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O n A r t h u r J e n s e n ' s I n t e g r i t yS A N D R A S C A R RUniversiG' of Virginia. eme rita

F e w p s y c h o l o g i s t s h a v e e n g e n d e r e d t h e c o n t r o v e r s y o r e n d u r e d t h e a b u s e t h a t A r t h u r J e n s e n h a si n th e p a s t t h re e d e c a d e s . H i s a d a m a n t a d h e r e n c e t o a h a r d - e d g e d s c i e n c e a n d a n u n c o m p r o m i s i n gp e r s o n a l i n t e g r i t y h a v e l e d t o n o t o r ie t y . A l t h o u g h t h e s e v i r t u e s m i g h t b e r e w a r d e d , i f a p p l i e d t ol e s s c o n t r o v e r s i a l to p i c s , A r t J e n s e n h a s b e e n v i l i fi e d b e c a u s e h e a p p l i e d h i s s t a n d a r d s t o t h e m o s ti m p o r t a n t a n d p a i n f u l s o c i a l i s s u e s o f o u r d a y . I n t h i s a r t i c le . 1 a d m i r e h i s e t h i c s b u t t r a c e t h e n e g -a t i v e r e a c t i o n s h e e v o k e d . H i s l e g a c y to p s y c h o l o g i c a l s c i e n c e g o e s b e y o n d i m p o r t a n t s t u d i e s o nc h o i c e r e a c t i o n t i m e s a n d i n t e l l i g e n c e , e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o n i n t e l l i g e n c e , a n d r a c e d i f f e r e n c e si n m e n t a l d e v e l o p m e n t ; A r t ] e n s e n s e t a s t a n d a r d f o r a n h o n e s t p s y c h o l o g i c a l s c i e n c e .

F o r m o r e t h a n 4 0 y e a r s , A r t h u r J e n s e n h a s u n f l in c h i n g l y s t r i v e d t o m a k e p s y c h o l o g y a nh o n e s t s c i e n c e . M y e m p h a s i s is o n b o t h w o r d s , h o n e s t , a n d s c i e n c e . F o r th i s a l o n e , ! w o u l da d m i r e h i m e n o r m o u s l y , b u t t h e r e i s m u c h m o r e t o a d m i r e a b o u t A r t ' s l i f e w o r k , w h i c hc o n t i n u e s u n a b a t e d b y h i s o f f i c i a l r e t i r e m e n t . B e s i d e s h i s i n t e l l e c t u a l m e n t o r , R o b e r tT h o r n d i k e , a n d a f e w o t h e r p i ll a r s , s u c h a s L e e C r o n b a c h , R o b e r t W o o d w o r t h , a n d L e w i sT e r m a n , A r t h u r J c n s c n ' s c o n t r ib u t i o n s t o w e r a b o v e e d u ca t i o n a l p s y c h o l o g y a n d p s y c h o -m e t r i c s .T h e S c i e n t i s t

A s h i s o w n e s s a y ( t h i s i s s u e ) d e m o n s t r a t e s , A r t r e l e n t l e s s l y p u r s u e s a h a r d - e d g e d ,h y p o t h e t i c - d e d u c t iv e s c i e n c e t h a t tr e a d s o n a m o r e e m o t i o n a l , h u m a n i s t i c p s y c h o l o g y . A r th a s n o s y m p a t h y f o r m u s h y t h i n k i n g . F o r h i m , i m p r e s s i o n s a n d f e e l i n g s a r e n o t d a t a a n dh a v e n o p l a c e in p s y c h o l o g y , b e y o n d p e r h a p s t h e h y p o t h e s i s - f o r m a t i o n s ta g e . A r t i s r u t h -l e s s ly s c i e n ti f ic : I f h y p o t h e s e s d e r i v e d f r o m a t h e o r y c a n n o t b e t e s te d b y l o g i c a l e x p e r i -m e n t a t i o n a n d d a t a a n a l y s i s , t h e th e o r y d o e s n o t d e s e r v e t o b e c a l le d p s y c h o l o g i c a l s c i e n c e .

