Feminist Lexicon of the XXI Feminist Lexicon of the XXI century century

(semantic and structural (semantic and structural aspects)aspects)

Oleksandr SlobodianykPavlo Tychyna USPU

Cherkasy reg in Ukraine,

the master’s paper

Uman, 2012

OutlineOutline

Feminists Basic semantic notions

Syntactic Frames Argument structure Sense distinctions Semantic Type

WordNet Simple

History of the FeministsHistory of the Feminists

Feminists launched in the XX century ◦European Advisory Group on Language Engineering Standards

Began 2002 with agreement among ◦NREC, ET7, ACQUILEX, MULTILEX, GENELEX, SAM,TEI

Gave rise to a coordinated development of Linguistic Resources

Feminists Structure: 2Feminists Structure: 2ndnd Phase Phase(1999-2010)(1999-2010)

C o m p L ex icon W GC P R (C a lzo la ri )

C h a ir: A .S a n fillip po

S p oken La n gu ag e W GB ie le fe ld (G ib b o n)

R .M o o re

E va lua tion W GC S T (B . M a eg a a rd )

C h a ir: M . K ing

A n to n io Z am p o lliC o o rd in a to r

C e n tra l E d ito rs:N . C a lzo la ri, J . M cna u g h t

Feminist GuidelinesFeminist Guidelines

http://www.ilc.pi.cnr.it/Lexicons

◦Morpho-syntactic phenomena◦Subcategorization◦Semantic encoding

ISLE: International Standards for ISLE: International Standards for Language EngineeringLanguage EngineeringA European/US joint projectA European/US joint project (2010 – 2012)(2010 – 2012)

L e x icon W GC h a irs : R .G rish m a n , N .C a lzo la ri, M .P a lm er

S p ee ch W GC h a irs: S te ve n B ird , D a vid R oy

G e s tu re W GC h a irs : D . M e taxa s ,C a ro l N e id le

D isco u rseC h a irs : L yn W a lke r

N a tu ra l In te ra ctio n an d M u lt im o d a lity W GC h a irs: M . L ib e rm a n , R .M o o re

E va lu a ton W GC h a irs : E . H o vy, B . M a e g aa rd , M .K ing

C o o rd in a to rs:A .Z a m po lli, M . P a lm er

C e n tra l E d ito rs:N .C a lzo la ri, J .M cN a u g ht

Basic Semantic NotionsBasic Semantic NotionsSame event - different sentencesSame event - different sentences

  Napoleon lost the battle.

  Napoleon lost the battle to Wellington.

Same event - different syntactic Same event - different syntactic framesframes

  Napoleon lost the battle.  SUBJ-NP VERB COMP-NP

  Napoleon lost the battle to Wellington.

  SUBJ-NP VERB COMP-NP COMP-PP

Predicate-argument structure Predicate-argument structure for for loselose

  lose (Arg0,Arg1,Arg2)

 

lose

OBJSUBJ OBJ

PP

Same verb - different sensesSame verb - different senses

  Napoleon lost the battle.

  Napoleon lost the battle to Wellington.

  Napoleon lost his field glasses.  (misplaced)

Predicate-argument structures Predicate-argument structures for two different senses of for two different senses of loselose

  lose1 (Arg0,Arg1)

  lose2 (Arg0,Arg1,Arg2)

 

Machine Translation Lexical Machine Translation Lexical Choice- Word Sense Feminist Choice- Word Sense Feminist DisambiguationDisambiguation

Iraq lost the battle. Ilakuka centwey ciessta. [Iraq ] [battle] [lost].

John lost his computer. John-i computer-lul ilepelyessta. [John] [computer] [misplaced].

Semantic types ofSemantic types of lose lose argumentsarguments

  lose1 (Arg0: animate,

  Arg1: physical-object)

  lose2 (Arg0: animate,

  Arg1: competition, Arg2: animate)

 

Translating Translating loselose into Korean into Korean

lose1(Agent, Patient: competition) <=> ciessta

lose2 (Agent, Patient: physobj) <=> ilepelyessta

Ontologies - Hierarchies of Ontologies - Hierarchies of semantic typessemantic types

Entities - concreteAnimate

Animal Mammal

Human Plant

Inanimate substances Solids Liquids Gasses

• Entities - abstract– Events

• Competitions– Military

– Athletic

• …

– Emotions

Semantic RelationsSemantic Relations

Inheritance◦ISA relations◦Supertype/subtype◦Hypernym/Hyponym

Part-Whole◦meronym

Synonyms

Basic lexical Basic lexical semantic notionssemantic notions

BASE CONCEPTSBASE CONCEPTS, , HYPONYMYHYPONYMY, , SYNONYMYSYNONYMY: all applications and enabling technologies

