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Open Source GI and Cartography

Georg Gartner

TU Wien

Outline

• 1. Introduction

• 2. Free and Open Source Software for GI and cartography

• 3. Open standards and technologies for GI and Cartography

• 4. Open Software for GI and Cartography

• 5. Case studies in urban planning

1. What is Free and Open Source Software?

• Four essential freedoms1:– The freedom to run the program, for any purpose

(Freedom 0)– The freedom to study how the program works, and

change it to make it do what you wish (Freedom 1)– The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help

your neighbor (Freedom 2)– The freedom to distribute copies of your modified

versions to others (Freedom 3)– Access to the source code is a precondition for

Freedom 1 and 3.

• A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.

1. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html

Definition

• Free software is a matter of the user‘s freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software.

• “Free software” is a mater of liberty, not price.

– “free speech” vs. “free beer”

• Google Maps (APIs) is free, but not a free software.

Terms of Use

• Bing Map? Not!

Privacy and Legal

2. Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial

• Open source GIS provides accessibility, low cost solutions and lowers the entry barriers for the use of geospatial technologies for all.

• Relevant communities– Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)– Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo)

• Research communities:– ICA Working Group on Open Source Geospatial

Technologies

OGC

• The Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.® (OGC) is a non-profit, international, voluntary consensus standards organization that is leading the development of standards for geospatial and location based services.

• Mission– To serve as a global forum for the collaboration of

developers and users of spatial data products and services, and to advance the development of international standards for geospatial interoperability.

OGC’s standards

• Geography Markup Language – GML

• Web Map Service (WMS)

• Web Coverage Service (WCS)

• Web Feature Service (WFS)

• Location Services (OpenLS)

• ….

http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards

OSGeo

• The OSGeo is a not-for-profit organization whose mission is to support and promote the collaborative development of open geospatial technologies and data.

• provides financial, organizational and legal support to the broader open source geospatial community.

• Hosting the FOSS4G conferences (Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial)

http://www.osgeo.org/content/foundation/about.html

OSGeo’s Projects• Web Mapping

– Deegree, Geomajas, GeoServer, Mapbender, MapBuilder, MapFish, MapGuide Open Source, MapServer, OpenLayers

• Desktop Applications– GRASS GIS, OSSIM, Quantum GIS, gvSIG

• Geospatial Libraries– FDO, GDAL/OGR, GEOS, GeoTools, MetaCRS,

PostGIS

• Metadata Catalog– GeoNetwork

• Other Projects– Public Geospatial Data, Education and Curriculum

ICA Working Group on Open Source Geospatial Technologies

• The WG aims to promote multi-national holistic research in free and open source geospatial technologies in order to make accessible the latest developments in open source tools to the wider cartographic community.

• The WG attempts to enhance the usage of free and open source geospatial tools among the cartographic community worldwide, especially for education.

• A serial of conferences and workshops

3. Open standards and technologies

• GML (current version 3.2.1) – an XML grammar for expressing geographical features

– Used as an open interchange format for transmitting geographic data on the Internet

– GML was adopted as an International Standard (ISO 19136:2007) in 2007.

– Ordnance Survey of GB use GML as the (only) format for supply of MasterMap data1

1. http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/xml/schema/index.html


• KML (Keyhole Markup Language )– a language for the visualization of geographic

information tailored for "Google Earth".

– complements GML: KML can be used to carry GML content, and GML can be “styled” to KML for the purposes of presentation.

• SVG (Scalable Vector Graphic, by W3C)– an XML-based file format for describing two-

dimensional vector graphics, both static and dynamic

– Can be used to visualize geospatial dataset (such as GML)


• OGC’s OpenGIS Web Services (OWS)

– Web Map Service (WMS 1.3.0)

• Provides georeferenced map images

• Return data types: GIF, PNG, JPEG, etc.

– Web Feature Service (WFS 1.1)

• Provides vector data on demand

• Return data types: GML 3.1.1, and GML 2.1.2

– Web Converage Service (WCS 1.1)

• Provides raster data on demand

• Return data types: GeoTIFF, DTED, HDF-EOS, or NITF.