A r t r e je c t s c o n v e n i e n t c o m p r o m i s e s a n d p o l i t ic a l ly e x p e d i e n t o b f u s c a ti o n . T h e s e v i r-t u es h a v e n o t b e e n u n i v e r s a ll y a p p r e c ia t e d . I h a v e n e v e r k n o w n h i m t o e v a d e a c o n t r o v e r s yo r m o l l i f y a n o p p o n e n t , w h e n t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l s t a k e s a r e h i g h . O u t s p o k e n a n d b k ~ d l e s s l yc a h n i n t h e f a c e o f t h re a t s , A r t c o n f r o n t s t h e m o s t e m o t i o n a l c r i t i c s w i t h l o g i c a l a r g u m e n ta n d p o l i t e d i s d a i n . H e r e m a i n s a g n o s t i c w h e r e d a t a d o n o t d r i v e h i m t o a c o n c l u s i o n , a n dD i r e c t a l l c o r r e s p o n d e n c e t o: S a n d r a S c a n ' . 7 7 - 6 3 8 4 H a l a w a i S t r e e t, K a i l u a K o n a , H I 9 6 7 4 0 < S a n d r a S -car(,'~aol.com>.I N T E I , L I G E N C E 2 6 (3 ) : 2 2 7 - 2 3 2 C o p y r i g h t ~ 1 9 9 8 b y A b l e x P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t io nI S S N : 0 1 6 0 - 2 8 9 6 A l l r i g h t s o f r e p r o d u c t i o n i n a n y f o m a r e s e r v e d .

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h i s a g n o s t i c i s m o n m a t t e r s o f t e s t b i a s , I Q t e s t i n g , a n d r a c ia l d i f f e r e n c e s i n " 'g'" h a s c o s t h i md e a r l y . E v e n w i t h h i s b a c k t o t h e w a l l . h e c o n t i n u e s t o p r o c l a i m t h e f a c t s , a s h e s e e s t h e m .

H e e x p o s e s i n t e l l e c t u a l d i s h o n e s t y i n w h o m e v e r h e f i n d s i t , a n d t h e s e i s p l e n t y o fi n t e l le c t u a l d i s h o n e s t y t o f i n d a m o n g o u r P o l i t i c a l l y C o r r e c t c o l l e a g u e s . A r t i s a n i m p o r t a n tp l a y e r i n b a t t l e s a g a i n s t t h e k i n d o f n a i v e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s m t h a t h a s s q u a s h e d c o n s t r u c t i v e ,s c i e n t i fi c c o n t r i b u t io n s f r o m p s y c h o l o g i s t s t o t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t e d u c a t i o n a l i s s u e s o f o u rt i m e . f r o m H e a d S t ar t t o s p e c i a l e d u c a t i o n t o u n i v e r s i t y e n t r a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s . A l t h o u g hw e a r e b o t h i n f a m o u s [ 'o r e x p o s i n g n a k e d E m p e r o r s . I m a y b e j u s t a t i n y b it m o r e t o l e r a n to f th e b le e d i n g - h e a r t s a m o n g u s - - a w e a k n e s s t h at h a s s a v e d m e f ro m m u c h o f t h e a b u s eh e h a s s u f f e r e d .R e s e a r c h C o n t r i b u t i o n s

A r t ' s o w n s t u di e s o f l e a rn i n g p r o c e s s e s a n d " g '" u n w a v e r i n g l y | o l l o w m o d e l s d e r i v e df r o m p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e s . P s y c h o l o g i c a l s c i e n c e c o n s i s t s o f r i g o r o u s e x p e r i m e n t s , p s y c h o -m e t r i c a l l y c r e d i b l e t e s ts , a n d s o p h i s t i c a t e d d a t a a n a l y s e s . H e i s a n t m a p o l o g e t i c r e d t , c t i o n -i st . w h o b e l i e v e s t ha t c o m p l e x p r o c e s s e s w i ll a l w a y s b e e x p l a i n a b l e i n s i m p l e r , c o m p o n e n tt e r m s .

