oil -all about it part 2

7/28/2019 Oil -All About It Part 2

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Multi-crore pilferage in Mathura refinery

LUCKNOW: Villagers in Mathura have helped unearth a racket through which

crores of litres ofcrude oil are estimated to have been siphoned off from the

main pipeline ofIndian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL) between Salayan in

Gujarat and the Mathura refinery. Police have unearthed a 400-metre pipelineof two inches in diameter through which the crude oil was being stolen from

the underground main line probably for the past three years.

SSP Mathura Pradeep Kumar Yadav said criminal elements had hacked

the main Salayan-Mathura pipeline near Sonoth village, about 45km from

Mathura city. "They had attached a valve to the main pipeline running

underground. This valve was connected to a 2 inch diameter pipe through

which the pilferage was being delivered 400 metres away from the pipeline,"

Yadav told TOI.

IG Agra zone Ashutosh Pandey said the state government had been

informed about the theft that is estimated to have led to losses worthhundreds of crores of rupees. "We are trying to establish the specifics like the

manner in which this pilferage was done without being detected by the local

police or the authorities at the refinery," Pandey said.

As per reports, people from Sonoth informed a senior police officer about

a shady business that had been operating from the village for the past three

years. The villagers told the officer that many oil tankers visited a makeshift

structure situated in the middle of a farm on the village outskirts every night,

and by dawn the entire premises would be deserted. On the basis of this

complaint, the police conducted an inquiry, which discovered the pilferage

racket. As per the initial reports, police have registered a case against oneMukesh Thakur and his nephew Subhash, who are believed to be the kingpin

of the racket. Raids were underway to arrest the two. The local police is

baffled about it since IOC has an internal mechanism to detect pilferage by

detecting change in flow pressure.

The leakage could not be detected since line flow rate was very low.

Normally computer detects line flow rate if it is beyond 3 per cent, Haq said.

"I am confident that none of our staff is directly or indirectly involved," he

said. However to prevent future thefts of crude, a meeting of high officials

would be called and ways would be found, he said.

ENGLISH FROM THIS TOPIC

1. unearth /nrTH/ Verb

Find (something) in the ground by digging.

Discover (something hidden, lost, or kept secret) by investigation or

searching: "unearth the truth".


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Synonyms ; detect - discover - disinter - excavate - uncover

2. siphon off something /siphon something off

To take something that was intended for someone or something else The

dictator and his close friends siphoned off up to 20 percent of the annualbudget. The donated food was mostly siphoned off and sold, while the needy

got almost nothing.

3. hack 1 (hk) v.

1. To cut or chop with repeated and irregular blows: hacked down the

saplings.

2. To break up the surface of (soil).

3.a. Informal To alter (a computer program): hacked her text editor to read

HTML.

1. A horse used for riding or driving; a hackney.

2. A worn-out horse for hire; a jade.

4. pilferage (n )

1. the act or practice of stealing small quantities or articles

2. the amount so stolen

larceny, stealing, theft, thievery, thieving

5. dawn (dn) n.

1. The time each morning at which daylight first begins.

2. A first appearance; a beginning: the dawn of history. See Synonyms at

beginning.

6) makeshift (adj)

serving as a temporary or expedient means, esp during an emergency

n something serving in this capacity

7)baffle (bfl) tr.v. baffled, baffling, baffles

1. To frustrate or check (a person) as by confusing or perplexing; stymie.

2. To impede the force or movement of.


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Note :The autoignition temperature or kindling point of a substance is the

lowest temperature at which it will spontaneously ignite in a normal

atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark.It

depends on the concentrationof oxygen around.

