okafor vincent ejike pg/m.sc/07/45695
TRANSCRIPT
iii
OKAFOR VINCENT EJIKE
PG/M.SC/07/45695
STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENT OF A
MODERN LIBRARY
Architecture
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE, FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ENUGU CAMPUS
Webmaster
Digitally Signed by Webmaster’s Name
DN : CN = Webmaster’s name O= University of Nigeria, Nsukka
OU = Innovation Centre
May, 2010
iv
DIVISIONAL LIBRARY, AGBANI
ENUGU STATE
(STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENT OF A MODERN LIBRARY)
M.SC (ARCH) PROJECT REPORT
BY
OKAFOR VINCENT EJIKE
PG/M.SC/07/45695
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
ENUGU CAMPUS.
MAY, 2010.
v
TITLE
DIVISIONAL LIBRARY AGBANI
ENUGU STATE
CERTIFICATION
vi
This project report is submitted to the Department of Architecture, Faculty
of Environmental Studies, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements For the Award of Degree of Master of
Science in Architecture.
The work embodied in this Project Report is original and has not been
submitted in part or full, (except for the acknowledged references) for any
other degree or diploma of this or any other university or institution.
………………………………...
OKAFOR VINCENT EJIKE
PG/MSC/07/46595
(Student)
Date………………….
………………………….. …………………………..
ARC. F.O. UZUEGBUNAM ARC. I. G. CHENDO
(Head, Department of Architecture) (Supervisor)
Date…………………. Date……………………
vii
DEDICATION
THIS WORK IS DEDICATED TO ALL THOSE WHO CONSCIOUSLY
CONTRIBUTED TO THE SUCCESS OF MY ACADEMIC PURSUIT THUS
FAR, AND TO THOSE WHO WOULD HAVE CONTRIBUTED SHOULD
THEY HAVE HAD THE “RARE PREVILEGE” TO DO SO.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful Completion of this project report demands a heartfelt thanks and
appreciation to God Almighty for His infinite mercies, guidance as well as protection all
through the course of carrying out this research.
Special thanks to my supervisor, Arc. Chendo I. G. who not minding his very tight
schedule, yet invested quality time to thoroughly guard and guide me in the course of
this research.
I acknowledge the contribution of some members of staff of Enugu Central Library and
Nigerian National Library Enugu.
Members of M.Sc ’09 class UNEC, you people were wonderful; I wish you well in your
various pursuits in life.
Okafor Vitalis(Nwachinemelu), Ibekwe C .E (Uncle C), Alago Joe, Tekula Steve,
Essien Nsikak, Obong Odudu, Ogoinja, Onyema Nwankwo, Chikezie Orji, Frank
Chikezie(Papilo), Enebechi Enebe, Cj Dimkpa, Hon. Paul Aduda, Don-Sheriff, you
people are of a rare breed, may God reward you bountifully.
Emelife Ben!! My roommate, you were so wonderfully made for me. May God Bless
you.
Amaechi Okoli, thank you for being there for me.
Pastor Tim Maduka and Mummy Ng, thanks for your prayers and concern in my
spiritual well being. May God reward you.
Kosisochukwu Emenike, you were worth being a friend, I found real love in, thanks for
being there for me.
Architects Otu Umoren and Obi Uwakonye, your advice were worth it. Thank you, men
of a rare breed.
ix
I will feel biased if at this juncture, I fail to appreciate a people who have always been
there for me under the rain and in the sun, who are these special people? They are
members of Okafor’s family: my beloved sisters - Ijey, Obioma, Ngozi, Nwaeju (Last
Born), thanks for being there for me, Big Brothers Walter (Foreigner) and Celestine, I
appreciate you, may God elevate you people.
Okafor U. C. Esq. (Boliva), thanks for your support and brotherly advice, thoughts of
them made me to re-trace the right paths. God bless you.
Dr. Ngeh Paulinus, thank you for your support, it was worth it, God bless you.
Oluchi, Ifeanyi (Cross & D…..), Chibuzo (Bishop Kaka).I appreciate you people, may
you all walk and never stumble.
Nze Ikechukwu Okafor (Ichie Obata Obie), the importance of your efforts towards
making the best out of me, can never be overemphasized. God bless you.
Chief and Mrs. Nwabueze I. Okafor, what can I say? Nothing, but ‘thank you’. I wish
you long life, prosperity and good health.
My dear parent’s Mr. and Mrs. Pius Okafor, I don’t know how best to appreciate you!!!
But then, your prayers and good wishes for me have not been lost. May God give you
people long life, good health so that you will live to reap and enjoy the fruits of your
hard labour.
To all those who consciously contributed to the success of this research, May God
Almighty reward you in thousand folds.
x
TABLES OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………......ii
CERTIFICATION PAGE…………………………………………….………….....iii
DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………....iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………..........v
TABLES OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………...........vii
LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………...xi
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………........xii
LIST OF PLATES…………………………………………………………………..xiv
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………...xvi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1.0 PROJECT DEFINITION………………………………………………….…1
1.2.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY……………………………………...….2
1.3.0 MOTIVATION AND PURPOSE…………………………………………....4
1.4.0 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT……………………………………………….....5
1.5.0 STATEMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEM………………………..6
1.6.0 AIM AND OBJECTIVES…………………………………………….……...7
1.7.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………...….10
CHAPTER TWO
2.0.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.0 DEVELOPMENT OF LEARNING RESOURCES………………….…….12
2.2.0 PERIODS OF LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT……………………………...15
2.3.0 LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA………………………………..18
2.4.0 TYPES OF LIBRARY…………………………………………………..….25
2.5.0 COLLECTIONS IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES…………………………..........28
xi
2.6.0 SERVICE FOR THE COMMUNITIES …………………………………....29
2.7.0 LIBRARIANS AND LIBRARY STAFF………………………………...…39
2.8.0 HOW LIBRARIES ACQUIRE MATERIALS…………………………..…43
CHAPTER THREE
3.0.0 CASE STUDIES
3.1.0 ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU……………………....46
3.2.0 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU……………………......55
3.3.0 CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON……………….65
3.4.0 LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY………………………………………......69
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0.0 THE PROPOSED SITE AND SITE ANALYSIS
4.1.0 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENUGU STATE……………………..…..74
4.2.0 THE PROPOSED SITE…………………………………………….78
4.3.0 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA……………………………….……80
4.4.0 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION……………………………………81
4.5.0 CLIMATIC ANALYSIS……………………………………………84
4.6.0 ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION………………………………......92
4.7.0 PHYSICAL FEATURES……………………………………….…..95
4.8.0 DESIGN IMPLICATION OF SITE ANALYSIS………………......98
xii
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0.0 SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
BUILDING SERVICES
5.1.1 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS…………………………………............100
5.2.0 ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS……………….................103
5.3.0 ACCESS AND CIRCULATION…………………………………….109
5.4.0 ACOUSTIC, FIRE SAFETY AND SECURITY SYSTEMS
ACOUSTIC…………………………………………………………...109
5.5.0 REFUSE AND WASTE DISPOSAL………………………………..113
5.6.0 LANDSCAPING…………………………………………………….114
5.7.0 SOLAR RADIATION CONTROL………………………………….114
5.8.0 TREES AND VEGETATION………………………………………..112
5.9.0 ANTROPOMETRIC DATA…………………………………………122
CHAPTER SIX
6.0.0 DESIGN DATA AND SPACE REQUIREMENT
6.1.0 POPULATION SERVED…………………………………….………..123
6.2.0 LIBRARY CAPICITY………………………………………….……..124
6.3.0 VOLUMES DISTRIBUTION…………………………………….…...125
6.4.0 BOOK STOCK……………………………………….…………….….127
6.5.0 SPACE ANALYSIS……………………………………………….…..128
6.6.0 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS SPACE ALLOWANCE………………130
6.7.0 SUMMARY OF SPACE PROGRAMME………………………….....133
xiii
CHAPTER SEVEN
7.1.0 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY………………………………………………….136
7.2.0 DESIGN CONCEPT……………………………………………………...137
7.3.0 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM………………………………………………..140
7.4.0 BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION……………………141
7.5.0 SERVICES………………………………………………………………..145
7.6.0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION………………………….148
REFERENCES……………………………………………………..……….150
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………...151
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES 4.1
MEAN TEMPERATURE VALUES FOR ENUGU STATE………..………….84
TABLE 5.1
ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) RECOMMENDED
LIGHTING INTENSITY FOR SPECIFIC AREAS…………….............................106
TABLE 5.2
ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) RECOMMENDED
LIGHTING INTENSITY FOR SPECIFIC AREAS……………………………….108
TABLE 6.1
BASSINET SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATION (SEATING)…………….127
TABLE 6.2
THE SPACE ALLOWANCE PER POPULATION SERVED AS
RECOMMENDED BY THE IFLA STANDARDS…………..………………......128
TABLE 6.3
PERCENTAGE AREAS TO BE ALLOWED FOR VARIOUS MAJOR
DEPARTMENTS IN THE LIBRARY…………………..………………………..129
TABLE 6.4
SUMMARY OF SPACE PROGRAMME…………………………….133
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG. 3.1 - SITE PLAN OF ENUGU
STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU…………………………49
FIG. 3.2 - FLOOR PLANS OF
ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU …………………50
FIG. 3.3 - SITE PLAN OF NIGERIAN
NATIONAL LIBRARY, ENUGU…………………………………59
FIG. 3.4 - FLOOR PLANS OF
NIGERIAN NATIONAL LIBRARY, ENUGU……………………..60
FIG. 3.5 - GROUND FLOOR PLAN,
CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON………..67
FIG. 3.6 - FIRST FLOOR PLAN,
CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON ……….…67
FIG. 3.7- GROUND FLOOR PLAN,
LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE…………….70
FIG. 3.8 - FIRST FLOOR PLAN,
LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE………………….70
FIG. 3.9 - SECOND FLOOR PLAN,
LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE……………...71
FIG. 4.1.0 MAP NKANU WEST LGA, SHOWING THE PROPOSED SITE
LOCATION ……………..................................................................78
FIG. 4.1.1 - MAP OF NIGERIA WITH INSERT SHOWING ENUGU………...82
FIG. 4.1.2 - MAP OF ENUGU SHOWING
THE VARIOUS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS…………………….83
FIG. 4.1.3 - MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING
THE VARIOUS VEGETATION BELTS…………………….…83
FIG. 4.1.4 - MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING
THE NIGERIAN CLIMATIC ZONES……………………84
FIG. 4.1.5 - MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURES
FOR ENUGU STATE…………………………………………...85
FIG. 4.1.6 - RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN JANUARY………………………….…86
xvi
FIG. 4.1.7 - RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN JULY………………………………..…86
FIG. 4.1.8 - MEAN MONTHLY RAINFALL FOR ENUGU STATE……….…...87
FIG. 4.1.9- MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING RAINFALL
PATTERNS IN THE VARIOUS ZONES…………………...88
FIG. 4.2.1 - TOTAL ANNUAL RAINFALL……………………….……………..88
FIG. 4.2.2- WET SEASON WINDS AND RAINFALL (APRIL –OCT.} ….…....89
FIG. 4.2.3 - DRY SEASON WINDS AND RAINFALL (NOV. – MAR.) …….....90
FIG. 4.2.4- WIND FORCE DATA…………………………………………….…..90
FIG. 4.2.5 - SHOWING THE EARTH’S ORBIT. …………………….. ………....91
FIG. 4.2.6- SHOWING SECTION THROUGH ECLIPTIC PLANE………….....92
FIG. 4.2.7 -DIAGRAM SHOWING SUN PATH
AND WIND DIRECTION ACROSS SITE…………………….95
FIG. 4.2.8 -DIAGRAM SHOWING VIEW/ACCESS TO SITE………………….96
FIG. 4.2.9- DIAGRAM SHOWING THE SITE
TOPOGRAPHY/ DRAINAGE OF THE SITE…………………97
FIG. 4.3.1- DIAGRAM SHOWING THE NOISE
AND TRAFFIC PATTERN OF THE SITE……………………….98
FIG. 5 .1 - AIR SYSTEMS………………………………………………………..102
FIG 5.2 -FIRE SAFETIES: MEANS OF ESCAPE……………………………....111
FIG. 5 .3 -MICRO CLIMATE CONTROL METHODS,
NATURAL VENTILATION AND CLIMATE CONTROL……..116
FIG. 5 .4.-USE OF PLANTS AND VEGETATION
TO EFFECT SOLAR CONTROL……………………………..117
FIG. 5.5- USE OF BALCONIES AND ROOF
OVERHANG IN CLIMATE CONTROL…………………….…118
FIG. 5 .6 -AIR FLOW PATTERNS ……………………………………………..119
FIG. 5 .7.AIR FLOW PATTERNS (CONTD.)……………………………….….120
FIG. 7.1 SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION OF LEARNING
CULTURE: A PYRAMID……………………………….….139
FIG. 7.2- CONCEPT: LIBRARY COLLECTIONS
DECREASE WITH INCREASE IN FLOOR……………………….139
xvii
LIST OF PLATES
PLATE 2.1 -- SEATTLE PUBLIC LIBRARY……………………………….…....26
PLATE 2.2 - VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY………………………….…....28
PLATE 2.3 - STORY HOUR AT LIBRARY…………………………………..…..30
PLATE 2.4 - HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARY………………………………………....34
PLATE 2.5 - COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY………………………….....35
PLATE 2.6 - BEINECKE RARE BOOK AND MANUSCRIPT LIBRARY……..37
PLATE 3.1.1 - MAIN ENTRANCES TO ENUGU STATE CENTRAL
LIBRARY (ESCL) ……………………………………46
PLATE 3.1.2 - ACCESS THROUGH A RAMP TO ESC LIBRARY..……….......47
PLATE 3.1.3 - A FACADE OF THE LIBRARY
SHOWING SUN BREAKERS …………………………..48
PLATE 3.1.4 - A SECTION OF THE LEGAL DEPOSIT IN ESC LIBRA.………48
PLATE 3.1.5 - STAFF ENTRANCE TO ESC LIBRARY...………………………51
PLATE 3.1.6 -PAEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE TO ESC LIBRARY…..…………..52
PLATE 3.1.7 - A CROSS SECTION OF READERS IN THE
READING HALL……………………….53
PLATE 3.1.8 - READERS READING
UNDER A TREE IN THE ESC LIBRARY YARD.………...53
PLATE 3.2.1 - MAIN ENTRANCE TO NATIONAL LIBRARY OF NIGERIA
BUILDING ……………………….55
PLATE 3.2.2 - INTERIOR VIEW OF
THE PEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE…………………………56
xviii
PLATE 3.2.3 - VIEW OF BOOK STACKED ON A SHELF……………………..57
PLATE 3.2.4 - A VIEW OF DRAINAGE GUTTER……………………………....57
PLATE 3.2.5 - A VIEW SHOWING THE USE OF SHADING DEVICES………58
PLATE 3.2.6 - FOREIGN MONOGRAPH STRONG ROOM
(A TYPICAL STRONG ROOM) ………………………..58
PLATE 3.2.7 - VIEW OF A CLOSED COURTYARD…………………………....61
PLATE 3.2.8 - VIEW OF A STUDY HALL………………………………….…...62
PLATE 3.2.9 - A VIEW OF READERS USING
EXTERNAL MATERIALS NEAR A STAIRCASE …………..62
PLATE 3.2.10 - VIEW OF READERS UNDER A
TREE IN THE OPEN YARD….............................................63
PLATE 3.2.11 - BOOKS STACKED IN THE LEGAL DEPOSIT……………......64
PLATE 3.3.1- CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON………...65
PLATE 3.3.2 - LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY,
MEZZANINE FLOOR……………………………………….....71
PLATE 3.3.3 - A VIEW OF LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY
BEDFORDSHIRE SHOWING THE USE OF FINS FOR
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL…..…….72
PLATE 4.1.0 - ENTRANCE ROUTE TO THE PROPOSED SITE……………….79
PLATE 4.1.1 - PROPOSED SITE………………………………………………….79
PLATE 4.1.2 - PUBLIC MAIN DRAINAGE
BESIDE THE PROPOSED SITE…………………………..80
xix
ABSTRACT
“A Library is a repository of various forms of recorded information, as well
as a collection of data in many formats.” (Metu A. 1987). The design proposal is a
consequence of an investigation into the emerging concern about energy efficiency of
buildings, the recent advances in information technology and their attending
consequences on the planning and architecture of the future library.
Demographic data and an understanding of the development need of the growing
population validate the need for a library facility in Agbani.
The aim of this research and the design of the scheme is to develop a proposal that will
demonstrate a careful analysis of the architectural problems identified which include the
implications of library design in the context of recent advancements in information
technology, control of internal environment and energy efficiency, circulation, fire
protection, lighting, noise arising from different locations, flexibility and security.
As a general design consideration, open planning and a standard measurement or
module, which is valid under changing conditions for the library’s equipment and
furniture, will be employed.
The five primary areas that will form the interior arrangement of the library are the
administrative service department, technical service department, reference service
department, adult service department and support areas.
The special design considerations are Circulation and activity flow, noise, lighting,
internal climate, humidification, building protection from solar radiation, hazards,
security, as well as arrangement of furniture and equipments.
The project location is in Agbani, Nkanu West L.G.A. located in a prominent, easily
accessible location required to attract a large number of persons. An analysis of the site
xx
is based on the synthesis of such factors as its topography, access and views, sun
analysis and orientation, source of noise and soil condition.
The concept of zoning takes into consideration the noise levels of library spaces as well
as sequence in time of library use.
The planning takes into consideration the collection capacity of the proposed library
which will be a function of the proposed population to be designed for. The concept of
massing is to symbolize the culture of formal learning, which begins with a broad scope,
and as one advances in learning, he specializes. To symbolize this character, the
massing of the Agbani Central Library will be like that of a pyramid, which is broad at
its base and tapers as it rises.
xxi
CERTIFICATION
This project report is submitted to the Department of Architecture, Faculty
of Environmental Studies, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements For the Award of Degree of Master of
Science in Architecture.
The work embodied in this Project Report is original and has not been
submitted in part or full, (except for the acknowledged references) for any
other degree or diploma of this or any other university or institution.
………………………………...
OKAFOR VINCENT EJIKE
PG/MSC/07/46595
(Student)
Date………………….
………………………….. …………………………..
ARC. F.O. UZUEGBUNAM ARC. I. G. CHENDO
(Head, Department of Architecture) (Supervisor)
Date…………………. Date……………………
xxii
DEDICATION
THIS WORK IS DEDICATED TO ALL THOSE WHO CONSCIOUSLY
CONTRIBUTED TO THE SUCCESS OF MY ACADEMIC PURSUIT THUS
FAR, AND TO THOSE WHO WOULD HAVE CONTRIBUTED SHOULD
THEY HAVE HAD THE “RARE PREVILEGE” TO DO SO.
xxiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful Completion of this project report demands a heartfelt thanks and
appreciation to God Almighty for His infinite mercies, guidance as well as protection all
through the course of carrying out this research.
Special thanks to my supervisor, Arc. Chendo I. G. who not minding his very tight
schedule, yet invested quality time to thoroughly guard and guide me in the course of
this research.
I acknowledge the contribution of some members of staff of Enugu Central Library and
Nigerian National Library Enugu.
Members of M.Sc ’09 class UNEC, you people were wonderful; I wish you well in your
various pursuits in life.
Okafor Vitalis(Nwachinemelu), Ibekwe C .E (Uncle C), Alago Joe, Tekula Steve,
Essien Nsikak, Obong Odudu, Ogoinja, Onyema Nwankwo, Chikezie Orji, Frank
Chikezie(Papilo), Enebechi Enebe, Cj Dimkpa, Hon. Paul Aduda, Don-Sheriff, you
people are of a rare breed, may God reward you bountifully.
Emelife Ben!! My roommate, you were so wonderfully made for me. May God Bless
you.
Amaechi Okoli, thank you for being there for me.
Pastor Tim Maduka and Mummy Ng, thanks for your prayers and concern in my
spiritual well being. May God reward you.
Kosisochukwu Emenike, you were worth being a friend, I found real love in, thanks for
being there for me.
Architects Otu Umoren and Obi Uwakonye, your advice were worth it. Thank you, men
of a rare breed.
xxiv
I will feel biased if at this juncture, I fail to appreciate a people who have always been
there for me under the rain and in the sun, who are these special people? They are
members of Okafor’s family: my beloved sisters - Ijey, Obioma, Ngozi, Nwaeju (Last
Born), thanks for being there for me, Big Brothers Walter (Foreigner) and Celestine, I
appreciate you, may God elevate you people.
Okafor U. C. Esq. (Boliva), thanks for your support and brotherly advice, thoughts of
them made me to re-trace the right paths. God bless you.
Dr. Ngeh Paulinus, thank you for your support, it was worth it, God bless you.
