Unit IGrammar Revision ing-formsText Oil Industry Structure

Ex. 1Read and translate the international words, try to give more than one variant of translation, where possible:E.g.: combination – комбинация, сочетаниеActive

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Alternative CategoryCharacterizeCollectionCombinationComplex (adj.) ConstitutionContaminantConversionConveyerDiscreteFocus (v.)GenerateIndustry

InjectionInstallationIntegrateManufactureOperationOrient (v)PotentialProductionSaltSegmentTransformUniqueParity

Ex. 2Match the Russian words from A with the English words from B

A Bвариантвведениевозможныйдействующийдобычаизготовлятьнаборобъединятьпередаватьпревращениепреобразовыватьпромышленностьтехнологический процессраздельныйразделсложныйсозданиесосредотачиватьсоставлятьсоставсочетаниеустановка

activealternativecollectioncombinationcomplexcompositionconstituteconversionconveydiscretefocusgenerationindustryinjectioninstallationintegratemanufactureoperationpotentialproductionsegmenttransform

Ex.3 Translate the following collocations into Russian:Industry segment, chemical composition, engineering specialty, interpretation of seismic information, combine geophysical information, geologic theory, production engineer, method of production, professional discipline, prospect generation, complex function, marketing specialist, service station, ocean-going barge, unique characteristics,

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hydrocarbon molecules, to focus attention, production operations, integrated company, paradox of interests

Ex. 4 Some international words are not always easy to translate from English into Russian, as in our language they have a different meaning, e.g. off-shore platform - морская платформа, а не оффшорная платформа. Such words are called “translator’s false friends” – ложные друзья переводчика.Match A & B and try to give Russian words with international roots in C:

A B CE.g. value

mixture to refinеto extractfamiliarto prospectprovision

значение, ценность

извлекать, добыватьзнакомыйобеспечениеразведыватьочищать, перерабатыватьсмесь

валюта

Ex. 5Translate these sentences into Russian:

1. This tobacco is a mixture of three different sorts.2. Refined oil is good for cooking, while unrefined oil is good for salads.3. He extracted a promise from me that I’d come to the party.4. Your face is familiar to me.5. Geologists prospect for oil and gas.6. In countries without adequate welfare (социальный) provisions for the poor,

unemployment may be very much more severe in its effects.Words to Text 1

gasoline n.petrol n.

амер. бензин; газолинбрит. Бензин

heating oil топливо коммунально-бытового назначенияlubricating oil смазочное маслоfuel oil топочный мазутdo smb. good

ant. do smb. harm

приносить к-л пользу, быть полезнымEx. Milk does you good.наносить вред, вредить, быть вреднымEx. Smoking does you harm.

stuff n. 1) вещество, материалEx. What stuff is it made of? 2) вещь, штукаEx. What is this stuff?

contaminant n. загрязняющее вещество, загрязнитель, контаминантзагрязнять, заражать

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contaminate v. Ex. We don’t fish in this river, it’s contaminated.

value n.

~ v.

1) ценность, стоимость, рыночная цена товара, финансового инструмента, актива, услуги, права

Ex. Because of continual price increases the value of the pound has fallen in recent years.I bought this picture for £10, but its real value must be about £500.

2) оцениватьEx. The house and its contents were valued at $25, 000.

convey v.to ~ goods (passengers, luggage)

conveyance n.

перевозить, транспортировать, доставлятьперевозить товары (пассажиров, багаж)Ex. Electricity is conveyed to our homes from power stations.перевозка, транспортировка

feasible a.

feasibility study

осуществимый, выполнимыйEx. Your plan sounds quite feasible.технико-экономическое обоснование (ТЭО)Ex. The company is conducting a feasibility study for the Iran-India gas pipeline.

sulfur n (Am)sulphur (Brit)

сера

fluid n.

~a.

жидкость, текучая среда, флюидEx. Oil and gas are fluids.жидкий, текучий; подвижный, изменчивый Ex. As markets become more fluid and global, leaders must be more careful with investors.

process v.

processing of oil and gas n.

