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  • 8/14/2019 On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean--I

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    O n t h e a b y s s a l c i r c u l a t i o n o f t h e w o r l d o c e a n - - I .S t a t i o n a r y p l a n e t a r y f l o w p a t t e r n s o n a s p h e r e

    HENRY STOMMEL an d A. B. ARONS(Received 20 February 1959)

    A bstra ct--A treatment of stationary planetary flow patterns driven by source-sink distributions ina cylindrical tank (Stomm el et al. , 1958) is extended to predict flow patterns which might be expectedunder similar circumstances on a rotating sphere. Flow patterns are sketched for various source-sinkdistributions and meridional and zonal boundary conditions.( 1 ) I N T R O D U C T I O N

    I N a p r e v i o u s p a p e r ( S T O M M E L e t a l . , 1 9 5 8 ) w e d e f i n e d a r e g i m e o f f l o w s p e c i f i e d b yt h e f o l l o w i n g e l e m e n t s : ( a ) t h e f l o w i n t h e w h o l e l a y e r i s s t e a d y a n d g e o s t r o p h i ce x c e p t a n d o n l y (b ) a t t h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y w h e r e a n a r r o w , i n t e n s e b o u n d a r yc u r r e n t i s p e r m i t t e d t o d e p a r t m a r k e d l y f r o m g e o s t r o p h y , a n d ( c ) t h e s y s t e m , w h i c hw o u l d o t h e r w i s e b e a t r e st , is d r i v e n b y a d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s o u r c e s a n d s i n k s o f f lu i d( t h i s m i g h t i n c l u d e d r i v i n g a g e n t s , s u c h a s w i n d , w h i c h c a n b e e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s o fs o u r c e a n d s i n k d i s t r i b u t i o n s ) .

    S u c h r e g i m e s c a n o c c u r i n a h o m o g e n e o u s l a y e r o f fl u id ( a ) o f u n i f o r m o r v a r y i n gd e p t h o n a r o t a t i n g s p h e r e ( b ) o f u n i f o r m o r v a r y i n g d e p t h o n a b e t a p l a n e ( c ) o fr a d i a l l y n o n - u n i f o r m d e p t h o n a r o t a t i n g p l a n e , i . e . , i n a c y l i n d r i c a l r o t a t i n g t a n kw i t h a le v e l b o t t o m . P r e d i c t io n s o f p a t t e r n s o f f lo w d e d u c e d f r o m t h e d e f i n e d re g i m eh a v e b e e n v e r if ie d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y i n th e c y l in d r i c al r o t a t i n g t a n k . I t is o u r p u r p o s eh e r e t o s e t f o r t h s o m e t h e o r e t i c a l r e s u l t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o c i r c u l a t i o n p a t t e r n s w h i c hm a y b e d e d u c e d f o r si m i l a r f lo w s o n a r o t a t i n g s p h e re . W h e r e t h e s e c i r c u l a ti o np a t t e r n s c a n b e r e l a t e d to e x i st in g g e o m e t r y a n d b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s i n th e a c t u a lo c e a n , t h e y m i g h t b e t a k e n a s h ig h l y a b s t r a c t e d a n d i d e al iz e d m o d e l s o f a b y s s a lo c e a n c i r c u l a t i o n . S u c h m o d e l s a r e , o f c o u r s e , h i g h l y sp e c u l a t i v e , s i n c e w e d o n o th a v e c l e a r c u t c o n f i r m a t i o n o f t h e e x is t en c e o f t h e f lo w s d e s c ri b e d , b u t w e h a v e b e e ne n c o u r a g e d b y t h e s uc c e ss o f t h e r o t a t i n g t a n k r e su l ts t o p u t f o r t h a n u m b e r o fs p h e r i c a l m o d e l s i n o r d e r t o s t i m u l a t e f u r t h e r s p e c u l a t i o n .

    I n a p p l y i n g t h is m o d e l t o t h e a b y s s a l l a y e r o f t h e o c e a n , w e v i s u a li z e a d i s tr i b u t e ds i n k a s i n v o l v i n g a t r a n s f e r o f f l u id u p w a r d t h r o u g h t h e m a i n t h e r m o c l i n e , a n d ac o n c e n t r a t e d s o u r c e a s a s u p p l y o f s in k i n g , c o l d fl u id g e n e r a t e d i n a s m a l l a r e a a th i g h l a t i t u d e .

    O u r j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r a s s u m i n g , i n th e s e s i m p l e m o d e l s , t h a t t h e r e i s a g e n e r a lu p w a r d f l o w o f w a t e r u o f s e v e r a l c e n t i m e t r e s p e r d a y - - a t m i d - d e p t h s , i s t h e th e o r yo f t h e o c e a n i c t h e r m o c l i n e d e v e l o p e d b y R O BIN SO N a n d STO MM EL( 1 95 9 ). T h i s t h e o r yt r e a t s e a c h o c e a n b a s i n a s a s e p a r a t e e n ti ty . W e w i ll s h o w i n P a r t I I o f t h is r e p o r th o w a s er ie s o f s u c h b a s i n s c a n b e , in p ri n c ip l e , c o n n e c t e d t o g e t h e r t o f o r m a m o d e lo f t h e a b y s s a l c ir c u l a t i o n o f t h e w o r l d o c e a n .140

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    On the abyssal circulation of the world oce an- -I 141(2 ) TH E FORM ULATI ON OF THE EQUATIONS FOR A HOM OG ENEOUS OCEAN

    C o n s i d e r a g l o b e o f r a d i u s a , r o t a t i n g w i t h a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y ~o, c o v e r e d w i t h al a y e r o f h o m o g e n e o u s w a t e r o f d e p t h h . L e t u be s o u t h w a r d c o m p o n e n t o f v e lo c it y,a n d v b e e a s t w a r d c o m p o n e n t o f v e l o c i ty a t a p o i n t i n c o - l a t it u d e 0 a n d l o n g i t u d e 4 ,.( F i g . 1 .). A s s u m i n g h y d r o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e in th e v e r t i ca l , s m a l l m o t i o n s , a n d a b s e n c eo f a n e x t e r n a l d i s t u r b i n g f o r c e , t h e l i n e a r i z e d d y n a m i c a l e q u a t i o n s a r e *

    bu _ 2wv cos ~ - - g bbt a b~by - - g b~~-~ + 2 wu c os ~ - - - - - -a sin ~ 34,

    w h e r e ~ i s t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t o f th e f r e e s u r fa c e .