Oluchi, Ifeanyi (Cross & D…..), Chibuzo (Bishop Kaka).I appreciate you people, may
you all walk and never stumble.
Nze Ikechukwu Okafor (Ichie Obata Obie), the importance of your efforts towards
making the best out of me, can never be overemphasized. God bless you.
Chief and Mrs. Nwabueze I. Okafor, what can I say? Nothing, but ‘thank you’. I wish
you long life, prosperity and good health.
My dear parent’s Mr. and Mrs. Pius Okafor, I don’t know how best to appreciate you!!!
But then, your prayers and good wishes for me have not been lost. May God give you
people long life, good health so that you will live to reap and enjoy the fruits of your
hard labour.
To all those who consciously contributed to the success of this research, May God
Almighty reward you in thousand folds.
xxv
TABLES OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………......ii
CERTIFICATION PAGE…………………………………………….………….....iii
DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………....iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………..........v
TABLES OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………...........vii
LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………...xi
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………........xii
LIST OF PLATES…………………………………………………………………..xiv
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………...xvi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1.0 PROJECT DEFINITION………………………………………………….…1
1.2.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY……………………………………...….2
1.3.0 MOTIVATION AND PURPOSE…………………………………………....4
1.4.0 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT……………………………………………….....5
1.5.0 STATEMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEM………………………..6
1.6.0 AIM AND OBJECTIVES…………………………………………….……...7
1.7.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………...….10
CHAPTER TWO
2.0.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.9.0 DEVELOPMENT OF LEARNING RESOURCES………………….…….12
2.10.0 PERIODS OF LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT……………………………...15
2.11.0 LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA………………………………..18
2.12.0 TYPES OF LIBRARY…………………………………………………..….25
2.13.0 COLLECTIONS IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES…………………………..........28
xxvi
2.14.0 SERVICE FOR THE COMMUNITIES …………………………………....29
2.15.0 LIBRARIANS AND LIBRARY STAFF………………………………...…39
2.16.0 HOW LIBRARIES ACQUIRE MATERIALS…………………………..…43
CHAPTER THREE
3.0.0 CASE STUDIES
3.1.0 ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU……………………....46
3.2.0 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU……………………......55
3.3.0 CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON……………….65
3.4.0 LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY………………………………………......69
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0.0 THE PROPOSED SITE AND SITE ANALYSIS
4.9.0 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENUGU STATE……………………..…..74
4.10.0 THE PROPOSED SITE…………………………………………….78
4.11.0 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA……………………………….……80
4.12.0 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION……………………………………81
4.13.0 CLIMATIC ANALYSIS……………………………………………84
4.14.0 ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION………………………………......92
4.15.0 PHYSICAL FEATURES……………………………………….…..95
4.16.0 DESIGN IMPLICATION OF SITE ANALYSIS………………......98
xxvii
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1.0 SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
BUILDING SERVICES
5.1.1 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS…………………………………............100
5.2.0 ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS……………….................103
5.3.0 ACCESS AND CIRCULATION…………………………………….109
5.4.0 ACOUSTIC, FIRE SAFETY AND SECURITY SYSTEMS
ACOUSTIC…………………………………………………………...109
5.10.0 REFUSE AND WASTE DISPOSAL………………………………..113
5.11.0 LANDSCAPING…………………………………………………….114
5.12.0 SOLAR RADIATION CONTROL………………………………….114
5.13.0 TREES AND VEGETATION………………………………………..112
5.14.0 ANTROPOMETRIC DATA…………………………………………122
CHAPTER SIX
6.1.0 DESIGN DATA AND SPACE REQUIREMENT
6.1.0 POPULATION SERVED…………………………………….………..123
6.2.0 LIBRARY CAPICITY………………………………………….……..124
6.3.0 VOLUMES DISTRIBUTION…………………………………….…...125
6.4.0 BOOK STOCK……………………………………….…………….….127
6.5.0 SPACE ANALYSIS……………………………………………….…..128
6.6.0 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS SPACE ALLOWANCE………………130
6.7.0 SUMMARY OF SPACE PROGRAMME………………………….....133
xxviii
CHAPTER SEVEN
7.2.0 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY………………………………………………….136
7.2.0 DESIGN CONCEPT……………………………………………………...137
7.3.0 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM………………………………………………..140
7.4.0 BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION……………………141
7.5.0 SERVICES………………………………………………………………..145
7.6.0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION………………………….148
REFERENCES……………………………………………………..……….150
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………...151
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLES 4.1
MEAN TEMPERATURE VALUES FOR ENUGU STATE………..………….84
TABLE 5.1
ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) RECOMMENDED
LIGHTING INTENSITY FOR SPECIFIC AREAS…………….............................106
TABLE 5.2
ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) RECOMMENDED
LIGHTING INTENSITY FOR SPECIFIC AREAS……………………………….108
TABLE 6.1
BASSINET SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATION (SEATING)…………….127
TABLE 6.2
THE SPACE ALLOWANCE PER POPULATION SERVED AS
RECOMMENDED BY THE IFLA STANDARDS…………..………………......128
TABLE 6.3
PERCENTAGE AREAS TO BE ALLOWED FOR VARIOUS MAJOR
DEPARTMENTS IN THE LIBRARY…………………..………………………..129
TABLE 6.4
SUMMARY OF SPACE PROGRAMME…………………………….133
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIG. 3.1 - SITE PLAN OF ENUGU
STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU…………………………49
FIG. 3.2 - FLOOR PLANS OF
ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU …………………50
FIG. 3.3 - SITE PLAN OF NIGERIAN
NATIONAL LIBRARY, ENUGU…………………………………59
FIG. 3.4 - FLOOR PLANS OF
NIGERIAN NATIONAL LIBRARY, ENUGU……………………..60
FIG. 3.5 - GROUND FLOOR PLAN,
CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON………..67
FIG. 3.6 - FIRST FLOOR PLAN,
CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON ……….…67
FIG. 3.7- GROUND FLOOR PLAN,
LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE…………….70
FIG. 3.8 - FIRST FLOOR PLAN,
LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE………………….70
FIG. 3.9 - SECOND FLOOR PLAN,
LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE……………...71
FIG. 4.1.0 MAP NKANU WEST LGA, SHOWING THE PROPOSED SITE
LOCATION ……………..................................................................78
FIG. 4.1.1 - MAP OF NIGERIA WITH INSERT SHOWING ENUGU………...82
FIG. 4.1.2 - MAP OF ENUGU SHOWING
THE VARIOUS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS…………………….83
FIG. 4.1.3 - MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING
THE VARIOUS VEGETATION BELTS…………………….…83
FIG. 4.1.4 - MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING
THE NIGERIAN CLIMATIC ZONES……………………84
FIG. 4.1.5 - MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURES
FOR ENUGU STATE…………………………………………...85
FIG. 4.1.6 - RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN JANUARY………………………….…86
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FIG. 4.1.7 - RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN JULY………………………………..…86
FIG. 4.1.8 - MEAN MONTHLY RAINFALL FOR ENUGU STATE……….…...87
FIG. 4.1.9- MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING RAINFALL
PATTERNS IN THE VARIOUS ZONES…………………...88
FIG. 4.2.1 - TOTAL ANNUAL RAINFALL……………………….……………..88
FIG. 4.2.2- WET SEASON WINDS AND RAINFALL (APRIL –OCT.} ….…....89
FIG. 4.2.3 - DRY SEASON WINDS AND RAINFALL (NOV. – MAR.) …….....90
FIG. 4.2.4- WIND FORCE DATA…………………………………………….…..90
FIG. 4.2.5 - SHOWING THE EARTH’S ORBIT. …………………….. ………....91
FIG. 4.2.6- SHOWING SECTION THROUGH ECLIPTIC PLANE………….....92
FIG. 4.2.7 -DIAGRAM SHOWING SUN PATH
AND WIND DIRECTION ACROSS SITE…………………….95
FIG. 4.2.8 -DIAGRAM SHOWING VIEW/ACCESS TO SITE………………….96
FIG. 4.2.9- DIAGRAM SHOWING THE SITE
TOPOGRAPHY/ DRAINAGE OF THE SITE…………………97
FIG. 4.3.1- DIAGRAM SHOWING THE NOISE
AND TRAFFIC PATTERN OF THE SITE……………………….98
FIG. 5 .1 - AIR SYSTEMS………………………………………………………..102
FIG 5.2 -FIRE SAFETIES: MEANS OF ESCAPE……………………………....111
FIG. 5 .3 -MICRO CLIMATE CONTROL METHODS,
NATURAL VENTILATION AND CLIMATE CONTROL……..116
FIG. 5 .4.-USE OF PLANTS AND VEGETATION
TO EFFECT SOLAR CONTROL……………………………..117
FIG. 5.5- USE OF BALCONIES AND ROOF
OVERHANG IN CLIMATE CONTROL…………………….…118
FIG. 5 .6 -AIR FLOW PATTERNS ……………………………………………..119
FIG. 5 .7.AIR FLOW PATTERNS (CONTD.)……………………………….….120
FIG. 7.1 SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION OF LEARNING
CULTURE: A PYRAMID……………………………….….139
FIG. 7.2- CONCEPT: LIBRARY COLLECTIONS
DECREASE WITH INCREASE IN FLOOR……………………….139
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LIST OF PLATES
PLATE 2.1 -- SEATTLE PUBLIC LIBRARY……………………………….…....26
PLATE 2.2 - VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY………………………….…....28
PLATE 2.3 - STORY HOUR AT LIBRARY…………………………………..…..30
PLATE 2.4 - HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARY………………………………………....34
PLATE 2.5 - COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY………………………….....35
PLATE 2.6 - BEINECKE RARE BOOK AND MANUSCRIPT LIBRARY……..37
PLATE 3.1.1 - MAIN ENTRANCES TO ENUGU STATE CENTRAL
LIBRARY (ESCL) ……………………………………46
PLATE 3.1.2 - ACCESS THROUGH A RAMP TO ESC LIBRARY..……….......47
PLATE 3.1.3 - A FACADE OF THE LIBRARY
SHOWING SUN BREAKERS …………………………..48
PLATE 3.1.4 - A SECTION OF THE LEGAL DEPOSIT IN ESC LIBRA.………48
PLATE 3.1.5 - STAFF ENTRANCE TO ESC LIBRARY...………………………51
PLATE 3.1.6 -PAEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE TO ESC LIBRARY…..…………..52
PLATE 3.1.7 - A CROSS SECTION OF READERS IN THE
READING HALL……………………….53
PLATE 3.1.8 - READERS READING
UNDER A TREE IN THE ESC LIBRARY YARD.………...53
PLATE 3.2.1 - MAIN ENTRANCE TO NATIONAL LIBRARY OF NIGERIA
BUILDING ……………………….55
PLATE 3.2.2 - INTERIOR VIEW OF
THE PEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE…………………………56
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PLATE 3.2.3 - VIEW OF BOOK STACKED ON A SHELF……………………..57
PLATE 3.2.4 - A VIEW OF DRAINAGE GUTTER……………………………....57
PLATE 3.2.5 - A VIEW SHOWING THE USE OF SHADING DEVICES………58
PLATE 3.2.6 - FOREIGN MONOGRAPH STRONG ROOM
(A TYPICAL STRONG ROOM) ………………………..58
PLATE 3.2.7 - VIEW OF A CLOSED COURTYARD…………………………....61
PLATE 3.2.8 - VIEW OF A STUDY HALL………………………………….…...62
PLATE 3.2.9 - A VIEW OF READERS USING
EXTERNAL MATERIALS NEAR A STAIRCASE …………..62
PLATE 3.2.10 - VIEW OF READERS UNDER A
TREE IN THE OPEN YARD….............................................63
PLATE 3.2.11 - BOOKS STACKED IN THE LEGAL DEPOSIT……………......64
PLATE 3.3.1- CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON………...65
PLATE 3.3.2 - LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY,
MEZZANINE FLOOR……………………………………….....71
PLATE 3.3.3 - A VIEW OF LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY
BEDFORDSHIRE SHOWING THE USE OF FINS FOR
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL…..…….72
PLATE 4.1.0 - ENTRANCE ROUTE TO THE PROPOSED SITE……………….79
PLATE 4.1.1 - PROPOSED SITE………………………………………………….79
PLATE 4.1.2 - PUBLIC MAIN DRAINAGE
BESIDE THE PROPOSED SITE…………………………..80
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ABSTRACT
“A Library is a repository of various forms of recorded information, as well
as a collection of data in many formats.” (Metu A. 1987). The design proposal is a
consequence of an investigation into the emerging concern about energy efficiency of
buildings, the recent advances in information technology and their attending
consequences on the planning and architecture of the future library.
Demographic data and an understanding of the development need of the growing
population validate the need for a library facility in Agbani.
The aim of this research and the design of the scheme is to develop a proposal that will
demonstrate a careful analysis of the architectural problems identified which include the
implications of library design in the context of recent advancements in information
technology, control of internal environment and energy efficiency, circulation, fire
protection, lighting, noise arising from different locations, flexibility and security.
As a general design consideration, open planning and a standard measurement or
module, which is valid under changing conditions for the library’s equipment and
furniture, will be employed.
The five primary areas that will form the interior arrangement of the library are the
administrative service department, technical service department, reference service
department, adult service department and support areas.
The special design considerations are Circulation and activity flow, noise, lighting,
internal climate, humidification, building protection from solar radiation, hazards,
security, as well as arrangement of furniture and equipments.
The project location is in Agbani, Nkanu West L.G.A. located in a prominent, easily
accessible location required to attract a large number of persons. An analysis of the site
xxxv
is based on the synthesis of such factors as its topography, access and views, sun
analysis and orientation, source of noise and soil condition.
The concept of zoning takes into consideration the noise levels of library spaces as well
as sequence in time of library use.
The planning takes into consideration the collection capacity of the proposed library
which will be a function of the proposed population to be designed for. The concept of
massing is to symbolize the culture of formal learning, which begins with a broad scope,
and as one advances in learning, he specializes. To symbolize this character, the
massing of the Agbani Central Library will be like that of a pyramid, which is broad at
its base and tapers as it rises.
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1.0 PROJECT DEFINITION
According to Ayodele O. K (1979), “Library as an institution is a living record of
man’s progress from the Stone Age to the modern age. Through libraries, men can
communicate their vision and experience from generation to generation. Libraries are
also stepping stones to the future as well as bridges to the past. Libraries and schools are
inseparable educational team dedicated to preparing today’s people to meet the
challenges of tomorrow. Libraries are quiet places but not dull places. They houses the
most exclusive and dynamic man’s creation ideas. Through libraries, scientists have
unlocked the secrets of nature and philosophers have searched for meaning of age. They
are also important weapons for peace, freedom and full development of the individual to
understanding himself, his surroundings and the world at large.”
Libraries are established to perform the following functions:
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To assemble, preserve and administer books and other related educational
materials in organized collections, in order to promote an enlightened society
through guidance and stimulation and to promote enriched personal lives.
To provide opportunity and encouragement for children, young people, men and
women to educate themselves continuously.
To help people make such use of leisure times as well as promote personal
happiness and social advancement.
To serve those who are aiding in the advancement of knowledge through
research. (Microsoft Encarta 2008)
1.2.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The shift from the teacher to the learner has been a significant one. It does
not mean that the role of the teacher is redundant, rather, that it is a change; that the act
of learning must be substantially a proactive one and that access to learning resources is
even essential than it has been prior to now.
“In the traditional sense of the world, library is a collection of books and though derives
from the Latin word “lire” meaning book, it can be referred to as an individual or
private collection, but more often it is a large collection of information resources and a
group of services that is funded and maintained by a city or institution. In the senses, it
is not merely a collection, but an organized collection, intended for use, accompanied by
a group of services for users. The collection and the services are often used by people
who chose not to –or cannot afford to purchase an extensive collection themselves, who
need materials.”
Calvin R. (1999).
However, with the collection or invention of media other than books for storing
information, many libraries are now also repositories and points for maps, prints, or
xxxvii
other art works , microfilms, microfiche, audio tapes, CDs, LPS, video tapes DVDs, and
provide public facilities to access CD-Rom and subscription data base and the internet.
Thus, modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get unrestricted
access to information in many formats and from many sources. In addition to providing
material, they also provide service of specialists who are expert in matters related to
finding and organizing information, interpreting information needs, called libraries.
It is essential, the library service a multiplicity of purpose, that its staff is able to meet
the demands of a sophisticated and literate audience, capable of using a variety of
information and communication media.
Libraries perform a range of functions in the society, academic libraries for instance
obtain, collect and store literature for education and research purposes and is usually
open to the general public. Public libraries provide communication with a wide choice
of more general literature and other information media with as much of them displayed
on open shelves. In addition online information searches on databases stored in CD-
ROMs are also available, including photocopying, reading and printing from
microfilms.
‘The role of public libraries has been changing in the past few years, notably through
the acceptance of new media of communication, the recognition of the new social
objectives and parities, which index reaching out to those who do not at present use the
library services, thus, libraries are changing and dynamic places; libraries are techno-
savvy at the forefront of the information age, and help people to find information they
need, when they need it.’ (Allen Kent, 2000).
Libraries are places of opportunity; libraries are part of our dream place for
education, self-help and lifelong learning.
xxxviii
‘Libraries brings you to the world; where else can one have access to virtually
everything in print or online and even have the personal assistance of librarians to help
find what you are looking for?’ (Angelo W, 1967).
More recently, libraries are understood as extending beyond the physical walls of a
building, including materials accessible by electronic means, and providing assistance
by librarians in navigating and analyzing the tremendous amount of knowledge with a
variety of digital tools. It is obvious that a vital institution housing and documenting the
living records of man’s progress from ages and also forms an essential link through
which man’s vision and breakthrough are communicated between generations which
forms a stepping stone into the future and a bridge to the past .Libraries are quiet places,
they house the most explosive and dynamic of all man’s creative ideas. Through
libraries, scientist have embarked to unravel the secrets of nature, and philosophers,
have searched deep into the meaning of life, they are indeed an important weapon for
preparing people today to meeting the challenges of the future, for peace, freedom and
help towards self development and better understanding of the environment and the
world at large.
‘Today, libraries building are constructed so that they can be easily expanded or
modified to accommodate changes in collections, formats, and user needs including
users with disabilities. The rapid expansion of the information technology since World
War II has forced libraries to consider new methods of storage such as compact
movable shelving, microfilming of bulky or deteriorating materials. The décor of
modern libraries is determined largely by practical consideration, lighting is bright,
furnishing is sturdy, and structural elements are designed to conserve energy.’
(Encyclopedia Americana Inc. NY 1981 VOL. 17, Pg. 31). In future, libraries may see
xxxix
space given over to bookshelves cleared to make way for extra computer terminals as
internet access supersedes access to books as primary function of the library institution.
1.3.0 MOTIVATION AND PURPOSE
Agbani and its environs experienced a rapid influx of academic
institutions under the governorship of Dr. Chimaroke Nnamani (Ebeano).These
institutions ranges from primary to tertiary institutions an even a professional
institution( Nigerian Law School). These institutions includes Renaissance University
Ugbawka, Air force Primary and Secondary School, Mea Mater High School Agbani,
Nigerian Law School Agbani Campus, and the mother all being the movement of Enugu
State University of Science and Technology to its permanent site in Agbani.
Considering the number of these institutions, the importance of a Library to be located
there cannot be overemphasized. Another factor that earnestly calls for this project is the
fact that most of our institutions don’t have what it takes to equip their libraries to a
reasonable standard, owing to the presence of this proposed project, the various
institutions could still be running their sketchy library services while the proposed
Divisional Library Agbani, will be equipped to cover up the deficiencies of the various
school libraries.
1.4.0 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of the project of this nature needs to be definitely given. Broadly
speaking, the project scope has been determined to accommodate facilities covering the
following services:
The administrative facility includes:
xl
- Boardroom, committee rooms, office of the board chairman and some
administrative staff.
- Offices housing these sections: administration, personnel, finance, and
accounts, internal audit, public relations, etc.
The operations supports will involve the provision of bibliographic services, legal unit,
National union catalogue, national and state documentation centers, collection
development, library statistics research and training. All these will be present within the
proposed library.
The readers’ activities will present the boiling point of the library and will be made
functional through the provision of entrance halls, Referencing section, audio-visuals,
reading rooms, public catalogue, etc. These areas will be clearly provided in the design
to avoid conflict and confusion while enhancing more efficient readers’ productivity.
The stack area and all other book shelving areas will be large enough to contain a total
capacity of 40,000-50,000 volumes, which is the projected capacity of the library.
Movement of volumes forms stacks to the service desk will be partly automated to
enhance speedy services. The mechanized service will involve printing, binding, and
photocopying.
The service will be given full consideration worthy of an industrial process, which they
represent. The support facilities will basically serve to make the use of the library more
interesting and comfortable. It will also include facilities such as exhibition halls,
auditoriums, snack bars, restaurants, kitchen, etc.