обрабатывать, подвергать обработкеEx. One has to process a photographic film to print pictures from it.обработка нефти и газа(главным образом химическая или термическая)Ex. Although early processing procedures were able to remove water, in the nineteenth century discoveries were only developed if consumers could use the gas just as it came out of the ground.

extract v. извлекать, добыватьEx. Norway extracts oil from the North Sea.

produce v.

production n. ~ of coal, of ore, of oil, of gas

зд. добыватьEx. Gas can be produced from coal.добычадобыча угля, руды, нефти, газаEx. Production of oil has increased in the recent years.

refine v. перерабатывать, очищать, рафинировать

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refining n.

refinery n.

to ~ oil 1) перерабатывать, очищать нефть 2) рафинировать маслоEx. Oil must be refined before it can be used.очистка, перегонка, переработкаpetroleum ~ переработка нефтиPetroleum refining is a complex process.нефтеперерабатывающий завод (НПЗ)

upstream n. «до трубы» - первичные отрасли нефтегазового хозяйства. Совокупность производственных операций, связанных с разведкой и добычей нефти и газаEx. The location and extraction of petroleum constitute the upstream end of the oil industry.

downstream n. n. «после трубы» - вторичные отрасли нефтегазового хозяйства. Совокупность производственных операций, связанных с использованием добытых нефти и газа: транспортировка, переработка, хранение и сбыт.Ex. The processing of crude into various refined products, together with the marketing of these products, is known as the downstream end.

raw material

syn. feedstock

сырьеEx. Crude oil is the basic raw material for gasoline.Ex. Coal was the feedstock for all kinds of chemicals until it was replaced by oil.

involve v.

be involved in smth

1) включать, содержатьEx.

2) подразумевать, предполагатьEx. Taking the job involves living abroad.быть вовлеченным, участвовать в ч-л. Ex. China is currently involved in multiple international oil and gas projects.

contractor n. подрядчик, компания-подрядчик. Предприниматель или фирма, выполняющие определенные виды работ (сейсмическая разведка, бурение скважин, прокладка трубопровода и т.п.) на условиях подряда. Ex. According to recent contracts, contractors receive 10% of the oil value for crude oil supplied by them.

crucial a. 1) решающий, ключевой~ problem – ключевая проблемаto play a ~ role – играть решающую роль

Ex. Speed is crucial to the success of the reform.2) критический, переломный

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Ex. Help arrived at a crucial moment.tend v. иметь тенденцию; стремиться

Ex. Oil prices are tending upwards.~ to smth., to do smth. Ex. When prices of oil rise significantly people tend to buy less.

blend v. 1) смешивать; изготовлять смесь Ex. a story that blends fact and legend Blend the sugar, eggs, and flour.2) смешиваться; сливаться Ex. Oil and water will never blend.

oil-bearing a. нефтеносный ~ layer - нефтеносный пласт~ formation – нефтеносный горизонтEx. Geophysical data helps identify potential oil-bearing areas.

operation n.

operator n.

1) операция, действие, рабочий/технологический процесс;Ex. When preparing the project we consulted experts in downstream operations.2) разработка, эксплуатацияThe oilfield operation started a year ago.оператор, сервисная компания, подрядчикEx. Transnefteproduct is an operator of oil products pipelines in Russia.

development n.oil field ~

E&D (exploration and development)

разработка месторожденияразработка нефтяного месторожденияEx. Petroleum exploration, development and production require significant investment.exploration and developmentработы по разведке и разработке месторождения

take over v.to ~ the office (of mayor)to ~ a business

takeover n.

принимать должность (и т.п.) от другогопринять должность (пост) мэрапринять на себя руководство делом (предприятием)приобретение контрольного пакета акций (к-л компанией другой компании)Ex. His only reason for investing in the company was to take it over.

enhance v.to ~ productionenhancement n.~ of oil recovery

усиливать, увеличивать, повышатьувеличивать добычуповышение, увеличениеповышение нефтеотдачи

consume v.to ~ fuel

потреблять, расходоватьрасходовать горючееEx. An economy consumes more energy when it is active.

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consumer n.

consumption n.

потребитель: лицо, которое в конечном итоге пользуется данным товаром или услугой (это не всегда покупатель).Ex. Price determines whether consumers consume.потреблениеEx. The nation’s consumption of oil and gas increased last year.

compete

competitor

competition n.

v.конкурироватьto ~ against smb. – конкурировать с к-л.n. конкурент, соперник по бизнесуEx. Natural gas is oil’s main competitor on the fuel market.конкуренция: столкновение спроса и предложения.Ex. Japanese TV-set manufacturers are under price competition from Korean and other makers.

supply n. to bring up / provide suppliesfresh supplies power supply suppliesto be in short supplyto lay in supplies to replenish supplies to store supplies abundant/liberal/plentiful supplies

~ v.

