿf¾Ì" kQ,a

8 fY%aKsh

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4'0 nqoaêu;a yd ;sridr f,i mrsfNdackh lrkq msKsi iajNdúl ixisoaê wjfndaO lr.ksñka fmdf<dfõ iajNdjh" .=K yd l%shdj,s .fõIKh lrhs' 4'0 nqoaêu;a yd ;sridr f,i mrsfNdackh lrkq msKsi iajNdúl ixisoaê wjfndaO lr.ksñka fmdf<dfõ iajNdjh" .=K yd l%shdj,s .fõIKh lrhs'

4'1 fi!r.%y uKav,h wNHjldYh yd wNHdjldY .fõIK ms<sn| f;dr;=re msrslaihs' 4'2 fi!r.%y uKAv,h yd ta wdY%s; jeo.;a ixisoaê iuyrla wdo¾Ykh lsrSfï l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lr.kshs'

wdl¾IKSh l%u Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka wNHdjldY .fõIKh yd lD;su pkaøsld ms<sn| f;dr;=re bosrsm;a lrhs'

ikaksfõok moaO;sj, lD;su pkaøsldj, jeo.;alu ms<s.kshs'

ish¨ wNHdjldY .fõIK l%shdldrlï udkjhdf.a hy meje;au wruqKq fldg isÿúh hq;= nj ms<s.kshs'


fmdf<dfõ yd pkaøhdf.a

N%uKh yd mrsN%uKh wdo¾Ykh lsrSu i|yd úúO wdlD;s ;khs'

R;= úm¾hdi úia;r lsrSu i|yd úúO wdlD;s Ndú; lrhs'

rEm igyka uÕska pkaøl,d we;sùu fmkakqï lrhs'

01 01 02 01 02 02 02

ma,diaála fnda," wdOdrl" úÿ,s mkaou

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4'0 nqoaêu;a yd ;sridr f,i mrsfNdackh lrkq msKsi iajNdúl ixisoaê wjfndaO lr.ksñka fmdf<dfõ iajNdjh" .=K yd l%shdj,s .fõIKh lrhs' 4'0 nqoaêu;a yd ;sridr f,i mrsfNdackh lrkq msKsi iajNdúl ixisoaê wjfndaO lr.ksñka fmdf<dfõ iajNdjh" .=K yd l%shdj,s .fõIKh lrhs'

4'2 fi!r.%y uKAv,h yd ta wdY%s; jeo.;a ixisoaê iuyrla wdo¾Ykh lsrSfï l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lr.kshs' 4'3 iajNdúl wdmod wdY%s; foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdij, úoHd;aul moku .fõIKh lrhs'

lsrK igyka wdY%fhka iQ¾h.%yK yd pkaø.%yK we;sõu úia;r lrhs'

pkaø.%yK yd iQ¾h.%yK wdo¾Ykh lsrSu i|yd wdlD;s Ndú; lrhs'


kshÕ" .xj;=r" kdhhEï

yd wl=Kq hk iajNdúl wdmodj,g fya;= úia;r lrhs'

iajNdúl úm;aj, úoHd;aul moku wdo¾Ykh lsrSu i|yd úúO wdlD;s f.dvk.hs'

iajNdúl wdmodj,ska isÿjk ydks wju lsrSu i|yd .kakd mQ¾fjdamdh j, jeo.;alu ms<s.kshs'

01 02 01 02 02 02

ùäfhda mg" wdlD;s" mqj;am;a ,sms" fmdaiag¾

8 fY%aKsh

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4'0 nqoaêu;a yd ;sridr f,i mrsfNdackh lrkq msKsi iajNdúl ixisoaê wjfndaO lr.ksñka fmdf<dfõ iajNdjh" .=K yd l%shdj,s .fõIKh lrhs'

4'3 iajNdúl wdmod wdY%s; foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdij, úoHd;aul moku .fõIKh lrhs'

iajNdúl wdmodj,ska isÿjk ydks wju lsrSfõoS ikaksfõokfha jeo.;alu w.h lrhs'


02 01

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.=reNj;df.a w;aik úÿy,am;sf.a w;aik

oskh (- ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' oskh (- '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

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