1.5.0 STATEMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEM
The main architectural problem in the design of the proposed library is that
of “flexibility and adaptation to change in library design and use of library”. Changes
xli
in spatial and functional requirements of libraries, in terms of the dynamic needs of the
users and administrative authorities (librarians) in the present and especially the future
are referred to as “change”.
Other library design related problems which are to solve includes:
Library design in the context of recent advancement in information technology.
Control of internal environment and energy efficiency
Accessibility (Both physical and visual impact)
Circulation of people and material (horizontal \vertical)
Space relationship (zoning)
Acoustics and noise control
Lighting
Heat and noise control
Security and fire protection
Landscaping.
1.6.0 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this research and design scheme will be to develop a proposal
that will demonstrate a careful analysis of the architectural problems highlighted and the
variety of probable solutions, the result of which will be a skilful synthesis that will be
given expression through the function, form and architectural character of the design of
the proposed Divisional Library Agbani.
Therefore, considering the problems already identified and the aim already stated, the
following will be objectives of this project:
xlii
The design will seek to use a variety of formula and library design reference
works to define the space allocation, which will accommodate the size of the
projected material collection. The space allocation will be in terms numbering of
shelving units to house the collection and the floor area required to
accommodate the shelving units and related public circulated ways.
The space allocation will attempt to accommodate various ways in which
patrons will utilize the resources of the facility. This concerns the seating
arrangement because different reading activities require different seating
arrangement. Reference, study and research work require table seating. Patrons
interested in browsing and recreational reading seek comfort lounge in which to
pursue their pastimes. Retrieval of electronically processed information requires
study carrels and computer terminals. Children need tables and chairs for
projects, reading and other programmed activities. All of these types of seating
have specific space requirements. The outcome of this design will take this into
consideration.
To develop a library-building program that will incorporate elements that will
magnify its role as a community facility. This is equally necessary since the
library will function as a focal point for community learning.
The fenestration will be designed such that windows will be used to provide
needed natural light. The windows provided will be located such so that they do
not interfere with shelving layouts in the book area. The design will take
advantage of window openings placed high on the wall above shelving units,
which are often an effective source of evenly distributed ambient light. Adequate
lighting that will not produce glare where computers terminals at right any
source of natural daylight.
xliii
The design will seek to solve the problem of peripheral noise generated by
absorbing the noise by the spatial design, spatial separation and material
selection. Provision of special “quiet study” rooms will assure patrons of an
acoustically quiet environment. In addition, with special programs and
homework center activities, the children Area will be a source of moderate noise
in the facility. Care would be taken to acoustically isolate this area from other
areas of the facility.
An attempt will be made to design a security system that will not be entirely
dependent on a book theft security system. Since the ultimate responsibility for
protecting materials and equipment used by the public in the library rests with
library staff, the reader service desk and staff workrooms should be located in
view of public seating and collection areas, thereby enhancing visual
supervision. This will be a more architectural response to the problem of
Security.
In order to achieve flexibility and expandability in the library design, the
meeting room space should be designed to accommodate a variety of
configurations for meetings, seminars and training sessions. Lighting systems
should be adaptable to varying use patterns. In designing the staff support areas,
consideration will be given to visiting librarians and staff. Hence, a flexible
design will accommodate such situations.
To contain the risk of fire by arson, attention will be paid to the design of
fenestrations. Windows that does not open eliminates such risk. However, since
windows that do not open will be counter productive when other factors like
ventilation are considered, the risk can be reduced by the use of screening to
cover windows that can open.
xliv
In order to limit the spread of fire, there will also be an attempt to employ the
use of compartmentalization. This implies subdividing the book stack by
constructing fire resistant walls, ceilings, and floors to limit the spread of fire,
smoke and to some extend water. Compartmentalization is a highly successful
method of reducing risk if barriers are designed and installed properly. Fire
ratings must be appropriate for book stacks, and there can be no breaks or
interruptions to the barriers. Points often overlooked in the use of
compartmentalization are continuation of the walls above drop ceilings to the
floor above, installation of automatic dampers in air handling system, sealing of
gaps around utility tunnels, and use of automatic fire doors; all are measures
designed to help isolate compartments from one another to prevent spread of fire
,a smoke and water. Vertical openings between floors for services, stairwells,
and elevators need to be sealed if each floor is to become a separate
compartment and barrier to the spread of fire.
1.7.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research successes are usually hindered by lack of adequate material due
to the economic recession being experience in the world today, while making findings
increasingly difficult, however, efforts for sourcing information were made to achieve
an appreciable success. Such efforts were made through primary and secondary sources.
The main research procedures adopted in this study is chiefly deductive; involving the
collection of data through both the primary and secondary sources. These include;
Primary Sources:
- Site/Field Study, Surveys and observations.
- Personal interviews
xlv
- Library Research
- Participant or Detached Observation
- Filling of Questionnaires by Persons
- Measurement of people events or things under direct manner
Secondary Sources:
- Case Studies reviews.
- Review of existing records, books, journals, magazines, monographs etc.
The Author visited the site to become acquainted with topographic and environmental
peculiarities of the chosen site. To achieve this goal, a preliminary survey was carried
out and major landmarks and features established.
A visit to Agbani and its environs was undertaken and relevant information obtained
from the Ministry of Land, Survey and Town Planning, and the Ministry of Information
Enugu State among others.
In addition, various case studies and reviews of the materials obtained proved quite
useful in determining exact problems and possible solutions to be adopted in the project.
Useful information was also obtained from interviews and discussions with the author’s
project supervisor and lecturers that guided and directed the research. Various books,
journals, and Unpublished Project Reports which formed the bulk of this research
materials.
The information and data collected or obtained by the various means were gathered,
analyzed and synthesized to give a framework for this Project Report and the subsequent
design.
xlvi
CHAPTER TWO
2.0.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.0 DEVELOPMENT OF LEARNING RESOURCES (LIBRARIES)
Ebenezer H. (1990) opined that, among the many treasures of the
modern world, the greatest are found in books. All the accumulated knowledge of
mankind, all the wisdom of the ages, all the fables, fantasies and facts than have
effected and delighted to minds of men since civilization began are available for our
pleasure or profit in the books that line the bookshelves of libraries and other related
institutions of the world.
Books were found even among the papyrus of ancient Egypt, and the tablets of
BABYLONIAN and ASSYRIA, they gathered in orderly collections in Heloipolis,
Nineveh in Babylon and elsewhere and libraries had existed since then. The earliest
examples of libraries in the world were known to have existed in the palace of the
Ptolemy II in Alexandria, Egypt. It was established around 238 B.C and the library of
xlvii
the palace of Nineveh was established around 668—626 B.C by the Assyrian king
Ashorbrinpah.
Greeks and Romans also established libraries. The best known example of Greek
libraries was at Pergamon, established as part of the Acropolis complex. It contained
some 700,000 rolls of papyrus. The best example of libraries established during the time
of the Roman Empire was at Ephesus in Asia Minor, it was established in AD115.
During the period in history, popularly known as the Dark Ages, the development of
libraries generally started to decline. But with the church assuming supreme authority in
Europe, libraries started to flourish once more.
The Monasteries and Great Cathedrals became not only centers of religion, but centers
of learning and culture. Monastic libraries were scattered all over Europe and Asia
Minor and with them were attached libraries called “scriptorium”.
During the 1100’s the modern university began to develop from monastic
centers and with the establishment started the origin of some of the greatest academic
libraries we have today, like Oxford and Cambridge. One of the most important libraries
of the middle Ages was the Vatican Library in Rome established in 1400. A.D.
(Microsoft Encarta 2008).
About 1400A.D, a German printer invented the movable printing machine. With this
more books could then be printed and people could afford to buy them. Books gradually
replaced handwritten manuscript and books were put on shelves and not in chest as was
the case of the manuscripts.
‘The growth of library services in Europe started to expand rapidly. With the
discovery of the printing press, came the reformation and the supremacy of the church
started to crack. One of the greatest libraries established during this period was the Lave
Renton Library Florence designed by Michelangelo in 1500 A.D.
xlviii
In Europe at this period, education was open to a few privileged class and illiteracy was
rampant, and the state of Europe then felt the benefit of the common man to the extent
that the influential French philosopher Voltamine was convinced that only selected few
could benefit from education and his contemporary Jeans-Jacques Frankly asserted his
belief that the poor had no need for education at all. The birth of the modern public
literacy did not emerge until after the French revolution.
It was the French revolution that sent forth tremors of freedom and nationalism around
the world. In November 1789, the church libraries in France were declared national
properties and were made accessible for the first time to the general public. Thus started
the beginning of public libraries in France and in 1850, in Paris the Bibliotheque
National was established to look into the establishment and administration of public
libraries in France.’ (Microsoft Encarta 2008).
The British museum was established in 1759 but true public library system started in
England in 1847, when an Act of the parliament authorized the establishment of public
libraries in the urban centers financed by government fund. In the U.S.A it was
Benjamin Franklin who in 1731 established the first subscription library in Philadelphia.
(Microsoft Encarta 2008). The next hundred years saw the founding of similar libraries
in many other cities, the best known being the Boston Athenaeum, the New York
society library and the Charleston library society.
The library of congress was established in America in 1800 and with its establishment,
public libraries organized and financed by Corporate Organizations started springing up
all over U.S.A, but the first state law making establishment of public libraries came into
effect in the middle of the 19th
century.
Striking progress in the development of public libraries came into Russia after the 1917
Revolution. It has been integral part of the determined effort made by the government to
xlix
eliminate the high rate of illiteracy which existed in the in the 1971 and to raise the
educational and cultural standard level of the people. The amazing growth and
distribution of new libraries was made possible by the confiscation of rich collections
and partly also by fundamental government reorganization which provided an
administration basis for a nationwide public library services. Generally the 20th
century
has added a new dimension to library services as well as a new range. Development in
scientific and industrial research, with a consequent vast increase in the publication on a
worldwide basis, of specialized information, mostly in the form of periodicals has led to
a demand for rapid and easy access a wide range of periodicals, literature and
information science that could finish reference and bibliographies on specific subjects.
2.2.0 PERIODS OF LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT
LIBRARIES OF ANTIQUITIES
‘The oldest libraries were those of the Sumerians, housing clay tablets
with business and legal records. However, these libraries were destroyed by earthquake
and fire, but a great number of the clay tablets survived and could be seen in some
museums today. The first Egyptian library, containing 20,000 papyrus scrolls was
founded by Ramose II in 1250 BC. The greatest library of ancient world, however, was
that established by the Greeks in Alexandria in the 3rd
century BC. A centre of learning
for the whole Hellenistic world, it consisted of museums, a library of 70,000 rolls of
papyrus and facilitates for copying and translating texts in many languages. By the 1st
century BC, wealthy Romans began to develop private libraries of Greek and Latin
works, with the growing demand, copying business had been established in Rome.’
(Microsoft Encarta 2008).
THE MIDDLE AGES
l
In the 6th century Catholic bishops in Europe began taking control of all
church properties, including manuscript collections in libraries. Thereafter, library
collections became communal church possessions that could be copied and distributed
relatively freely. For about the next 1,000 years during the Middle Ages (which lasted
from the 5th century to the 15th century), medieval libraries in Europe acquired, copied,
and disseminated texts by relying on correspondence between monasteries. Eventually,
these libraries developed a system of procedures to organize and classify their
collections. From this mix of activities emerged a highly decentralized system of
libraries scattered throughout Europe. (Microsoft Encarta 2008).
By the beginning of the Middle Ages, the papyrus scroll was no longer the common text
format. It had been replaced by the parchment codex, an early form of book consisting
of bundles of folded parchment sheets inscribed on both sides. These sheets were
stitched together and placed between protective covers. In codex form these manuscripts
carried more text in less space, and they were easier to transport and read than were
papyrus scrolls. In addition, their bindings were easier to decorate, and their
compactness allowed church officials to move them in and out of closed storage spaces
within walls, where manuscripts were kept with other treasures. The church clergy
stored less-valued texts in armaria, or book cupboards, which were generally situated in
more-accessible church locations.
To enhance quality and quantity of manuscript production, a church official often
established a separate room, called a scriptorium, in which a carefully selected group of
skilled clergy—known as monastic scribes—copied valuable religious texts. The scribes
almost invariably wrote their manuscripts in Latin, which allowed speakers of different
vernacular (local) languages to understand and communicate in a single, universal
li
mode of expression. They used quill pens to copy the Bible, liturgical books, Latin
grammars (books containing rules and principles of the Latin language), and small
numbers of secular books onto parchment. Because medieval libraries did not follow the
directives of any centralized authority, they frequently developed special techniques in
the production of manuscripts. For example, certain scribes became experts at creating
elaborate texts known as illuminated manuscripts, which were embellished with
beautiful color illustrations and were often bound with fine leather set with jewels.
By the middle of the 6th century, leaders of the Christian monastic order known as the
Benedictines were requiring their monks to read daily. Thus, as missionary monks
traveled throughout rural Europe to establish relatively isolated monasteries, they made
sure to include space for libraries. For example, the monasteries of Saint Gall in
Switzerland, Holy Island in England, Fulda in Germany, and Bobbio in Italy all
maintained outstanding libraries. Many of these rural monasteries provided secure
quarters for collections of sacred manuscripts that urban church libraries could no
longer provide. In the mid-7th century, for example, Benedict Biscop, an English abbot,
traveled five times to Rome, returning with pack animals loaded with valuable books. In
the late 8th century the English scholar Alcuin established two libraries in Aachen in
what is now Germany—one for the court of Charlemagne, king of the Franks, the other
for the palace school. In addition, Alcuin built a library at Tours in France after he
became bishop there.
Europe and its libraries changed substantially during the High Middle Ages, which
lasted from the mid-11th century through the 13th century. Europeans had increased
contact with distant civilizations through the efforts of explorers such as Marco Polo
and through the wars fought by soldiers in the Crusades. Europe also experienced
lii
increased production and consumption within an emerging money-based economy. This
began to generate surplus wealth that could be used for patronage and investment. In
addition, throughout Europe religious reforms began to take hold and monarchies began
to develop. All of these factors combined to shift the locus of learning from rural
monasteries to schools within urban cathedrals. Some of these schools eventually
developed large and influential libraries. (Microsoft Encarta 2008).
2.3.0 LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
The development of library in Africa began in Egypt in the year 1304 BC,
such libraries were identified mainly with temples and palaces of great rulers and kings,
the development of library and bibliographical services in Africa took place mainly in
Arab states and South Africa.(Ayodele D. J 1980) The first and largest national library in
Africa was founded in Cairo, Egypt capital in the year 1770 and was patterned after
national libraries in Europe; this was followed by other national libraries such as
Algeria, Tunisia, South Africa Morocco, and Ethiopia and much later in Nigeria, the
Nigeria National library in Lagos (RICHEL W. 2000). The pace of library development
in Nigeria was accelerated considerably by the winds of change that swept across the
continent at the end of the Second World War. Some of these developments were the
increased agitation by many countries for political independence together with landed
efforts towards economic and social development in order to raise the living standards.
Subsequently and more importantly the establishment of UNESCO in 1946, saw the
birth of organizations that worked most intensively with library development in nations
worldwide.
liii
LIBRARY IN AFRICA TODAY
Throughout the early 20th century, foreign organizations drove the effort to
create libraries in Africa, often through the contributions of international agencies such
as the British Council, the Carnegie Corporation of New York, and the now abolished
United States Information Agency, whose functions were transferred to the State
Department. Before former colonies in Africa gained independence in the 1950s, 1960s,
and 1970s, most libraries were modeled on those in France, Britain, and Portugal; these
countries were the major colonial powers in Africa. With independence, however, most
countries have tried to shake off colonial influences and develop libraries based on local
cultures and traditions.
In an effort to develop a stronger local foundation for African libraries,
many African countries have formed international library networks. In the late 1970s,
for example, Marxist governments in Portuguese-speaking nations of Africa used
central planning of library services to implement new technologies and to improve
literacy. Within a decade several of these countries had joined the International Center
of Bantu Civilizations, a network created to meet Central African documentation needs.
French-speaking countries in Africa have also formed library networks. In 1989 the
French Ministry of Cooperation and Development signed agreements with 14 French-
speaking African nations to develop general reading programs for local populations.
The ministry also supported efforts in Cameroon, Niger, Madagascar, and Burkina Faso
to establish automated national databases of information. (Microsoft Encarta 2008).
liv
Unstable economies, poor telecommunications infrastructure, and weak distribution
channels have all slowed the application of modern technology to library services in
Africa. Nevertheless, by the 1990s many university and research libraries featured state-
of-the-art equipment, often purchased through grants from a variety of international
agencies and foundations. Most funding came from various agencies of the United
Nations, with aid also provided by the World Bank, the British Council, the Carnegie
Corporation of New York, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Ford Foundation.
Computers enable many African academic and special libraries to share resources
through local area networks. These libraries also use computers to provide users with
online public access catalogs, information in CD-ROM format, and lists of periodicals
and other bibliographic databases. CD-ROMs have found a wide acceptance in African
academic libraries and research institutes, mainly because the discs are capable of
storing large volumes of information and do not require online telephone
communication for access.
THE NIGERIAN PERSPECTIVE
At about 1870, came about library activities in Nigeria. At that time,
Lagos which was the capital of the nation had the most concentration of alien town in
library development. Much later in the 19th
century, library development moved to the
northern part of the country under the influence of Arabic culture as an extension of the
old Timbuktu centre of learning. ADEMO R. ( 1998).
Modern library services in Nigeria began in 1920s when a club known as Lagos Book
Club was formed. The club consisted of expatriate civil servants and few Nigerians.
They had books circulated among themselves, more attention was drawn from the
activities of the club and by the year 1923 they had received grants of $6,500 from
lv
Carnegie Co-operation of New York. This led to the formation and subsequent
inauguration of the Lagos library in June the same year.
The arrival of the British council in Nigeria in December 1943, led to the formation of
the British library which served as mainly as an information center on the achievements
of the allied forces during the Second World War. It also provided facilities for people
interested reading. Branches were established later Enugu, Kaduna, Ibadan, and Benin
City. It helped increase the awareness of library services, although the library became
definite a year after.
In 1956, sequel to a seminar organized by UNESCO, a regional pilot project on the then
Eastern Regional Government, assisted by the British Council and UNESCO, this
became Regional Central Library , a subsidiary mobile library was included by
UNESCO two years later.
On 9th
March 1959, the new permanent Regional Central Library now state central
library was officially opened. Other libraries that followed later were:
Divisional library Port Harcourt 2nd
March, 1962
Divisional library Ikot Ekpene 20th
July, 1964
Divisional library Umuahia 17th
April, 1966
Divisional library Onitsha 26th
March, 1966.
(Okereke A.A 2006 pg: 89-93, Unpublished MSC. Project Report)
According to Usoro E., unfortunately, the activities of the libraries were grounded
following the out break of civil hostilities in the country between 1967-1970, with the
war in 1970, 12 states creation fully implemented, some of the branches were intended
by some other states. Those of Umuahia, Onitsha, Owerri and Aba as well as Enugu (the
head library) remained with the East Central State, later, Umuahia and Aba branches
lvi
were elevated to the class of state head libraries. Presently there are almost all types of
libraries in active service in various parts of Nigeria, including public libraries in almost
every urban area.
THE NIGERIAN NATIONAL LIBRARY
The idea for a National Library of Nigerian was initiated by the Nigerian
Chapter of West African Library Association. On the attainment of independence, the
Nigerian government embraced the idea of a national library as proposed by the
association. The Ford Foundation of America offered technical assistance, first in the
form of providing expertise in surveying for feasibility and producing a report for that
purpose. The report was accepted and the Ford Foundation yet followed with further
logistic supports in the form of a team of expert professional under the leadership of Dr.
Carl M. White. He is believed to be the founding father of the National library of
Nigeria. The National Assembly came out with the enabling legislation for the library,
and on the 6th
November, 1964 the establishment was declared open. Like in other
parastatal, the government authority structure is very simple and is by delegation. At the
top is the Federal Government of Nigeria which promulgated the statutes. The exercise
of the assignment is largely academic and mostly within the principle of operating in the
wings of a ministry. Therefore the minister exercises delegated authority derived from
the laws promulgated by the Federal Government. Under the law, the minister
inaugurates a board appointed by the Chief Executive of the Federal Government. The
board in exercise of its functions initiates the appointment of a Chief Executive for the
day to day running of the library with the approval of the Federal Government.
By the time the National Library of opened its doors to Nigerians, the founding father of
the institution, Dr. Carl White had already mapped out the type of services that the
institution was going to provide for the Nigeria people. These are well articulated in his
lvii
book and report The National Library of Nigeria, growth, the problems and progress.
1964. He identified and categorized potential users of the National Library of Nigeria
as: officials of the federal government, resident officials of foreign government,
international organizations, independent professional workers and artist, including
business community including leaders of labour movements.
According to him, “The library should be a symbol of the intellectual resource of the
nation and should, as far as possible benefit all the people”.