1) снабжение, поставка обеспечить снабжение, поставки новые поступления, новые поставки электроснабжение, энергоснабжение2) ресурсы, припасы, запас; быть в дефиците делать запасы пополнять запасыделать запасыбогатые запасы Ex. The nation's fuel supplies will not last forever.снабжать (чем-л.) , поставлять; доставлятьEx. The company supplies fish to local shops and restaurants.

facility n.

storage ~

объект, сооружение, установка

хранилище. Наземное или подземное сооружение для хранения товарных или стратегических запасов минерального сырья и топлива.Ex. As production of hydrocarbons increases, there is need for more storage facilities.

disparity (between, in, of) n. несоответствие, несовпадение, неравенство (отсутствие паритета)Ex. There is a great disparity between the amount of work that I do and what I get paid for it.

independent companyintegrated company

независимая компанияинтегрированная компания

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benefit n.

~t smb v..

прибыль, выгодаEx. We will focus our marketing message on the environmental benefits of our product.приносить прибыль, выгоду

barrel n.

B/D [barrels per day]bbl [barrels]

баррель (мера вместимости: для нефти = 159 л.) баррелей в деньбаррели

Text ARead the text and name the main oil industry functions.

Oil Industry StructurePart I1. Oil industry really is a collection of industries, each characterized by a unique profession. What consumers know as gasoline, heating oil, lubricating oil, diesel, and other petroleum products start out as crude oil. In its natural state, crude oil has little value. For one thing, in its natural state, it usually is underground, where it can do no one any good. For another, its underground location begins as an unknown. Oil underground has no value, therefore, until someone first finds it and then conveys it to the Earth's surface, or at least proves that the conveyance is economically and technically feasible. Even then, however, the crude has value only in its potential to be converted into useful fuels. Usually, crude as it comes out of the ground is dark, gooey1 stuff, mixed with mud and salt water and containing metals and perhaps sulfur and other chemicals. It might be black, green, brown, sometimes orange, or occasionally nearly clear. The really good stuff is nearly clear and very fluid, free of sulfur and other contaminants, approaching gasoline in chemical composition. The really bad stuff is so thick that it must be heated in order to flow, high in sulfur and metal content. To be worth anything, crude of any quality must be chemically transformed. The deliberate chemical change falls under a broad industry category called processing.2. Crude oil, then, must be found, extracted, and processed. And between these steps it must be transported from place to place. The oil industry segment that searches for oil is called exploration. Extraction is called production. Processing is called refining. And transporting is called, well, transportation. These functions often are categorized as "upstream" or "downstream." The upstream business, including exploration and production, provides the oil industry's raw material. The downstream business is the manufacturing part of the industry; it takes the raw material, crude oil, and turns it into valuable products through the process of refining.Professional disciplines differ widely among these various functions, which is why the industry seems so much like a collection of businesses to people familiar with it. Exploration, for example, employs the sciences of geophysics and geology. Production involves sophisticated engineering oriented to the behavior of underground rock. In both upstream businesses, the crucial field activity is drilling, which is a professional and engineering specialty.3. Until the mid-1980s, the upstream industry segments tended to function discretely. 1 липкий

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A geophysicist produced a seismic section and interpreted it to produce a map of the underground. A geologist combined the geophysical information with field observations and information from any wells drilled in the study area to generate a "prospect" — a location to be drilled. Then a drilling crew, nowadays employees of a contractor and not the prospect-generating company, moved onto the location to drill a hole several thousand feet, or several tens of thousands of feet, into the ground to test the geologic theory. If the hole, or well, found oil in sufficient quantity, the production engineers took over to decide how best to get it out. The engineers' work led to field development, which normally included the drilling of more wells, installation of equipment to handle produced fluids, and perhaps a program of water injection or other method of enhancing production.4. All these physical steps still must be performed. Since the mid-1980s, however, extremely powerful computers have made it possible for oil companies to blend information from each of the professional disciplines. Now, geophysicists work more closely with geologists than before in prospect generation, and petroleum engineers may enter the picture so that a prospective development program becomes available before the first well has been started. The effect has been a blending of once-distinct functions, although the sequence of upstream steps has not changed much.5. The downstream petroleum industry employs a different set of professionals, mainly chemists and engineers. Refining is a complex function that takes the generally big molecules, constituting crude oil, and turns them into little, more useful molecules that can be mixed to make gasoline and other products. In general, chemists figure out what needs to be done, and refining engineers figure out how to do it. Related to their activities are those of marketing specialists who think of ways to make consumers buy their products rather than those of competitors.6. Connecting oil fields with refineries and refineries with service stations and home heating oil distributors is the transportation network. It includes tank trucks, ocean-going tankers, barges, pipelines, and storage facilities. Transportation, too, makes up a business. In fact, trucking, pipelining, and shipping are all very distinct businesses, each with its own professional specialty.