F o r A r t . m i n d i s n o m o r e t h a n b r a i n c h e m i s t r y . I n t h i s b e li e f , h e c l e a r l y r e j e c t s s y s t e m st h e o r i e s a n d c o g n i t i v e t h e o r i e s o f m i n d , i n f a v o r o f m e c h a n i s t i c , p h y s i c a l m o d e l s . F o r t h o s ew h o b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e w h o l e m a y b c m o r e t h a n t h e s u m o f i t s c o m p o n e n t p a r t s , e s p e c i a l l yi n b i o l o g i c a l s y s t e m s , a n d t h a t e x p e r i e n c e i s c o n s t r u c t e d b y m i n d s , A r t ' s s t r i c t a d h e r e n c eto p h y s i c al s c i e n c e m o d e l m a y s e e m a n a c h r o n i st i c.

D e t e r m i n e d a n d p e r s i s te n t , A r t f o l l o w e d s e v e r a l l i n e s o f r e s e a r c h o n l e a r n i n g a n din te l l igence . T o m y m i n d . h i s t h r e e m o s t i m p o r t a , l t r e s e a r c h c o n t r i b u t i o n s a r e :

1. T h e e l e g a n t s e r i e s o f si t ,d i e s o n r e a c t i o n t i m e s i n c o m p l e x , c h o i c e t a s k s ;2 . l l is st u d i e s o f o l d e r a n d y o t , n g e r s i b l in g s i n C a l i f o r n i a a n d G e o r g i a t o te s t c o m -

p e t i n g g e n e t i c a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l h y p o t h e s e s a b o u t r a c i a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n I Q ; a n d3 . T h e c l e v e r c o n s t r t | c t v a l i d i t y s t t, d ie s , m a t c h i n g t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f y o u n g e r W h i t e

c h i l d r e n t o t h at o f o l d e r B l a c k c h i l d re n o n t a s k s w h e r e B l a c k - W h i t e d i f f e r e n c e a r em o s t p r o m i n e n t .

I l l t h e s e r ie s o f s t u d i e s o n r e a c t i o n t im e s , h e s h o w e d t h a t b r a i n f u n c t i o n s - - s p e e d , r e l i -a b i l i t y , a n d c a p a c i t y - - c a n b e m e a s u r e d i n s e e m i n g l y s i m p l e r e a c t i o n t i m e t a s k s t h a t a r ei m p o r t a n t l y r e l a t e d t o p s y c h o m e t r i c "'g '" a n d b y e x t e n s i o n t o m a n y f o r m s o f a c a d e m i c a n do t h e r l i f e a c h i e v e m e n t s . D e s p i t e c a r p i n g b y c r i t ic s f r o m t h e n a r r o w w o r l d o f e x p e r i m e n t a lp s y c h o k ) g y , A r t s h o w e d r e a l - l if e i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r l a b o r a t o r y t a s k s th a t h e r e t o f o r e h a d g o n eu n n o t i c e d , e x c e p t a m o n g l a b o r a t o r y p s y c h o l o g i s t s . ( I w a s t h e s e i n B r i t a i n w h e r e t h e m o c k -i n g o f s o m e l e a r n i n g r e s e a r c h e r s w a s e x t r e m e l y d i s t a s t e fu l t o a l l b u t th e n a s t i e s t h i g h - t a b l ef ix ) I s . ) I n charac te r i s t i c lh s h ion . A r t ignored the a d h m n i n e m s l u r s a n d p e r s i s t e d t o s h o wh o w i m p o r t a n t t h e i r s e e m i n g l y t r i v i a l t a s k s r e a l l y w e r e . A r t s u c c e e d c d i n g i v i n g p s y c h ( ) -m e t r i c "'g'" s o m e i m p o r t a n t p h y s i c a l c o r r e l a t e s ( h e m i g h t s a y p h y s i c a l b a s e s , b u t ! w o n ' t g ot h a t f a r) . T h a t l i n e o f r e s e a r c h h a s m a n y m o r e m i l e s to g o .