In the more than three decades of its existence, the National Library has always
demonstrated its commitment to this primary objective of serving the people of this
country. In line with the views of the following services;
Serve as an intelligent source at the centre of leadership.
Sharing the federal services with the nation.
Organizing and indexing of all library collections owned by the Federal
Government.
Bringing people and books together.
Photographic reproduction of library materials.
Helping readers find right answers to questions.
Translation of library materials.
Services of National Bibliographic centre.
It is common knowledge that readers and users only see a small fraction of the
collection available in the National Library. Most of them are kept in the stacks. Even
though it is common to see the quick reference collection and probably a few
periodicals on display, most of what is available to the readers are never physically
seen. This is why aids are provided in form of public catalogues, subject bibliographic,
visible card index etc. it has been highlighted earlier that the National Library is open to
lviii
all for use but this does not mean that the whole collections should be thrown open to all
without any form of restriction.
FUNCTIONS:
The functions of the National Library of Nigeria could not be better stated as is
contained in the Decree No. 29 of 1970 and the general conceptions of National Library
all over the world, the objectives of the National Library of Nigeria as far as the
provision of readers to readers and users are concerned have been further formulated in
the blueprint by the Board of the library as follows:
1. To provide necessary support for intellectual efforts in all activities directed
towards progress and development.
2. To ensure the availability of a comprehensive collection of record knowledge in
all its forms and facilitate full access to such treasury both within and outside the
nation’s boundaries.
3. To generate free flow of information between this nation and others thereby
ensuring Nigeria’s effective participation in the committee of nations that
depends on information for survival in a world of rapid advancement and
competition.
In terms of service to the readers, the functions of the National library of Nigeria have
further been conceptualized and identified as follows:
To serve as the “giant memory” of the nation, its intellectual storehouse, and the data
bank for
It’s learning and remembering processes.
To assembly and research collection in all fields of knowledge.
To acquire assembly and preserve for the use of all citizens now and throughout
posterity intellectual output, and to disseminate this to the whole world.
lix
What have been stated and outlined so far are the services and functions the National
Library of Nigeria is expected to provide and as has been pointed out would have to be
based on the collection available in the institutions.
2.4.0 TYPES OF LIBRARIES
Because no single library can contain the information sought by every potential
user, different types of libraries exist to serve different needs. Libraries fall into six
basic categories. (Microsoft Encarta 2008).
(1) Public libraries, which serve all members of the general public.
(2) School libraries, which serve students and faculty through the high school level.
(3) College and university libraries, which serve students and faculty in higher
education.
(4) Research libraries, which serve the needs of advanced scholars.
(5) Special libraries, which serve various organizations, industries, and governmental
agencies and some individuals.
(6) Government libraries, which serve governmental departments and agencies, and
often the general public as well. Each type of library develops its mission statement,
collections, services, and facilities to satisfy the needs of its particular clientele.
Libraries of all types generally form networks with other libraries, through which they
share resources, information, technology, and staff expertise. Most libraries exist as
autonomous institutions, but nearly all libraries also form parts of larger regional,
lx
national, or even international library networks. These links between institutions ensure
that a library’s users can obtain needed information quickly and usually free of charge.
PUBLIC LIBRARIES
A new central library designed by Dutch Architect Rem Koolhaas opened in
downtown Seattle, Washington, in 2004. Inside the dramatic steel-and-glass structure,
the library collection is arranged in a “book spiral” that winds along ramps through four
floors. (Microsoft Encarta 2008).
PLATE 2.1
SEATTLE PUBLIC LIBRARY
SOURCE: MICROSOFT ® ENCARTA ® 2008
MAJOR PUBLIC LIBRARIES
Public libraries offer their collections and services to all members of the community.
The libraries may range in size from one-room facilities in sparsely populated rural
areas to large multibranch systems that serve millions of people in urban areas. Urban
public library systems generally maintain a large central library in the downtown area as
lxi
well as several smaller branches—known as neighborhood or community libraries—in
the various neighborhoods of the city. Some public libraries provide services to rural
areas of their communities with bookmobiles, which are trucks, trailers, vans, or buses
equipped to serve as traveling lending libraries.
Completed in 1996, the new main building of the San Francisco Public Library features
striking interior spaces filled with natural light. Shortly after it opened, the library
attracted controversy when officials discovered that its capacity was inadequate for its
collection.
The New York Public Library—consisting of 4 research libraries and 85 branch
libraries—is the largest public library system in the United States. Founded in 1895, its
collections total more than 13 million volumes. Other major public library systems in
the United States include the County of Los Angeles Public Library, the Los Angeles
Public Library, and the San Francisco Public Library, all in California; the Chicago
Public Library, in Illinois; the Boston Public Library, in Massachusetts; the Brooklyn
Public Library and the Queen’s Borough Public Library, both in New York; the
Cleveland Public Library and the Cincinnati & Hamilton County Public Library, both in
Ohio; the Free Library of Philadelphia and the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, both in
Pennsylvania; and the Seattle Public Library, in Washington state. (Microsoft Encarta
2008).
PLATE 2.2
lxii
VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY
SOURCE: MICROSOFT ® ENCARTA ® 2008.
The Vancouver Public Library, designed by Canadian architect Moshe Safdie, opened
in 1995. Located in the heart of downtown Vancouver, the 35,150-sq-m (378,350-sq-ft)
library houses more than one million volumes
2.5.0 COLLECTIONS IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES
Because they serve such a diverse range of people, public libraries maintain collections
that can span the spectrum of human knowledge and opinions. Collections include
printed materials such as reference sets, paperback novels, biographies, children’s and
young adult literature, histories, newspapers, and magazines. They usually also contain
photographs, maps, art reproductions, sound recordings, and video recordings. In
addition to printed and audiovisual materials, most public libraries in the United States
and Canada feature computer workstations with software, CD-ROMs, and connections
to information worldwide through the Internet. As part of their mission to serve as a
resource center for citizens in a participatory democracy, public libraries in the United
States and Canada maintain collections of public records, public policy statements,
government documents, and tax forms.
lxiii
Large public library buildings are organized into different sections that focus on specific
collections or services. For example, most large public libraries divide their collections
into different departments arranged by subject. Each department is staffed by its own
librarian or group of librarians. A library may maintain separate departments for
business and technology, humanities, children’s materials, and government publications.
Other typical features of large library buildings include reading rooms, special galleries
for exhibitions, auditoriums for lectures or concerts, computer rooms, children’s rooms,
photocopy rooms, and classrooms. (WWW.LIBRARYINFO.COM)
2.6.0 SERVICES FOR THE COMMUNITY
In addition to maintaining diverse collections, public libraries offer an increasing variety
of services and activities in response to community needs. Common services range from
story hours, crafts, and puppet shows for children to computer technology workshops,
concerts, and lecture series for users of all ages. Many public libraries sponsor exhibits
about historical events and popular culture. In addition, they host book-discussion
groups, lectures, film screenings, and live performances in auditoriums or public
meeting rooms. Many public library staff members are specially trained to recommend
books to users of particular age groups or with specific interests. The librarians who
offer these services first discern the educational and recreational interests of a library
user and then draw up a customized list of suggested titles for the user to read. For
example, a librarian might prepare a list of items about the local court system for
someone planning to testify in small-claims court. Or a children’s librarian might
compile a list of picture books for use by child-care providers.
SERVICES FOR CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS
lxiv
Children listen to a storyteller in the children’s room of a public library in New York
City. Most public libraries feature a children’s area with materials and activities
designed to encourage an early love of reading and learning. (Microsoft Encarta 2008).
PLATE 2.3
STORY HOUR AT LIBRARY
SOURCE: MICROSOFT ® ENCARTA ® 2008
Before the early 1900s, children under ten years of age were denied full borrowing
privileges at public libraries. Today, public librarians consider service to youth a
primary mission. Most public libraries feature children’s rooms, where children’s
librarians and guest storytellers read stories to children to encourage a love of books and
reading. Children’s rooms may also feature computer workstations equipped with
software designed for children. Some libraries sponsor children’s programs in child-care
centers, schools, homeless shelters, public housing facilities, and other locations. A few
large public library systems in the United States and Canada feature special libraries for
gifted children, for deaf or blind children, or for developmentally disabled children. As
many as half the books circulated in some public libraries are borrowed by children.
Many public libraries also develop specialized collections and facilities to meet the
unique needs and interests of teenagers and young adults. Young people in this age
lxv
group have generally lost interest in children’s library materials, but many have not yet
developed an interest in books and other materials from the collections designed for
adult library users. Public librarians may be specially trained to interest teens and young
adults in particular materials and to direct them to adult collections when they are ready.
These librarians also attempt to reach young high school dropouts through contacts with
community leaders, outreach centers, and employers. A major aim of library service to
young people is to attract and keep them as readers of books and users of libraries in
adult life.
SCHOOL LIBRARIES
School libraries serve elementary schools, middle schools, junior high schools, and high
schools. The main function of a school library is to support various educational
programs and to develop students’ skills in locating and using information. Teachers use
school libraries to access information needed to develop and support their classroom
instruction. Students use the materials in school libraries to perform their class work.
School libraries usually maintain collections in a variety of media. In addition to books,
magazines, and newspapers, school libraries may contain photographs, films, sound and
video recordings, computers, CD-ROMs, games, and maps. Some school libraries
contain realia, or real artifacts such as various types of stones for the study of geology.
An increasing number of school libraries have computer labs with computer
workstations, software, and Internet connections. Because school libraries often
emphasize the variety of media in their collections, they are sometimes referred to as
library media centers. Most school libraries further enhance their collections by
becoming members of school library networks; this allows them to share resources with
libraries in other schools.
lxvi
School librarians—sometimes called media specialists—select library materials and
offer instruction to promote access, delivery, and interpretation of information. For
example, school librarians might ensure that their libraries’ collections contain
information to assist students in completing particular classroom assignments. They
might also offer classes in searching online catalogs for research materials. Once
students locate materials, school librarians might help them interpret the information
contained in these resources and apply it to their classroom assignments. School
librarians typically have credentials in teaching as well as in library science. This allows
them to participate in school administration and curriculum development in addition to
managing their library duties.
Students at each educational level have unique needs and interests. Accordingly,
libraries that serve different school levels maintain different types of collections and
offer a different range of services.
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL LIBRARIES
Elementary school libraries play a central role in early childhood education by offering
young children some of their earliest encounters with books and other resources. These
libraries generally feature illustrated children’s storybooks, coloring books, and audio
and visual materials. Most elementary school libraries also contain reference materials
such as encyclopedias, as well as fiction and nonfiction books aimed at older elementary
school students. Some elementary school libraries feature computers with children’s
educational software. In the primary grades (typically kindergarten through grade three)
children attend special classes to help them develop basic skills in retrieving
information from the library. Students learn how to search through their school library’s
catalog, find a book on the shelves, and check out the book from the circulation desk.
lxvii
Elementary school students may also use the school library to browse through the
materials, learn basic computer skills, or listen to stories.
A growing number of schools encourage students in the later grades of elementary
school (typically grades four through six) to come to the library throughout the day to
conduct research for school assignments, to read for pleasure, and to meet and work
with their peers. This flexible scheduling allows schools to integrate research skills and
library resources into daily classroom instruction. (MICROSOFT ® ENCARTA ® 2008)
MIDDLE SCHOOL AND JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARIES
Libraries at the middle school or junior high school level concentrate on maintaining
students’ interest in gaining information and developing ideas. Classes at this school
level usually introduce students to individual and small-group research projects. To
adequately support classroom assignments, middle school and junior high school
libraries usually offer larger and more varied collections than those at the elementary
level. They also often supplement these collections with computer databases and more
sophisticated bibliographic tools.
HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARIES
PLATE 2.4
lxviii
HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARY
SOURCE: MICROSOFT ENCARTA ® 2008
School libraries provide resources to support instruction in a variety of academic
subjects. Aside from collections of books and magazines, school libraries frequently
include computer labs with Internet access, conference and group study areas,
professional research resources for teachers, and other facilities. These high school
students conduct research at a computer terminal in their school's library.
Libraries at the high school level differ in several ways from those serving the lower
classes. Because classes at the high school level require students to conduct more
research, high school libraries usually have larger and more advanced collections than
do libraries in the lower grades. The collections of high school libraries are generally
capable of supporting instruction in mathematics, science, technology, social sciences,
the humanities, the arts, literature, and foreign languages. (MICROSOFT ENCARTA ®
2008)
COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
PLATE 2.5
lxix
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
SOURCE: MICROSOFT ® ENCARTA ® 2008
Academic libraries support the work of university faculty and students and often contain
vast collections. The Columbia University library system, with nearly 7 million
volumes, is among the largest in the United States. Pictured here is the University
Archives and Columbiana Library, which contains materials relating to the history of
Columbia University.
Research plays a central role in the academic work of students and faculty at colleges
and universities. As a result, college and university libraries—also called academic
libraries—are often considered the most important resource of an institution of higher
education. Because students and faculty at colleges and universities may wish to
conduct research within any conceivable academic discipline, the collections of
academic libraries usually reflect a vast range of interests and formats. Academic
libraries range in size from the modest collections found in small liberal arts colleges to
the immense collections found at research universities. Research universities maintain
some of the largest libraries in the world. Most academic libraries are linked to other
libraries in cooperative networks, enabling them to share scarce and little-used materials
required for advanced research. Many academic libraries open their collections to the
lxx
public, although borrowing privileges are often limited for users not affiliated with the
college or university.
Academic libraries generally attempt to expand their holdings on an ongoing basis.
However, during the 1990s acquisition of expensive printed materials began slowing at
most academic libraries as more funds were devoted to the acquisition of new
computers, telecommunications equipment for access to the Internet, and online
databases.
Because of the complexity, range, and diversity of formats and information in academic
libraries, colleges and universities offer programs to introduce incoming students and
faculty to the institution’s library services. These programs are designed to teach new
users effective ways to make use of a variety of reference tools and library search
mechanisms. In some parts of the United States, college accreditation agencies require
institutions to offer library-sponsored courses on information retrieval and evaluation.
RESEARCH LIBRARIES
PLATE 2.6
lxxi
BEINECKE RARE BOOK AND MANUSCRIPT LIBRARY
SOURCE: MICROSOFT ENCARTA 2008
Research libraries contain collections of unique materials to support the needs of
advanced and highly specialized scholarship. These collections may include rare
manuscripts and books, scientific documents, important printings of literary works,
regional histories, genealogies, original musical scores, or other distinctive scholarly
resources. Because these collections may contain many rare and valuable materials,
their use is typically confined to the library buildings. Research libraries often publish
scholarly studies of the materials in their collections, sponsor lectures and colloquia, and
arrange exhibitions of their most important holdings.
Most colleges and universities have rare books or special collections departments in
their libraries, and many maintain research libraries devoted entirely to such collections.
Many important research libraries are unaffiliated with a college or university. For
example, the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C., is an independent library
that maintains the world’s largest collection of printed works by English poet and
playwright William Shakespeare, in addition to books and manuscripts from the
Renaissance on a variety of subjects.
lxxii
Although some research libraries permit only selected scholars to access their
collections, many notable research libraries in the Nigeria open their collections to the
general public.
SPECIAL LIBRARIES
Many corporations, private businesses, government agencies, museums, religious
institutions, hospitals, associations, and other organizations maintain their own libraries
to serve the specialized needs of their employees or members. These libraries are
commonly called special libraries, but they may also be called information centers,
research centers, or technical libraries. The collections of special libraries depend on the
specific needs of the organizations they serve. For example, a law firm may maintain its
own library of legal documents for use by its lawyers and staff, while a hospital may
operate a library of materials in the health sciences to serve its doctors and nurses. In
addition to performing the same functions as other libraries, special libraries evaluate,
package, and present information to users in ways designed to increase productivity and
add to the efficiency of their parent organization. They achieve these goals by reducing
the time that employees spend searching for data and by providing information that
facilitates improved decision making.
GOVERNMENT LIBRARIES
(Olaniyi T. K, 1970), posited that, ‘most governments of the world maintain libraries to
serve the needs of elected officials and their staff members. Usually these libraries are
open to the general public as well. Nigeria maintains government libraries at both the
lxxiii
national and the state level.’ Canada has government libraries at the national, provincial,
and territorial levels. In addition, most governments maintain national archives, which
collect and maintain historical records, including government documents of enduring
value.
A national library acquires, preserves, and promotes its country’s published heritage by
acquiring copies of as many domestically created works as possible. In the United
States, Canada, and most other countries, authors are required to submit copies of their
published work to the national library in order to receive copyright protection for that
work. By functioning as legal copyright depositories, national libraries collect and
preserve their country’s cultural heritage.
2.7.0 LIBRARIANS AND LIBRARY STAFF
The typical library staff consists of three levels of employees:
Professional librarians,
Support staff, and
Part-time assistants.
The proportion of each of these in any given institution depends on the type of library,
its budget, and the types of users it serves.
Professional librarians usually constitute the smallest number of a library’s employees.
Most professional librarians have earned at least a master’s degree in library science or
information science, the study of information and the manner in which it is generated,
recorded, stored, retrieved, transmitted, and used. Some professional librarians have
earned additional graduate degrees as well. Professional librarians require a wide range
of skills and talents. They must have solid bibliographic and technological skills, as well
lxxiv
as strong communication and interpersonal abilities. Advances in library technologies
have also led to a high demand for professional skills such as database searching and
competence in using the Internet and other computer networks and systems.
The librarian in charge of administering the entire institution is usually referred to as the
director. Other professional librarians typically administer the library’s various
departments. In small libraries, however, the director may be solely responsible for
managing all of the library’s departments. In addition to their managerial work,
professional librarians assume primary responsibility for providing reference assistance,
developing and managing the collections, and overseeing cataloging.
Nonprofessional support staffs commonly assume most of the responsibility for directly
serving library users. Their activities include essential functions such as inputting,
coding, and verifying bibliographic and other data; ordering library materials; assisting
with catalog development; performing circulation duties such as checking out books to
users; and performing other services vital to the library’s daily operation.
THE INTERNET
The Internet, a computer-based worldwide information network, has had an enormous
impact on libraries. Librarians use the Internet and its multimedia component, the World
Wide Web, to answer reference questions and to provide access to materials not
previously available to their patrons. When the Internet was first introduced in the
1960s, access to computer networks was limited almost exclusively to government and
lxxv
scientific communities. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, the speed and availability of
computer networks and data communications lines increased tremendously, and greater
numbers of people gained access to the Internet. On university campuses, investment in
personal computers and high-speed local area networks (LANs) provided students and
faculty with the ability to access vast new sources of information via the Internet.
Americans who cannot afford access to the Internet have increasingly turned to public
libraries to bridge the information gap between rich and poor. Many public libraries
have attempted to meet that challenge by making Internet access a top priority. As a
result, libraries have extended their traditional roles of facilitating self-education and
individual enrichment by providing low-cost or free computer access to online resources
such as government, consumer, medical, and legal information. In 1996 fewer than 28
percent of public libraries in the United States offered their users’ access to the Internet.
By 1999 that figure had climbed to more than 72 percent.
THEFT OF LIBRARY MATERIALS
When libraries allow users to physically handle their materials and to borrow them for
periods of time, these materials inevitably are vulnerable to theft. Some experts have
estimated that public libraries in the United States lose as much as 2 percent of
circulated materials when users fail to return borrowed items. Some users steal library
materials to illegally resell them, while others simply take the materials home for their
private use and fail to return them.
lxxvi
Libraries of all types primarily lose items not through premeditated theft, but when
users openly check out materials and ignore pleas to return them. Many states have laws
that allow libraries to turn users’ overdue accounts over to collection agencies. Libraries
that catch users stealing their materials cancel the thieves’ borrowing privileges and
often prosecute the thieves under the law.
Libraries usually monitor their collections by tagging materials with magnetic strips.
These strips will trigger alarms if users try to carry the materials through electronic
gates at library exits without properly checking out the items at the circulation desk.
Some libraries also limit access to valuable or popular items that they consider more
likely to be stolen. For example, libraries may require users to leave an identification
card with library staff members in order to read certain materials. Research libraries
usually require users to read noncirculating materials only in designated reading rooms.
Many libraries also install security cameras or have security officers who patrol reading
rooms and stacks.
2.8.0 HOW LIBRARIES ACQUIRE MATERIALS
Libraries must constantly revise and update their collections to ensure that the
information they offer is reliable, up-to-date, and valued by their users. Because
different types of libraries strive to satisfy different user needs, each library develops its
own criteria for evaluating the quality of its collections. Using these evaluations,
librarians can determine which areas of the collection most require additional resources.
lxxvii
National libraries generally try to ensure that they have at least one copy of every
domestically published work as well as a representative selection of foreign works.
University and school libraries measure the quality of their existing collections by
assessing their ability to support teaching and research at their institutions. These
libraries also typically measure the size of their collections or check lists of
recommended materials to determine whether the library owns such documents. Public
libraries usually judge the quality of their existing collections by determining how often
users borrow certain materials.