Part II7. This, in very simple terms, is the mechanical part of the oil market, the industry that produces what economists call supply. We will examine the parts in greater detail later. What is important at this point is to recognize the unique characteristics of the petroleum supply functions and the people who perform them. Indeed, as hydrocarbon molecules pass from function to function, their ownership often changes. The number of ownership changes varies widely.8. These disparities of function and ownership have important economic implications2. They relate to the organization of companies, patterns of trade, and market behavior.Some companies, for example, organize around particular functions. Thus there are independent producers, which specialize in upstream work. Their concentrations may be even narrower; some independents focus on exploration, while some prefer to conduct only development and production operations. And there are independent refiners, which concentrate on processing and marketing.9. Other companies organize around the concept of integration — ownership of both

2 скрытый смысл, подтекст

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upstream and downstream operations. An integrated company thus finds and produces crude oil, refines it, and markets the products.Integration introduces an interesting paradox of interests, the understanding of which is crucial to an understanding of petroleum economics. High crude-oil prices benefit producers for obvious reasons: The producer of 20 B/D of crude makes more money when crude sells for $22/bbl than when the price falls to $15. To refiners, the crude-oil price is a feedstock cost. All else being equal — especially product prices — a refiner makes more money from $15/bbl crude than from its dearer alternative.10. An integrated company looks at crude prices from both perspectives. At least in theory, it both sells crude (from its upstream divisions) and buys it (in its downstream units), even when the transactions occur internally. The advantages of integration have been the subjects of lively economic debate since John D. Rockefeller controlled the market. Whatever its other merits and drawbacks, integration brings into focus the vital dual nature of crude oil prices as both key determinant of producer revenues and principal cost for refiners.

Text analysis

Ex. 61. Refer to paragraph 1 and a) translate the sentence containing “therefore”; b) what

is the meaning of “as” in the following phrase “crude as it comes out of the ground is dark, gooey stuff”?

2. Read paragraph 2 and translate the word “functions” in the following sentence: “These functions often are categorized as "upstream" or "downstream."

3. Refer to paragraph 4 and using a dictionary, identify the meaning of “enter”.4. Look at paragraph 5. What is meant by the two “those” in the last sentence? Do

they have the same meaning?5. Study paragraph 7 and say why the author says “indeed”.6. Look at paragraph 8 and translate the sentence: “Their concentrations may be even

narrower; some independents focus on exploration, while some prefer to conduct only development and production operations.” What is the meaning of “while” in the sentence?

7. Go to paragraph 9. What is meant by “all else being equal”?8. In paragraph 10 a) what is meant by “both perspectives”? b) explain the meaning

of the word “internally”; c) translate the sentence: “Whatever its other merits and drawbacks, integration brings into focus the vital dual nature of crude oil prices as both key determinant of producer revenues and principal cost for refiners.”

Ex. 7Find English equivalents to the following Russian word combinations:Part IПрежде всегоНеизвестная величина Содержит много серы и металловПочти прозрачнаяСпециальное химическое преобразованиеПосредством процесса переработкиЛюди, которые знакомы с ней

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по крайней мереперерабатывать добытые флюидыопределение перспективного участкадействовать по отдельностиранее отдельные операцииавтомобильные перевозкиговоря простым языком

Part IIСмена собственника структура торговлиспециализация может быть уже

Ex. 8Find in Text I the names of specialties related to oil industry and make a list of them.

Ex. 9Match A & B, and say what each specialist does.

A B1. Geologist 1. drills wells 2. Geophysicist 2. develops the field3. Geologist 3. refines crude oil4. Drilling crew 4. explores for oil5. Production engineer 5. trucks, pipelines and ships oil and

gas6. Chemical engineer 6. combines geophysical information

with field observations and information from any wells drilled in the study area to generate a "prospect"—a location to be drilled

7. Transportation engineer 7. thinks of ways to make consumers buy products rather than those of competitors

8. Marketing specialist 8. produces seismic sections and interprets them to produce a map of the underground

Words

Ex. 10Match words in A with their explanations in B

A B1. Blend 1. petroleum in its natural condition,

before it has been treated in an industrial process

2. Consumer 2. include3. Contractor 3. to provide people with something

that they need or want, especially

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regularly over a long period of time4. Convey 4. to gain control over or responsibility

for5. Crude oil 5. material of any sort, of which

something is made 6. Feasible 6. a person or company that makes an

agreement to do work for another company

7. Feedstock 7. a material such as coal or oil in its natural state before being treated in order to make things

8. Involve 8. a person who buys and uses goods and services

9. Raw material 9. a substance that is used to make a product

10. Revenue 10. to thoroughly mix together soft or liquid substances to form a single smooth substance

11. Rock 11. the worth of something in money or as compared with other goods for which it might be changed

12. Stuff 12. a large piece or mass of stone13. Supply 13. able to be done, possible14. Take over 14. money that a business or

organization receives over a period of time, especially from selling goods or services