• WMS, WFS and WCS are designed as server-side mapping methods.

• Map (and other) requests are made through standard HTML methods1

– URL

– Parameters supplied within URL (GET) or hidden in document (POST)

– One request gives one response

1. http://www.sigte.udg.edu/summerschool2010/uploads/XMLandOWS.pdf

A WMS Example (A large image (1000 x 1000 pixels) of several cryospheric parameters in a polar

stereographic projection focused on the Arctic): http://nsidc.org/cgi-bin/atlas_north?service=WMS&version =1.1.1&request =GetMap&srs=EPSG:32661&format=image/gif&width=1000&height=1000&bbox=-2700000,-2700000,6700000,6700000&layers=sea_ice_extent_01,land,snow_extent_01,permafrost_extent,country_borders,treeline,north_pole_geographic,arctic_circle,country_labels,geographic_features_sea

A WFS Example (Elevation contours for the Greenland ice sheet): http://nsidc.org/cgi-bin/atlas_north?service=WFS&version=1.1.0&request=GetFeature&typename=greenland_elevation_contours

GML

Rendering in QGIS

A WCS Example (A GeoTIFF of sea ice concentration at 25-km resolution in a polar stereographic

projection focused on the Arctic ) : http://nsidc.org/cgi-bin/atlas_north?service=WCS&version=1.1.1&request =GetCoverage&crs=EPSG:32661&format=GeoTIFF&resx=25000&resy=25000&bbox=-2700000,-2700000,6700000,6700000&coverage=sea_ice_concentration_01

From: http://nsidc.org/data/atlas/ogc_services.html#WCS


• Web Processing Service – provides rules for standardizing how inputs and outputs

(requests and responses) for geospatial processing services, such as polygon overlay.

• Sensor Observation Service – provides an API for managing deployed sensors and

retrieving sensor data and specifically “observation” data.

• More standards ….– OGC: http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards

– ISO TC 211: http://www.isotc211.org/

http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards


• The above standards and technologies are adopted in many Open Source GI and Cartography applications.

4. Open Software for GI and Cartography

• Different kinds of software

– Web Mapping

– Desktop Applications

– Geospatial Libraries

– Metadata Catalog

– Others

• We will introduce some typical software.

4.1 Web Mapping

• Map Server (from OSGeo)

– Originally developed at the University of Minnesota (UMN Map Server)

– an open source development environment for building spatially-enabled web mapping applications and services.

http://www.osgeo.org/mapserver

4.1 Web Mapping

• OpenLayers

– provides an JavaScript API for building rich web-based geographic applications similar to Google Maps and Bing Maps.

4.2 Desktop Applications

• Quantum GIS (QGIS)– QGIS lets you browse, edit and create a variety of

vector and raster formats, including ESRI shapefiles, spatial data in PostgreSQL/PostGIS, GRASS vectors and rasters, or GeoTiff.

– supports different plugins

4.2 Desktop Applications

• GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System)

• For performing spatial analysis

• consists of more than 350 modules for processing vector (2D/3D), raster and voxel data

• can serve as a Desktop GIS and as the backbone of a complete GIS infrastructure.

4.3 Geospatial Libraries• GeoTools

– an open source Java code library which provides standards compliant methods for the manipulation of geospatial data.

– It implements OGC specifications (standards) as they are developed.

4.3 Geospatial Libraries

• PostGIS

– an open source software program that adds support for geographic objects to the PostgreSQL object-relational database.

– follows the Simple Features for SQL specification (standard) from OGC.

QGIS Displaying Vector Data from PostGIS

4.4 Metadata Catalog

• GeoNetwork opensource

– a catalog application to manage spatially referenced resources

– providing powerful metadata editing and search functions as well as an embedded interactive web map viewer.

5. Case studies• SITEL (México)

• a spatial data infrastructure, allows various government agencies to share data to be included in their own projects as health, security, urban furniture or mobility.