    Fig. 1. No tation f or co-ordinates andvelocities. F i g . 2 . E l e m e n t o f fl u i d f o r f o r m u l a t i o no f c o n t i n u i t y e q u a ti o n .W e m u s t n o w o b t a i n a s u it a b le f o r m o f t h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n . C o n s i d e r a c o l u m n

    o f w a t e r s h o w n i n F ig . 2 . N e g l e c t i n g t h e q u a n t i t y ~ c o m p a r e d t o h , t h e r a te o f f lo wo f w a t e r o u t o f t h e c o l u m n t h r o u g h t h e v e r t ic a l w a l ls is~ ( hua sin ~) 34, 3~ + b-~ (hva) 34, 3~

    A t t h e t op o f t he co l um n , w h i ch i s o f a r ea a s s in 0 34, 3o , t he f r ee s u r f ace i s r is i nga t t h e r a t e b ~/b t , a n d a l s o t h e r e i s p a s s a g e o f w a t e r t h r o u g h t h e f r e e s u r fa c e ( p o s i ti v eupw ar d ) o f Q ( o , 4 ,) pe r un i t a r ea . ( W e avo i d GOLDSBROUCH'S no t a t i o n P ( 0, 4 ,)b e c a u s e i t s u g g e s ts t h e w o r d p r e c i p i t a t i o n , o f w h i c h i t is i n d e e d n e g a t i v e , a n d a l s ol o o k s li k e L e g e n d r e p o l y n o m i a l s ) . W e s h a l l c a l l Q t h e s i n k f u n c t i o n ; i t r e p r e s e n t sa d i s t r i b u t e d s i n k .

    ( ~ ) a 2 s i n ~ 8 0 3 4 ,. H e n c e t h eh e t o t a l f lu x u p w a r d i s t h e r e f o r e Q + - ~ c o n t i n u i t y/e q u a t i o n i s

    *W e set up the sam e equations as GOLnsaROU6H 1933).

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    142 HENRY STOMMELand A. B. ARONSa ( h u s i n e ) + b ( b g )--~ ~ ( h v ) + Q + - ~ a s i n O = O

    L e t u s n o w c o n s i d e r a s t e a d y c i r c u l a t i o n i n a l a y e r o f u n i f o r m d e p t h .h i s con s t an t , an d bu _ by _ b~ _ 0 . Th e s o l u t i on o f ( 1) an d ( 2) i s t henb t b t b t

    u = - - co tan e . __Qah~v _ t a n a . a . b ( co s ~ o . Q )~4 , h ~ ( c o s ~ )~-f-~ = 2oJ ~ h cos~ 0 Q

    A n a l t e r n a t e f o r m o f ( 4) :by a 1 b~4~ -- h co s ~ ~o (Q cs2 ~)

    (1.2)I n t h i s c a s e

    (1 . 3 )(1 . 4 )( 1 . 5 )

    a I ]~ c o s e - - - 2 s i n O . Q (1.6)be(3) EVAPORATION - - PRECIPITATION HEMISPHERES WITHOUT MERIDIONAL

    BOUNDARI ESCo ns i de r t he g l obe w i t h no bou nda r i e s ( coas ts ) . Th e s i nk f u nc t i o n Q ( a, 4,) i st a k e n a s Q = Qo sin 4, sin o (2.1)T h i s f o r m o f so u r c e - s i n k d i s t r i b u t i o n c o r r e s p o n d s t o d i v i d i n g t h e s p h e re i n t o awes t e r n hem i s phe r e ( rr ~< 4 ' < 2 rr ) i n wh i ch Q i s nega t i ve ( p r ec i p i t a t i on , s ou r ce ) andan ea s t e r n h em i s phe r e ( 0 ~< 4, < 7 r) i n wh i ch Q i s pos i t i ve ( evapo r a t i on , s i nk) .

    Th e exp r e s s i ons f o r u , v , ~ a r e a s f o l l ows :u = ~ sin 4, co s o (2.2)

    by __ Qo a [3 co s ~ ~ - 2] sin ~ (2.3)b $ h~ _ 2~'a2 Qo co s 2 o sin ~ sin 4, (2.4)b4, gh

    o r w h e n i n t e g r a t e du = - ~ s in 4, co s o (2.5)

    _ ~ _ g dGv = [2 - - 3 cos 2 ~] co s 4, + 2 w a co s ~/-d~ (2.6)2omz Q0 co s ~ ~ sin ~ COS $ + G (~) (2.7){~ = g h

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    On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean --I 143w h e r e G ( o) is a n a r b i t r a r y f u n c t i o n p h y s i c a l l y a s so c i a t e d w i t h a n a r b i t r a r y z o n a lf l o w s u p e r p o s a b l e a s a n i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n i n t h e g e n e r a l s o l u t i o n .

    T h e d i s t ri b u t io n o f t h e s i n k - f u n c t io n a n d c o n t o u r s o f d i s t u r b e d h e i g h t ~, o r s i m p l yi s oba r s , a r e s ho w n i n F i g . 3 , f o r G ( 8) = 0 .N

    5#' /2 ,h=O ~' /2 er 3#' /2' . . - - - ' - F ' - - - . . f - i - " - - - . I '~I / " ,,"-I':." ", ! / : ' - ] ' ~ " , It L I " / ~ H

    ',, C_I / f QI_ /S

    F i g . 3 . C i r c u l a t i o n p a t t e r n f o r Q = Q 0 s i n !6 s i n O w i t h n o m e r i d i o n a l b o u n d a r i e s .

    F o u r s e l f - c o n t a i n e d c i rc u l a t i o n c e l ls e x i s t, s e p a r a t e d b y t h e m e r i d i a n ~ = 0 , ~ra n d b y t h e e q u a t o r o = - rr/ 2. T h e f lo w is e q u a t o r w a r d i n th e s o u r c e h e m i s p h e r e ,p o l e w a r d i n th e s i n k h e m i s p h e r e . T h e g e o s t r o p h i c p l a n e t a r y f l o w fi el d i s d i v e r g e n tb e c a u s e t h e C o r i o l i s p a r a m e t e r 2 (o c o s 8 i s a f u n c t i o n o f l a t it u d e . A l t h o u g h a l l f lo wi s p a r a l l e l t o t h e i s o b a r s , t h e t r a n s p o r t b e t w e e n i s o b a r s m u s t v a r y w i t h l a t i t u d e .T h e fi el d s o f m o t i o n w h i c h w e d e r i v e b y t h e m e t h o d o f G O LD SB RO UG H a r e p r e c i s e l yt h o s e w h o s e p l a n e t a r y - g e o s t r o p h i c c o n v e r g e n c e m a t c h e s t h e d is t r ib u t e d s i n k f u n c t io ne v e r y w h e r e .I f w e c h o o s e t h e ' s t e p ' d i s t ri b u t i o n c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o Q = q - Q o o n t h e si nkhem i s phe r e ( 0 ~< ~ < r r) and Q = - Qo on t he s ou r ce hem i s ph e r e ( rr ~< f f < 2 rr ),t h e s o l u t i o n s o f ( 1 .5 ) a n d ( 1 .6 ) a r e