15. Value 15. to take or carry from one place to another

Ex. 11Build words and translate them into Russian:employ employer

employeeemployment ------------- employable

blend ---------------------------------

category

characterizeconductivity

consumption ------------conveyor ----------------

compete ----------------contaminative

-----------------

contract

determinant---------------- enhancement

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-extract

generator generativeheat

locate -------------- -----------------lubricant

manufacturerorganizer

performance -------------- performingproductrecognitionrefining

-------------- specializationstoragesupply

usable

Ex.12Some English words are used as both nouns and verbs without changing their graphical form, e.g. use:The use of oil for lighting is not very practical.People use oil and its products for heating and powering engines.Mind the pronunciation!Use (n) - [ju:s]Use (v) - [ju:z]Here are some more words used as both nouns and verbs without changing their graphical form. Work in pairs. Check the pronunciation of these words in the dictionary and write down Russian equivalents to these pairs in blank spaces:Concentrate __________________ to concentrate _______________________Market __________________ to market _______________________Focus __________________ to focus ________________________Extract __________________ to extract ________________________Value __________________ to value ________________________Service __________________ to service ________________________Think of your own sentences with these pairs. Write them down.

Comprehension

Ex. 13Refer closely to Text A and answer the questions:

1. Why does the author consider oil industry to be a collection of industries?2. Why does crude oil in its natural state have no value?3. What does the upstream business include?4. What does the downstream business include?5. What are the characteristics of high-quality oil?6. How does crude oil get its value?7. How did the upstream industry function in pre-computer times?

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8. What professions and businesses are involved in the downstream petroleum industry?

9. What does the type of company organization in the oil industry depend on?10. What is the paradox of interests between producers and refiners?

Ex. 14Refer to Text A again. Here are some answers. What are the questions?

1. There are two reasons. First, because in its natural state it is usually underground, and, second, because its underground location begins as unknown.

2. It is called processing.3. It provides the oil industry's raw material.4. The crucial field activity is drilling.5. The drilling of more wells, installation of equipment to handle produced fluids,

and perhaps a program of water injection or other method of enhancing production.

6. the mid -1980s7. The effect has been a blending of once-distinct functions.8. They think of ways to make consumers buy their products9. It connects oil fields with refineries and refineries with service stations and home

heating oil distributors.10. They are called independent companies.11. It finds and produces crude oil, refines it, and markets the products.

Ex. 15Study the following list of useful words and word combinations.rather than вместо того, чтобы; скорее…, чем; больше…, чем; а не…

Ex. Rather than go straight on to university why not get some work experience first?Почему сначала не поработать, вместо того, чтобы сразу поступать в университет?

in fact на самом деле; даже; к тому жеEx. The sales revenues were expected to rise but in fact, they fell.Предполагалось, что доходы от продаж увеличатся, но, на самом, деле, они сократились.

in greater/more detail подробнееEx. This issue will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 5.Эта проблема более подробна рассматривается в Главе 5.

at this point тут, здесь ( о времени)Ex. At this point he paused a few seconds.Тут он остановился на несколько секунд.

Indeed на самом деле, фактическиEx. I was indeed impressed by her story.Ее рассказ, в самом деле, произвел на меня впечатление

the number количество, числоEx. The number of independent companies in Russia is growing.Число независимых компаний в России увеличивается.

a number рядEx. There’s a number of reasons why these two companies merged.

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Существует ряд причин, почему эти две компании объединились.

thus так, таким образомEx. We hope the new machine will work faster, thus reducing our costs. Надеемся, что новая машина будет работать быстрее, таким образом наши затраты уменьшаться.

while хотя; несмотря на то, что; в то время как.Ex. While teaching standards could be raised, more funding would also help. Хотя требования к уровню преподавания можно было бы повысить, увеличение финансирования также не помешало бы.Their country has plenty of oil while ours has none. В их стране много нефти, в то время как у нас ее совсем нет.

at least по меньшей мере, по крайней мере, хотя быEx. He had at least £100,000 in savings.Сумма его сбережений составляла, по меньшей мере, 100 000 фунтов стерлингов.

both … and и… и; как…, так и …Ex. Downstream involves both processing and marketing.Даунстрим включает как переработку, так и маркетинг.

