about oil for laymen

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The Petroleum Story

Agus S. Djamil & Kivuti Nyagah

Exploration & Technology Co-ordination

Petroleum Unit

Prime Minister Office

Negara Brunei Darussalam



Petroleum

=Oil & Gas

=

Hydrocarbon ( C,H)



The Origin of

Petroleum

Organic-rich

Source Rock

Thermally Matured

Organic Matter

Oil



Oil & Gas

Generation

Material : Organic (Carbon & Hydrogen)

Process : Thermogenic (Heat)

Biogenic (Biologic)

Dimension : Time (Geologic time, million years)

Space (Environment)

Result : Oil and Gas (Hydrocarbon)



HOW PETROLEUM

IS

GENERATED ?



“Cooking”

Heat

Process

KitchenTime

Material

Basin



Organic Material -

Source for Petroleum

Organic mater ials (fossils, plantremains, shells, etc.) embedded

in the sedimentary rock



Organic Material

Plants

KEROGEN

Animals

Organic Material

Oil

Gas

Water



Kerogen Types

H y d

r o g e n : C a r b o n r a t i o

Oxygen : Carbon ratio

0.250.100.05 0.200.150

1.5

1.0

0.5

collinite

vitrinite

telinite

Tasmanitedinoflagellates, chitinozoans etc.

algal tissue, polelen, spores, cuticle

Botryococcus

resiniteI

III

II

IV

Principal products of

kerogen evolution

CO2, H2O

OILGAS

Evolution path

Inertinite

fusinite

Kerogen Type I : High grade algal sediment.Oil prone. Lacustrine.

Kerogen Type II : Algal tissue, pollen, spores,plankton.Oil prone. Marginal marine.

Kerogen Type III :

Woody material.Gas prone. Swampy.

Kerogen Type IV : Any oxidized,recycled, sourcematerial.

Less hydrocarbon.



Kerogen Source

Examples



Heat from Deep in the

Earth Interior

Core

Heat



Thermogenic

Process

Every 30 meter down, the temperature will rise by 0.5 - 1.0 °C.

Oil and gas generally formed between 60 - 200 °C.

GAS accumulation

Oil accumulation

Source rock is being cooked

Migration of oil and gas to traps



Thermal generation

of Petroleum

T e m

p e r a t u r e ( C e l s i u s )

Hydrocarbon ( percent )0 100

50

100

150

200

60 °C

120 °C

Oil generation

Gas generation

Oil and gas generallyformed between 60-200

°C in source rocks that

are subjected to the right

pressure for millions ofyears.



Geologic Time

45 35 25 15 550 40 30 20 10

Early Middle Late

E O C E N E O L I G O C E N E M I O C E N EPLIO -PLEIST.PLIO-CENE QLateMiddleEarlyEarly Late

T I M E

(Million Years Ago)

E P O C H



Heat

Processes:

Physical,

Chemical,

Bio logica l

Source Rock

containing Organic

Material

(Animal, Plant)

Sedimentary Basin

Depocenter

Geologic Time

Hydrocarbon Maturation



WHERE TO

FINDPETROLEUM ?



Big Pool Of Oil Down

There ??

Big Pool

of Oil

Big Pool

of Oil

Big Pool

of Oil

Big Pool

of Oil

NO



Oil occupies the pore

spaces in rocks

Oil reservoir

Well path

Oil fills

the pore space

Sand grain

Reservoir rock



Reservoir Quality

Sandstone

Good Porosity = Ample space for Petroleum to occupy

Pores space(blue)



Reservoir

Characteristics

Pore-filling cement reduces reservoir quality = Less space for

petroleum to occupy

Cement filled pore

space(pink)



Petroleum System

Source Rock

Reservoir Rock

Seal Rock Maturation

Migration

Trapping Preservation



Petroleum System

Source Rock

Top Seal Rock

Reservoir Rock

Anticlinal Trap

Fault as potentialmigration path

Gas cap

Oil

120o F

350o F

Overburdenpreserves trap

from erosion

Hydrocarbon Generation



Use of erial

Photography

AlluvialFan

AlluvialFan

ThrustZone

ThrustZone

CompressionalMountain

Range• Aerial photo for rock

variations depositional andstructural patterns

• geological detail checkedvisually in the field



Field Geological

Investigations

Examining geological outcrops



Hydrocarbon Trap

Types

Salt

Dome

Fault

Unconformity

Stratigraphic Pinchout

Anticline



Different Kind of Oil Traps

Anticlinal Trap Fault Trap Stratigraphic Trap

Traps :

• Structural• Anticlinal trap

• Fault trap

• Stratigraphic

• Combination

Combination Trap



Seismic Imaging

of the Subsurface

Vibrator Truck(EnergySource)

RecordingTruck Geophone

(Receivers)

ReturningSound Waves



Offshore 3D Seismic

Data Acquisition

Specially designed vessels collect are used and collected data is processed simultaneously

onboard the vessel. Further processing may take place at an onshore center.



3D Seismic Data

Earth Image of the earth as recorded from transmission and reflection of

sound wave

3D = 3 Dimensional.