• over 1,910 vectorial layers plus another 70+ raster files, provided through PostGIS and WMS/WFS/WCSservices with Mapserver.

• QGIS is used for data checking.

Satellite imagery Orthophotos Digital elevation

models

http://postgis.refractions.net/documentation/casestudies/sitel/

Data Checking in

QGIS

5. Case studies• Forestry planning

(Basel, Switzerland)1

– QGIS is used to import of existing data, digitizing, Analysis, Print and export.

Extract of the forestry measurements map

1. http://www.qgis.org/en/community/qgis-case-studies/basel-switzerland.html

5. Case studies

• Examples of using GRASS

– http://grass.osgeo.org/intro/index.php

• Case studies of QGIS

– http://qgis.osgeo.org/en/community/qgis-case-studies.html

• ...

http://grass.osgeo.org/intro/index.php

http://qgis.osgeo.org/en/community/qgis-case-studies.html





Technologie „Push“ in der Kartographie

- Datenakquisition und Sensoren- WebMapping und Soziale Netzwerke- LBS und Ubiquitous Computing- 3D, AR und Cross Media- Geodateninfrastruktur

Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Datenakquisition und SensorenRapid Mapping, Real-Time Cartography


Datenakquisition und SensorenAutomatisierte Kartographische Modellbildung


Datenakquisition und SensorenCrowd Sourcing


Datenverarbeitung

Pipes

Clouds

Real-Time Streaming


Earth Viewer


Web Mapping 2.0Crowd Sourcing


WebMapping 2.0Mashups


WebMapping 2.0Mashups


API Popularity

Google Maps 47%

Flickr 11%

YouTube 9%

Amazon 7%

VirtualEarth 4%

Ebay 4%

411Sync 3%

YahooMaps 3%

Del.icio.us 3%

Yahoo 3%

WebMapping 2.0


Location Based Services / Mobile Apps


Ubiquitäres Computing


3D Modellierung


Augmented Reality


Geodateninfrastruktur


Kartographie und das Informationszeitalter?

- ständig steigende Datenmengen- dynamische Weiterentwicklung von relevanten

Technologien- Anforderung an Interoperabilität/Schnittstellen- zeitnahe Weiterverarbeitung- Bedürfnis nach Interaktivität und dynam. Visualisierung- Analyse komplexer Daten- Kommunikation in nutzergerechter Form


Kartographie und das Informationszeitalter?Funktion von Karten: Artefakt abnehmend


Kartographie und das Informationszeitalter?Funktion von Karten: Interface zunehmend


Kartographie und das Informationszeitalter?Funktion von Karten: Metapher


Implikation Visualisierung

Nutzergerechte Informationsvermittlung


Implikation Nutzerzentrierung

Nutzerabhängiger Inhalt und Gestaltung Personalisierung, Adaptivität


Implikation Medienadäquanz

Mediengerechte Aufbereitung


Implikation Kartographisches Dogma

Gleichgewicht aus Maßstäblichkeit und Perzeptivität


C:/Dokumente und Einstellungen/Gartner/All Users/All Users/Dokumente/All Users/Dokumente/Publis+Present/2003Corp_OEROK/map2svg.svg

Implikation Kartographische Modellierung

Kartographische Modellbildung unter Einhaltung der „constraints“


Implikation Kartographische Modellbildung

Optimierung/Formalisierung der syntaktischen Dimension für 2D+


C:/Dokumente und Einstellungen/ikgeom_staff/Cookies/Desktop/gg/nobo_pres_publ/All Users/Dokumente/Lambrecht/INTRA.EXE

C:/Dokumente und Einstellungen/ikgeom_staff/Cookies/Desktop/gg/nobo_pres_publ/All Users/Dokumente/All Users/Dokumente/Publis+Present/2003Corp_OEROK/map2svg.svg

Implikation Kartographische Modellbildung

Optimierung/Formalisierung der semantischen Dimension


Implikation Cross Media

Derivation von Präsentationsmodellen in verschiedenen Medien


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