old english - the university of floridaweb.clas.ufl.edu/users/drjdg/oe/pubs/oldenglishintro2.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Old English Part Tw∞
OE Practice
Fif menn s•hton uncit. Hwæ∂er wæs †¶n br•∂or? Hwæt sægde h§?
W§ nºron on Engla londe. Ic wille †æt g§ s¶en h§r. Wilt ∂ª m§ helpan?
D•∂ †æt weorc. H¶e woldon h§r cuman. Gief hit m§.
Hwæs is ∂æt cild? ˇºr wæs hire b•c. Hw¶ singe∂ ∂es monn?
Æ∂elred is ∂¶n nama. W§ sungon monige songas. Wes ∂ª beald!
Hwºr wºre ∂ª? H¶e ne sindon englas. B§o∂ g§ stille.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns in OE are s§, "that", and its forms, and †§s, "this", and its forms. The first is by far the more important since it serves also as the definite article. In demonstrative use these pronouns are stressed, hence the two forms †æt and †is come down to modern English virtually unchanged, although other case forms are lost. In definite article use, however, s§ and its forms were worn down phonetically to produce modern English "the".
Demonstrative Pronouns
Masc. Neut. Fem.
S.N. s§ ∂æt s§o
G. ∂æs ∂æs ∂ºre
D. ∂ºm, ∂∞m ∂ºm, ∂∞m ∂ºre
A. ∂one ∂æt ∂∞
I. ∂¥, ∂§, ∂on ∂¥, ∂§, ∂on
ALL GENDERS
P.N.A. ∂∞
G. ∂∞ra, ∂ºra
D.I. ∂ºm, ∂∞m
Demonstrative Pronouns
Masc. Neut. Fem.
S.N. ∂§s ∂is ∂§os
G. ∂is(s)es ∂is(s)es ∂isse, ∂eosse
D. ∂is(s)um ∂is(s)um ∂isse, ∂eosse
A. ∂isne ∂is ∂∞s
I. ∂¥s, ∂¶s ∂¥s, ∂¶s
ALL GENDERS
P.N.A. ∂∞s
G. ∂issa, ∂eossa
D.I. ∂is(s)um, ∂eos(s)um
Weak Adjectives
The WEAK declension is used primarily in four situations:
When the adjective is preceded by a demonstrative (sometimes a possessive) pronoun
In direct address
In poetry (where prose would normally use the strong forms)
In the comparative degree and often in the superlative.
Weak Adjectives
Masc. Neut. Fem.
S.N. g•da g•de g•de
G. ~an ~an ~an
D.I. ~an ~an ~an
A. ~an ~e ~an
ALL GENDERS
P.N.A. g•dan
G. ~ena, -ra
D.I. ~um
"good"
Comparatives
The majority of OE adjectives form the comparative with -ra (< *-ora) and the superlative with -ost.
Adj. Comp. Sup.
ceald cealdra cealdost "cold"
earm earmra earmost "poor"
heard heardra heardost "hard"
hlªd hlªdra hlªdost "loud"
Comparatives
A limited number of OE adjectives form the comparative with -ra (< *-ira) and the superlative with -est (<*-ist); in these cases the i causes umlaut.
Adj. Comp. Sup.eald ieldra ieldest "old"§a∂e ¶e∂ra ¶e∂est "easy"
geong giengra giengest "young"gr§at gr¶etra gr¶etest "great"h§ah h¶ehra h¶eh(e)st "high"long lengra lengest "long"
sceort sciertra sciertest "short"
Strong Adjectives
The strong (or indefinite) declensions are based upon the stem vowel system inherited from PIE.
Masc. Neut. Fem.S.N. g•d g•d g•dG. ~es ~es ~reD. ~um ~um ~reA. ~ne ~ ~eI. ~e ~e ~re
P.N.A. ~e ~ ~a, -eG. ~ra ~ra ~ra
D.I. ~um ~um ~um
wa-stems often exhibit a "w" preceded by a parasitic vowel - most
often a [!], i.e gear(o)wes "ready"
NounsLike other ancient Gmc. languages, OE had different nominal declensions based upon PIE stem.