    _ 2 o~a2 Q________oo s ~ 8 . $ + Gx (o ), (0 ~< ~ < zr)g h_ 2 ,o a~ Q o c o : 8 . $ + G ~ ( 8 ) , (,~ ~< ~ < 2 ,~ ) (2 .8 )g h

    v - - 2Qo a s in o $ + g dG 1 (0

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    144 HENRY STOMMELand A. B. ARONSThe re su l t i s :

    ~ = 2o~a~ Q0 cos2 ~ (~ ~r) (0 ~< ~ < ~r)g h " 2 '- - 2 ~ a 2 g ho c os2~ ( ~ - 4 ) , ( rr ~ < 2~r) (2.10 )

    2Q a s in O ( 2 - ~ ) (0 ~ ~ < ~r)v - - h " '- - 2Q ~a s in O . (~ - ~ ) , (~" ~ ~ < 2 rr ) (2.11 )

    a n d u is g i v e n b y (1 .3 ) w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e s u b s t i t u t i o n o f q -Q 0 f o r Q . T h e c i r c u l a t i o np a t t e r n i s s k e t c h e d i n F i g . 4 . T h e r e i s a s i n g u l a r i t y a t t h e p o l e s w h e r e t h e v e lo c i t y uis in f i n it e . S i n c e t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s a r e c o n t r a d i c t o r y w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l re q u i r e m e n tt h a t t h e m o t i o n s b e s m a l l , w e c a n e x p e c t t h a t a h i g h e r o r d e r d y n a m i c a l s y s t e m w i l lb e r e q u i r e d t o e x p l a i n t h e d e t a i l e d c o n f i g u r a t i o n a t t h e p o l e s th e m s e l v e s . T h i s p o i n t sup som e o f the d i f f i cu l t ie s wh ic h a c tu a l ly c ou ld oc c u r in a pp ly ing the GOLDSBROUGHm e t h o d t o a s i m p l e e x p e r i m e n t a l o r g e o p h y s i c a l s y s te m . T h e s e d i f fi c u lt ie s c a n b ea v o i d e d , o f c o u r s e , i f w e a r e a b l e t o u s e c e r ta i n s i m p l e f o r m s o f s i n k f u n c t i o n s u c h

    ~" L I "/ \ / 8 ~ 0\ / \ H /\ / \ /

    5 ~ / 2F i g . 4 .

    Source S ink

    I //

    S o u r c e ~ " / 2

    / \ \/ L N /-/ \,/ , / \) 7/", f i =0 ~ ' / 2 ~ :5 ~ - / 2

    C i r c u l a t i o n p a t t e r n f o r Q = + Q o , ( 0 ~ 4, < ~ ) , a n d Q = - Q 0 , ( rr , ~ 4 ' < 2 * 0 , w i t h n omeridional boundaries.a s t h a t e m p l o y e d i n F i g . 3. T o i n d i c a t e i n F i g . 4 t h e n e e d f o r a n a d d i t i o n a l h i g h e ro r d e r r e g i m e a t t h e p o l e s , w e r e s o r t t o a s i m p l e s y m b o l i c d e v i c e : W e c l o se t h e i s o b ar si n a n a r r o w b o u n d a r y r e g i o n a t t h e p o le s a s s h o w n i n F i g . 4 , s o t h a t w e d o n o t r e p re s e n ta m a t h e m a t i c a l d i s co n t i n u i t y i n pr e s su r e , a n d w e d r a w a h e a v y a r r o w a t t h e t o p t oi n d i c a t e th e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e s i n g u l a r f lo w o v e r t h e p o l e s i n t h i s r e g i o n . T h e a r r o w so v e r t h e l o w s a n d h i g h s a r e b o t h i n t h e s a m e d i r e c t i o n , t h e p r o j e c t i o n m a k e s t h e ml o o k d if f e re n t . O n t h e s p h e r e , l o o k i n g a t t h e N o r t h P o l e , th e p i c t u r e l o o k s s o m e t h i n gl ik e t h a t s h o w n i n F i g . 5 .F o r s i m p l i c it y o f e x p r e s s io n , l e t u s c a ll th i s l i tt le i n te n s e s t r e a m , t h e ' p o l a r j e t , 'o r ' p o l a r p i n c h . '

    T h e p o l a r j e t , p e r h a p s s u r p r i s i n g ly a t f ir s t g l a n c e , f l ow s f r o m t h e s i n k h e m i s p h e r et o t h e s o u r c e h e m i s p h e r e .

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    On the abyssal circulation of the world oc ean --I 145T h e t r a n s p o r t o f w a t e r in t h e p o l a r je t m u s t b e

    ~ (~max - - ~min)F r o m e q u a t i o n ( 2 . 8 ) w e f i n d

    2ore=~ m a x - ~ m i n - rrOog h

    (2 .12)

    (2.13)

    Sink Source

    Fig. 5. Circulation pattern o f Fig. 4 as seen looking down on the No rth Pole.T h u s t h e t r a n s p o r t o f b o t h t h e p o l a r j e t s i n t o t h e s o u r c e h e m i s p h e r e is

    2~ra~ Qo (2.1 4)T h e t o t a l i n t e g r a te d s o u r c e f lo w i n g in t o t h e s o u r c e h e m i s p h e r e is2~ra~ Qo .