Ex. 16Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Before WW II foreign trade of crude oil was practically unknown, because of the relatively high cost of transporting crude rather than products.

2. Taiwan’s gas demand is growing as electric power generators turn away from nuclear sources in favor of LNG. In fact, in 2004 gas-fired power plants accounted for 10% of Taiwan’s electric generation.

3. I will speak about energy consumption in the developing countries in greater detail in the third part of my presentation.

4. Futures trading in crude oil and key products developed rapidly in the 1980s. Chapter 9 will discuss the subject in greater detail. At this point it is important to recognize the extent to which futures trading open a window on the oil market.

5. Oil industry is indeed a collection of industries.6. The rate at which oil can be produced from a given field depends upon a

number of factors.7. A modern refinery involves a number of processes. The number of processes

depends on the type of oil.8. When the dollar is weak against, say, the Japanese yen, crude oil producers who

spend a lot of money in Japan suffer. A weak dollar thus influences their trading behavior.

9. What is important to remember is that oil can rise without creating inflation. And inflation can occur while oil prices are falling.

10. Producers do not base their price decisions on refinery runs, at least not directly.11. Supply, demand, and price constantly push and pull at one another as the result of

millions of producers, processors, traders, and consumers making decisions to their best economic interests. Price is both a product of this process and a key factor in the outcome.

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12. Just as there are different types of petroleum products, there are different types of crude and different categories of price for both crude and products.

13. Historically, empires have been exporters of capital, rather than importers like the US.

Ex. 17Match the first part of the sentences in column A with the second part in column C using useful words in column B:

A B CBefore WW II foreign trade of crude oil was practically unknown, because of the relatively high cost of transporting crude

rather than the number of places oil could leak from.

We will examine the parts of the oil industry

in fact products.

Trucking, pipelining, and shipping are

in greater detail some prefer to conduct only development and production operations.

Oil underground has no value, therefore, until someone first finds it and then conveys it to the Earth's surface, or

at this point all very distinct businesses, each with its own professional specialty.

The unit construction reduced

the number …there are independent producers, which specialize in upstream work.

Esso operates at least later.Some independents focus on exploration,

thus proves that the conveyance is economically and technically feasible.

Some companies, for example, organize around particular functions

while upstream and downstream operations.

Other companies organize around the concept of integration — ownership of

a number of oil and gas platforms in Australia.

What is important both is to recognize the unique characteristics of the petro-leum supply functions and the people who perform them.

Grammar– ing - forms

Ex. 18Translate the phrases with -ing-forms into Russian:

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heating oil; lubricating oil; stuff, mixed with mud and salt water and containing metals; a broad industry category called processing; business, including exploration and production; the manufacturing part of the industry; sophisticated engineering; oil-bearing layers; method of enhancing production; a blending of once-distinct functions; big molecules, constituting crude oil; сonnecting oil fields with refineries and refineries with service stations is the transportation network; trucking, pipelining, and shipping are all very distinct businesses; independent refiners, which concentrate on processing and marketing; the understanding of which is crucial to an understanding of petroleum economics.

Ex. 19Read and translate the following sentences with –ing forms:

1. Many developing countries subsidize oil consumption in order to stimulate economic activity. This is common in the petroleum-producing countries of Latin America,

2. Rising oil prices by themselves cannot cause inflation.3. The Soviet Union greatly expanded its internal pipeline system during the 1960s

in order to link its central Asian gasfields to the main Soviet consuming areas.4. As more becomes known about the oil-bearing rock more successful finds are

made.5. A rising price of crude oil is neither inflation nor the cause of inflation.6. The prices of all goods rise for reasons other than changing supply-demand

relationships for those goods.7. The degree of inflation in important trading economies as well as the state of

international currency markets play crucial roles in the condition of oil markets.8. "Who sets the price of oil?" someone inevitably asks, wanting a

comprehensible answer that can be condensed into a sentence or two.9. Before the First World War international trade in oil was structured around

product exports from refineries located in or near the main producing areas.10. In Saudi Arabia, whose crude output continued to be processed in Bahrain

throughout the war, the construction of the Ras Tanura refinery— regarded as a high military priority by the US Government—started in 1944, enabling the plant to start production in late 1945.

11. A crude containing very small traces of sulphur is termed very sweet.12. To consumers deciding whether to buy fuel it matters little where it comes

from.