M/N F M/N F
a-stems "stone" o-stems "gift" i-stems "sieve" i-stems "guilt"S.N.A. st∞n S.N. giefu, -o S.N.A. sife S.N. scyld
G. st∞nes A. giefe G. sifes A. scyld
D.I. st∞ne G.D.I. giefe D.I. sife G.D.I. scylde
P.N.A. st∞nas P.N.A. giefa, -e P.N.A. sifu P.N.A. scylde
G. st∞na G. giefa, -ena G. sifa G. scylda
D.I. st∞num D.I. giefum D.I. sifum D.I. scyldum
Nouns
M/F/N M F M F
n-stems "tongue" r-stems "brother" "mother" u-stems "son" "hand"S.N. tunge S.N.A. br•∂or m•dor S.N.A. sunu, -a hond
A. tungan G. br•∂or m•dor G. suna honda
G.D.I. tungan D.I. br§∂er m§der D.I. suna, -u honda
P.N.A. tungan P.N.A. br•∂or, -ru m•dru, -a P.N.A. suna, -u honda
G. tungena G. br•∂ora m•dra G. suna honda
D.I. tungum D.I. br•∂orum m•drum D.I. sunum hondum
Weak verbs
Fall into three classes:ja-class
•-class
ai-class
Weak verbs are derivative: formed from nouns, adjectives or other verbs.
d•m "judgement" + -jan > *d•mian > d§man "to judge"
cª∂ "known" + -jan > *cª∂ian > c¥∂an "to make known"
dranc (pret. of drinkan "to drink") + -jan > *drancian > drencan "to drench"
Weak Verb Conjugation
Class i Class ii Class iii
Present Present Present
SG 1 d§me SG 1 sm§age SG 1 secge
2 d§m(e)st 2 sm§ast 2 sægst
3 d§m(e)∂ 3 sm§a∂ 3 sæge∂, seg∂
PL 1-3 d§ma∂ PL 1-3 sm§g(e)a∂ PL 1-3 secga∂
SUBJ SG 1-3 d§me SUBJ SG 1-3 sm§age SUBJ SG 1-3 secge
SUBJ PL 1-3 d§men SUBJ PL 1-3 sm§agen SUBJ PL 1-3 secgen
Preterit Preterit Preterit
SG 1 d§mde SG 1 sm§ade SG 1 sægde, sºde
2 d§mdest 2 sm§adest 2 sæ(g)dest
3 d§mde 3 sm§ade 3 sæ(g)de
PL 1-3 d§mdon PL 1-3 sm§adon PL 1-3 sæ(g)don
d§man, t• d§manne - "to judge"
sm§ag(e)an, t• sm§ag(e)anne - "to consider"
secg(e)an, t• secg(e)anne - "to say"
Strong Verbs
Class IPGmc. ¶, ai, i, i
OE ¶, ∞, i, i
b¶dan, b∞d, bidon, biden "to bide"
Class IIPGmc.
eu, au, u, uOE
§o, §a, u, ocl§ofan, cl§af, clufon, clofen "to cleave"
Class IIIaPGmc.
e, a, u, uOE
i, a/o, u, ubindan, band (bond), bundon,
bunden"to bind"
Class IIIb(Breaking)
OEeo, ea, u, u
feohtan, feaht, fuhton, fohten "to fight"
Class IIIc(Pal. Inf.)
OEie, ea, u, o
gielpan, gealp, gulpon, golpen "to boast"
Class IIIdOE
e, æ, u, o∂erscan, ∂ærse, ∂urscon, ∂orscen "to thresh"
Strong Verbs
Class IVPGmc.
e, a, º, oOE
e (i), æ, º, oberan, bær, bºron, boren
niman, nam (nom), n∞mon, numen"to bear""to take"
Class VaPGmc.
e, a, º, eOE
e, æ, º, esprecan, spræc, sprºcon, sprecen "to speak"
Class Vb(Pal. Inf.)
OEie, ea, §a, ie
giefan, geaf, g§afon, giefen "to give"
Class Vc(Contr.)
OE§o, ea, º, e
s§on, seah, sºgon (sºwon), segen (sewen)
"to see"
Class Vd(-jan)
OEi, æ, º, e
licgan, læg, lºgon, legen "to lie"
Class VIPGmc.
a, •, •, aOE
a, •, •, afaran, f•r, f•ron, faren "to go, travel"
Class VIIa MixedOE
Pret. § h∞tan, h§t, h§ton, h∞ten "to call"
Class VIIbOE
Pret. §ob§atan, b§ot, b§oton, b§aten "to beat"