    T h e r e f o r e , in t h e s t e a d y s t a t e t h e r e m u s t b e a r e l a ti v e l y m a s s i v e f l o w , 4z ra2 Qo, f lowin gg e o s t r o p h i c a ll y f r o m t h e s o u r c e h e m i s p h e r e i n t o t h e s i n k h e m i s p h e r e a c r o s s t h eg r e a t ci rc l e - - m e r i d i a n - - b o u n d i n g t h e t w o h e m i s p h e r e s. W e m a y v e r if y t h is b y t h ef o l l o w i n g d i r e c t c a l c u l a t i o n : F r o m ( 2 .1 1 ) w e h a v e f o r th e t o t a l z o n a l fl u x , F , o f m a t e r i a lou t o f t he s o u r c e hem i s ph e r e a l on g t he g r ea t c i r c l e m e r i d i an ~b ---- 0 , ~ r :

    F = 2~ra Q0 s in o .T h e t o t a l z o n a l f l o w o u t o f t h e s o u r c e h e m i s p h e r e is t h e n

    f~ 2 ~ r a 'Q o s in O o = 4~ra~ Q0,i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e v a lu e c a lc u l a t e d a b o v e f r o m t h e s u m o f t h e t r a n s p o r t i n t h ep o l a r j e t a n d t h e d i s tr i b u t e d s o u r c e .

    ( I t m i g h t b e n o t e d t h a t a s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t f l o w p a t t e r n w i t h s i m i l a r p o l a r j e ta n d z o n a l t r a n s p o r t s is o b t a i n e d i f o n e s e le c ts G 1 an d G= i n ( 2 .8 ) i n s uc h a w ay a s t om a k e g = 0 a l o n g t h e g r e a t c ir c l e m e r i d i a n ff = 0 , z r).

    (3 ) B A S I N S B O U N D E D B Y M E R I D I A N SW e n o w p r o c e e d t o d i sc u ss t h e c a se w h e r e a n o c e a n b a s i n is b o u n d e d b y m e r id i a n s

    ~ x a n d 4~= e x t e n d i n g a l l th e w a y t o t h e p o l e s . H e r e w e d e v e l o p t h e p r e s s u r e p a t t e r nf r o m t h e e a s t e rn b o u n d a r y ~b w h e r e , o f c o u rs e , t h e r e c a n b e n o z o n a l t r a n s p o r t ,

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    146 HENRY STOMMEL and A. B. ARONSs o w e ta k e 4 , = 4,3 a s a n i s o b a r : ~ = 0 . A s b e f o r e , w e r e q u i r e g e o s t r o p h i c f lo w i nt h e i n te r i o r, b u t w e s h a ll n o w s a t i s f y c o n t i n u i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s b y a l l o w i n g d e p a r t u r ef r o m g e o s t r o p h y i n a w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t . O u r j u s ti f ic a t io n f o r th e tr e a t m e n tc a r r i e d o u t b e l o w r e s t s o n t h e s u c c e s s w i t h w h i c h t h e s a m e m e t h o d p r e d i c t s a n dd e s c r i b e s s i m i l a r f l o w p a t t e r n s i n a r o t a t i n g c y l i n d r i c a l t a n k ( S T O M M E L e t a L , 1958) .

    A s a n i n it ia l i ll u s t r a ti o n w e t a k e a u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d s i n k Q 0 o v e r t h e e n t i res u r f a c e a n d b a l a n c e t h is b y a c o n c e n t r a t e d s o u r c e S o a t t h e p o le , c o n s i d e r i n g t h eb a s i n n o r t h o f t h e e q u a t o r f o r s i m p l i c it y (F i g . 6) . S i n c e t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h e s e c t o ris a ~ ( 4 , ~ - 4 ,0 , w e t a k e t h e c o n c e n t r a t e d s o u r c e a t t h e n o r t h p o l e a sS o = Q o a S ( 4 , 3 - 4 , 1 ) . T h e g e o s t r o p h i c v e l o c i t i e s a n d s u r f a c e i s o b a r s a r e g i v e n b y :

    u - - Q 0 a c o t a nh2Q o a sin ~ . (4,~ - 4,)v - h

    _ 2oJa~ Q o co s 2 ~ . (4, _ ff~) (3.1)g hT h e p a t t e r n o f t h e i s o b a r s is s h o w n i n F ig . 6 . ( T h e r e is a s i n g u l a r it y a t t h e p o l es i m i l a r t o t h a t e n c o u n t e r e d i n S e c t i o n 2 ) .

    1 Fig. 7. No tation for evaluating strength ofwestern boundary current T ee (0) by con-sideration o f continuity of m ass flow in asector.Fig. 6. Circulation pa ttern in meridionallybound ed ocean wi th concentrated source S Oat North Pole and a uniformly distributedsink Qo, such tha t SO = Qo a2 (2 - ~1).T h i s f l o w d o e s n o t s a ti s fy b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s a t 4 , = 4 ,1 , a n d , f o l l o w i n g t h e

    p r o c e d u r e u s e d b y ( S T O M M E L , e t a l . , 1 9 58 ) w e i n t r o d u c e s y m b o l i c a l y a w e s t e r nb o u n d a r y c u r r e n t T w (o~) s h o w n p o s i ti v e s o u t h w a r d b y t h e h e a v y a r r o w i n F i g. 7 .C o n s i d e r a s e c t i o n o f t h e o c e a n ( F i g . 7 ) b o u n d e d b y 4 '1 , 4 ,2 , a n d o~. T h e t o t a l o u t w a r d

    f lu x o f m a s s f r o m p o r t i o n s o f t h e b a s i n s o b o u n d e d c o n s is t s o f f o u r p a r t s :1 . T h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t T w (~ ).

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    O n t h e a b y s s a l c i r c u la t i o n o f t h e w o r l d o c e a n - - ] 147.

    .

    c u r r e n t f ~'2ahu s in ~ d4 .4 . T h e fl u x - - So f r o m a n y c o n c e n t r a t e d s o u r c e p r e s e n t i n t h e se c ti o n .I n t h e s t a t i o n a r y s ta t e t h e s e m u s t a d d u p t o z e r o , h e n c e

    T w (~ ) = - - f * 'a h u s in ~ d r - - f ~ '2 Q a 2 s in ~ dO d r + S o (3 .2)J ~ 1 J O J iE v a l u a t i n g e q u a t i o n 3 .2 in t h e l i g h t o f 3 . 1 , w e o b t a i n f o r c a s e o f F i g . 6 :

    T w = 2 Q 0 a 2 (4 2 - 4 0 c o s " ( 3 .3 )= 2S0 cos ~ .

    T h u s i n th e n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f th e p o l e t h e t r a n s p o r t i n th e w e s te r n b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t ,Tw (0) = 2Q0 a 2 (63 - 6~) = 2So, is t w i c e t h e t r a n s p o r t a s s o c i a te d w i t h t h e c o n c e n t r a t e ds o u r c e a l o n e , a n d , a s i n t h e c y l i n d r i c a l c a s e d e v e l o p e d b y STO MM ELe t a l . (1958) al a rg e v o l u m e o f w a t e r is c o n t i n u a l l y b e in g r e c i r c u l a t e d i n s u c h a s t e a d y - s t a t e s y s t e m .