Seismic data is represented in a cubical

format, so interpreter can study the

subsurface image of earth from unlimited

perspectives.



ANTICLINAL OIL

PLAY

GAS POCKET

SUBSTHRUST PLAY

REGIONAL SHALE

UNIT (SEAL)

SECOND POTENTIAL OIL

POOL

Basic 3D Seismic Data

Workstation Interpretation



Advanced 3D Seismic

Data Interpretation

3D seismic cube is generated and interpreted on a workstation



3D Seismic Data Interpretation

to identify Petroleum Prospects

Prospect A

Prospect B

Prospect C

Using 3D Seismic data, subsurface topography

is mapped to locate petroleum prospect



Petroleum Reservoir

Modeling

1

2

3Less

ConfinedFlow

ConfinedFlow Hummocky Channel

Levee

Lobate Mound

Sheet-Form Fan

1

2

3

Basin floor fan

Ponded turbidites



HOW TO

OBTAIN PETROLEUMFROM THE EARTH ?



Drilling the Well

Drilling the well targets the oil and gas reservoirs

predicted by Geoscientists.

In offshore situations, different drilling rigs are

used e.g. Jackup rigs, Semi-submersible rigs or

Drilling ships.

Drilling ShipSemi submersible rig

Jackup rig



The Drilling Rig

T raveling Block T raveling Block

Hook Hook

Swivel Swivel

Draw W orks Draw W orks

Mud Pump Mud Pump

RotaryT able Rotary Table

Kelly Kelly

Mud Hose Mud Hose

Crown Block Crown Block

Casing Casing

Drill Pipe Drill Pipe

Bit Bit



ChristmasTree

Pipelineto FlowProcess

andStorage

SurfaceCasing

IntermediateCasing

ProductionCasing

Completion

Fluid

Cement

Packer

Cement

Tubing

WellFluids

Oil or GasZone

Perforations

Completed Oil

Well

Water Drive Hydrostatic pressure pushes oil and gas to surface

Gas-Cap DriveExpansion of gas under pressure pushes oil tosurface

Dissolved-Gas Drive Gas disseminated in oil; usually requires pumping



Fluids Encountered During

Drilling

Oil, gas and water have different density.

Oil has less density than water (ρ = 1 )

Gas has less density than oil

GAS

WATER

OIL

Reservoir rocks

Basement rocks

Seal rocks



Evaluating the Well for

Petroleum-filled Sand Porosity

0.00

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

100.00

1000.00

10000.00

100000.00

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00Porosity Uniaxial

P e r m e a b i l i t y

9797 kPa

14696 kPa

20819 kPa

29392 kPa

36739 kPa

Porosity

P e r m e a b i l i t y

Reservoir sand unit

with good porosity

and permeability,

filled with oil.



Onshore

Production

Donkey Pump

OIL



Offshore Production

Systems

Systems of varying depth capability



Offshore Oil

Production

Production Well

Floating Storage Tanker

Oil & Gas production platform



Delivery and Storage at

Onshore Terminus

Onshore TerminusOffshore platforms and distribution network



Offshore Oil Production

& Storage

Floating Platform Storage and Offloading

B i P d ti d



Brunei Production and

Distribution Infrastructure

Ampa

Maura Port

Maharaja Lela

FairleyGannet

Magpie

Tali

Champion

Rasau

Offshore facilities

Onshore facilities

Power facilities

Natural Gas pipeline

Crude Oil or

Condensate pipeline

Terminal

( SCOT ) Seria

BANDAR SERI

BEGAWAN

Lumut

Gadong

Berakas

Jerudong

Refinery10,000 bpd

BLNG

OPP

Ampa FairleyRationalization

Project

Iron Duke

LumutCPP



How Petroleum is

Refined, Processed

and

Distributed



Gasoline

Fuel Gas

Kerosene – Jet Fuel

Heating Oil

Lubricating Oil

Residual Products:

Asphalt

Heavy Fuel Oil

Crude Oil Vapor

Liquid Crude Oil

Basic Oil

Refining Process

Refining Oil



Methanol

Crude OilWet Gas Natural Gas

Crude Oil

Stabilizing

Wet Gas

Extraction

Separation

Naphtha

Gasoline

Jet Fuel

Heating

Oil

Ethane

Butane

Propane

Energy

Petrochemical

Heating

ElectricPower

Dry Gas

Oxo-Processor

Ammonia

Heavy

Fuel

Oil

Refining Oil

and Gas

Refining

LNG



Liquefaction of Natural Gas. At

Atmospheric pressure the volume of

1 kg Natural gas is 600 time larger

than 1 kg LNG.

Slug Catcher Storage

Acid Gas

Removal

Dehydration

Fractionation

Liquefaction

Shipping

Liquefaction of gas is the

preferred method to transport

natural gas over long distances.

Scrub Column

LNG

Process



LNG

Export

Loading and shipping in tankers



Product Delivery for

Domestic Uses

Motor gasoline

Bottled Cooking Gas

Aviation Fuel

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