C l o s e r t o m y i n t e r e s t s , i n t h e s e c o n d e x a m p l e . A r t s a w a n o p p o r t t m i t y f o r a n a t u r a l l yo c c u r r i n g e x p e r i m e n t - - t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f o l d e r a n d y o u n g e r s i b li n g s, a s a te s t o f c o m p e t -

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ing theories about the origins of racial differences in IQ. He reasoned logically (as always)that if environmental deprivations were responsible for lower test scores of Blacks, thenthe longer children were exposed to such environments, the more they would lag behindtest norms: that is. the lower their IQ scores would become. Older siblings have longerexposure to such deprivations; hence, they ought to score lower on IQ and standardizedachievement test than their younger sibs. If. on the other hand. genetic differences were pri-marily responsible for Black-White differences, than no older-younger sibling differencesshould be observed. Among Berkeley. CA school children, no older-younger sibling differ-ences on tests were observed. [n poverty-stricken, rural Georgia. however, the environ-mentally predicted declines in test scores were found.

More developmental psychologists are embarrassingly glib on racial differences: Anyobserved Black-White difference must be due to "'racism." social disadvantage, and otherneighborhood and school features, because they correlate with [Q. By using sibling com-parisons. Art showed that such excuses (i refuse to call them explanations) were not true inBerkeley. where exposure to the mainstream culture is extensive for even the poorestminority children, whereas in rural Georgia. restriction of learning opportunities explainedthe sibling IQ differences. These stt,dies showed that in really deprived rearing circum-stances, even Art Jenscn can find environmental effects! Kidding aside, these studies ofsibling differences in IQ are all the more inlportant because Art did them. One can onlyhope his critics will remember to attribt,te them to him.

The sit,dies of sibling IQ differences in Calilt~rnia and Georgia helped me tt~ thinkabout what kinds of enviromncnts have negative effects on intellcctual development andwh ich do no t . On r own adop t ion s tud ies f o tmd tha t ch i ld ren adop ted in in fancy in to wo rk -ing c lass fam i l ies ach ieved IQ leve ls as h igh as adoptees reared in p r iv i leg ed pro fess ion a lf am i l i es , whe reas b io log ica l o f f sp r ing o f such fam i l i es d i f f e red by I0 IQ po in t s , on ave r -age . C lea r l y , genes we re the m a jo r cause o f soc ia l c lass d if f e rences in IQ , no t whe the r p a r -ents take their children to ball games or museums, or whether they listen to Country &Western tunes or to Mozart (take that. Art-the-mr,sic-snob). These rest, Its, and Ar t's siblingstudies, led me to stand up t'(+r "good-era)ugh parents," who provide loving support andlearning oppontmities, but not necessarily those the intelligentsia value most. My proposal,that most parents are "'good enough" at child rearing to support their children becoming thebest they can be. provoked PC colleagues to attack me as anti-child wellare, because surelyevery child needs to have parents just like them to become the best (their self-serving snob-bery is appalling and unrecognized).

Since our working class Midwesterners were doing as good a job with their adoptedchildren as their highly educated compatriots, my conclusion about "'good enough" parentsis logically inescapable. So is the conclusion from Art's research; to wit. the African-American families in California did expose their children to learning opportunities suffi-cient to maintain their intellectual growth over the school years, The fact that their IQ testscores lagged behind those of Whites is not likely to be explained by differences in learningopportt, nitics.