    E q u a t i o n ( 3 . 3 ) h o w e v e r , r e v e a l s a v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s p h e r i c a la n d t h e c y l i n d r i c a l g e o m e t r i e s . W h e r e , i n t h e c y l in d r i c a l b a s i n , t h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r yc u r r e n t d o e s n o t v a r y w i t h r a d i a l p o s i t i o n a n d , f l o w s u n d i m i n i s h e d a l l t h e w a y t ot h e o u t e r r i m o f t h e t a n k , t h e c u r r e n t i n th e s p h e r i c a l g e o m e t r y d i m i n i s h e s a s it f l o w st o l o w e r l at it u d e s ( F ig . 6 ) , d r o p p i n g t o z e r o a t t h e e q u a t o r . ( O f c o u r s e , i f w e a s s u m e da c o n c e n t r a t e d s o u r c e So a t t h e p o l e l a r g e r t h a n t h e i n t e r n a l d i s t r i b u t e d s i n k f l u xQ 0 a 2 (6 3 - 6 1), th e e x c e s s w o u l d f l o w a c r o s s t h e e q u a t o r t o f e e d t h e s e c t o r o n t h eo t he r s i de ) .

    T h e i n t e r n a l c o n s i s t e n c y o f e q u a t i o n s ( 3 . 1) a n d ( 3 .3 ) is r e a d i l y c h e c k e d b y e v a l u a t i n gt h e t o t a l z o n a l t r a n s p o r t a t 6 = 6 1 a n d s h o w i n g i t t o b e e q u a l t o t h e i n i t i a l t o t a lw e s te r n b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t T w (0), i .e.

    f ~12o h a u (61) d~ : 20 o a 2 (62 -- 61)A s o m e w h a t d i f f e re n t p a t t e r n o f w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t s a ri se s i f w e a l t e r th e

    s i t u a t i o n i n F i g . 6 o n l y b y t r a n s f e r r i n g t h e c o n c e n t r a t e d s o u r c e f r o m t h e p o l e t o t h es o u t h w e s t c o r n e r o f t h e s e c t o r a t th e e q u a t o r (i .e . th i s c o u l d s t e m f r o m a w e s t e r nb o u n d a r y c u r r e n t cr o s s in g th e e q u a t o r f r o m t h e s o u t h e r n s i de ). W e s ti ll a s s u m et ha t t h e s o u r ce s t r en g t h So j u s t ba l an ces t h e d i s t r i bu t ed s i nk Q0 a 2 ( 62 - 41 ).

    I f w e n o w e v a l u a te T w (~ ) f r o m e q u a t i o n ( 3 .2 ), r e m e m b e r i n g t h a t t h e r e is n o l o n g e ra c o n c e n t r a t e d s o u r c e w i t h i n t h e s e c t i o n b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d i n F i g . 7 , w e o b t a i n :T w ( ~ ) : Qo a 2 ( 4 2 - 6 1) (1 - 2 co s ~) (3.4)

    T h e i n t e r i o r f l o w p a t t e r n i s s ti ll d e f in e d b y ( 3 .1 ) e x a c t l y a s i t w a s i n F i g . 6 , b u t t h en a t u r e o f t h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t is v e r y d i f f e re n t a n d is s k e t c h e d i n F i g . 8 .

    T h e f l u x in t e g r a te d o v e r t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h e b a s i n

    = f l f * Q a 2 s i n . d o d r .bT h e f l u x a c r o s s ~ in t h e i n t e r io r o f th e o c e a n , a w a y f r o m t h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y

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    148 HENRY STOMMEL an d A. B . ARONSA c u r r e n t o f r e c i r c u l a t e d w a t e r e q u a l t o t h e s o u r c e s t r e n g t h s ta r t s a t t h e p o l e a n df l o w s t o w a r d t h e s o u r c e j u s t a s i n t h e c y l i n d r i c a l c a s e ( Sv oM M E L e t a l . , 1 9 5 8 ) , b u t i nt h e s p h e r i c a l g e o m e t r y t h is c u r r e n t g r a d u a l l y d i m i n i s h e s t o z e r o a t ~ : 6 0 ( 30 n o r t h la t it u d e ). A n o r t h w a r d c u r r e n t o f e q u a l s t r e n g t h s t a r ts a t t h e e q u a t o r i a l s o u r c e

    Fig. 8. Circulation pattern in meridionally bou nde d ocean w ith conc entrated source S o (fed bywestern bo un dar y curren t from below the equator) an d a uniformly distributed sink Qo such thatSo = Oo a 2 (4'2 - '~1)"a n d a l s o d i m i n i s h e s t o z e r o a t 3 0 n o r t h l a ti tu d e . ( T h i s f e a t u r e i s c o m p l e t e l y a b s e n ti n t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c y l i n d r ic a l s it u at io n ) . T h e z o n a l t r a n s p o r t o u t o f t h es e t w oc u r r e n t s f e e d s e x a c t l y t h e s a m e i n t e r i o r f l o w p a t t e r n a s in F i g . 6 .

    I n t h e s e c o n d p a p e r o f th i s se ri es , w e s h a ll r e p r e a t e d l y m a k e u s e o f t h e a b o v e r e s u l t si n o r d e r t o s k e t c h i d ea l iz e d p a t t e r n s o f b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t s a n d i n te r i or c i r c u l a ti o ni n v a r i o u s b a s i n s o f th e w o r l d o c e a n .

    (4) F U R T H E R I L L U S T R A T I O N S O F C I R C U L A T I O N S I N M E R I D I O N A L L YB O U N D E D B A S I N SA p p l y i n g th e a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d o u t l i n e d i n S e c t i o n 3 , w e n o w s t a te th e r e s u lt s

    o b t a i n e d f o r a f e w o t h e r b a s i c a l ly i n t e re s t i n g c a s e s o f s o u r c e - s i n k d i s t r i b u t io n s .( a ) A s i m p l e f o r m o f t h e f u n c t i o n Q w h i c h a v o i d s s in g u l a r fl o w s a t t h e p o l e s is

    Q = Q 0 s i n " ~ c o s ~ , n ~ I ( 4.1 )T h u s t h e h a l f o f th e b a s i n n o r t h o f t h e e q u a t o r is a s in k w h i le th e s o u t h e r n h a l f

    is a n e q u a l s o u r c e . S o i s t a k e n a s z e r o .T h e i s o b a r s a r e g i v en b y th e d i s t u r b e d h e i g h t

