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Chapter 12: NOUN CLAUSES

12.1. Noun clauses beginning with a question word- Question words (when, where, how, who, whom, whose, which, what)- When dung- Who dng thay thcho mt danh t chngi, v lm chc nng ch t. i t ny

khng th c gii tng trc

Ex:

The person who phoned me last night is my teacher . (who lm ch tcho ng t

phoned)

Ngi gi in thoi cho ti ti qua l thy ti.

- Whom dng thay thcho mt danh t chngi v lm chc nng tc t. Ngoi ra it ny cn c th c gii tng trc

Ex:

a) The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher . (whom lm tc tcho ng tphoned, I lm ch t)

Ngi m ti gi in thoi ti qua l thy ti.

b) The man with whom she lives is her father-in-law . (gii twith ng trc whom)Ngi n ng m c y sng chung l ba chng.

- Whose dng ch s s hu ca mt ngi/vt. i t ny khng th c gii tngtrc

Ex:

a) Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra . (whose ch s s hu)Nhng sinh vin m cha m ca h giu c s tr nhiu hn.

b) They meet in an old house, whose basement has been converted into a chapel .H gp nhau mt cn nh c k, ci nh m tng hm ca n c thay i thnh

mt nh nguyn.

- Which dng thay thcho mt danh t ch vt/con vt, c th lm chc nng ch t haytc t. Ngoi ra i t ny cn c th c gii tng trc

Ex:

a) The car which hit me was yellow . (lm ch tcho ng thit)Xe hi ng ti mu vng.

b) The car which I drive is old . (lm tc t, I lm ch t)Xe hi m ti li c ri.

c) The police are looking for the car of which the driver was masked . (gii tof ngtrc i twhich)

Cnh st ang tm ci xe m ngi li xe mang mt n.

12.2. Noun clauses beginning with whetherorif- Khi i 1 cu hi yes/no sang mnh danh t th whetheror ifc dng mu

mnh danh t

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- Ex: Will she come? I wonder whether she will come I wonder if she will come I wonder whether or not she will come I wonder whether she will come or not I wonder if she will come or not

12.3. Noun clauses beginning with that- Thatkhi c dng trong mnh danh t, n khng mang ngha no ht m chn gin

n dng sau n l 1 mnh danh t. (a)

- Thatthnh thong cng c lc btrong cu (c bit khi giao tip).(b)Ex: He is a good actor

I think thathe is a good actor. (a) I think he is a good actor. (b)

- Cc dng th hin ca thattrong noun clause: that, the fact that

Ex: You worked well thatmake me happy.

That/The fact that youworked well make me happy. It + be + adj + (that) + Noun clauses (NC)

Ex: It is true (that) we always swim in deadlines.

It + Linking Verb(seen, look, smell, taste, fell,...) + adj + NCEx: It looks good (that) you wear this dress.

12.4. Using the subjunctive in noun clauses- The subjunctive (ginh) l cch dng 1 ng t dng nguyn mu. Cc ng t ny

khng c dng hin ti, qu kh, hoc tng lai, k c ko c s nhiu hay s t

- Cu c dng ng t dng ginh thng dng nhn mnh squan trng hoc khncp

Negative form (dng phnh): not + simple form (dng n n gin)Ex: I recomended that she notto go to the concert.

Passive form (dng bng): simple form ofbe + past participleEx: It is important that they be toldthe truth

- Cc ng t v cch th hin m theo sau n l ginh trong mnh quan hAdvise (that) propose(that) it is essential (that) it is critical (that)

Ask (that) recommend (that) it is imperative (that) it is vital (that)

Demand (that) request (that) it is important (that) it is necessary (that)

Insist (that) suggest (that)

12.5. Using everwords

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nhn mnh cc i twho, what, which, where, when, how nhm a ra kinbt k ta

kt hp chng vi hu t-ever to thnh dng t ghp l whoever, whatever, whichever,

wherever, whenever, however.

Ex:

a) Whoeverwants to come is welcome = Anyone who wants to come is welcomeb) He always says whatevercomes into his mind. (whatever = anything)c) You may leave wheneveryou wish. (whenever = any time)d) She can go wherevershe wants to go. (wherever= anyplace)e) The students may dress howeverthey please. (however= in any way)

12.6. Question words followed by infinitivesQuestion words (when, where, how, who, whom, whose, what, which) and whether may be

followed by an infinitive

Ex:

a) I dont know what I should do I dont know what to do

b) Pam cant decide whether she should go or stay home Pam cant decide whether to go or (to) stay home

c) Jim told us where we could find it Jim told us where to find it

12.7. Reported speech: verb form in noun clauses1. Statement:

Ex: Anna said: Im making lunch now" -> Anna said (that) she was making lunch then.