Normal room temperatue ranges b/w =20 C (68 F or 293 K) to 25

C (77 F or 298 K)

Class IA flammable liquids have a flash point below 73 F (the upper end of

the common range of room temperature) and a boiling point below 100 F

---- DIMETHYL ETHER

Class IB flammable liquids have a flash point below 73 F (-40degree C)and a

boiling point greater than or equal to 100 F-------GASOLINE(PETROL)

Class IC flammable liquids have a flash point greater than or equal to 73 F

and below 100 F

Class II combustible liquids have a flash point greater than or equal to 100 F

and below 140 F ----- DIESEL & JET FUEL

Class IIIA combustible liquids have a flash point greater than or equal to 140

F and below 200 F----- KEROSENE

Class IIIB combustible liquids have a flash point greater than or equal to 200

F------BIOFUEL & VEGETABLE OIL

CLASSIFICATION OF OIL -

Oils may be------- animal, vegetable, or petrochemical

volatile( volatility is the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is

directly related to a substance's vapor pressure. At this temperature, a

substance with higher vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a

substance with a lower vapor pressure)

These are volatile at room temperature & are usually obtained by

distillation.When evaporate do not leave any spot.

non-volatile (Non volatile at room temp & can be obtained by special

extraction process. These leave spotafter evaporation.

Types of oil according to origin

1)Organic oils


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Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and

other organisms through natural metabolic processes. Lipid is the scientific

term for the fatty acids, steroids and similar chemicals often found in the oils

produced by living things, while oil refers to an overall mixture of chemicals.

Organic oils may also contain chemicals other than lipids, including proteins,

waxes and alkaloids.

Plant oils or vegetable oils are oils derived from plant sources, as opposed to

animal fats or petroleum. There are three primary types of plant oil, differing

both the means of extracting the relevant parts of the plant, and in the

nature of the resulting oil:

Vegetable fats and oils were historically extracted by putting part of the plant

under pressure, squeezing out the oil. eg mustard oil , date palm oil , canola

oil , olive oil ,linseed oil ,

Macerated oils consist of a base oil to which parts of plants are added. eg

herbs and flowers

Essential oils are composed of volatile aromatic compounds, extracted from

plants by distillation. Essential oils are not oils but volatile aromatic

compounds that are used in flavors, fragrances, and in aroma therapy for

health purposes. Essential oils are usually extracted by distillation.

Palm Soybean Rapeseed Sunflower seed Peanut

Cotttonseed

Palm kernel Coconut Olive

Other significant triglyceride oils include:

Corn oil, one of the most common cooking oils. Rice bran oil, from rice grains

Safflower oil, a flavorless and colorless cooking oil

Sesame oil, used as a cooking oil, and as a massage oil, particularly in India

To produce vegetable oils, the oil first needs to be removed from the oil-

bearing plant components, typically seeds. This can be done via mechanical

extraction using an oil mill or chemical extraction using a solvent. The

extracted oil can then be purified and, if required, refined or chemically

altered.

Mechanical extraction

Oils can also be removed via mechanical extraction, termed "crushing" or

"pressing." This method is typically used to produce the more traditional oils

(e.g., olive, coconut etc.), and it is preferred by most "health-food" customers

in the United States and in Europe.[citation needed] There are several


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different types of mechanical extraction.[11] Expeller-pressing extraction is

common, though the screw press, ram press, and Ghani (powered mortar and

pestle) are also used. Oil seed presses are commonly used in developing

countries, among people for whom other extraction methods would be

prohibitively expensive; the Ghani is primarily used in India.[12]

Solvent extraction

The processing vegetable oil in commercial applications is commonly done by

chemical extraction, using solvent extracts, which produces higher yields and

is quicker and less expensive. The most common solvent is petroleum-

derived hexane. This technique is used for most of the "newer" industrial oils

such as soybean and corn oils.

Supercritical carbon dioxide can be used as a non-toxic alternative to other

solvents.[15]

Hydrogenation

Oils may be partially hydrogenated to produce various ingredient oils. Lightly

hydrogenated oils have very similar physical characteristics to regular soy oil,

but are more resistant to becoming rancid. Margarine oils need to be mostly

solid at 32 C (90 F) so that the margarine does not melt in warm rooms, yet

it needs to be completely liquid at 37 C (98 F), so that it doesn't leave a

"lardy" taste in the mouth.

Sparging

In the processing of edible oils, the oil is heated under vacuum to near thesmoke point, and water is introduced at the bottom of the oil. The water

immediately is converted to steam, which bubbles through the oil, carrying

with it any chemicals which are water-soluble. The steam sparging removes

impurities that can impart unwanted flavors and odors to the oil.