13.At today's rate of use there is still enough oil to last the next 42 years, according to BP oil company although those concerned about Peak Oil3 say we are closer to running out given demand is expected to rise strongly in the short-term.

14. One more concept is crucial to an understanding of petroleum price movements.

15. Imported crude oil arrives by tanker for unloading at marine terminals.16. Futures trading in crude oil and key products developed rapidly in the

1980s.17.The Russian oil industry developed a major export capability in the mid-

3 Пик добычи нефти

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1880s, when the opening of a trans-Caucasian railway made it possible to ship oil from the Black Sea.

18. Primary distillation, or "topping", is based on the fact that each fraction of oil has a different boiling point.

19. Official government selling prices became the focal point of the OPEC pricing system after the mid-1970s.

Ex. 20Arrange the following into sentences:

1. integrated both and crude buys sells it an company.2. the business manufacturing industry downstream is the the part of.3. employs exploration for the sciences geophysics geology. of and example4. extracted oil must found crude and processed be5. the engineers mainly chemists downstream industry employs and petroleum6. are specialize in which producers upstream work there independent.7. feasible oil sometimes is not convey ground it economically to to the.8. is processing refining called.9. for is more facilities there need storage.10. main gas fuel market natural oil’s on competitor the is.11. last of nation’s oil increased year consumption gas the and.12. different used enhance are oil recovery methods to.13. a operation drilling oil sophisticated for is.14. the the crucial speed success to is reform of.15. upwards are oil tending prices.

Ex. 21Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. Overproduction tends to cause deflation.2. On November 30, 2007 Bruce Power signed a letter of intent to acquire Energy

Alberta and take over the project.3. Independent companies now dominate exploration and development in Alaska’s

two producing provinces.4. Integrated oil and gas companies tend today to reduce their E&D activities in

Alaska while independents move in.5. Consumers reduced consumption during 2004 in response to gasoline prices that

were 20% higher than in 2003.6. One of the historical effects of technology was that large integrated companies

were granted a monopoly over the supply of energy in many countries and, on the back of this, achieved a monopoly over producing oil and gas.

7. Throughout the 150-year history of the oil industry, technological progress has been a force controlling production levels.

8. Refineries have processes for turning the lower-value products of distillation into higher-value products.

9. Pipelines convey oil, gas and petroleum products from the wellhead to consumers.

10.A state oil enterprise has general permission to engage foreign oil companies as contractors in order to assist the state oil enterprise in fulfilling its task.

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11. The processing of crude into various refined products, together with the marketing of these products, is known as the downstream.

12.Petroleum exploration, development and production require long-term investments.

13.Many developing countries subsidize oil consumption in order to stimulate economic activity—or to keep government leaders in power.

14. compete15. Like supply and demand, price cannot be viewed in isolation.16. Crude oil purchased by the U.S. government goes into storage facilities of the

Strategic Petroleum Reserve.17. Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other

large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures.

18. The 1986 oil price collapse benefited oil-consuming countries such as the United States, Japan, Europe, and Third World nations, but represented a serious loss in revenue for oil-producing countries in northern Europe, the Soviet Union, and OPEC.

19.Azerbaijan produces about 800,000 barrels of oil per day and 1 bcm of gas.20.Libya is considered a highly attractive oil area due to its low cost of oil production

(as low as $1 per barrel at some fields), and proximity to European markets21.Petroleum engineers determine optimum rates and methods of production.22. A modern refinery involves a number of processes, each designed to either break

down or rearrange hydrocarbon molecules.23.Transport is crucial to the economy and culture of Niger, this vast landlocked

nation, with cities separated by huge uninhabited deserts, mountain ranges, and other natural features.

24.When prices of a necessity such as oil rise significantly, demand for luxuries tends to go down and their prices, therefore, to fall.

25.According to the doctrine prevailing in the 1960-s in the Soviet geological science Siberia was not considered an oil-bearing region.

26.Drilling costs at this oilfield were very high.

Ex. 221. Fill in the gaps with the following words:feasible, drilling, produced, stuff, harm, petroleum, mixture, to provide, supplying, produce, well, good, natural gas, value, benefits, ownership, crude

In 1859 Edwin Drake drilled the first oil __________in Pennsylvania. In terms of both time and distance, however, it was very far from where oil was first discovered by ___________. Oil was first _________in China in around 200 BC. Long before 200 BC, however, people had realized the __________of crude oil and some of its properties. As early as 3500 BC, in what is now Iraq, the Sumerians used asphalt as an indestructible adhesive for bricks4. From 2200 BC, following the Sumerians, the Babylonians built bridges, walls, tunnels, roads, the Hanging Gardens and the seven-storey Tower of Babel with asphalt.