    _ 2 o J a 2 Q 0 s in " ~ c o s a ~ . ( - ~ ) ( 4 . 2 )g ha n d t h e w e st er n b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t t r a n s p o r t b y

    2 s in"T w ( O ) = Q o a n - - - ~ [ ( n + 3 ) c o s ~ - 1 ] . ( ~ - ~ 1). ( 4 .3 )

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    On the abyssal circulat ion of the world oc ca n- -I 149T h e i n te r i o r i s o b a r s a n d n a t u r e o f t h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t a r e s k e t c h e d

    for the case n - - - - -0 i n F i g. 9 . T h e n o r t h a n d s o u t h b o u n d b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t s f al l t oz e r o a t 0 = 5 4 . 7 . H e r e t h e f l o w h a s a s i n g u l a r i t y a t t h e p o l e s . T h e s i n g u l a r i t y i se l i m i n a t e d w h e n n ~ 1 . F o r l a r g e r v a l u e s o f n th e f l o w i s e s s e n t i a l l y s i m i l a r t o t h a ts k e t c h e d i n F i g . 9 w i t h i s o b a r s s o m e w h a t m o r e c o n c e n t r a t e d i n m i d - l a t i t u d e s .

    ( b ) I t is i n t e r e s ti n g t o e x a m i n e t h e e f fe c t o f a s l o p i n g b o t t o m , t a k i n g h = h o s i n ~ .H e r e w e m u s t g o b a c k t o t he c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n i n t h e f o r m o f (1 .2 ). F o r a u n i f o r m l yd i s t r ib u t e d s i n k Q - - Q o a n d a c o n c e n t r a t e d s o u r c e i n t h e s o u t h , w e o b t a i n :

    u - Q 0 a c o sh0v - - Q 0 a ( - 2) (1 - 3 sin2 o)ho

    _ Q o a 2 ~ (ff _ ~ ) c o s ~ s i n s og h or w ( o ) = Q o a z (~ bs - - / '0 [ c o s 0 (1 + s i n s 0 ) - - 1 ] (4 . 4 )

    T h e i s ob a r s a n d w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y t r a n s p o r t a r e s k e tc h e d i n F ig . 10. C o m p a r i n gw i t h F i g . 6 , w e s e e t h a t t h e e f f e ct o f t h e s l o p i n g b o t t o m is t o c a u s e t h e i s o b a r s t o i n t e r s e c tt h e 4'1 m e r i d i a n a t d i f fe r e n t la t i tu d e s i n s t e a d o f r e q u i r i n g a c o m m o n i n t e r s e c t i o n a tt h e p o le a s i n t h e c a s e o f u n i f o r m d e p t h . I t s h o u l d a l s o b e n o t e d t h a t t h e s o u t h w a r df l o w i n g b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t f ir s t i n c r e a s e s in in t e n s i ty a n d t h e n d e c r e a s e s i n s t e a d o fs h o w i n g a m o n o t o n i c d e c r e a s e .

    Fig. 9. Circulation patte rn for Q = Qocos ,~with no con centrate d sources. No tebou ndar y current crossing equator.

    ~t

    Fig. 10. Circulation patte rn in meridionallybounded ocean wi th sloping bot tom.h = ho sin v . Co ncen trated so uthern sourceand uniformly distributed sink.

    ( c) I n a n y s o u r c e - s i n k d i s t r i b u t i o n i n w h i c h Q b e c o m e s z e r o a l o n g a l a t it u d ec i r c l e , t h e i n t e r i o r g e o s t r o p h i c f l o w d o e s n o t c r o s s t h i s l a t i t u d e c i r c l e , a n d t h ec i r c u l a t i o n i n a b a s i n i s d i v i d e d u p i n t o s e p a r a t e c e ll s. A s a n i l l u s t r a ti o n w e t a k e

    Q = - Q 0 co s 2 0 (4 . 5 )

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    g i v i n g a d i s t r i b u t e d s o u r c e i n l a t it u d e s h i g h e r t h a n 4 5 a n d a d i s t r i b u t e d s i n k i n t h eb e l t b e t w e e n t h e 4 5 l a t i t u d e c i r c le s . S i n c e t h e s o u r c e f l u x is s m a l l e r t h a n t h e s i n kf lu x , w e b a l a n c e t h e f l u x b y i n t r o d u c i n g c o n c e n t r a t e d s o u r c e s S o = ] Q 0 aS (~ 2 - ~ a )a t e a c h p o l e . I n t h is c as e w e o b t a i n f o r a b a s i n o f u n i f o r m d e p t h :

    Q 0 a 2 c o s 3 o n - c o su - - h s in2 Q 0 av - ( ~ - ~ z ) s i n 3 ~h

    Fig. 11.

    ----- 2 Q 0 a ~- g h o~ ((o - ~b2) c o s 20* c o s s0T w (~ ) Q ~ a2--- - - - - (~b2 - - f ro co s ~ (3 - - 4 co s 2o*)

    So

    15 0 HENRY STOMMEL an d A. B . ARONS

    (4 .6)

    Circulat ion pat tern divided into separate cel ls when Q = 0 a l o n g a lat i tude circle.S o-- -- ] O 0 aS ( 4 ) 2 - f f l ) ; O = - Q o c s 2 u .

    T h e i s o b a r s a n d w e s t e rn b o u n d a r y t r a n s p o r t s a r e s k e t c h e d in F i g. l l , s h o w i n gt h e c e l l s i n t o w h i c h t h e c i r c u l a t i o n i s d i v i d e d .

    (5 ) B A S I N S B O U N D E D B Y M E R I D I A N S 4 )1 , 4)2 A N D A N O R T H E R NLATITUDE t~ , (FIG . 12)

    F o r a n y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Q , t h e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r u, v a n d ~ a r e t h e s a m e a s b e f o r e ,e x c e p t n o w i t w i l l, i n g e n e r a l , b e n e c e s s a r y t o a d d a b o u n d a r y l a y e r a t b o t h ~ = ~ ia n d ~b = ~ 1. T h e e x p r e s s i o n f o r T w ( ~) m u s t b e c h a n g e d b e c a u s e t h e r e i s n o lo s s f r o mt h e s i n k d e f i n e d n o r t h o f o* ;t h u s

    T w ( ~ ) = _ ( ,2ahu s in O d(~ - f , 2 ( o Q a2 s in d~ d( ( 5 . 1 )d ~ l d ~ 1d oxA S a n e x a m p l e , w e m a y c h o o s e Q = Q 0, a c o n s t a n t . H e n c e

    T w ( ~ ) = Q , a S ( 2 - ~ 3 ( 2 c o s ~ - c o s ~ ) ( 5 . 2 )

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    On the abyssal circulation of the world oc ea n- -I 151T h e c r i t i c a l l a t i t u d e s , w h e r e t h e w e s t e r n c u r r e n t r e v e r s e s d i r e c t i o n , a r e a t

    o = c o s - 1 ( c o s O l )

    ~ 2

    P

    Fig. 12. N otatio n for sector M th rin d boundary at co-latitude 01.