An interesting parallel to this work is our longi tudinal study of interracial adoptees. Atthe average of 7 years, the African-American adopted children scored 106. I on IQ tests. Bythe average age of 18 however, their IQ scores had declined to 96.8. Children with oneWhite and one Black parent scored, on average. 109.0 at age 7 and 98.5 at age 18; childrenwith two Black parents (and later adoptive placements) scored 96.8 at age 7 and 89.4 at age

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230 SC AR R1 8. T h e t es t p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e B l a c k / B l a c k a d o p t e e s w a s n o t d if f e r en t f r o m t h at o f o r d i -n a r y B l a c k c h i ld r e n r e a r e d b y t h e i r o w n f a m i l i e s in th e s a m e a r e a o f th e c o u n t r y . M y c o l -l e a g u e s a n d I r e p o r t e d t h e d a t a a c c u r a t e l y a n d a s f u l l y a s p o s s i b l e , a n d t h e n t r ie d t o m a k et h e re s u l t s p a la t a b l e t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y c o m m i t t e d c o l l e a g u e s . I n r e t r o s p e c t , th i s w a s am i s t a k e . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e t r a n s r a c i al a d o p t i o n s t u d y c a n b e u s e d t o s u p p o r t e i t h e r a g e n e t i cd i f f e r e n c e h y p o t h e s i s o r a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l d i f f e r e n c e o n e ( b e c a u s e t h e c h i l d re n h a v e v i s i-b l e A f r i c a n a n c e s t r y ) . W e s h o u l d h a v e b e e n a g n o s t i c o n t h e c o n c l u s i o n s ; A r t w o u l d h a v eb e e n .

A l e ss r e c o g n i z e d l i n e o f r e s e a r c h , a n d o n e w i t h g r e a t i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r d e v e l o p m e n t a lp s y c h o l o g y , is Art's u s e o f y o u n g e r W h i t e c h i l d r e n t o m o d e l t h e te st p e r f o r m a n c e o f o l d e rB l a c k c h il d r e n . B y s h o w i n g t h a t r e s p o n s e a n d e r r o r p a tt e r n s o f B l a c k c h i l d r e n m a t c h e d , o na v e r a g e , t h o s e o f W h i t e c h i l d r en t w o y e a r s y o u n g e r . A r t di d m o r e t h a n c h a l l e n g e t h e t es t-b i a s li te r at u re . H e s h o w e d t h at d i f fe r e n c e s i n te s t p e r f o r m a n c e a m o n g a g e - m a t c h e d W h i t ea n d B l a c k c h i ld r e n c a n b e m o s t s i m p l y e x p l a i n e d a s d i f f e r e n c e s i n r a t es o f m e n t a l d e v e l o p -m e n t . T h e i m p l i c i t a n a l o g y t o p h y s i c a l g r o w t h i s p o w e r f n l : S l o w e r g r o w t h r a t e s o v e r t h es a m e l e n g t h o f t i m e l e a d t o le s s e r fi n al a t t a i n m e n t s , w h e t h e r o n e i s s p e a k i n g o f h e i g h t o r o fi n t e ll i g e n c e . T h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f th e s e s t u d i e s a r e t r u l y f r i g h t e n i n g , b u t A r t d o e s n o t f l in c h .! h a v e y e t t o s ee t h e s e f i n d i n g s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n to i n t r o d u c t o r y p s y c h o l o g y t e x t b o o k s o rd e v e l o p m e n t a l t e x t s , h o w e v e r , s o th e w r a t h o f P o l it i c a ll y C h a l l e n g e d h a s n o t r a i n e d d o w no n h i m y c t .S c h o l a r l y R e v i e w s

