on reservation-based mac protocol for ieee 802.11 wireless ad hoc networks with directional antenna...
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On Reservation-Based MAC Protocol On Reservation-Based MAC Protocol for IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ad Hoc for IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ad Hoc Networks With Directional AntennaNetworks With Directional Antenna
Author : Author :
Jin-Jia Chang, Jin-Jia Chang, StudentStudent Member, IEEEMember, IEEE
Wanjiun Liao, Wanjiun Liao, Fellow, IEEEFellow, IEEE
Jiunn-Ru Lai, Jiunn-Ru Lai, Member, IEEEMember, IEEE
Speaker : Huei-Rung TsaiSpeaker : Huei-Rung Tsai
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2011IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2011
OutlineOutline
• Introduction
• Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
• Goals
• RDMAC Protocol
• Performance Evaluation
• Conclusions
IntroductionIntroduction
• The antenna of wireless network device – Omnidirectional antennas
– Directional antennas
• The advantage of using directional antennas– Reduce the interference problem
– Reduce energy consumption
– Increase the network throughput (spatial reuse)
RR
IntroductionIntroduction
• The communication condition of directional antennas – Data-link layer
– Physical layer
TT RR TT
Data-link LayerData-link Layer Physical LayerPhysical Layer
IntroductionIntroduction
• In the IEEE 802.11– Collision avoidance
• Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)
– Hidden terminal problem• RTS/CTS exchange before each data transmission
– For omnidirectional antenna system
• In directional antenna system– New problems of location-dependent carrier sensing
• Directional hidden terminal problem
• Deafness problem
AA BBDATA
RTSC
IntroductionIntroduction
• Several protocols have been proposed to solve the location dependent carrier-sensing problem
[3] T. Korakis, G. Jakllari, and L. Tassiulas, “A MAC protocol for full exploitation of directional antennas in ad hoc wireless networks,” in Proc. ACM MobiHoc, 2003, pp. 98–107.
• Circular directional RTS/CTS
[4] H. Gossain, C. Cordeiro, and D. P. Agrawal, “MDA: An efficient directional MAC scheme for wireless ad hoc networks,” in Proc. IEEE Globecom, 2005, p. 3637.
• Diametrically opposite directional RTS/CTS
• Criticism–Every node known the location information of its neighbor in a priori
–Do not take into account the effect of the minor-lobe problem
Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional AntennasMinor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
• Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
Main-lobe
Minor-lobes
Back lobe
Side lobe
• Interference From Minor Lobes
Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional AntennasMinor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
TT RR
NN
• Interference From Minor Lobes– When transmitter’s main lobe overlaps with receiver’s minor lobe, the
node pair is regarded as within the interference
Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional AntennasMinor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
RR
InterferenceTT
• Interference From Minor Lobes
Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional AntennasMinor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
NN
TT RR TT RR
NN
Interference
Interference
Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional AntennasMinor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
• Mitigating Interference From Minor Lobes– Virtual Carrier Sensing (VCS)
– Physical Carrier Sensing (PCS)
• VCS in Practical Directional Antenna Systems– Requires successfully decoding frames
– VCS cannot identify the existence of minor lobes
Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional AntennasMinor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
TT RR
Safe !!NN
Minor-Lobe Problem in Directional AntennasMinor-Lobe Problem in Directional Antennas
• PCS in Practical Directional Antenna Systems– Energy-detection-based mechanism
– When the signal strength exceeds a threshold, then we consider that existence of an ongoing transmission
• PCS is faster and more sensitivity than VCS, but when a node detects no signal, it doesn’t mean that it is real safe
GoalsGoals
• Propose a MAC protocol called reservation-based directional medium access control (RDMAC), solved these problems– Location-dependent carrier sensing
– Minor-lobe interference
• RDMAC can operate without – Prior information on neighboring nodes’ location
– Centralized synchronization mechanism
AssumptionAssumption
• The network environment exist two kinds of node– Omnidirectional antenna nodes
– RDMAC nodes
• Each RDMAC node can display two kinds of transmission– Omnidirectional transmission (ORTS/OCTS)
– Directional transmission (DRTS/DCTS/DDATA/DACK)
• Each RDMAC node maintains three table – Network access vector (NAV) table
– Directional network access vector (DNAV) table
– Neighbor table
RDMAC protocolRDMAC protocol
EE
DDCC
Omnidirectional antenna nodes
RDMAC node
FF
BB
ORTS:•Notify receiver node and neighboring node
DRTS:•Let neighboring nodes test the antenna gain threshold
OCTS:•Response transmitter node •Notify the direction of the antenna beam to transmitter and neighboring node
DRTS DCTS
ORTS OCTS
AA
Contention PeriodContention Period
Contention PeriodContention Period
RDMAC protocolRDMAC protocol
EE
DDCC
Omnidirectional antenna nodes
RDMAC node
FF
BBAA
DRTS DCTS
ORTS OCTS
RDMAC protocolRDMAC protocol
EE
DDCC
Omnidirectional antenna nodes
RDMAC node
FF
BBAA
Transmission PeriodTransmission Period
DDATA
DDATA
RDMAC protocolRDMAC protocol
EE
DDCC
Omnidirectional antenna nodes
RDMAC node
FF
BBAA
Transmission PeriodTransmission Period
DACK
DACK
RDMAC protocolRDMAC protocol
A
ContentionPeriod(tCP)
TransmissionPeriod(tTP)
B
C
D
E
F
OROR
OCOC
NAV
DRDR
DCDC
NAV
NAV
NAV
OROR
OCOC
DRDR
DCDC
Back off
DDATADDATA
DDATADDATA
DACKDACK
DACKDACK
time
RDMAC protocolRDMAC protocol
A
ContentionPeriod(tCP)
TransmissionPeriod(tTP)
B
C
D
E
F
Free Period(tFP)
NAV
NAV
NAV
NAV
OROR
OCOC
DATADATA
ACKACK
NAV
NAV
OROR
OCOC
time
Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation
• Evaluate the performance result through ns-2 simulations
Static nodes 50
Area 2000 × 2000 m2
Frame size 1460 Byte
Physical data rate 54 Mb/s
Transmission range 250 m
Sidelobe beamwidth main beamwidth × 2
Backlobe beamwidth main beamwidth × 1
Interference range main beamwidth × 2
DIFS 28 μs
Contention period 500 μs
Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation
Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation
Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation
Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation
Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation
ConclusionsConclusions
• This paper proposed a new MAC mechanism called RDMAC for IEEE 802.11 DCF-based multihop wireless networks with directional antennas– Reduce the location-dependent carrier-sensing
– Reduce the interference problems caused by minor lobes
– Eliminates the requirements of a centralized synchronization mechanism and prior location information on neighboring nodes