opportunities for v2 g integrating plug-in vehicles and the electric grid (tomic) april 6
TRANSCRIPT
Opportunities for V2G -Integrating Vehicles with the
Electric Grid
Jasna Tomic
UCLA EV ForumLos Angeles, CA
April 6, 2011
Clean Transportation Technologies and Solutions
Copyright CALSTART 2011
CALSTART: Advanced Transportation
National and International in Project Areas
2008155+ Worldwide Participant
Network
4 Offices in US
Four focus areas:Tech CommercializationFleet, Port ConsultingIndustry ServicesPolicy Development
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Outline
1. Definition of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)2. Background- why the interest in V2G3. V2G model4. Current Status – important cross
point5. Additions and Challanges6. Next steps – projects for California
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Vehicle-to-Grid Definition
• Vehicle-to-Grid refers to flow of electricity and communications between and electric-drive vehicle and the electric grid
Power Grid
EV of PHEV
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Why V2G - background
Three main reasons1. Electrification of transportation –
number of EV and PHEV models growing
2. “Smart Grid” – upgrading of the current power grid system
3. V2G allows merging of two large sectors – transportation and electric grid system
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Battery Electric Vehicles -Cost Still of Concern-
Mitsubishi IMiEV
Nissan Leaf
Daimler Electric Smart
Wheego
Tesla Roadster
Electric Mini
Think Citi
Ford Electric Connect
CA is Only State in Nation Where All of These Vehicles Will be Available!
Coda Sedan
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Commercial Trucks - Electrification
• Navistar and Modec JV for all electric truck E-Star
• Enova and Freightliner Custom Chassis all electric vehicles – E-Cell
• Smith Electric Newton
• 40 different hybrid and electric trucks in ride & drive (HTUF 2010)
Copyright CALSTART 2011HTUF 2009HTUF 2009
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Power Grid Changing
•“Smart Grid”• Integrating Distributed Generation• Increasing generation from renewables
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Vehicle & Electric Grid
• Two large sector that can be integrated
• Smart interaction between vehicle fleet, grid and intermittent renewable
• Large, low-cost storage for renewables
• Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) power as bridging technology
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Vehicle to Grid- Integration of Transportation and Electric Grid
Arrows indicate direction of power flow
(Kempton &Tomic, JPS, 2005) 2
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Uses for V2G Power
EDV
Base-load Power
Peak Power
Ancillary Service
turbine
Energy Storage
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Ancillary Services
ISO/RTO
GENERATION LOAD
• Grid Management- Maintain grid reliability• Balance Supply and Demand• Support transmission of electric power• A/S requirements 5-10% of the system load
Copyright CALSTART 2011
ISOs in North America
www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/rto.asp
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Ancillary Services Market
• Ancillary services ensure electric power grid is stable and reliable
• Regulation: On-line generation synchronized to the grid to respond to demand variations (voltage and frequency). Energy is increased/decreased instantly (~2-3 min) via automatic generation control (AGC)
• Spinning Reserves: Generating capacity synchronized and ready to respond for ~10 min in case of power failures.
• Require units operating but not producing energy• Payments consist of:
Capacity price ($/MW-h) + Energy price ($/MWh)
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Electricity Market Prices
• Ancillary Services Capacity Price– Frequency Regulation $15-55/MW-h- Spinning Reserves $20/MW-h
Capacity price ($/MW-h) + Energy price ($/MWh)
Energy Price• Baseload Power 2-10 c/kWh• Peak Power 5-80 c/kWh
5
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Fleet Case -252 EVs
• For regulation services - 252 vehicles• Upgrade costs for V2G included• Pline = 15 kW• tplug = 17 h• cel = 0.05 $/kWh, cen = 0.15 $/kWh • NiMH
• CAISO Regulation Capacity price ( 2003)Regup pcontr = 19.5 $/MW-hRegdown pcontr = 20.3 $/MW-h
Copyright CALSTART 2011
YEAR 2003
FLEETPOWER kW Revenue Cost Net Profit
@15 kW3,780 $1,039,000 $380,000 $659,000
Calculated Profits with V2G for Ancillary Services
(Tomic & Kempton, JPS, 2007)
252 RAV4 EVs in CAISO
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Commercial Plug-in TrucksPotential for V2G
• Battery size much larger - up to 80 kWh
• Power output 15 kW• Reliable use schedule,
central location• Integrate with PV solar for C-
free fuel• Preliminary estimates using
2008 CAISO prices – annual profit $1,500
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Important Parameters
• Important parameters:– market value of A/S– kW capacity of vehicles and
electrical connections– kWh capacity of vehicle battery
•There is economic benefit for grid-connected vehicles providing power for A/S markets
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Current Status
• High awareness of V2G• Huge interest among utilities in impact of
grid-connected vehicles on grid• “Smart grid” large investment in modernizing
the grid (this is NOT a synonym for V2G)• Car companies realizing that V2G can help the
business case of plug-in vehicles• Cars and commercial vehicles are more
electric today – hybrid and all electric• Deployment of V2G is limited but real
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Additions & Challenges for V2G
V2G Additions – available now• Bi-directional on-board power electronics• Wireless communication, vehicle-grid• On-board metering
Challenges• Battery cycle life – what is impact of V2G
application• Optimization of battery design for EVs and PHEVs • Need for vehicle aggregator managing fleets and
individual vehicles• Need standards for V2G provision quality
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Deployment of V2G in PJM
(Ken Huber, PJM, Plug-in 2009)
Copyright CALSTART 2011
What about CA? - Next Steps
• We are looking for project partners• We need targeted deployment of V2G now in CA!• Need to show benefits in targeted demonstrations• Discharging of EVs and other distributed generation
back to the grid provides greater benefit to the grid– Use of stored electricity– Grid stability– Added generation capacity
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Next Steps – Projects in CA
Need to increase regional showcases of V2G deployment in California
• Design projects with fleets or aggregated vehicles – 5 -50 (municipalities, government fleets, campus)1) Controlled charging2) Variable rate charging3) Discharging to grid4) Added functionality of on-board power5) Communication protocols with CAISO6) Understand impact on local disribution
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Next Steps – Projects in CA
Commercial vehicles are good initial users for V2G
• Commercial vehicles good early adopters and can provide lessons for the consumer world --- e.g. parcel delivery applications, telecom, utility fleets
• Light-duty vehicles --- Consortium tying together vehicle deployment + infrastructure upgrading + user education
Copyright CALSTART 2011
Benefits of V2G
• Cost of EVs & PHEVs is relatively high• V2G provides revenue to owner and helps offset that
higher cost• Dual use for clean transportation and grid power
support - shared capital cost• Encourages early adoption of EVs & PHEVs• Distributed generation – more stable grid• Energy storage for grid and integration of renewable
sources