Once librarians assess the quality of their existing collections, they must select and
acquire new library materials. Most libraries can buy only a small fraction of the
millions of books, periodicals, CD-ROMs, audio and video recordings, and other
materials published every year. Large libraries may hire librarians who specialize in the
selection of library materials, a process known as collection development. In smaller
libraries, senior librarians and other staff members may share responsibilities for
developing the library’s collection. (Microsoft Encarta 2009).
Unlike national libraries, which typically select all domestic works for their collections,
university and school libraries generally select only those works judged by librarians
and faculty members to have genuine literary or scholarly merit. Because public
librarians must select materials to satisfy the demands of the general reading public,
they base their selections almost entirely on readership, circulation, and anticipated
demand rather than on the perceived quality of the work. The librarians who select
materials for any type of library must balance the needs of their particular clientele with
budgetary constraints, space limitations, and other considerations.
lxxviii
No one library can own everything needed to satisfy its clientele. Therefore, libraries
increasingly emphasize access to materials rather than ownership of materials. For
example, libraries may arrange to provide users with access to materials held by other
libraries. This cooperation between institutions allows libraries to collectively offer
much more comprehensive collections than any one library could offer by itself.
Libraries also increasingly provide access to electronic versions of materials instead of
stocking the physical materials on the library shelves.
Libraries acquire their materials from a variety of sources. Large libraries often
administer approval plans, in which booksellers select materials and send them to
libraries in subject areas of interest. The libraries pay for the materials they want to add
to their collections and return whatever they do not need. When libraries purchase their
materials, they often negotiate discounts from publishers, book dealers, and others in
order to stretch the library’s budget as far as possible.
At some point, all types of libraries must remove older, irrelevant, or infrequently used
materials to make space for new acquisitions. This process is sometimes referred to as
weeding the collection. Libraries with sufficient budgets may store the removed
materials in warehouses or other facilities where they can be accessed on demand.
Frequently, however, libraries donate their removed collections to other institutions or
sell them in public book sales. In some cases, libraries must destroy these materials.
lxxix
CHAPTER THREE
3.0.0 CASE STUDIES
The essence of carrying out case studies on existing library
buildings is to ascertain the level of success or failure in designs and functions of these
already existing libraries. Consequently, it will help to forestall a recurrence of flaws in
the design and also improve on the user requirements and services of the proposed
Agbani Central Library, Agbani, Enugu State. In order to ensure that the proposed
library meets local and international standards, both local and international case studies
were chosen to be critically appraised.
In my analysis, I am taking the comparative approach of the libraries based on
the following criteria:
lxxx
- Sitting.
- Space analysis.
- Synthesis and appraisal
- Merits and demerits.
3.1.0 CASE STUDY ONE
ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU.
PLATE 3.1.1
MAIN ENTRANCE TO THE LIBRARY.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
ARCHITECT: James Cubbit and Partners.
CLIENT: Anambra State Government (as at the time of commissioning).
LOCATION: The library is located at the Northern flank of Ogbete main market\ Ogui
Road junction in heart of Enugu capital city.
PLATE 3.1.2
lxxxi
ACCESS THROUGH A RAMP.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The Enugu State Central Library originally functioned as the Regional Central Library
of Eastern Nigeria. Following the UNESCO seminar in 1953 and as a result of contacts
and negotiations, it was agreed that the government should allocate a minimum sum for
the purpose of erecting another buildings for library services.
After the agreement had been signed, UNESCO provided a mobile library which was
formally launched in May 1958. The new library building consisting of an
administrative block, adult lending and reference section was officially opened on 9th
March by Dr Hon. Nnamdi Azikiwe, the then Premier of the Eastern Region of Nigeria.
PLATE 3.1.3
lxxxii
A FACADE OF THE LIBRARY SHOWING SUN THE USE OF BREAKERS.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
PLATE 3.1.4
A SECTION OF THE LEGAL DEPOSIT.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
SCOPE AND FUNCTION
The library is divided into three functional areas; Adult library, Children library, and
administrative section, these can be identified in the form and; use of building elements.
Another section is the Mobile library.
FIG. 3.1
lxxxiii
SITE PLAN OF ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
FIG. 3.2
lxxxiv
FLOOR PLANS OF ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
DESCRIPTION
lxxxv
The activities carried out in the library are divided into four distinct
departments, namely; Public service, Technical service, Book deposit Department and
administrative departments.
Public service department comprises of the following:
-Children’s library section
-Adult, lending, and Reference sections
-Nigerian section
-Mobile library and photocopy unit.
The technical service department comprises of the Acquisition, Cataloguing, and
Binding sections respectively. All the services provided in this department are located
on the ground floor level.
The services provided by the Book deposit department are strictly commercial. They
range from book sales to supply of books to schools.
The Administrative department of the library is located on the first floor. Offices in this
unit include those for the director, boardroom, accounts section etc.
PLATE 3.1.5
STAFF ENTRANCE
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
lxxxvi
PLATE 3.1.6
PAEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
APPRAISAL
The structure consists of reinforced concrete frame spaced on grids. The
roof structure consists of steel section; exposed in the children’s library. A large part of
the external envelop is glass in the children’s section and adult reading areas. Concrete
fins are used around the children’s library and in the northeast and southwestern ends of
the library.
Treated wood fins are used in administrative section as sun shading device. The library
with its surroundings has a general picturesque of a relaxed expressive and well
arranged environment. It speaks a logical language which gives it a mark of simplicity.
This allows for easy identification and less conflict. Functionally, the library has the
problem of inadequate spaces provided for readers and generally problem ventilation,
and lighting of some inner spaces.
lxxxvii
PLATE 3.1.7
A CROSS SECTION OF READERS IN THE READING HALL.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
PLATE 3.1.8
READERS READING UNDER A TREE IN THE LIBRARY YARD.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
MERITS
(1) The public entrance is clearly separated from the staff entrance.
(2) The strategic location of the library makes it easily accessible the users.
lxxxviii
(3) The entrance is accessed through a ramp, thereby meeting a need of the
physically challenged.
(4) The fenestration considers the tropical climate through the vertical use of
fins at angles, which shades the study interiors from direct incidence of sun
rays.
(5) Landscape features such as trees and shrubs are used to buffer the noise from
traffic across the library’s front facade.
(6) Books pulley\elevator ease the problem of vertical circulation and transport
materials.
(7) The use of wood as floor finish cushions internally generated noise.
(8) The control is situated in a central position for easy identification of the
various public functions.
DEMERITS
(1) There are inadequate and undefined public parking spaces.
(2) There are no definite pedestrian walk paths within the premises.
(3) Public conveniences and photocopying sections are detached from the main
building without any covered link.
(4) The location of the library within the noisy zone of the central business district
of Enugu, and there is no space for future innovations and expansion.
(5) No consideration was given to the handicapped in internal vertical circulation
and provision of handicapped facilities.
(6) The control is exposed to environmental hazards and is equally weak.
(7) There is no waiting lounge area for users of the library.
lxxxix
(8) Generally the facility’s spaces are small and inadequate e.g. adult lending and
reference library, children’s library run a shift system thereby depriving so
many people the opportunity of using the library at will.
3.2.0 CASE STUDY TWO
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU.
PLATE 3.2.1
MAIN ENTRANCE TO THE BUILDING.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
ARCHITECT: Architectural Section of Federal Ministry of Works.
CLIENT: Federal Government of Nigeria.
LOCATION
The National Library of Nigeria, Enugu is located at Independence
Layout, bounded by some important establishments in the state. It is about 15m from
xc
Nigerian Television Authority, about 45m from Enugu state house of Assembly and
about 30m from Federal Government College Independence Layout, Enugu.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
National Library of Nigeria, Enugu as one of the prototype design
scheme done by the Architectural section of the Federal Ministry of Works is a statutory
corporation established by the National Library Act Number 6 of 1964. Prior to this Act,
which was subsequently revised by the National Library Act number 29 of 1990, the
library functioned as a division of the Federal Ministry of Education. The board of the
National Library of Nigeria established by decree is constituted by members drawn
from all the states of the federation. Prior to the completion of the structure of National
Library Enugu, it was located at Government Trade Centre, Abakiliki Road, Enugu as a
temporary accommodation for 18 years.
PLATE 3.2.2
INTERIOR VIEW OF THE PEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
xci
PLATE 3.2.3
VIEW OF BOOK STACKED ON A SHELF.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
PLATE 3.2.4
A VIEW OF DRAINAGE GUTTER.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
DESCRIPTION
The building is made up of two floors and the facilities provided in the floors are as
follows:
GROUND FLOOR
- Reference section
- Reception Conveniences
- Reading areas
xcii
- Offices
PLATE 3.2.5
A VIEW SHOWING THE USE OF SHADING DEVICES.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
PLATE 3.2.6
FOREIGN MONOGRAPH STRONG ROOM (A TYPICAL STRONG ROOM).
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
xciii
FIG. 3.3
SITE PLAN OF NIGERIAN NATIONAL LIBRARY, ENUGU
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
xciv
FIG. 3.4
FLOOR PLANS OF NIGERIAN NATIONAL LIBRARY, ENUGU
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
xcv
FIRST FLOOR
- Research section
- Administrative department
- Nigerian section
- Stores
- Foreign monograph section.
APPRAISAL
The library began as an operational and administrative department. It provides office
spaces for two main section of the library; the administrative and support operations
which include Bibliographic services, legal deposits, readers’ services, and multimedia
facilities. The building is a two storied with a flat concrete parapet roof. The stair case is
strategically located at the reception hall. Concrete fins are used to act as sun breakers
with windows spanning between floors.
PLATE 3.2.7
xcvi
.
VIEW OF A CLOSED COURTYARD
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009 )
PLATE 3.2.8
VIEW OF A STUDY HALL.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
PLATE 3.2.9
xcvii
A VIEW OF READERS USING EXTERNAL MATERIALS NEAR A
STAIRCASE.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
MERITS
(1) The entrance door and the reception are adequate to ease human traffic at peak
periods.
(2) There is integration of proper courtyard system to effect ventilation and lighting.
(3) There is provision of outdoor facilities for readers such as parks and good
landscaping system.
(4) The floor finish in the readers’ room is treated with noise absorbent materials.
(5) In the internal space design of the readers section, void was used to increase the
volume of air circulation and reduce heat radiation.
(6) Circulation system and position of staircases are designed to avoid traffic
conflict.
(7) Owing to its location, the library enjoys fullest utilization.
PLATE 3.2.10
xcviii
VIEW OF READERS UNDER A TREE IN THE OPEN YARD.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR , 2009)
PLATE 3.2.11
BOOKS STACKED IN THE LEGAL DEPOSIT.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
DEMERITS
(1) There is lack of adequate reading spaces for users.
xcix
(2) There is lack of adequate car parking spaces.
(3) The library lacks printing and binding sections.
(4) Children’s and electronic library are not provided for.
(5) There was no consideration of the handicapped, thereby restricting them from
using the library.
(6) The form of the building does not depict a library design and cannot be
described as aesthetically appealing.
(7) There was no consideration for recreational facilities.
3.3.0 CASE STUDY THREE
CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON
The library designed by the Architect’s department of the London Borough of Barnet to
serve Chipping Barnet, a town of 16,832m2. The Library is accommodated on two
floors in a building finished with brick facade.
PLATE 3.3.1
c
CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON
(SOURCE: MICROSOFT ENCARTA ,2008)
The floor plans of Chipping Barnet Central Library are shown on figures 3.1 and 3.2
below. The spaces identified with numbers are as follows:
1--Main entrance
2 – foyer
3 – exhibition\meetings
4 – adult lending and reference
5 – junior library
6 – junior activity
7 – book store
1 – main entrance
8 – workroom
9 – enquiry
10 – counter
11 – librarian
12 – kitchen
ci
13 – periodicals
14 – audio-visuals
15 – story area
16 – lift
17 – store
18 – WCs
19 – staffroom
20 – staff WC
21 – hoist
22 – plant room
23 – boiler
24 – void
FIG. 3.5
cii
GROUND FLOOR PLAN, CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON
(SOURCE:
HTTP/WWW.LIBRARY.UU.NL/WESP/POPULSTAT/AFRICA/NIGERIA.HTM AS
RETRIEVED ON 13 October 2009)
Fig. 3.6
FIRST FLOOR PLAN, CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON (SOURCE
: HTTP/WWW.LIBRARY.UU.NL/WESP/POPULSTAT/AFRICA/NIGERIA.HTM AS
RETRIEVED ON 13 October 2009)
MERITS
ciii
The planning of the circulation route for staff is satisfactory. A staff member can
have access to the staffroom on the first floor through a separate entrance
without interrupting visitors’ circulation or book transport.
The relationship between the positions of the enquiry staff, counter, book stacks
and reading areas on the ground floor will allow for easy supervision of the
library users to minimize theft.
DEMERITS
Libraries require a high degree of noise control. One way this can be easily
achieved is to group the spaces according to levels of noise generated in them
and to zone them accordingly. In doing this, spaces like stairs and lobbies can be
used as buffers. The two likely spaces where noise will be generated most in the
library building are the junior library and the exhibition\meeting rooms. In the
library design of the Chipping Barnet Library, these spaces were not zoned
together. In addition, adequate measures were not put in place to acoustically
isolate the noisy junior library from the more quiet adult lending and reference
sections.
The use of rectangular spaces in the design of a library’s interior usually makes
expansion easy as well as allows furniture and equipment to fit properly. On the
contrary, this library made extensive use of polygonal shapes in the plan form.
3.4.0 CASE STUDY FOUR
LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY
civ
The library is located at the Luton Town Centre, near the civic centre in the shopping
district, and was designed by Lishon and partners.
The space provided in the library on the basement floor is the lift plant room.
On the ground floor, the library has the bookshop, children’s library, electronic control
area loading bay and some offices.
The circulation desk, catalogues, periodicals, fiction, conference room, music
department, the exhibition area, reference library and offices are located on the second
floor.
The third floor accommodates the theatre, reading room and book stacks.
On the fourth floor, the library has the cataloguing section, bindery, projection room,
book stacks and offices.
The final floor, which is the sixth floor, accommodates book stacks and plenum plant
room.
The Luton Central Library was design to house an initial stock of 150,000 volumes and
covers a total floor area of 4729m2.
Fig. 3.7
cv
GROUND FLOOR PLAN, LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE
(SOURCE :
HTTP/WWW.LIBRARY.UU.NL/WESP/POPULSTAT/AFRICA/NIGERIA.HTM AS
RETRIEVED ON 13 October 2009 )
Fig. 3.8
FIRST FLOOR PLAN, LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE
(SOURCE :
HTTP/WWW.LIBRARY.UU.NL/WESP/POPULSTAT/AFRICA/NIGERIA.HTM AS
RETRIEVED ON 13 October 2009 )
Fig. 3.9
cvi
SECOND FLOOR PLAN, LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE
(SOURCE:
HTTP/WWW.LIBRARY.UU.NL/WESP/POPULSTAT/AFRICA/NIGERIA.HTM AS
RETRIEVED ON 13 October 2009)
The importance attached to the internal environmental control was
expressed in the library design by the use of shading devises in the
fenestration. The figure below shows a view of the library building with its
fenestrations. Here, fins in particular were used.
PLATE 3.3.2
LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, MEZZANINE FLOOR
(SOURCE: HTTP/WWW.LIBRARY.UU.NL/WESP/POPULSTAT/AFRICA/NIGERIA.HTM
AS RETRIEVED ON 13 October 2009)
cvii
APPRAISAL: The building derives its beauty from the intense monumentality
imposed on it by the marble cladded walls. The stack tower rising to eight storeys with
the contrasting horizontally of the rest of building makes for interesting massing.
MERITS
Provision of adequate, simple and direct vertical circulation which could easily
be located. Flexibility is achieved through the open plan.
PLATE 3.3.3
A VIEW OF LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE, SHOWING THE
USE OF FINS FOR INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
DEMERITS
The Building, even though on five storey, has only one toilet on the first floor,
while it has no separate toilets for children.
There is no provision made for the disabled people in the main entrance.
There is difficulty with movement of book trolleys because of the change in
levels and use of threshold level design.
cviii
The planning of the exhibition to be on the second floor is not appropriate. It
should rather be on the ground floor, where the most casual of visitors can
benefit from it.
Some of the library shelving does not conform to the requirement that general
collections in area with natural light should have ranges of shelving set
perpendicular to direct sunlight on spines of books. Nevertheless, this depends
on other factors such as the orientation of the building, as well as the climatic
condition of the library location.
The original design of the library as shown on the floor plans did not make
provision for computer terminals.
cix
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0.0 THE PROPOSED SITE AND SITE ANALYSIS
4.1.0 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENUGU STATE.
The project is located in Enugu, Enugu state. Enugu state is an inland state in southern
Nigeria. Its capital is Enugu, from which the state created in August 27th
1991 from the
old Anambra state-derived it’s name. The name of state was derived from its capital city
Enugu. The world ‘Enugu’ means top of the hill. The first European settlers arrived in
the area in 1909, led by a British mining engineer, Kikson. In his quest for silver, he
discovered coal in the Udi Region. A Colonial Governor of Nigeria Frederick Lugard
took keen interest in the discovery, and by 1914 the first shipment of coal was made to
Britain. As mining activities increased in the area a permanent cosmopolitan settlement
emerged, supported by a railway system. Enugu acquired township status in 1917 and
became strategic to British interest. Foreign business began to move to Enugu, the most
of which were John Holt, Kingsway stores, Britain Bank of West Africa and United
Africa Company.
From Enugu, the Britain administration was able to spread their influence over the
southern province of Nigeria. The colonial past of Enugu is today evidenced by the
Georgian building types and meandering narrow roads within the residential area
originally reserved for the whites, an area which is today called the Government
Reserved Area (GRA).
From being the capital of the southern provinces, Enugu became the capital of the
Eastern Region (now divided into 11 states), then the capital of East Central State
Anambra State (Old Anambra State), Enugu state, and now the capital of the present
cx
Enugu state through a process of state creation and diffusion of administrative
authorities.
POLITICS
Government in Enugu state occurs at two levels, state and local. Overall authority is
exercised by the Executive Governor, elected by popular mandate. Political authority is
exercised under a Presidential system of government. There is also a popularly elected
legislature, the Enugu state House of Assembly. The incumbent Governor of Enugu is
Sullivan Chime who was the Attorney General and Commissioner of Justice under the
leadership of the immediate past governor, Dr. Chimaroke Nnamani.
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
There are 17 local Government Areas in Enugu State.
1. Aninri 10. Isi-Uzo
2. Awgu 11. Nkanu-East
3. Enugu –East 12. Nkanu-West
4. Enugu –South 13. Nsukka
5. Enugu –North 14. Oji-River
6. Ezeagu 15. Udenu
7. Igbo-Etiti 16. Udi
8. Igbo-Eze-North 17. Uzo-Uwani
9. Igbo-Eze-South.
ECONOMY
Economically, the state is predominantly rural and agrarian, with a substantial
proportion of its working population engaged in faming, although trading (18.8%) and
services (12.9%) are also important the urban areas trading is the dominant occupation,
cxi
followed by services. A small proportion of the population is also engaged in
manufacturing activities with the most pronounced among them, located in Enugu, Oji,
and Nsukka.
ENERGY
Electricity supply is relatively stable in Enugu. The Oji River Power station (which used
to supply electricity to all Eastern Nigeria) is located in Enugu state. With the regulation
of electricity generation in Nigeria and the proposed privatization of the Power Holding
Company would assist private, investors to negotiate the take over and reactions of the
Oji power station. This is more so with the proximity to the Enugu coal mines to the
power station, a driving distance of about 20 minutes.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Enugu state has a population of 3,267,837 million people (based on 2006 census
figures). It is the home to the Igbo (95% of population) and the Igala people, among
others.
PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
The Enugu State people are very resourceful and hard working. The state is
predominantly agricultural with yarn, palm produce and rice being their main produce.
Besides coal, new mineral deposits have recently been discovered in Enugu State.
These include limestone, iron ore, natural gas and bauxite. Well-developed networks of
roads connect important centres of trade and industry in the state. A rail line of the
Eastern District of the Nigerian Railways runs through the State Capital Enugu to Port-
Harcourt in Rivers State and Enugu to Makurdi then northwards. Main industries in the
state include; Enugu Vegetable Oil Products Limited; Niger Gas Company Limited;
cxii
Aluminium Product Limited; Emenite Ltd, Emene, Anambra Motor Manufacturing
Company Ltd, Premier Cashew Industries Ltd; Niger steel Industries Ltd; Sunrise Flour
Mill Ltd; and the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation among others.
CULTURE
Culturally the people of Enugu State excel in metal work, cloth-weaving, wood carving,
ceramics, basket and mat weaving. Most festival and ceremonies are marked with
drumming and dancing. Main festivals held in this state are Mmanwu festival, which
features over 2000 masquerades, the new yam festival, which marks the end of farming
season. Some institutions of higher learning include; the University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
the Enugu State University of Science and Technology, the Nigerian Law School, the
Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu; College of Education, Eha-Amufu
among many others.