Under the pharaohs the Egyptians mummified their dead with a special ________ mixture of bitumen and other things. By the 2nd century AD, the Romans also 4 кирпичи

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burned _________oil as a fumigant. By the early 10 th century, Arab nations understood that it could be distilled.

Oil, however, has done people both _________and _________. In the story of __________ and __________, fire and conflict have often taken place. In the 20 th

century battles and even whole wars have been fought over the _________ of oil, and have been won or lost through the possession or loss of it. The same was true of the Middle Ages. Moreover, in the times of the Roman Empire it was discovered that the________ of petroleum and calcium oxide was highly explosive. This had such obvious _________ that it became a closely guarded secret.

But for most people the most common reason for burning oil or gas has been ___________ simple domestic lighting and heating. In 1272, passing through the town of Baku, the great traveler Marco Polo noted that everyone used oil lamps, and that people came from miles around to buy oil. Half a millennium later, in 1795, Britain’s first ambassador to Borneo wrote about the island’s successful oil industry; there were at least 500 wells (all dug by hand) _________ oil for lighting and heating to over 7 million people.

Such comforts did not exist in Europe even then, in the late 18 th century; and Europe’s earlier Dark Ages were not only metaphorically but literary so. When the sun went down in the evening that, for most people, was that.

In any social or economic sphere, the difference between having light after nightfall and having none is amazing. It was not that the Europeans in the Dark Ages ignored the possibilities of oil; those few who were educated certainly knew it existed. The reason that they did not _________ oil was simply that there was no oil, or so very little that it was not ________ to produce it. If there had been significant land-based resources of oil near London, Paris, Rome or any other centre of western Europe’s medieval civilization, they could have been exploited at the earliest possible date; and the entire world’s history would have been different. 2. Define the functional style of the text

Ex. 23Translate into English:

1. Бензин, топливо коммунально-бытового назначения и смазочное масло являются продуктами переработки сырой нефти.

2. Загрязняющие вещества наносят большой вред окружающей среде.3. Люди давно поняли ценность нефти.4. Газ доставляют потребителям по трубопроводам.5. Технико-экономическое обоснование проводят для того, чтобы выяснить,

следует ли инвестировать средства в какой-либо проект.6. К концу 1950-х годов стала возможной перевозка газа по морю.7. Переработка сырой нефти в очищенные продукты и маркетинг этих

продуктов относятся к вторичным отраслям нефтегазового хозяйства.8. Для того чтобы добывать углеводородное сырье требуется сложное

оборудование.9. Добыча нефти и газа в России постоянно растет.10.Несмотря на то, что число НПЗ в мире сократилось, объем переработки

сырой нефти в минувшем году увеличился.11.Россия является единственным поставщиком газа в Болгарию.

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12. В первичных отраслях нефтегазового хозяйства заняты (вовлечены) такие специалисты, как геологи, буровики и инженеры-разработчики.

13.Нефть впервые добыли в Китае около 200 г. до н.э.14.ТЭО проекта подтвердило его экономическую эффективность.

Ex. 24Translate Text B into Russian in writing. Use your dictionary.

Main Sectors of the Oil Industry

The location and extraction of crude petroleum constitute the upstream end of the oil industry, while the processing of crude into various refined products, together with the marketing of these products, is known as the downstream end. Trading activities between the extraction and refining stages constitute a "midstream" area, which emerged as a distinct sector of the international oil industry in the late 1970s as increasing volumes of crude came to be marketed outside the formerly dominant "closed circuit" of integrated upstream and downstream interests controlled by the major companies.

Ex. 25Render into EnglishНефтяная и газовая промышленность представляют собой сложные отрасли производства. Для обеспечения добычи нефти и газа, производства нефтепродуктов и доставки их потребителям требуется участие большого количества организаций и предприятий, осуществляющих различные технологические процессы, тесно связанные между собой. В настоящее время можно выделить следующие сферы деятельности в нефтегазовой отрасли: поиск и разведка месторождений; бурение и строительство скважин; добыча нефти, газа и конденсата; транспорт, хранение и сбыт нефти, газа и продуктов их переработки.Основными звеньями «нефтяной и газовой цепочки» являются добыча и переработка нефти и газа, потому что они создают продукцию – сырую нефть и газ и продукты их переработки. Деятельность остальных сфер подчинена им.

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