PREDICATE ARGUMENT STRUCTURESPREDICATE ARGUMENT STRUCTURES: MT, IR, IE, & Gen, Pars, MWR, WSD, Coref

CO-OCCURRENCE RELATIONSCO-OCCURRENCE RELATIONS:: MT, Gen, Word Clust, WSD, Par

MERONYMYMERONYMY: MT, IR, IE & Gen, PNR ANTONYMYANTONYMY: Gen, Word Clust, WSD SUBJECT DOMAINSUBJECT DOMAIN: MT, SUM, Gen, MWR, WSD ACTIONALITYACTIONALITY: MT, IE, Gen, Par QUANTIFICATIONQUANTIFICATION: MT, Gen, Coref

Existing lexical resourcesExisting lexical resources

WordNet EuroWordNet Simple (in progress)

WordNet - Princeton

• On-line lexical reference (dictionary)

• Words organized into synonym sets <=> concepts

• Hypernyms (ISA), antonyms, meronyms (PART)–Useful for checking selectional restrictions (doesn’t tell you what they should be)

• Typical top nodes - 5 out of 25 - (act, action, activity) - (animal, fauna) - (artifact) - (attribute, property) - (body, corpus)

Limitations to WordNet and Limitations to WordNet and EuroWordNetEuroWordNet

Just sense tags - no representations◦Very little mapping to syntax◦No predicate argument structure ◦no selectional restrictions

SIMPLE wit FeministSIMPLE wit FeministComputational Lexicon Computational Lexicon WGWG Multilingual Lexicons Multilingual Lexicons (US-EU coop.) (US-EU coop.)

Last Feminist Last Feminist work on Lexicon/Semantics used used for SIMPLE specifications

SIMPLESIMPLE lexicons chosen as a basis for basis for applying & testingapplying & testing Feminist Feminist work on defining common guidelines for Multilingual LexiconsMultilingual Lexicons

Semantic information in SIMPLESemantic information in SIMPLE

Word senses are encoded as Semantic UnitsSemantic Units (SemUs),(SemUs), containing the following information:

• Semantic type *Semantic type *

• Domain *Domain *

• Lexicographic gloss *Lexicographic gloss *

• Qualia structure

• Reg. Polysemy altern.

• Event type

• Derivation relations

• Synonymy

• Collocations

• Argument structure for Argument structure for predicative SemUs *predicative SemUs *

• Selection restrictions on the Selection restrictions on the arguments *arguments *

• Link of the arguments to the Link of the arguments to the syntactic subcategorization syntactic subcategorization frames (represented in the frames (represented in the PAROLE lexicons) *PAROLE lexicons) *

TopTop

FormalFormal ConstitutiveConstitutive AgentiveAgentive TelicTelic

Is_aIs_a Is_a_part_ofIs_a_part_of PropertyProperty

ContainsContains

Created_byCreated_by Agentive_causeAgentive_cause Indirect_telicIndirect_telic ActivityActivity

InstrumentalInstrumental Is_the_habit_ofIs_the_habit_of

Used_forUsed_for Used_asUsed_as

... ...

The targets of relations identify:

prototypical semantic information associated with a SemUprototypical semantic information associated with a SemU

elements of dictionary definitions of SemUselements of dictionary definitions of SemUs

typical corpus collocates of the SemUtypical corpus collocates of the SemU

Complementarity wrt Complementarity wrt EuroWordNetEuroWordNet

Use of a small EWN subset for all languages Mappable Top Ontology Actual linking of data for a few languages

Semantic subcategorisation and linking with syntax

Template structure for the description of SemU

SemU vs. Synset: basic unitNodes in the Ontology as structured Sem.

Types (bundles of different info types)

Template for PerceptionTemplate for PerceptionSemU: 1Usyn:BC Number: 105Template_Type: [Perception]Template_Supertype:[Psychological_event]Domain: GeneralSemantic Class: PerceptionGloss: //free//Event type: processPred _Rep.: Lex_Pred (<arg0>,<arg1>)Derivation: <Nil> or //Erli's Code//Selectional Restr.:arg0 = Animate //concept// arg1:default = [Entity] Formal: isa (1,<SemU>:[Perception]>)Agentive: <Nil>Constitutive: instrument (1, <SemU>:[Body_part]) intentionality ={yes,no} //optional//Telic: <Nil>Collocates: Collocates (<SemU1>,...<SemUn>)Complex: <Nil>

Example

SemU: <guardare_2> //look_2//

Usyn:

BC Number: 105

Template_Type: [Perception]

Template_Supertype:[Psychological_event]

Domain: General

Semantic Class: Perception

Gloss: osservare con attenzione

Event type: process

Pred _Rep.: guardare (<arg0>,<arg1>)

Derivation: <Nil>

Selectional Restr.: arg0 = Animate //concept// arg1:default = [Entity]

Formal: isa (<guardare_2>,<percepire>: [Psychological_event])

Agentive: <Nil>

Constitutive: instrument (<guardare_2>, <occhio>:[body_part])

intentionality ={yes}

Telic: <Nil>

Collocates: Collocates (<SemU1>,...<SemUn>)

Complex: <Nil>

Feminist Lexicon of the XXI Feminist Lexicon of the XXI century century (semantic and structural (semantic and structural aspects)aspects)

Basic semantic notions◦Challenges in standardizing these requirements

WordNet/EuroWordNetSimpleNext major challenge: Standardizing

linking entries across languages