TOURISM
Main tourist attractions in Enugu State include the Nike Lake Resort, Mmanwu festival,
Iva Valley, Coal Mines, Miliken hill, and the Heneke Lake in Obeleagu Umana. Main
hotels include the Nike Lake Resort and Hotel Presidential Enugu. It is known for its
large deposit of coal.
4.2.0 THE PROPOSED SITE
LOCATION
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The proposed site is located at Agbani in Nkanu West L.G.A Enugu State; it is
accessible from Enugu – Port Harcourt expressway through Ozalla – Agbani road and
shares a boundary on the north with Enugu State University of Science And
Technology.
FIG. 4.1.0
MAP NKANU WEST LGA, SHOWING THE PROPOSED SITE
(SOURCE: ENUGU MASTER PLAN)
PLATE 4.1.0
cxiv
ENTRANCE ROUTE TO THE PROPOSED SITE.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
PLATE 4.1.1
PROPOSED SITE.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
PLATE 4.1.2
cxv
PUBLIC MAIN DRAINAGE BESIDE THE PROPOSED SITE.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)
4.3.0 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA
In choosing a location on which to locate a public library, a number of factors are to be
put into consideration. This is to ensure that the library is maximally patronized and the
clientele derive satisfaction from the services of the library. Such factors include the
following:
1. Location:
A library should be sufficiently obvious to be noticed from a distance. This can be
achieved by sitting it on a prominent position or by the distinctive design of the
building.
2. Future expansion or extension:
The adequacy of the site for future expansion should be given adequate attention.
cxvi
3. Accessibility:
External traffic patterns in the neighborhood as stipulated in the overall traffic plans
with respect to easy access to the building. This is because the site is proposed to be
serviced by public transport.
4. Noise value :
The degree of noise that could be generated into the building, their possible causes and
mitigative measures should be given due consideration.
5. Availability of mains services:
Water, electricity supply, drainage and sewer access should be in place to serve the
library.
6. Geological status:
The site should be of good bearing capacity and free of excavation impediments.
7. Size of the site
The site should large enough to provide the requirements of the physical environment,
roads, parking, maintenance areas, landscaping, also for present and future
innovations.
4.4.0 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:
Nigeria lies within the part of the world called the tropics. This region lies between
latitude 23027’ north to 23
027’ south of the earth surface. Within this area the sun is
perpendicular at noon at least one day of each year. For all the points, in this region, the
sun is almost vertically overhead during the entire year. The peculiar characteristics of
the tropic include high amount of sunshine, high amount of rainfall, high humidity
levels, almost uniform weather throughout the year and high temperatures. Architectural
cxvii
design in the tropics must take into consideration the peculiar climatic features of this
region.
Enugu otherwise known as the Coal City is located in south eastern part of Nigeria.
Lying at the south eastern foot of the Udi hills, Enugu is a major coal-mining and
trading center. Agbani in Nkanu West LGA Enugu is where the site of the proposed
library is actually located. The present city was founded in 1909 after coal deposit were
discovered near the Igbo town of Enugu Ngwo. Enugu became an administrative center
after the railroad at Port Harcourt was completed in 1912. It was the capital of the
Secessionist State of Biafra (1967-70) population (1995 estimate) 308,200.
FIG. 4.1.1
MAP OF NIGERIA WITH INSERT SHOWING ENUGU.
(SOURCE: NIGERIAN MAP)
Enugu is situated at latitude 06°27’N and 07°29’E, and at a height of 144.3m above sea
level. Geographically, Enugu falls within the warm humid tropical climate. (This is
essential in considering the type of finishes to the building to be used).
FIG. 4.1.2
cxviii
MAP OF ENUGU SHOWING THE VARIOUS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS.
(SOURCE: ENUGU MASTER PLAN.)
FIG. 4.1.3
MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING THE VARIOUS VEGETATION BELTS.
(SOURCE: NIGERIAN MAP)
FIG. 4.1.4
cxix
MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING THE NIGERIAN CLIMATIC ZONES.
(SOURCE: NIGERIAN MAP)
4.5.0 CLIMATIC ANALYSIS
TEMPERATURE:
The highest average monthly is 29°C and occurs in March. The lowest is 25°C which
happens in August. In Enugu, high temperature is prevalent; the mean annual
temperature is over 270C. A temperature of about 35
0C occurs around February and
March, this is the highest average monthly temperature. The lowest average monthly
minimum temperature of 210C occurs around December or January. There may be little
variations over a set period.
TABLE 4.1
Temperature 0c
Daily annual max. mean 29.3-32.6
Daily annual min. mean 21.8 – 23.8
Mean annual temperature 25.5
MEAN TEMPERATURE VALUES FOR ENUGU STATE
SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN.
FIG. 4.1.5
cxx
MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURES FOR ENUGU STATE
(SOURCE: DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)
RELATIVE HUMIDITY:
The highest relative humidity is 84% in September. The lowest of 55% happens in
February. The relative humidity in Enugu is high. Due to the prevailing air mass in the
country, the atmosphere humidity tends to vary. The mean relative humidity in July is a
little over 80% as a result of the influence of the warm humid tropical continental air
mass while when harmattan wind prevails in the dry season in January, it drops below
60%. There is therefore a fluctuation in the annual relative humidity between 60-80%.
This can be said to be on the high side.
FIG. 4.1.6
cxxi
RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN JANUARY
(SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)
FIG. 4.1.7
RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN JULY
(SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)
cxxii
VAPOUR PRESSURE:
The highest average vapour pressure is 28.5MB in May while the lowest average vapour
of 18.2MB happens in January.
RAINFALL:
The months of July, August and September have the highest rainfall. The total annual
rainfall is 176.5cm. Rainfall variations, like in any other part of the country, are with the
seasons. The rainy season begins mostly in March and ends in October and sometimes
extends to November. This marks the period of rainfall in Enugu. There is usually a
brief dry period in August normally referred to as the August break, while dry season
which is characterized by low humidity and reduced visibility lasts from November to
December. Occasionally, there is rain in December and January. Therefore there is a
need to protect buildings against the heavy rains and equally provide for proper rain
water drainage.
FIG. 4.1.8
JAN FEB. MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
MEAN MONTHLY RAINFALL FOR ENUGU STATE
(SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)
cxxiii
FIG. 4.1.9
MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING RAINFALL PATTERNS IN THE VARIOUS ZONES.
(SOURCE: NIGERIAN MAP)
FIG. 4.2.1
TOTAL ANNUAL RAINFALL
(SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)
WIND:
cxxiv
The two prevailing winds on site are the North-East trade wind and the South-West
Monsoon wind. The North-East trade winds bring the harmatan while the South-West
Monsoon winds bring the rains. It is important to place the building such that maximum
cross ventilation will be achieved. That is the South-East, North-West axis.
From the charts, July, August and September are periods of South-West prevailing
winds. In Enugu, the tropical continental air mass (north-east or harmattan wind) and
the tropical maritime air mass (south-west trade wind) prevail. The South-West trade
wind brings with it the rain and blows mostly from February to October, while the
North-East or harmattan wind lasts from November to January most times and beings
with it dusty, dry and hazy wind. Micro winds are occasionally generated by local air
currents.
FIG. 4.2.2
WET SEASON WINDS AND RAINFALL (APRIL --OCTOBER}
(SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)
FIG. 4.2.3
cxxv
DRY SEASON WINDS AND RAINFALL (NOVEMBER --- MARCH}
(SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)
FIG. 4.2.4
WIND FORCE DATA
(SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)
cxxvi
SOLAR DATA:
Three critical periods of the day, 8a.m, 12 noon, and 4p.m, are used to compute
horizontal and vertical shadow angles for 4 main orientations, N-S, W-E, SW-NE, AND
SE-NW. These data are utilized to determine the extent of sunshine required and
methods of excluding excesses derived.
From the above information on Enugu climate, we arrive at an objective conclusion on
the climatic problems involved while designing for Enugu.
FIG. 4.2.5
SHOWING THE EARTH’S ORBIT. SUN-EARTH LINE ORBIT DEFINES THE
SOLAR ECLIPTIC PLANE
(SOURCE: TIMESAVER STANDARD FOR ARCHITECTURAL DATA)
cxxvii
FIG. 4.2.6
SHOWING SECTION THROUGH ECLIPTIC PLANE, THE
REFERENCE FOR SOLAR DECLINATION
(SOURCE: TIMESAVER STANDARD FOR ARCHITECTURAL DATA)
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLIMATE:
(a) High relative humidity and vapour pressure.
(b) Heavy rainfall.
(c) High temperature.
(d) Very small seasonal variations.
(e) Cloudy sky.
(f) Nights are warm, humid and uncomfortable.
(g) Wind speed is very low, though thunderstorms and squalls occur during rainy seasons.
4.6.0 ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION:
(1) High humidity slows the rate of evaporation of perspiration. It also causes
building materials to deteriorate in the tropics; - steady air movement should be
encouraged by orientation fenestration and not too deep buildings.
cxxviii
(2) The occasional driving rain entering the building; - provision of proper rain
water drainage, protection of outside doors and windows by the use of the
weather strips or hoods, and then proper anchorage of the roof to the main
structure to withstand the driving wind. Generally, the building level should be
elevated from the ground level.
(3) The effect of temperature can be controlled by the following ways:
(a) Orientation
(b) Sun Shading
(c) Use of Colour
(d) Water body (such as pools or fountains)
(e) Effective planting
(f)
ORIENTATION
The sun is the prime factor in this case rather than the breeze, hence the orientation
should be as close to the east-west as possible. Single banked rooms/ spaces are
preferable (to allow for cross ventilation). The external openings should be shaded.
USE OF COLOUR
Exposed walls and roofs should be painted as near white as possible, hard landscaping
around the building should be in dark colors to avoid reflecting heat and glare into the
building. The interior should have white ceilings in order to reflect maximum light from
openings; spreading them as evenly as possible throughout the room.
The recommended levels of comfort conditions are:
cxxix
Temperature – 70 F
Humidity – 20% - 50%
Air speed – (12 0) cm to (25.4 - 0) cm per sec.
For more comfortable conditions, controllable ventilators above and below standard
windows are desirable. The control is based on the following methods;
(i) No breeze; low and high level vents open, windows closed.
(ii) Little breeze; all vents and windows open.
(iii) Dust laden winds; all vents and windows closed on windward side. Insect screens
should also be considered.
SUN SHADING
Walls facing east and west should have few fenestrations. Trees should be planted
around such areas for a restful environment. Screens and wide eaves should also be
employed.
SUN PATH ANALYSIS
The sun’s path across the site is from the Eastern area to the Western part of the site
such that the sun rises from the Eastern part and sets on the Western part of the site.
Therefore, the angle of incidence of the sun and its intensity should therefore be
properly analyzed for the site planning to ensure comfort.
Openings should be concentrated on the North-South facades. There should be limited
openings on the East-West facades with shading devices to reduce the effect of the solar
radiation.
cxxx
FIG. 4.2.7
DIAGRAM SHOWING SUN PATH AND WIND DIRECTION ACROSS SITE.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR.)
4.7.0 PHYSICAL FEATURES
ACCESS ROUTE TO SITE
The site for this project should be easily accessible to motorists. It is accessed from
Ozalla -- Agbani road which is a major road. On site circulation, drives and parking
should adequately serve the project’s need to avoid interference with traffic flow on
adjacent public streets.
SOIL CONDITION
The soil is loamy in nature. It has a bearing capacity suitable for the project. Areas
liable to flood should be avoided.
VIEW
The major view is from the road. Buildings and sites should be oriented to prevent
direct public view into the services area as much as possible. All working areas facing
public streets or adjacent properties shall be screened from view by landscaping or solid
walls.
cxxxi
FIG. 4.2.8
DIAGRAM SHOWING VIEW/ACCESS TO SITE.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR.)
SITE TOPOGRAPHY/ DRAINAGE
The topography of the site is relatively flat. The area is gently sloping towards main
road making it easy to drain in public main. The nature of this slope will cause primary
drainage to be towards this direction on site. Thus, the draining of the surface water and
sewage follows this line of contour terrain.
N
cxxxii
FIG. 4.2.8
DIAGRAM SHOWING THE SITE TOPOGRAPHY/ DRAINAGE OF THE SITE.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR.)
SOURCE OF POLLUTION ON SITE
NOISE
The major noise generated on site has its sources from the access road to the site. The
minor noise is from the adjoining site. Trees and shrubs will be used to act as a buffer
against the noise. Also, acoustic materials will be used for the spaces in the library that
will likely generate noise .like the binding section.
N
cxxxiii
FIG. 4.3.1
DIAGRAM SHOWING THE NOISE AND TRAFFIC PATTERN OF THE SITE.
(SOURCE: AUTHOR.)
4.8.0 DESIGN IMPLICATION OF SITE ANALYSIS
The study and analysis of the location and site for the proposed Divisional Library
Agbani indicates that the major design problems are how to:
(a) Provide adequate lighting and ventilation in the spaces.
(b) Reduce heat caused by solar radiation and temperature.
(c) Provide adequate weather protection for buildings and their users.
(d) Provide adequate site drainage systems for the site.
N
cxxxiv
(e) Reduce and control high humidity.
SOLUTIONS
The roof form should ensure an adequate discharge of rainwater. The use of canopies
and window hoods prevents rain from entering into the building through external
openings. Efficient surface water drainage should be constructed for fast disposal of
surface water out of the buildings.
Good orientation for effective utilization of the prevailing winds and reduction of solar
load should be adopted. Optimal orientation of building prevents direct sunlight
penetration causing glare and direct heat. Trees and shrubs should be planted as well as
good landscaping to reduce the effect of solar radiation. Wide eaves and verandas
should be employed to check glare and radiation. Sun shading devices will be used
where needed. There should be proper design of fenestration to encourage air
movements within the interior spaces.
Thermal insulation should be used to minimize the use of mechanical cooling devices.
A proper orientation of the building to encourage wind flow to enhance good cross
ventilation should be adopted. Appropriate allocation and sizes of wall openings
influence wind flow. Roof structures should be firmly secured to the wall to prevent
removal by strong wind. High humidity is checked by effective ventilation to help
quicken the removal of hot air pockets and moist air which would otherwise condense in
the interior spaces.
Good landscaping elements should be employed to conserve the all year round
vegetation and minimize surface temperature.
cxxxv
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0.0 SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
BUILDING SERVICES
5.1.1 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
It is necessary to coordinate the mechanical services in order to create an ambient
environment, suitable for the various activities that will be accommodated in the
complex. Such services include conveyance systems, water supply, and HVAC
(heating, ventilation and Air Conditioning).
DRAINAGE:
Flood if not well handled could pose a nuisance as well as the building. Consequently,
drainage routes must be defined to ensure smooth water run-off. Drains and drain pipes
should be strategically located to collect roof water.
CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS:
These will chiefly include stairs ramps, escalators and lifts. The positioning of these
various circulation systems (both horizontal and vertical) is vital to the design success.
They are import means of escape in case of fire; therefore they must satisfy fire
regulations. It is necessary that the handicapped be considered in the design and
location of these systems.
WATER SUPPLY:
Adequate water supply for general cleansing is a prerequisite in this complex. Water
should be amply provided to service the following:
- Recreational uses (fountains, pools, etc)
- Fire fighting (fire hose, real, sprinkler systems, etc)
cxxxvi
- Cleaning (showering, drinking, etc)
There must be provision for sufficient water storage since existing and future water
mains may well prove inadequate for the various uses of water in this complex. Storage
containers may be duplicated to allow cleaning and maintenance without interruption to
the water supply. Separate provision should be made for drinking water supply either
by direct service from mains or from a cistern used only for this purpose.
HVAC (HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITION)
(a) HEATING:
Due to the climatic influences in Nigeria, it is not necessary to heat the environment.
Heating requirements are restricted to water and other utility services
(b) COOLING:
Also due to climatic influences, it may necessary to cool the environment sometimes to
maintain a desirable degree of thermal comfort; cooling drives the air by reducing its
moisture content. Air-conditioning is the most effective mechanical cooling device and
shall be used to cool functional spaces where the need to adjust comfort levels arises. It
may be of unit or central types.
The unit type is usually used for cooling small independent spaces but is uneconomical
for large spaces. The central type which cools large spaces more efficiently will be used
in the entire library complex; it requires controls and plant rooms on each floor to
effectively distribute the conditioned air. An air handling unit (AHU) will be required
at the roof level to supply air to single ducts of air induction boxes in the ceiling void of
the main office areas. Air is extracted through the light fittings into the ceiling void,
cxxxvii
where it is either re-circulated by the induction boxes locally, or returned to the main air
plant.
Fig. 5 .1
AIR
SYSTEM
S
(SOURC
E:
AUTHO
R)
(c) VE
NTI
LA
TIO
N:
This increases the rate of air exchange between interior and exterior, thereby reducing
the heat build-up and pockets of humid air inside the building. Ventilation is enhanced
by proper orientation of the building to wind velocity and by adequate fenestrations and
façade openings. However, it may be necessary to provide additional artificial means of
ventilation. Air extract systems will be necessary in the following spaces:
– Service rooms to remove fumes and steam
– Basement where ventilation may be insufficient
cxxxviii
– Other spaces where excessive heat, dust and odour are generated like the binding
section.
Wherever the extraction system is used, adequate provision must be made to balance the
air being removed.
5.2.0 ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
These include communications, computer services, lighting and power points.
COMMUNICATION:
This is a prime factor in the efficient functioning of this proposed master piece; various
departments would need to exchange information within this library complex without
physically changing location. Consequently, there is a need for internal telephone as
well as outside communication network. Provision should be made for emergency
communication possibilities like installation of special lines to the Police, Fire Service,
Telex and Courier Services.
Ancillary provision includes installation of public telephones in the concourse, public
address systems. Particular attention should be paid to the design of telephone and
power outlets in the office block, to provide maximum flexibility of room /space layout
and allow for alterations in room /space arrangements with minimum changes.
COMPUTER SERVICES:
Still to aid local and foreign communications, automation services will be made
available in sundry computer suites to help transatlantic, international and local
messages using computer print-outs. Computers require delicate environment for their
efficient functioning.
cxxxix
Due to the high level of technology involved in computers and other electronics, rooms
housing them must:
- Be free of dust and static electricity
- Not be located in proximity to frequency-generating equipment like radio
- Have consistent and regulated power supply
- Be consistent with materials of 11/2 hours fire rating
- Maintain a specific temperature and be security conscious
LIGHTING:
Various forms of lighting can be employed to suit the various activity spaces. Lighting
may be natural or artificial; a combination of both may also be employed. Usually, a
combination of both natural and artificial lighting systems is recommended since it is
economical to use mostly natural lighting during the day while artificial lighting serves
at night and in special use areas.
Exterior lighting should portray the structures while serving for security and safety.
Interior lighting should generally be used to reveal the interior views, draw interest,
emphasize decorative displays, create patterns and textures, provide colour and contrast
and generally draw people’s attention to signs, directions and hazards.
For overall lighting, natural deluxe-type of fittings should be installed, and intensity of
light should be graded, increasing towards the entrance and exists. Special attention
should be paid to special lighting which highlights advertisements features, seating,
plants, decorative panels, etc on the wall. In the offices, fluorescent strip lighting can be
accommodated in the ceiling space and can be adjusted to provide an even level of
lighting over the whole depth of each office. Artificial lighting shall be imperative only
cxl
for spaces with need for controlled lighting, and to supplement daylight in a weather of
poor visibility.
These electrical services will be considered at construction stage and provision made for
their transfer to their power points and specific use-areas. An emergency generator and
transformer which can support the total electrical load shall be installed in the boiler
room.
NATURAL LIGHTING :
Natural lighting is abundant and free but has certain demerits when considered for use
in a library. These include:
(i) It is short-lived in the day, existing only from morning to evening with a varying
intensity till it dies down at sunset.
(ii) It is difficult to control because of its diffusing capability.
(iii) There are occasional fluctuations and variations in light intensity, which are
disturbing to continuous reading.
(iv) There is need for protection against glare, heat contaminant and intensive
light, which could be expensive.
Natural lighting is desired for its economic value; aesthetic value, psychological
implication and ready alternative during unstable power supply but it will not be totally
relied upon for functional efficiency.
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING :
There is need to employ artificial lighting in the library building since natural lighting is
not totally reliable to light the reading areas and book shelves sufficiently well.
Artificial light is controllable and several variants can be obtained for specific activities.
It is also cost effective and attractive interior tool in creating the desired illumination
cxli
effect if well handled. However, in the use of artificial lighting, careful consideration
must be made towards light intensity, glare, contrast and colour.
INTENSITY
The spread of light over a surface (illumination) is expressed in flux (lumen/m2 or ft
2).
The intensity of light in an area depends on the type of lighting and the exposed surface.