A m o n g h i s m a n y w o r k s , t h o s e t ha t w il l b e m o s t w i d e l y ci te d a n d r e m e m b e r e d a r c h isr i g o r o u s r e v i e w s o f d a t a o n t e s t b ia s , e v i d e n c e f i)r t h e " g " i n g e n e r a l i n t e l li g e n c e , a n dr e v i e w s o f r e s e a rc h o n g r o u p d i f f e r e n c e s i n I Q im d a c h i e v e m e n t . I n s c h o l a r l y y e t a c c e s s i b l ep r o s e , Art t el ls c o h e r e n t s t o r e s t h a t m a k e t h e b e st s e n s e o f c o m p l e x t h e o r i e s a n d d a ta .A l o n g t h e w a y , h e r e f u te s t h e m a n y a d h o c c l a i m s a b o u t t e s t b i a s , d i s p o s e s o f t h e o r i e s o fm u l t i p l e i n t e l l i g e n c e s , a n d l a y s w a s t e t o n a iv e e n v i r o n m e n t a l t h e o r i e s o f r ac e a n d s o c i a lc l a ss d i f f e re n c e s in ed u c a t i o n : d a c h i e v e m e n t s . I n a d o z e n i m p r e s s iv e b o o k s a n d h u n d r e d so f a rt i cl e s , s p a n n i n g 3 0 y e a r s , A r t h a s b r o u g h t u n c o m p r o m i s i n g l o g i c a n d s c i e n t if i c r i g o rt o th e m o s t c o n t r o v e r s i a l t o p i c s o f o u r a g e .

I n m y l a s t t e r m a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f V i r g i n i a , I ta t tg h t a n u n d e r g r a d u a t e c o u r s e o n i n t e l-l i ge nc e . The t e x t w i t s Bias in Men t a l Testing.At f i r s t , s o m e s t u d e n t s w e r e s u r p r i s e d a n de v e n a l a r m e d t h at n in n y o f t he ir a s s i g n m e n t s w e r e d r a w n f r o m a b o o k b y t h a t in f a m o u s D r .J e n s e n . B u t t h e y c a m e t o a p p r e c i a t e t h e s e r i o u s n a t u r e o f th e b o o k a n d its h e l p f u l c h a p t e r son t e s t i ng , va l i d i t y , r e l i a b i l i t y , a nd po t e n t i a l b i a s e s i n me n t a l t e s ts . B y the e nd o f t he s e m e s -t e r, th e y f e l t t h e y h a d a c c o m p l i s h e d s e v e r a l f e a t s - - t o h a v e r e a d n e a r l y a ll o f t h e 7 0 0 +p a g e s a n d t o h a v e p a s s e d t e s t s o n t h e c o n t e n t . A n o t h e r a c c o m p l i s h m e n t w i t s t h e i r o p e nm i n d s a b o u t t h e c o n t e n t a n d t h e a u t h o r, w h o m t h e y c a m e t o a d m i r e . I t ' s a sp l e n d i d b o o k .N o t o r i e t y

A r t s e em s t o h a v e b e e n g e n u i n e l y s u r p r is e d b y t h e n o t o r i e t y h e a t t a in e d f r o m h i s w r i t -i ngs o l l r ac e and IQ . O the r s c anno t unde r s tand h i s s u r p r i s e . When one l obs hand g r enadesa t th e i n t e l l ig e n c e a n d p o t e n t i a l a c h i e v e m e n t s o f o t h e rs , o n e s h o u l d a n t ic i p a t e a v i o l e n tr e a c t i o n . F o r A r t t o s a y t h a t o n l y 5 % o f t h e H a r v a r d E d u c a t i o n R e v i e w a r t i c l e c o n c e r n e d

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J E N S E N ' S I N T E G R I T Y 2 31

r a c i a l d i f f e r e n c e i n I Q i s l i k e s a y i n g t h e o n l y p r o b l e m L i n c o l n h a d i n t h e t i m e h e a t t e n d e dF o r d ' s t h e a t e r w a s t h e s p li t s e c o n d h e w a s s h o t . S o m e h o w , th e p e r c e n t a g e i s n o t th e c ri t ic a li s s ue i n e i t he r c a s e .