Animal fats and oils are lipid materials derived from animals. Physically, oils

are liquid at room temperature, and fats are solid. Chemically, both fats and

oils are composed of triglycerides. Although many animal parts and

secretions may yield oil, in commercial practice, oil is extracted primarily

from rendered tissue fats obtained from livestock animals like pigs, chickens

and cows. Dairy products also yield popular animal fat and oil products such

as cheese, butter, and milk.

Fish mainly cod , shark and mammal whale are great source of animal oil.

Mineral oils

Crude oil, or petroleum, and its refined components, collectively termed


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petrochemicals, are crucial resources in the modern economy. Crude oil

originates from ancient fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and

algae, which geochemical processes convert into oil. The name is a

misnomer, in that minerals are not the source of the oil - ancient plants and

animals are. Mineral oil is organic. However, it is classified as "mineral oil"

instead of as "organic oil" because its organic origin is remote (and wasunknown at the time of its discovery), and because it is obtained in the

vicinity of rocks, underground traps, and sands. Mineral oil also refers to

several specific distillates of crude oil. Petroleum is a naturally occurring

flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various

molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in

geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. .

Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. it is estimated that the

world consumes about 88 million barrels each day.

Unit of volume for crude oil and petroleum products. One barrel equals 42 USgallons or 35 UK (imperial) gallons, or approximately 159 liters or 9,702 cubic

inches (5.6 cubic feet); 6.29 barrels equal one cubic meter and (on average)

7.33 barrels weigh one metric ton (1000 kilograms). One barrel of crude

equals 5604 cubic-feet of natural gas, 1.45 barrels of liquefied natural gas

(LNG), or about one barrel of gas oil.

Octane rating or octane number is a standard measure of the performance of

a motor or aviation fuel. The higher the octane number, the more

compression the fuel can withstand before detonating. In broad terms, fuels

with a higher octane rating are used in high-compression engines thatgenerally have higher performance. In contrast, fuels with lower octane

numbers (but higher cetane numbers) are ideal for diesel engines. Use of

gasoline with less octane numbers may lead to the problem of engine

knocking.

Knocking (also called knock, detonation, spark knock, pinging or pinking) in

spark-ignition internal combustion engines occurs when combustion of the

air/fuel mixture in the cylinder starts off correctly in response to ignition by

the spark plug, but one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode outside

the envelope of the normal combustion front.

An antiknock agent is a gasoline additive used to reduce engine knocking and

increase the fuel's octane rating by raising the temperature and pressure at

which ignition occurs.

'The typical antiknock agents in use are:

Tetraethyllead (Still in use as a high octane addative)


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Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT)

Ferrocene

Iron pentacarbonyl

Toluene

Isooctane

Cetane number or CN is a measurement of the combustion quality of diesel

fuel during compression ignition. It is a significant expression of the quality of

a diesel fuel

REFINING OF CRUDE OIL

An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where

crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products such as

petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene,

and liquefied petroleum gas

Raw or unprocessed crude oil is not generally useful in industrial applications.

Instead, the hundreds of different hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil are

separated in a refinery into components which can be used as fuels,

lubricants, and as feedstocks in petrochemical processes that manufacture

such products as plastics, detergents, solvents, elastomers and fibers such as

nylon and polyesters. . Different boiling points allow thehydrocarbons to be separated by distillation. Since the lighter liquid products

are in great demand for use in internal combustion engines, a modern

refinery will convert heavy hydrocarbons and lighter gaseous elements into

these higher value products.

. Octane grade of gasoline can also be improved by catalytic reforming,

which involves removing hydrogen from hydrocarbons producing compounds

with higher octane ratings such as aromatics. Petroleum products are usually

grouped into three categories: light distillates (LPG, gasoline, naphtha),

middle distillates (kerosene, diesel), heavy distillates and residuum (heavy

fuel oil, lubricating oils, wax, asphalt).This classification is based on the way

crude oil is distilled and separated into fractions (called distillates and

residuum) as in the above drawing.[2]

Liquefied petroleum gas, also called LPG, GPL, LP Gas, liquid petroleum gas or

simply propane or butane, is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases used


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as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles. It is increasingly used as an

aerosol propellant and a refrigerant, replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort

to reduce damage to the ozone layer. When specifically used as a vehicle fuel

it is often referred to as autogas.