In the reading room, intensity of light is determined from the normal reading horizontal
height about 850mm (2ft. 9 inches) above floor level. It is important to note that light
from any source varies inversely to the square of the distance from the source. The
illumination on the surface varies as the cosine of the angle of incidence on the surface.
TABLE 5.1
SPACE ( ROOM) RECOMMENDED
ILLUMINATION (FLUX)
Reading Rooms (Newspapers and
Magazines inclusive)
200
Reading Tables ( lending libraries) 400
Reading Tables (Reference libraries) 600
Counters 600
Closed Book Stores 100 ( on vertical surface)
Building 600
Catalogue, Sorting, Stock Rooms 400 ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) RECOMMENDED LIGHTING
INTENSITY FOR SPECIFIC AREAS.
SOURCE: ILLU MINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) CODE, LONDON
CONTRAST
Excessive contrast and glare causes eye fatigue. Sharp contrast and patterns formed by
light variety should be avoided because this could cause dis-orientation. Best lighting
for comfortable working should aim at smooth graduation in brightness from the book
to the reader and then to the surrounding background. The reading top should be
brighter than the general background but not in excess in effect, lighting is considered
along side with interior decoration and choice of furniture.
cxlii
GLARE
Glare depends on a number of factors namely:
The brightness (from the source or by reflection)
The size and position as well as the number of sources in view.
It follows therefore that open areas are more susceptible to glare because of the
numerous sources in view. Best lighting conditions are achieved when light is obtained
from as large a percentage of the ceiling as possible. In order to reduce and avoid glare
in various area, less sharp reflective surface should be used as finishes, together with the
avoidance of direct light on the path of sight lines of readers. The figures on the table
show the maximum acceptable degree of glare for some activities in the library.
Table5.2
SPACE ( ROOM)
LIMITING GLARE INDEX
Reading Rooms ( Newspapers and
Magazines inclusive)
19
Reading Tables ( lending libraries) 19
Reading Tables (Reference libraries) 16
Counters 19
Closed Book Stores 19
cxliii
Binding 22
Catalogue, Sorting, Stock Rooms 22
ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) RECOMMENDED LIGHTING
INTENSITY FOR SPECIFIC AREAS
SOURCE: ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) CODE, LONDON
COLOUR
Human appreciation of colour of light may not be subjective because the judgment will
be based on human experiences as well as the colour spectrum within view at the same
time. Colour of light does not affect the efficiency but could receive various responses
to the environment.
FENESTRATION
Since we cannot control natural light intensity at source, we must therefore plan the
fenestration in order to achieve success. The size, style, placing and even the materials
of windows are vital to the functionality of the library building. This is because the
window will have an important effect on the internal environment as well as on the
running and maintenance cost.
5.3.0 ACCESS AND CIRCULATION
To ensure the use of a building, movement must be made into and about the building.
As a result, accesses into the building as well as circulation about the building are
important design features which should be given proper attention to enhance the use of
the building.
Being a public building, the main public entrance should be easily identifiable and
welcoming. The entrance should be such that will accommodate the physically
challenged.
cxliv
5.4.0 ACOUSTIC, FIRE SAFETY AND SECURITY SYSTEMS
ACOUSTIC:
Acoustics is primarily concerned with the planning of an enclosure to ensure the most
advantageous flow of properly diffused sound to all listeners. The ultimate goal is to
design a structure in such a manner that it will contribute to speech intelligibility and to
the aesthetic qualities of music in an environment free from external noise.
The primary problems are: the arrangement of rooms within the building, selection and
placement of absorptive and reflective materials to provide optimum conditions; steady
and even distribution of sound in the room; and provision for adequate noise control.
Planning for acoustic performance shall have this complex shielded from external noise
sources by green areas (as buffer); especially against noise from traffic and other
adjacent land uses. Within this complex, proper zoning principles shall be employed,
involving the arrangement of uses according to quiet, neutral and noisy areas.
For the conference facilities, good hearing conditions can be achieved by providing:
- quiet background
- sufficient loudness
- proper sound distribution
- adequate blending and separation of sound
Acoustic defects to be avoided include long delayed reflections, echoes, foci-flutter and
dead spots.
FIRE SAFETY:
cxlv
Fire poses a very serious threat to a project of this scale. Two major risks are apparent
in fire outbreak. They are risk to life and risk to the material content of the building.
Two main dangers to life are from fire itself and from smoke and toxic gases.
For smoke hazards, large quantities of dense toxic smoke are produced from even small
fires. Consequently, if smoke spread is not controlled, fire can threaten the occupants of
the complex. Consequently smoke alarms, fire alarms and smoke detectors are
invaluable assets for the complex. Smoke extract are also provided near windows or
louvers which can be opened by firemen or alternatively by trip switches. In designing
smoke extracts from the roof, the wind factor should be considered since a downward
draught may prevent smoke from flowing out from the grilles. A mechanical extract
system can be adopted where the reliability of natural ventilation becomes questionable.
Because of the lateral spread of fire, compartmentalization of various units is
recommended. It is also necessary to plan to prevent structural collapse or failure of
building’s structural elements. Structural members shall consequently be non-
combustible or fire protected, having a fire resistance of at least two hours but up to four
hours for large storage spaces.
Planning for fire safety shall provide for escape stairs, corridors and access for fire
fighting. Structural breaks and protection (for columns, beams, floors, roofs, and walls)
shall satisfy acceptable fire rating and shall be able to prevent easy spread of fire and the
passage of flame or excessive heats. Fire extinguishers shall be installed in smaller
spaces while large spaces shall be provided with hose reels. Adequate provision shall
also be made to accommodate fire-fighting equipment.
Fig 5.2
cxlvi
FIRE SAFETIES: MEANS OF ESCAPE
(SOURCE: AUTHOR)
SECURITY SYSTEMS:
The importance of ensuring security for a complex of this nature cannot be
overemphasized.
Bringing together different groups of people from various backgrounds in a complex
like this poses a problem in the differentiation of various groups of people who are at
the complex for verifying purposes. Consequently, well planned circulation networks
should be used to effectively separate the traffic.
Two forms of security risks are prominent:
(a) One against burglary (at night): Various alarm systems can be used to combat this;
including electronic rays, pads, etc. Some construction technique can keep away
burglars, e.g.
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- outside walls should be free of devices that a burglar can use for climbing
- Roof vents, where necessary should have burglar bars and alarms wherever
possible
- Roof entry areas must be firmly secured
- Where exterior display windows are used, it is advisable to specify shatter glass
- Steel doors should be used for service entrances
- Each door should have a magnetic contact alarming device that ties it to the
overall alarm system
- Entrance doors to the wall areas should be made of shatter proof glass, with all
hardware case-hardened
- An added protection is the use of an electromagnetic door-locking system.
(b) Security against vandalism and book lifting in the day time. For this, both
physical and mechanical security systems are advised. Security personnel should
monitor high-risk areas. A computerized security network shall be adapted to ensure
complete safety of goods and clients of this complex.
Closed circuit Television (CCTV) shall also be used. CCTV employs the use of TV
cameras and monitoring screens. It is normally a stop-gap method applied when visual
inspection of suspicious circumstances is necessary. Cameras are mounted at strategic
locations and monitored in the control room. The control room should house all
monitoring equipment for surveillance and alarm systems in the whole building. The
room should be manned by security personnel round the clock.
The problem of security shall be considerably reduced by curtailing the number of
entrances and exits, into and out of the complex. This can be achieved by providing
common traffic routes for facilities with similar time duration.
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5.5.0 REFUSE AND WASTE DISPOSAL
Various refuse containers shall be provided; cylindrical containers (paladins on-wheels),
litter bins, dust bins and plastic garbage bags. Central collection point will be provided.
There are several methods of disposal:
- collection by the local council
- collection by refuse contractors
- internal disposal involving incineration within special plants installed at the
library complex
Only a combination of the first two methods shall be employed in disposing refuse from
the site.
Waste Disposal: All piped wastes shall be concealed and shall not be made visible to
visitors. The piping could be run in columns or special ducts in the high rise block.
Final disposal shall be by municipal sewer lines but it shall first pass through a sewage
treatment plant before being sent into the sewer. Unit septic tanks may be appropriately
located to dispose off the library complex’s effluent.
5.6.0 LANDSCAPING
This shall be meticulously planned to make it people-oriented; rocks, pavings, sculpture
fountains, pools, plantings (trees, shrubs, hedges, ground cover), street furniture (park
benches, dust bins, ash trays, planters, etc) shall be done in special concrete tiles and
rubble stones – both treated to absorb heat and maintain low heat radiation, avoiding
heat radiation into adjacent interior spaces.
Apart from the eating facilities, which will flow out into the complex, other features like
stepped stone terraces, reflection pool, possibly an aquarium and sculpture gardens shall
be used to stabilize the atmosphere and integrate the building to its natural environment.
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The outdoor landscape will also assist in improving the vista from within the complex
and help reduce fatigue due to shopping, office work or other tiring activities which
may be taking place in the complex.
5.7.0 SOLAR RADIATION CONTROL
Solar control is necessary to achieve suitable thermal comfort for the centre users.
Although the general climate is essentially unalterable, the climate of a specific portion
of the land’s microclimate can be easily influenced and altered by planning and design
devices. The immediate environment of a building or group of buildings can be
manipulated through walls, paintings, pools, sitting and building forms.
Site climatic design is based on typical or normal weather conditions and is affected by
shape, orientation, exposure, elevation, and hills or valleys near the site. Together, these
affect the temperature, the distribution of solar radiation and wind.
In striving to achieve a climatic balance in the structure and environment, solar control
reduces undesirable stresses while also using all natural resources favourable to human
comfort. Basic factors influencing thermal comfort include:
- Trees and Vegetation
- Water
- Building Orientation
- Solar Shading Devices
- Materials and Finishes
cl
Fig. 5 .3
MICRO CLIMATE CONTROL METHODS, NATURAL VENTILATION AND
CLIMATE CONTROL
(SOURCE: AUTHOR)
5.8.0 TREES AND VEGETATION:
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The temperatures in and around buildings can be tempered or aggravated by the nature
of surrounding surfaces. Planting and vegetation are very vital in this respect. The
natural cover of a terrain tends to moderate extreme temperatures and stabilize
conditions. Plants and grassy cover reduce temperatures, but man-made surfaces tend to
elevate temperatures and reduce humidity – for instance; paved areas close to windows
radiate and reflect large amounts of heat into the building, possibly aggravating already
uncomfortable conditions.
Although vegetation provides protection against glare, dust and erosion, it can become
disadvantageous when it is close to a building, as roots can damage foundations and
drain pipes; also desirable air movement can be consequently, the position and size of
vegetation can have a marked effect on air movement over and around buildings. Air
flow patterns thus affected can be modified by landscaping.
Hot air should ideally be cooled by passing over and through vegetation before entering
a building to enhance air flow. The air should enter the building through shade without
passing over or through heated surfaces. Vegetation should be carefully planned not to
restrict the free flow of breeze.
Fig. 5 .4
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USE OF PLANTS AND VEGETATION TO EFFECT SOLAR CONTROL
(SOURCE: AUTHOR)
Fig. 5 .5
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USE OF BALCONIES AND ROOF OVERHANG IN CLIMATE CONTROL
(SOURCE: AUTHOR)
Fig. 5 .6
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AIR FLOW PATTERNS
(SOURCE: AUTHOR)
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Fig. 5 .7
AIR FLOW PATTERNS (CONTD.)
(SOURCE: AUTHOR)
WATER:
The proximity of bodies of water can moderate extreme temperature variations. It
generally has a cooling effect on the environment; the humidity may be affected,
depending on the general temperature pattern. The larger the body of water, the greater
its impact on the micro-climate. Pools of water, fountains, etc, shall be introduced to
help achieve this effect.
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BUILDING ORIENTATION:
The orientation of a building is determined by the climatic factors of wind, view, noise
requirements of privacy and solar radiation. However a building oriented will be
affected by quantities of solar radiation falling on different sides at different times.
If the alignment of a building, due to some of the other factors is such that most of the
facades lie in a direction unfavorable to wind or solar control, sun-shading devices shall
be employed to remedy the situation.
SOLAR SHADING DEVICES:
The impact of solar radiation on buildings in the hot climate must not only be reduced
by orientation and effective design of structure, but also by adequate shading. Various
wall treatments are invaluable for eliminating or reducing one of the greatest sources of
heat gain – the solar radiation entering through the windows.
Various shading devices can be used to achieve effective solar control; horizontal
screens are most effective against a high sun and are normally used in the north or south
sides. Horizontal, vertical and a combination of egg-crate types can be used.
Overhangs can be used to protect the interiors from slanting sun and driving rain.
Balconies and projecting floor slabs are also common forms of horizontal screening.
Vertical screens, in the form of closely spaced columns, vertical firms or rotating
louvers are useful against the low sun on the east and west facades. The combined
vertical and horizontal screening – the egg-crate grille for instance – can be effective for
any orientation, depending on its depths and dimensions of the opening. Whatever type
of screening used should be placed outside the glazing, be of low thermal capacity
materials, to prevent not only reflection on to any part of the building but also hot air
being trapped.
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The effectiveness of these shading devices is determined by latitude, location and
building orientation.
5.9.0 ANTROPOMETRIC DATA
The Body and reach characteristics of human beings have a distinct influence on design.
The principles of anthropometrics indicate the average dimensions of men and women.
When this information is applied it becomes guidelines in:
- the arrangement of seating in public spaces (e.g. reading halls, auditorium etc)
- determining the door dimensions for an anticipated volume of traffic or number
of people
- the arrangement of internal circulations also with regard to volume of traffic,
width of corridors, etc
- determining floor ceiling heights especially around stairs, mezzanine floors and
their minimum height clearances
- designing for the handicapped
CHAPTER 6
6.0.0 DESIGN DATA AND SPACE REQUIREMENT
6.1.0 POPULATION SERVED
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The estimated current population of the territory under primary consideration is 147,385
based on the 2006 census figures. The planning of the library is to meet the needs of all
the services to be provided by the library for now till the next 30 years. Several other
factors are to be considered together with projected population in 30 years time. These
include:
ACTIVE USERS
It has been established in Nigeria that in towns and areas where the literacy rate is above
average, only about 25% -30% of the population constitutes the active users of the
libraries.
By virtue of the location of the facility in Agbani Nkanu West LGA, a
certain percentage of probably 5% of active users will be expected to come
from outside the catchment’s territory.
The proposed library in its capacity will provide a wide range of services
including a better and well stocked reference facilities, bookshop, computer
services, exhibition, audio-visuals, auditorium facilities etc. Thus the library
will be consulted and used by a vast number of people of different levels of
education and socio-cultural background.
It is also expected that in future, branch and neighborhood libraries will be
built in other locations, this is in line with the International Federation of
Library Association ( IFLA) standards, which stipulates that in the urban
areas, branch libraries are to be located within 1.5km of most residents and
relatively large libraries within 3—4km of residents. These branch libraries
when put in place, they will augment the central services.
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DEDUCTION FFROM THE ABOVE CONSIDERATIONS
After due consideration of the aforementioned factors, certain deductions and
assumptions can be made. These assumptions are:
The population of Nkanu West will increase in spite of the present economic
recession.
The prevalent increase in number of schools and other institutions in Nkanu
West have the tendency of increasing the number of active users of the proposed
facility.
Branch Libraries will be established both in others communities within Nkanu
West.
The existing Enugu State Central Library in Enugu will still remain operational.
6.2.0 LIBRARY CAPICITY
From the above assumptions and deductions, it will be safer to assume 28% active users
population for the library living within and 5% for those that will travel from outside
communities to consult the library.
Total percentage of the active user = 28 + 5 = 35%. With the population of Nkanu West
L.G.A estimated at about 603,154 by the year 2036, the library is thus projected to cater
for 35%.
603,154 X 35
100
== 211,809.9 persons.
The IFLA standards stipulate one and half volume of books per head of population for
large city libraries.
Therefore the total number of volume for 211, 809. 9 persons:
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211,809.9 x 1.5 == 317,714.85 volumes.
6.3.0 VOLUMES DISTRIBUTION
The 317,809.9 volumes will be distributed to the various departments of the library
based on the standards and recommendations.
(a) ADULT REFERENCE (Open Access):
The library association recommends a minimum of 200 volumes per 100 population.
That is
211,809.9 x 200 == 42, 361.98 volumes
1000
Due to the role of the central library as the main reference library for the state, the
percentage will be increased by 20.
20 x 317,714.85 == 63,542.97 volumes
100
(b) Adult lending
The volumes include those for the young adult popular library and subject departments.
Taking 42.5% of the gross volume (from)
42.5 x 317,714.85
100 == 135,028.81125 volumes
(c) Children’s (Department) Library
This will house 14% of the gross volumes
14 x 317714.85 ==44,480.079volumes.
100
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The children’s library should have its own reference collection.
(d) Stack:
This is to have 15% of the gross the gross volumes and should be distributed to the
various subject departments and the popular library.
15 x 317714.85 = 47,657 volumes.
100
(e) Nigeriana:
This will have 8% of the gross volume
8 x 317714.85 =25,417.188
100
The volume includes local newspapers and government documents etc.
(f) Staff library
This will have 0.5% of the gross volume
0.5 x 317714.85 = 1,588.57425 volumes
100
6.4.0 BOOK STOCK
The International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) standards do not state the
additional annual volume increase of library serving over 1,000 populations.
In Nigeria, by the standard for collection in public libraries, an addition of 5,000
volumes annually is expected in library headquarters.
Recommended numbers of seats for various sizes of libraries are as shown below:
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TABLE 6.1
BASSINET SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATION (SEATING)
Population
Group
No. of seats
For 1000
population
Private
Carrels
Seats
Study
Seats
Lounge
Seats
Auditorium
Seats
Lecture and
Meeting
Room Seats
Percentage (%)
100,000 –
200,000
3 to 4 5 75 20 200 to 300 50 to 400
200,000-
400,000
2 to 4 5 80 15 250 to 500 100 to 200
400,000-
700,000
2 to 2.5 5 80 15 300 to 600 200 to 300
7000,000-
And above
1.5 to 2 5 80 15 400 to 600 200 to 600
(SOURCE: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF LIBRARY BUILDINGS: THOMPSON)
If the population to be served is between 100,000- 200,000, 3 to 4 seats per 1,000
population is recommended. Thus adopting the average 3.5 seats per 1,000 populations,
we have:
166,041 x 7 = 581 seats (approximately 600 seats)
1000 2
Number of seats for study:
75 x 581 = 436 seats
100
Number of seats for carrels
5 x 581 = 29 seats
100
The seats are proportionally distributed to the various departments of the library.
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6.5.0 SPACE ANALYSIS
The space allowance per population served as recommended by the IFLA
standards are shown in the table below:
TABLE 6.2
POPULATION SERVED ALLOWANCE PER 1000 OF
POPULATION
10,000 to 20,000 42m2
(420 sq. ft.)
20,000 to 35,000 39m2
(450 sq. ft.)
35,000 to 65,000 35m2
(375 sq. ft.)
65,000 to 100,000 31m2
(335 sq. ft.)
Over 100,000 28m2
(300 sq. ft.)
(SOURCE: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF LIBRARY BUILDINGS: THOMPSON)
From the above table, the population under consideration is over 100,000, hence 28
meter square is used.
Gross space required
= 166,041 x 28 = 4,649m
2
1000
Table shows the percentage areas to be allowed for various major departments in the
library.
TABLE 6.3
DEPARTMENT PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL AREA
Personnel Management
Finance and Supply
2%
1%5
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Planning, Research and Statistics
Technical Services
School Library and Extension Services
Business Services
Information Consultancy and Bibliography
Services
Public Services
2%
6%
2%
12%
15%
60%
(SOURCE: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF LIBRARY BUILDINGS: THOMPSON)
6.6.0 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS SPACE ALLOWANCE
(a) Adult Lending:
(i) Volumes to be provided = 106,250 volumes space recommended per 1,0,00
volumes (open shelves) == 15m2
106,250 x 15 = 1.594 m2
1000
Assumption: Each shelve unit to have five shelves. Provision on this scale will allow for
circulation of readers within the area; accommodation for staff counters and catalogues
as will display equipments.
(ii) Number of seats to be provided is equal to 25% of seats for study
25 x 436
100 = 109 seats
Space required per seat = 2.3 m2
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Space required for 109 seats (2.3 x 109)
=2,507 m2
(b) Adult Reference:
(i) Volumes to provided for ==50,000volumes
Space recommended per 1,000volumes = 10 m2
Space required for 50,000 volumes
50,000 x 10
1000 == 500 m2
(i) Number of seats to be provided will be 60% of the seats for study,
60% x 436 = 262seats
Space required per seat = 2.3 m2
Space required for 109 seats (2.3 x 262)
= 606.2 m2
The space allocation for adult lending and reference covers popular library young
library, the various subject departments, part of the Nigeriana and information
consultancy.