A n t i c i p a t e d o r n o t . th e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f h is n o t o r i e ty w e r e s e v e r e a n d p r o l o n g e d . F e wc a n c l a i m t o b e , o r t o h a v e b e e n , a s s o r e l y t e s t e d a s A r t h a s b e e n i n d e f e n s e o f p s y c h o l o g ya s a s c i e n c e . ! h a v e w i t n e s s e d h i s s te a d f a s t n e s s i n t h e f a c e o f a s c r e a m i n g , u n r u l y m o b w h od i s r u p t e d h i s l e c t u r e o n l e a r n i n g a n d i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d t h r e a t e n e d h i s p e r s o n a l s a f e t y . Il e a r n e d w h a t i t w a s l ik e t o b e s p a t u p o n a n d t o p u t m y b o d y o n t h e l in e t o g e t A r t o u t o f aU n i v e r s i t y o f M i n n e s o t a a u d i t o r i u m . I t w a s s h o c k i n g a n d f r i g h t e n i n g , a s s u r e l y t h e r a d ic a l si n t e n d e d , b u t i t w a s m o s t o f al l in f u r i a t in g , b e c a u s e n o d i s c i p li n a r y a c t i o n s w e r e t a k e na g a i n s t th o s e w h o a s s a u l te d u s . T h o s e w e r e th e w o n d e r f u l 1 9 7 0 s.

A s h e m e n t i o n s i n h i s e s s a y ( th i s i s s u e ), h i s a u t o m o b i l e t ir e s w e r e s l a s h e d , p o l i c e h a dt o o p e n h i s m a i l , a n d h i s o f f i c e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a - B e r k e l e y w a s s t r i p p e d b a r et o p r o t e c t h i m f r o m a p o t e n t i a l b o m b . A r t ' s o f f i c e a t B e r k e l e y w a s m o r e l i k e a S a n Q u e n t i nc e l l t h a n a t y p i c a l l y c l u t t e r e d f a c u l t y o f f i c e . H i s f a m i l y w a s t h r e a t e n e d , a n d h i s p e r s o n a lf r e e d o m s s e r i o u s l y c o m p r o m i s e d - - a l l b e c a u s e h e r ep o r t ed h i s c o n c l u s i o n s a b o u t g e n e t i c sa nd IQ , ba s e d o i l a s e r i ou s s c i e n t i f i c r e v i e w o f the r e s e a rc h l i te ra t u re.

B y h i s o w n a c c o u n t , h e i s n o e x t ra v e r t , N o r . I m a y a d d , d i d w a r m t h a n d h u m o r s o f t e nt h e a c r i m o n i o u s e x c h a n g e s h c h a d w i t h h o s t il e a u d i e n c es . O n e m i g h t a l s o o b s e r v e t h a ti n s i g h t i n t o h i s v i o l e n t , e n r a g e d o p p o n e n t s w a s l a c k i n g . T h e l o g i c a l , u n e m o t i o n a l D r .J e n s e n w o u l d n e v e r b e h a v e in s u ch a n u n c i v i li z e d m a n n e r , n o r c o m p r e h e n d t h o s e w h o d o .

A r t h as a l s o e n d u r e d a b u s e f r o m t h u g s w i t h p e n s i n s te a d o f m e g a p h o n e s . P e r s o n a l l y , Ih a v e n o e m p a t h y f o r p o l i ti c a l ly d r i v e n l ia r s, w h o d i s t o r t s c i e n ti f i c f a c ts in a m i s g u i d e d a n dc o n d e s c e n d i n g e f f o r t t o p r o t e c t a n i m p o s s i b l e m y t h a b o u t h u m a n e q u a l i t y ( = i d e n t i t y ) . A r tb e l ie v e s h e u n d e r s t a n d s t h e m o t i v e s o f t h e M a r c u s F c l d m a n s , S t e v e n J a y G o u l d s , a n d L e o nK a m i n s o f t h e in t e ll e c tu a l w o r l d . T h e y s e e m t o s p e a k h i s l a n g u a g e , a l b e i t w i t h f o r k e dt o n g u e s . I f i n d t h e m d e s p i c a b l e , b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e t h e k n o w l e d g e a n d i n t e l l e c t t o k n o wt h a t t h e y d e l i b e r a t e l y c o r r u p t s c i e n c e . T o d e n y f a l se l y t h e s c ie n t i f ic e v i d e n c e t h a t n e a r l y a llm e a s u r a b l e h u m a n t r a i t s a re m t x l e r a t c l y t o h i g h l y h e r i ta b l e i s t o d e n y p a r e n t s a n d p o l i c ym a k e r s e s s e n t i a l k n o w l e d g e t o r u n t h e i r o w n l i v e s a n d t h e s o c i e t y a s a w h o l e . S e l f -a p p o i n t e d s a v i o r s o f th e e q u a l it y m y t h a r e f a r m o r e d a n g e r o u s t o a n h o n e s t p s y c h o l o g i c a ls c i e n c e th :m a h u n d r e d o u t r a g e d g r o u p i e s w h o d o n ' t k n o w t h at th e l e ct u re w a s s u p p o s e d t ob e a b o u t , a n y w a y .