2. Question:a) Wh_question

Ex: When is the next trip? my boss asked -> My boss asked when the next trip was.

b) Yes/no questionEx1: will you come to my party?he asked -> He asked me if/whether I could come to

his party

Ex2: My little brother said Does what I did bother you?

->My little brother asked me if/whether what he had done bother me.

c) Commands Positive command

Ex: Drive more carefully, Tim she said. -> she asked/told Tim to drive more carefully.

Negative commandEx:The teacher said Dont kich the table, Mark ->.....told Mark not to kich the table

d) SuggestionLets go to the movie! /Shall we go to the movie?, he said

He suggested going to the movie He suggested that we should go to the movie He suggested that we go to the movie

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3. Change of Verb tensesDirect speech Reported speech

1 Hin ti n Qu khn

2 Hin ti tip din Qu kh tip din3 QK QK hon thnh

4 QK hon thnh5 Hin ti hon thnh

6 QK tip din QK hon thnh tipdin7 QK hon thnh tip din

8 HT hon thnh tip din

9 Will Would

10 Can Could

11 May Might

12 Must Had to

13 Have to/has to

14 Should/ought to/might Khng thay i

4. Change of time, places, othersNow -> then; today -> that day; yesterday -> the previous day/the day before

tomorrow -> the next day/the following day/the day after

In 2 days -> 2 days before this/these -> that/those here -> there

12.8. Quoted speech (cu tng thut TRC TIP)Tng thut li chnh xc cc tnh khi ngi ni trc tip

Ex: My brother is a student. He is attending a university, she said.

My brother is a student, she said He is attending a universityChapter 13: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

13.1.Adjective clause pronouns used as the subjectEx: I thank the womwn. She helped me. -> I thanked the woman who helped me.

13.2. Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a verbEx: The man was Mr.Jones. I saw him -> The man who(m) I saw was Mr.Jones/The man that I

saw was...

13.3. Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a prepositionEx:

a) She is the woman. I told you about her. She is the woman about whom I told you She is the woman who(m) I told you about She is the woman thatI told you about She is the woman I told you about

b) The music was good. We listened to it last night The music to which we listened last night was good. The music which we listened to last night was good.

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The music that we listened to last night was good. The music we listened to last night was good.

13.4. Using whose, where, when in adjective clausesTng tnh mnh danh t.

13.5. Using adjective clauses to modify pronounsEx:

a) There is someone (whom) I want you to meet.b) Everything he said was pure nonsense.c) He who laughts laughts best.

13.6. Punctuating adjective clauses (t du chm cu) S dng du , nu mnh tnh t ch c tc dng cung cp thm thng tin v khng

cn thit cho vic nh ngha cho danh t chnh v danh t xc c xc nh trc

Ex: Professor Wilson, who teaches Chemistry 101, is an excelent lecture.

Khng s dng du , nu mnh tnh t c nhim vxc nh ci m n ang bngha.

Ex: The professorwho teaches Chemistry 101 is an excelent lecture.

13.7. Using expressions of quantity in adjective clauses 1 mnh danh t c th chcc lng t sau: with of, some of, many of, most of,

none of, two of, half of, both of, neither of, each of, all of, several of, afew of, little of, a

number of,..

Only whom, which, and whose are used in this pattern Du , c dng trong cc mu dng ny.

Ex:

a) In my class there are 20 students. Most ofthem are from the Far East. In my class there are 20 students, most ofwhom are from Asia

b) The teacher discussed Jim. One ofhis problems was poor study habits The teacher discussed Jim, one ofwhose problems was poor study habits

13.8. Reducing adjective clauses to adjective phrases Positive form: bi t quan h v thming vo ng t chnh trong adjective clause

Ex: The people who came to my party were nice ->The people coming to my party were..

Passive form: bi t quan hv ng t to beEx: The question which were asked by Tim were hard ->the question asked Tim was hard

Adjective clause dng th hon thnh bi t quan h v has/have/had->havingEx: The child who has finished his meal is playing in the yardThe child having finished his meal is playing in the yard.

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