(c) Children’s Library:
(i) Volumes to provided for ==35,000volumes
Space recommended per 1,000 (open shelves) volumes = 15 m2
Space required for 35,000 volumes
35,000 x 10
1000 == 525 m2
The area will accommodate staff counters, catalogues, informal seating without table,
display equipments and readers circulation.
(iii) Number of seats to be provided is 15% of seats for study
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15 x 436
100 == 65 seats
Space required per seat = 2.25 m2
Therefore space required for 65 seats = 65 x 2.25 = 142.25 m2
(d) Newspaper and Periodicals:
The IFLA stipulates the following:
(i) 0.09 m2 of floors space per periodical current issues.
(ii) 7 m2 per 1000 volume (bound back file in stack).
(iii) 1 seat per 3,000 population consulting periodicals for libraries serving above
20,000 populations at 3 m2 per seat.
Thus, for 55 seats at 3m2 seat 165 m
2.
(e) Newspaper and Periodicals:
There will be
(i) Lending room
(ii) Reference stack room
(iii) Strong rooms, Archives, Rare books, Manuscripts, and Special collections.
(f) Cataloguing:
Area per staff = 14m2
(g) Accessories:
Area per staff = 10m
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(h) Bindery :
Minimum space area per person = 11m2
(i) Multi-Purpose Auditorium:
250 seats at 0.8m2 = 200m
2
Or 250 seats at 0.9m2 = 225m
2 ( stage inclusive)
6.7.0 SUMMARY OF SPACE PROGRAMME
With reference to the standards and the planning facts and figures above the space
program for the proposed Agbani Central library has been worked out as follows:
TABLE 6.4
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FACILITY
AREA (M2)
PUBLIC
Entrance Hall
Exhibition
Lounge
Newspapers and
Periodicals
Bookshops
Lavatories
Auditorium
Internet and Computer
Training suite
Adult lending ( open
shelve stack)
Adult lending reading
area Film And Recording
Reference reading area
Projection room
Map room commercial
Business records
Restaurant
STAFF
Director’s office
150
130
100
100
165
80
35
500
4m2 per person
600
500
420
130
90
60
60
75
18
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Confidential sec\waiting
room
Deputy director’s office
Assistant director’s office
Secretary to the library
board
Boardroom
Accounts Department
Public Relation Dept
General office
Planning And Evaluation
Unit
Maintenance Staff Office
Transport Office
Maintenance workshop
Security Office
Training and Research
Unit
Conveniences
Staff lavatories
Acquisition Unit
Cataloguing
Bindery
Loading and Unloading
Bay
30
18
18
18
45
70
75
60
35
40
30
80
180
50
20
40
80
110
120
75
28
35
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E-learning
Sorting room
Book Selection Room
45
50
55
It is important to point out that the above tabulated areas and sizes of spaces are
approximate values based on recommended standards. They are thus subject to plus (+)
or minus (-) variations in progress of the actual design.
CHAPTER 7
7.1.0 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
clxxi
Libraries in present time should no longer function as stagnant
reservoirs of books and other literally materials as they did in the past. They are
supposed to be dynamic institutions reacting to the changing needs of patrons for
effective dissemination of knowledge, information and ideas.
Change is a dynamic process and the library must reflect the changes of needs in the
community it is built to serve.
The approach to the planning of Agbani Central Library is such that the services
provided would respond to change positively and remain in use and character for at least
30 years. The philosophy of the design of the proposed library is that of “Response to
change’. This invariably means that the architecture should be flexible and adaptable as
possible to the challenging needs and innovations of the future.
Furthermore, the visual appearance of the proposed library would be made to appetizer
and magnetize potential patrons to draw and identify with contemporary source of
knowledge. Thus a simple but aesthetically dignifying architectural image is desirable.
In its simplicity, the complex should first and foremost be hospitable and friendly.
Finally, the Agbani Central Library is one of the states home of information. In full
functional capacity, it should serve as Nkanu West’s largest collection of information
and source of enlightenment. As such should admit all classes of information seekers
and offer comfortable and free assistance to them at their without discrimination.
DESIGN GOALS
The major goals of the proposed library shall be in broadly four-fold:
To achieve flexibility of spaces to allow for adaptation to changes and
expansion through the use of modular structural system.
clxxii
To achieve a successful integration of the multiple activities of the
modern central library.
To uphold the principles of good and efficient design particularly in the
tropics within the context of the prevailing post-modern era.
To effectively site the library into the site through a well planned
beautiful landscape which provide outdoor reading spaces with
relaxation amenities, well defined pedestrian and vehicular access routes,
as well as adequate parking spaces.
7.2.0 DESIGN CONCEPT
The concept that will form the basis of the library’s planning will
emanate from what is considered as solutions to the problems that have been identified
and special considerations in the library. Generally, the design concept will be discussed
with respect to zoning and form.
The Library’s functions and spaces will be zoned on the site based 2 considerations:
Noise levels
Sequence in time
What this implies is that the library spaces will be zoned in such a way that the spaces
where noise is likely to be generated will be located nearer to the external source of
noise, which is the access road.
The second aspect is the fact that the library users and book circulation
expresses a sequence, which can be expressed further in the zoning of the library
spaces.
CONCEPT OF FORM
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The planning will use an inductive approach in the generation of the plan
form of the library. In an inductive approach, general laws are obtained or discovered
from particular facts or examples. The interpretation of this inductive approach in the
generation of the form is that the character or shape of the whole will be determined by
the character and shape of the parts.
Library space planning involves a great deal of furniture and equipment consideration.
It the researcher’s opinion that a modular design will be the most appropriate approach
to the delivery of library spaces that are adequately planned for library furniture and
equipment. Rectangles and squares are the most suitable plan form for modular designs.
These spaces will also allow the spaces to be expanded should the need for that arises.
If the basic shapes of the library spaces are rectangles and squares, then by induction,
the library plan shape will be conceived as a group of rectangles and squares. Factors
like zoning and orientation will be allowed to influence the arrangement of these shapes.
Symbolically, the library design will reflect the character of the culture of learning:
formal learning begins with a broad scope, and as one advances in learning, he
specializes. To express this character, the massing of the Central Library will be like the
shape of a pyramid, which is broad at its base but tapers as it rises.
Fig. 7.1
clxxiv
Symbolic Expression of Learning Culture: A Pyramid
The planning of the library spaces will reflect this concept, since the lower floors, if
designated as lending areas will house more collections than the upper floors, where
reference materials will be accommodated. The implication is that the library building
will become smaller with increase in floors.
Fig. 7.2
Concept: library collections decrease with increase in floor
clxxv
Careful advantage will be taken of elements intended to provide internal environmental
control (that is, shading devices and fenestration), to provide surface aesthetics. The
possibility of communicating symbolic meaning through these will add to their success
as design elements.
7.3.0 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Flexibility of the structure of the proposed library building is best
achieved with modular system. This is a system whereby a building is supported by
columns placed at regular.
Modern library buildings are planned on interdependent network of open-plan areas
with eliminated load-bearing walls. This is derived from the principles of modular
system. Decisions on structural systems are made based on the following
considerations:
Building’s number of floors
The nature and size of supporting columns
The positioning of heavy loads
The position or location of vertical circulation or core
The choice and nature of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system or
services (HVAC).
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
The planning of a modular building is based on the grid system. The
regular pattern of points, which define intersection of two parallel lines form skeletal
structural system of columns and beams. The grid pattern achieves a structural
framework of columns as the building supports. This allows for non-load bearing walls
and internal partitions, which can be erected between columns.
clxxvi
The choice of grid should be suitable to permit efficient use of the library spaces. This
will determine the placing of shelves, reader’s seats and furniture and subsequently
influence the amount of books stacking that can be installed. Grid chosen should allow
for reasonable office sizes to be partitioned without column interference.
The column distance should be suitable to accommodate shelves and furniture
combination with standard width aisles and setting of tables and chairs. The grid squares
could vary throughout the building.
7.4.0 BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
Materials and methods of construction to be employed in the proposed
library building have to satisfy certain basic requirements, which include:
1. Economy of maintenance
2. Economy of construction
3. Functional and aesthetic requirements.
7.4.1 FACTORS INFLUENCING CHOICE OF BUILDING
MATERIAL
There are certain important factors that should be considered n the choice of materials
for construction of a library building. These factors are:
1. Cost: The initial and long term cost of the material have to be examined in
order to strike a balance between them. This will ascertain if the cost is within
tolerable limits.
clxxvii
2. Durability: Durability of a building material is essential as it is a measure of
how much stress and strain it can withstand under various conditions of use
over time.
3. Maintenance: The ease of maintenance and maintenance cost implication of a
material has to be ascertained.
4. Quietness: The acoustic quality of a material is an important factor, which
determines its best area of application in library building.
5. Comfort: Materials to be used should meet with the generally acceptable
standard of comfort.
6. Safety: The likely hazards to be caused by the materials chosen have to be
evaluated before use. They should conform to existing safety and health
regulations.
7. Aesthetic: Choice of building materials however should be such that will
enhance the appearance and attractiveness of the library complex.
7.4.2 CHOICE OF MATERIALS
With reference to the aforementioned factors, emphasis on the choice of
building materials would be on the area of application. These areas include the walls,
ceiling, ceiling and roof. It is pertinent to note that the treatment given to the building in
terms of materials will affect the performance quality of the building.
clxxviii
FLOOR MATERIALS
Floors in library buildings require special considerations in order to
achieve desired objectives. It should be able to absorb sound, bear the heavy load of
library stock and human traffic as well as being easily maintainable.
In choosing floor materials, consideration should be given to the various functions of
the particular spaces. Priority is placed on placed on the acoustic quality of floor
material so as to reduce noise distraction especially in reading areas. Durability is
equally a vital factor.
Varying degrees of quietness are required at different parts of the library. Thus, resilient
floor materials and finishes such as monolithic thick rubber, cork and carpets can be
used for quiet spaces. Carpets have the advantage of being more luxurious and
comfortable but are not as durable as others. All hard surface finishes are noisy and are
more appropriate in areas not requiring absolute quietness. Consequently floor materials
and finishes like terrazzo, marble, wood, blocks due to their extreme durability can be in
areas where high volume of traffic are expected or will be experienced. For example in
the main entrance and the control areas, it is necessary to use very durable floor finishes
in order to avoid frequent changing which will lead to high maintenance cost and
disruption of the library operations.
For corridors, closed stack rooms and staff working rooms, linoleum, PVC tiles, or
carpets are cheap to use.
clxxix
WALLING MATERIAL
Choice of material for walling libraries depends on the area of application
and functions to be performed by the wall. In general, walling materials should possess
the following characteristics strength and stability, weather resistant (in case of external
walls), thermal insulation, fire resistance, sound insulation, easy to maintain and
flexibility. Externals walls should be solid, forming sound barriers to the external noise
and weather conditions. They should be non-load bearing, just providing enclosures for
interior spaces. Material for internal walls should allow for flexibility of internal space
as such that can be removed to rearrange space when necessary e.g. in the children’s
department and reading areas.
The partition material should have good quality acoustic quality and low maintenance
cost. Light reflective qualities of partitions should not be low especially in reading
areas, as these will enhance the illuminating quality of the library. High gloss paints and
textured paints are recommended because of their high aesthetic value and durability.
CEILING MATERIALS
Choice of building materials is based on light and reflection and acoustics. The
construction has to be such as would permit the passage of ducts and electrical works.
Ceiling should reflect light downwards and this is best achieved by using light colored
materials. The use of acoustic ceiling panels is preferred for its sound absorbing and
light diffusing qualities over hard plaster ceiling panel, which is hard and deficient in
sound absorption. Suspended acoustic ceiling panels would be satisfactory in achieving
the above.
ROOFING MATERIALS
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Materials for roof construction in library buildings should possess
additional qualities to its primary function of protection from weather. Materials used in
roof construction should possess the following qualities of strength and stability,
weather resistance, thermal insulation, fire resistance, and sound insulation. Absorbent
roofing materials should be avoided, as they will be expensive to maintain.
7.5.0 SERVICES
WATER SUPPLY AND INSTALATION
In designing the cold and hot water supply installation within the library, an
assessment must be made on the probable maximum water flow. In most buildings, it
seldom happens that the total number of appliances installed is ever in use at the same
time. Therefore for economic reasons, it is usual for a system to be designed for a peak
usage, which is less than the proposed maximum usage. In this case, the probable
demand will depend on the type of sanitary appliances provided within the library
building and the frequency of usage.
In addition, the conveying of water through the library building to locations of use
implies the design of a system of piping or tubing efficient for this purpose, easily
maintained and interfering as little as possible with the interior architectural form. In
order words, it is best for the system to conceal.
The corrosive effect of water and resistance of metal to corrosion should be considered
in the choice of piping materials. PVC pipes are better suited for water conveyance than
steel or iron pipes. They are less expensive and not susceptible to corrosion.
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND DISTRIBUTION
Due to high electrical load a building of the magnitude of the proposed
library will demand, it will definitely require a Three-Phased electric supply. The
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dealing in some large building may be too high for local low or medium voltage system
to provide, thus a private substation must therefore be installed, fed from the high-
voltage cables from the PHCN’S interest switching station.
The electrical installation in a large building is similar to that of a small building, but
divided into sections. There may be one main intake panel incorporating large fused
switches or circuit breakers, each of which controls a fetcher cable to subsiding
distribution panels in different parts of the building.
WASTE DISPOSAL
In the event that a central sewage disposal system is not properly
provided, sewage disposal will be by the use of septic tank, which will be located within
the site.
However, sewage disposal shall be through the municipal sewage system, which is
proposed to be provided by the local authority within 30m of the site boundary in which
the property is located.
Various types and sizes of trash bin are to be provided for the use in disposing other
wastes products such as papers, used stationeries, and other wastes generated within the
library building.
DRAINAGES
The type of drainage system to be provided, depends upon the local authority
regulations
There are basically three types of drainage systems:
1. SEPARATE SYSTEM: In which the foul water discharged from water closets,
basins, sinks, baths etc are conveyed by foul water drains to a foul water sewer
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or a separate sewage disposal plant. Surface water drains to a public surface
water sewer or soak-away.
2. COMBINED SYSTEM: In which the foul water from sanitary appliances and
surface water from roofs and paved areas are conveyed by a single drain to a
combined sewer. This kind of system saves on drainage cost but the cost of
sewage disposal is increased.
3. PARTIAL SEPARATE SYSTEM: In which most of the surface water is
conveyed by surface water drain to a surface water sewer or soak-away, but
some of the rain water is connected to the foul water drain. This is done when
the water can be conveniently connected to the foul water drain usually at the
rear of the building. It saves on drainage on drainage cost and rain water also
help to flush the foul water drain.
7.6.0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
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In designing to achieve flexibility, certain allowances can be made for future
changes, dimly discern. One of these is the relative increase in material storage and a
relative increase in space required for readers. For example the more recent optical disc,
already offering 40,000 pages of text on a single 300nn plate, may soon be cheap
enough as a publishing medium for a library to use for the housing of vast runs of
information.
Today, a great number of libraries of all kinds especially in developed countries of the
world have one or both, of the two main library computer services, which are available
from many different sources. The first is the housekeeping function of circulation
control, which deals with access to the library’s own catalogue, stock control etc
(computer filing of books and bibliographic materials). The second is access to
bibliographic and other databases through cooperative network or host (Internet). At the
moment, the two functions (Housekeeping and Data Bases Access) are on separate
systems, but it can be doubled that they will be completely integrated in the near future.
Presently, the impact of computer use in libraries and the contribution it will make in
the library world in the distant future cannot really be ascertained. Already it is already
on the verge of entirely eliminating the use of card catalogues and stock records and in
turn relieving people of routine work in many areas.
Who knows? Perhaps it may soon start competing seriously with books as a source of
general information, which can be retrieved for the reader in a future. If this certainly
happens, then our libraries should be able to meet the challenges. Libraries will then
perhaps house more of computer software (in form of discs and diskettes) than books
and of course with outlets and terminals (visual display units) for their use by library
patrons. This obviously calls for and justifies the need for flexibility in library designs.
To achieve this, provision should be made for the present and future by using the
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principles of modular planning which allows for flexibility in the use of the interior
spaces. The design should make possible conversion of the library spaces to other
functions or purposes if the need arises. Adequate floor grids, provision of conduits for
various kinds of various transmission lines, electrical outlet throughout the building
should be considered in the design of the proposed library. The achievement of this will
produce a library that will certainly stand the test and challenges of the “unknown
future”.
However, some other areas of study that emphasis should be laid in further research of
library designs are:
That of how to guard against the tendency of people not wanting to return or
not returning materials borrowed from the library even when their particulars
might be with the library staff, in some cases, persons with ulterior motives
gives the library staff wrong personal data just in their bid not to be traced
should they not return materials borrowed from libraries.
The integration of a peoples culture in local library designs, in such a way
that an average member of the host community can benefit from the library,
and not just the literates. That is making the library an integral part of a
peoples culture.
REFERENCES
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1. American Library Association, Subcommittee For Small Libraries, Public
Libraries: “Guidelines Towards Achieving The Goals Of Public
Library Spaces” ( Chicago : The Association, 1962) P.1
2. A.S Hornby, “ Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary Of Current
English”,( Oxford : Oxford University Press) 1995, P.607
3. Barclay Ogden, “Collection Preservation In Library Building Design” At
Http://Www.Librisdesign.Org/Pdf. 2009. Pp. 6-63 As Retrieved On 20th
November 2009
4. DESIGNING A FINE LIBRARY: ‘Tools from the KLA Standards
Committee, the Regional Systems and the Kansas State Library”, at
Http://www.skyways.lib.ks.us/KLS/development.designing a fine
library.html as retrieved on 04th
November 2009.
5. ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITICANA; New Edition (London; William Benton
Publisher, 1943—1973) Volume Xi Page 851-870.
7. EVANS, EVELYN S.A.: A Tropical Library Services
Report Story on Public Libraries of Ghana, 1965.
8. MICROSOFT ENCARTA 2008
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. Barry, R. “The Construction Of Buildings”, Volume 2, 5th
Edition
(London: Blackwell Science) 1999.
2. “Blueprint for the present and future development of Ebonyi State”,
a report by Ebonyi State Development Forum May 1997.
3. “Chamber’s Encyclopedia; New Edition” (London: George Newnes
Ltd, 1959), vol. VIII.
4. De Chiara J. and Calendars, J.”TIME-SAVER STANDARDS FOR
BUILDING TYPES”, (New York: McGraw-hill publishing) 3rd
Edition, 1990.
5. Heron, M “Public Library Building in The 21st Century” South
Carolina State Library August 2004 Facilities Planning Resources.
6. Neufert, E. “Architects’ Data” (London: Blackwell Science Ltd.) 3rd
Edition.
7. Pickard, Q.” the architects’ handbook”, Iowa, Blackwell Publishing)
2002.
8. Plougaad, S.” PUBLIC LIBRARY BUILDINGS”(London:1971)
JOURNALS
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Bryson, J. et al, “libraries must also be buildings? New
library impact study” The Centre For Public Libraries
And Information In Society, Department Of Information
Studies, University Of Sheffield. March 2003.
Illuminating Engineering Society, Technical Report 8,
Lighting Of Libraries. London, 1970.
Mohrhardt, C. M and Ulveling, R. A “Public Libraries”
Architectural Record, December, 1952.
Orr J. M. Edited by Evelyn J. A Evans; “designing library
building for activity”, (London: Andie Dentsch Ltd).1975
“The New Universal Library”,(London), George Reinbird
Ltd, 1969, Vol. VIII
INTERNET SOURCES
Chinyere Nwoga,” The Book Chain In Nigeria” at
http://www.inasp.infopubs/bookchain/profiles/Nigerin as retrieved on 31st July,
2009.
“Edward Tenner” so many books, so few readers”, @
http//princetoninfo.com.com/200405/40512c03.html as retrieved on the 17th
December 2009.
http//www.archnewsnow.com/featuresfeature194.htm as retrieved 0n 28th
December 2009.
http//www.lutongov.uk/internet/leisureandculture/libraries/branchlibraries/luton
%20central%20library,htm as retrieved on the 15 January 2010.
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http//www.shouluton.com/attractions/library.html as retrieved on the 6th
January
2010.
“Sustainable Building Technical Manual” at
www.smartcommunities.ncat.org as retrieved on 15th
January 2010.
www.barnetgov.uk/cultural services/library/chipping barnet as retrieved on the
24th
January 2010.
www. Wikipedia.org as retrieved on the 24th
January 2010.
UNPUBLISHED WORKS
Ezulu E. O.”Anambra State Central Library, Enugu”. (Unpublished M.S.c
Project Report, Dept Of Architecture, University Of Nigeria, Enugu Campus)
1985.
Umoga, I.k. “Central Library For Aba”. (Unpublished M.S.c Project Report,
Dept, Architecture, University Of Nigeria, Enugu Campus) 1991.
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PERSPECTIVE VIEW
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PERSPECTIVE VIEW