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol),Diesel fuel, or propane/LPG. Although its combustion does produce

greenhouse gases, it is a more environmentally clean alternative to those

fuels, and it is much safer than other fuels in the event of a spill (natural gas

is lighter than air, and disperses quickly when released). CNG is made by

compressing natural gas (which is mainly composed of methane, CH4), to

less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. It is

stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 200248 bar

(2,9003,600 psi), usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes.

USES OF OIL

1. Cooking oil

2.Emulsifier, a chemical which allows oil and water to mix

3.Wax, a class of compounds with oil-like properties that are solid at common

temperaturesA bottle of olive oil used in food

4.Cosmetics

5.Painting

Color pigments are easily suspended in oil, making it suitable as a supporting

medium for paints. The oldest known extant oil paintings date from 650 AD.

[10]

6.Heat transfer

Oils are used as coolants in oil cooling, for instance in electric transformers.

Oils are also used to enhance heating in other applications, such as cooking

(especially in frying).

7.Lubrication

Oils are commonly used as lubricants. Mineral oils are more commonly usedas machine lubricants than biological oils are. Whale oil is preferred for

lubricating clocks, because it does not evaporate, leaving dust, although its

use was banned in 1980.[11] As no suitable substitute is available, whale oil

is still used in space (in small quantities).[12]

8. Fuel


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PLACES WHERE OIL REFINERIES ARE SITUATED IN INDIA----


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List of Oil Companies in India

Aban Offshore ,

Bharat Petroleum ,

Bongaigaon Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited ,

Castrol India ,Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd ,

Essar Group ,

GAIL India Ltd

Gujarat Gas Company

Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation

Hindustan Petroleaum Corp. Ltd (HPCL)

IBPKolkata, India

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL)

Indraprastha Gas New Delhi, India

Mahanagar Gas Mumbai, India

Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited Mangalore,

Oil India Ltd Duliajan, Assam, India

ONGC CorporationPetronet LNG Ltd.

Reliance Natural Resources Limited

Reliance Petroleum Ahmedabad, India


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PIPE LINE LEAK DETECTION METHODS

Pipeline leak detection includes hydrostatic test after pipeline erection and

leak detection during service. This article mainly refers to in-service leak

detection.

Pipeline networks are the most economic and safest mode of transportation

for oil, gases and other fluid products. As a means of long-distance transport,

pipelines have to fulfill high demands of safety, reliability and efficiency. If

properly maintained, pipelines can last indefinitely without leaks.

Most significant leaks that do occur are caused by-------

A) damage from nearby excavation equipment, therefore it is critical to call

authorities prior to excavation to assure that there are no buried pipelines in

the vicinity.

B) If a pipeline is not properly maintained, it can begin to corrode slowly,

particularly at construction joints,C)low points where moisture collects, or

D)locations with imperfections in the pipe. However, these defects can be

identified by inspection tools and corrected before they progress to a leak.

Other reasons for leaks include accidents, terrorism, earth movement, or

sabotage.

The primary purpose of leak detection systems (LDS Systems) is to assist

pipeline controllers in detecting and localizing leaks. LDS Systems provide an

alarm and display other related data to the pipeline controllers in order to aid

in decision-making. Pipeline leak detection systems are also beneficialbecause they can enhance productivity and system reliability thanks to

reduced downtime and reduced inspection time. LDS Systems are therefore

an important aspect of pipeline technology.

LDS Systems are divided into

1)internally based LDS Systems and

2)externally based LDS Systems.

Internally based systems utilize field instrumentation (for example flow,

pressure or fluid temperature sensors) to monitor internal pipeline

parameters. Externally based systems also utilize field instrumentation (forexample infrared radiometers or thermal cameras, vapor sensors, acoustic

microphones or fiber-optic cables) to monitor external pipeline parameters.

3 Internally based LDS

3.1 Pressure/Flow monitoring

3.2 Acoustic Pressure Waves


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3.3 Balancing methods

3.4 Statistical methods

3.5 RTTM methods

3.6 E-RTTM methods

3.7 Bubble Emission Method

4 Externally based LDS

4.1 Infrared radiometric pipeline testing

4.2 Acoustic emission detectors

4.3 Vapour-sensing tubes

4.4 Fibre-optic leak detection

oil -all about it part 2

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