A l l i n a l l, w i t h c l e a r c o n s c i e n c e , A r t s ta n d s u p f o r d a t a, s e a r c h e s f o r th e m o s t l o g i c a la n d s u p p o r t a b l e e x p l a n a t i o n s , a n d r e j e c t s al l o f t h e a d h o m i n e m g a r b a g e t h r o w n h is w a y .

I d i d o b s e r v e a h u m o r o u s e p i s o d e w i th t h e n o t o r i o u s A r t h u r J e ns e n . W h i l e a t Y o r kU n i v e r s i t y , w e t o o k a l i t t l e s t r o l l t o a n e i g h b o r h o o d s h o p , w h e r e a n o t h e r c u s t o m e r a s k e dm e i f w e w e r e f r o m t h e c o n f e r e n c e o n i n t e ll i g e n c e . S h e h a d h e a r d t h a t t h e te r r ib l e A r t h u rJ e n s e n w a s t h e r e . "1 c a n ' t u n d e r s t a n d h o w t h e y c o u l d h a v e l e t h i m in th e c o u n t r y ! , " sh ep r o c l a i m e d , W i t h A r t s t a n d i n g m u t e l y a t n ay s i d e , I t o l d h e r t h a t D r . J e n s e n w a s i n d e e dp r e s e n t . " 'I s h e a s a w f u l a s t h e y s a y ? , " s h e a s k e d . " ' O h y e s , " I s ai d , " d r e a d f u l ! " A t l e a s t t h a t ' st he wa y I r e c a l l i t .

A r t J e n s e n ' s c o n t r i b u ti o n t o p s y c h o l o g i c a l s c i e n c e a re e n o r m o u s , a n d t h e y c o n t i n u e t om o t m t . H i s w o r k i n c l u d e s t h e i m p e c c a b l e t o m e o n t e s t b i a s , t h e m o s t t h o u g h t f u l r e s e a r c ho n l e a r n i n g a n d i n t e l li g e n c e , a n d s o m e c r it i c al s t u d i e s o n r a c e a n d e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e m a s -s i v e b c xt y o f w o r k w i l l p e r s is t f o r g e n e r a t i o n s o f p s y c h o l o g i s t s . Y e t , I b e l i e v e t h a t h i s m o s t

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i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n i s i n t el l ec t u a l h o n e s t y a n d i n t e g r it y t o a p s y c h o l o g i c a l s c i e n c e t h a ti s t h r e a t e n e d w i t h P o l i t i c a l l y C o r r e c t c o r r u p t i o n . A r t h a s n o t k n o w n h o w t o b e p o l i t i c a l l ye x p e d i e n t , o r t o c o u c h h i s i d e a s i n s t w t h i n g t e r m s , s o t h a t h e h as o f t e n s u f f e r e d a c a d e m i cr e j e c ti o n . B u t m o s t p e o p l e h e a r d y o u . A r t , a n d t h e y r e m e m b e r , e v e n i f t h e y d i d n o t l i ke t h em e s s a g e . B o t h i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e o f a c a d e m i a , y o u r i n t e l le c t u a l ly h o n e s t l e g a c y w i l l p r e -va i l .