    ( 5 . 3 )

    I n t h e li m i ti n g c a se w h e r e t h e l a ti tu d e o f t h e n o r t h e r n b o u n d a r y a p p r o a c h e s t h ep o l e ( Ol ~ 0 ) t h e l a ti t u d e o f r e v e r s a l o f t h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t i s a b o u t(0 = 60 ) 30 N la t .I n s o m e a c t u a l a p p l i c a t i o n s a n a d d i t i o n a l p o i n t s o u r c e S O s h o u l d b e a d d e d i n t h eb a s i n s , n e a r t h e p o l e s, t o s u p p l y t h e m a t e r i a l lo s t b y t h e d i s t r i b u t e d s in k . I n t h isc a se w e m u s t a d d So t o th e e q u a t i o n o n t h e r i g h t h a n d m e m b e r .(6 ) COMPLETELY CLOSED BASI N BOUND ED BY M ERI DI AN S ~1, ~2 AN D L ATI TU DE

    CIRC LES 01 02 (FIG . 13)A g a i n , w e t a k e a d i s t r i b u t e d s i n k f u n c t i o n Q = Q 0. T h e q u a n t i t i e s u, ~, T w (0) are

    t h e s a m e a s i n t h e c a s e o f S e c t i o n 5 , b u t , o f c o u r s e , f o r a s t e a d y s t a t e t h e r e m u s t b ea s o u r c e o f w a t e r s o m e w h e r e . W e p l a c e it a t t h e p o i n t 1 , 02. I t s i n t e n s it y m u s t b ee q u a l t o t h a t o f t h e d i s t r i b u t e d s i n k o v e r t h e w h o l e o c e a n a r e a .

    f ~ 2 f % a 2S o = j # l o o l Q s i n O d o d = Q o a 2 ( 2 - - O ( c o s O l - - c o s O z ) (6.1)T h e i s o b a r p a t t e r n i s g i v e n b y

    _ 2Q 0 a 2 co (2 - ) cos2 o (6.2)ght h e p r e s su r e p a t t e r n b e i n g d e v el o p e d f r o m t h e e a st e rn b o u n d a r y w i t h z er o z o n a lt r a n s p o r t a t = 2 a s b e f o r e .I n F i g . 1 3 t h e i s o b a r p a t t e r n a c c o r d i n g t o ( 6. 2) is d r a w n . I t i s s e e n t h a t b o u n d a r yc u r r e n ts m u s t b e d r a w n a t a ll e x c e p t t h e e a s t er n b o u n d a r y . T h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r yc u r r e n t f l o w s n o r t h w a r d f r o m t h e s o u r c e , a n d a c r o s s t h e e q u a t o r , a n d i s m e t in m i d d l en o r t h e r n l a t it u d es b y a s o u t h w a r d f lo w i n g w e s t e rn b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t . F o r e x a m p l e ,i f w e t a k e t h e l a ti tu d e o f th e n o r t h e r n b o u n d a r y o f th e o c e a n 7 0 N , t h e l a ti tu d e o f

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    152 HENRY STOMMEL and A. B. ARONSt h e r e v e r s a l o f t h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t i s 1 8 .5 N ( o = 8 1 .5 ) f r o m e q u a t i o n(5.3) .

    I f, i n th e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s h o w n i n F i g . 1 3 w e n o w p u t a n o t h e r p o i n t s o u r c e $1 , a tt h e n o r t h - w e s t e r n c o r n e r o f t h e b a s i n , a n d a s s e r t t h a t t h e r e i s a d i s t r ib u t e d s i n kw h o s e i n t e n s it y i n te g r a t e d o v e r t h e e n ti r e a r e a o f th e o c e a n i s e q u a l t o t h e s u m o ft h e t w o p o i n t s o u r c e s : S o + $ 1 , w e g e t a v a r i e t y o f c i r c u l a t i o n p a t t e r n s , d e p e n d i n go n t h e r e l a t iv e s t r e n g t h s o f s o u r c e s S o a n d $ 1. I f t h e y a r e e q u a l , t h e f l o w i s i n t w o

    Fi g. 13. Circulation pattern in sectorbounded by m eridians and latitude circles.Boundary currents w ill be present alongnorth and south boundaries as well as alongthe western bound ary. Single concen tratedsource.

    Fig . 14. Circulation pattern in sector o fFig. 13 with equal concentrated sources ineach hemisphere.

    s e p a r a t e g y r e s w i t h n o f l o w a c r o s s t h e e q u a t o r ( F i g . 1 4 ) . I f t h e s o u r c e s a r e n o t e q u a lt h e r e is a f l ow a c r o s s th e e q u a t o r i n t h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t ( t h er e is n e v e rt r a n s e q u a t o r i a l f l o w i n th e i n t e r io r ) f r o m t h e b a s i n w i t h t h e l a r g e r s o u rc e , t h e p a t t e r nt h e n l o o k i n g m o r e l i k e t h a t s h o w n i n F i g . 13 . T h e o n l y d i f fe r e n c e i n th e s e p a t t e r n s ,a s w e v a r y t h e r e l a t i v e s t r e n g t h o f So a n d $ 1 is in t h e l a t i t u d e o f r e v e r s a l o f t h e w e s t e r nb o u n d a r y c u r r e n t .

    (7 ) SOME COMMENTS O N THE V ARIOUS BOUND ARY LAYERST h e v a r i o u s b o u n d a r y l a y er s i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g e x a m p l e s c a n b e a v o i d e d ,

    f o r m a l l y , b y p r o p e r c h o i c e o f t h e s in k f u n c t i o n Q . T h u s , a l l b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t s o nl a t i tu d e c i r cl e s c a n b e a v o i d e d b y c h o o s i n g Q s o t h a t i t a p p r o a c h e s z e r o a t t h e b o u n d a r y .S i m i l a rl y , w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t s c a n b e a v o i d e d i f w e r e s tr i c t Q (~ , 4 ) t o f o r m sw h i c h s a t i s f y t h e i n t e g r a l r e l a t i o n

    f ~ Q (o , 4 ) d 4 = 0w h e r e 4 2 a n d 4 1 a r e t h e l o n g i t u d e s o f t h e m e r i d i o n a l b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e b a s i n . I ne f f e c t, t h e s e a r e t h e r e s t r i c t io n s w h i c h G O LD SB R OU G H i m p o s e s i n h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n .S u c h r e s t r i c t io n s a r e , h o w e v e r , q u i t e a rt i fi c i a l f r o m a p h y s i c a l p o i n t o f v i e w . M o s t

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    On the abyssal circulation of the world oc ea n- -I 153s i m p l e p h y s i c a l r e g i m e s i n e x p e r i m e n t s , s u c h a s t h o s e i n t h e r o t a t i n g c i r c u l a r b a s i nw i t h p a r a b o l i c d e p t h l a w (STO MM ELe t a l . , 1 95 8) a s w e l l a s g e o p h y s i c a l o r o c e a n o g r a p h i cs i tu a t i o n s , a r e c e r t a i n l y n o t b o u n d t o c o n f o r m t o s u c h a r t if ic i al r e s tr i ct io n s . T h u s ,t h e r e is a n e e d t o t a k e a r a t h e r b r o a d v i e w in c h o o s i n g m o d e l s w i t h v a r i o u s f o r m so f Q , a n d t h i s e v i d e n t l y r e q u i r e s i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a p p r o p r i a t e b o u n d a r y l a y e r s.

    (8 ) PAR TI AL BARR I ERSW h a t w i l l th e r e g i m e o f f l o w l o o k li k e w h e n t h e r e a r e m e r i d i o n a l b a r r i e r s w h i c h

    e n d a b r u p t l y a t s o m e l at it u d e f a r f r o m a n y o t h e r c o a s t ? L e t u s r e t u r n t o t h e s im p l ec o n f i g u r a t i o n o ri g i n a ll y d r a w n i n F i g . 7 , b u t n o w w e p u t a l o n g b a r r i e r a l o n g t h el o n g i t u d e 4 ' (4 1 < 4 ' < 4 2) e x t e n d i n g f r o m t h e p o l e t o c o l a t i t u d e o ' b u t n o t b e y o n di t (F ig . 5 ) .

    W e c a n m a k e u s e o f th e s a m e k i n d o f r e a s o n i n g w e u s e d b e f o re t o c o n s t r u c t i n t e r io rs o l u t io n s i n t h e o p e n o c e a n p o r t i o n . H o w e v e r it is c l e a r t h a t w e c a n n o w h a v e t w ow e s t e rn b o u n d a r y c u r r e n ts a l o n g 4 t a n d 4 ' , w i t h t r a n s p o r t s T w a n d T , / . I f u p o nc a l c u l a t io n o f t h e t r a n s p o r t T w ' a l o n g t h e p a r t i a l b a r r i e r 4 ' i t is f o u n d t h a t T w ' =4= 0a t o = a ' , t h e n c l e a r l y t h e o n l y r e s o r t i s a z o n a l c u r r e n t ( Z i n F i g . 1 6 ) t o c o n n e c t

    J

    Fig. 15. M eridionally bound ed sector(9~1, 9~2) with partial m eridio nal barrie rextending from pole to longitude if '.

    .A

    Fig. 16. Circulation pattern in sector withpartial me ridional barrier. W esternboundary currents along ~1 and ~" areconnected b y zonal flow Z.t h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y c u r r e n t o n t h e b a r r i e r 4 ' t o t h a t o n t h e b a r r i e r 4 1 " I n t h i s w a yc o n t i n u i t y c a n b e p r e s e r v e d . T o s ee h o w t h i s a lt e r s t h e p i c t u r e o f t h e c ir c u l a t i o n w ec a n c o m p a r e F i g s. 8 a n d 1 6. T h e f o r m e r s h o w s th e p a t t e r n o f c i r c u l a t i o n f o r a b a s i n ,b o u n d e d b y t w o m e r i d i a n s a n d t h e e q u a t o r , f il le d b y a s o u r c e S o a t th e e q u a t o r , a n de m p t i e d b y a u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d s i n k o v e r t h e w h o l e o c e a n i c a r e a . I n F i g . 1 6 am e r i d i o n a l b a r r i e r 4 ' h a s b e e n a d d e d p a r t w a y d o w n f r o m t h e p o l e , a n d t h e m a s sf lu x i n t o t h e e a s t e rn b a s i n o c c u r s p a r t l y a s a z o n a l c u r r e n t t o w a r d t h e e a s t . T h e f a c tt h a t t h is z o n a l c u r r e n t c a n i n d e e d ' r o u n d t h e c o r n e r ' t o j o i n th e w e s t e rn b o u n d a r yc u r r e n t h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d i n r o t a t i n g t a n k e x p e r i m e n t s b y A . J . FA L LE R( p r iv a t e c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) . B o t h n o r t h a n d s o u t h o f th e z o n a l c u r r e n t t h e re is a ni n t er i o r m e r i d i o n a l c o m p o n e n t o f f lo w w h i c h m u s t j o i n p r o p e r l y t o t h e z o n a l c u r r e n t .

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    154 HENRY STOMMEL an d A. B . ARONST h e r e f o r e t h e z o n a l c u r r e n t i s n o t s t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g a c o n t i n u o u s c u r r e n t ; w a t e r i sa d d e d f r o m t h e s o u t h a n d t h r o w n o f f t o t h e n o r t h a l o n g i ts l e ng t h , a s t h e d r a w i n go f t h e i s o b a r s i n d i c a t e s .Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods Hole, Mass.Contribution No. 1023 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Part of this workwas done while one of us (A.B.A.) was the recipient of a Fellowship of the "John SimonGuggenheim Memorial Foundation.

    REFERENCESGOLDSBROUGH G . R. (1933) Oce an cu r ren ts p rodu ced by eva pora t ion and prec ip i ta t ion .Proc. Roy. Soc. A141, 512-517.ROaINSON A. an d STOMM~L HENRY 095 9) Th e oceanic therm ocl ine and the assoc ia tedthe r mo ha l ine c i rcu l a ti on . Tellus 11, (3). In pres s.STOMMEL HENRY, ARONS A. B. and FALLER A. J . (1958) Som e exam ples of s ta t ion aryp l ane t a r y f l ow pa t t e r n s i n bounded ba s in s . Tellus 10, (2), 179-187.