opportunities in membrane technology in water resources · 2020-05-13 · opportunities in membrane...

Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia

Opportunities in Membrane Technology in Water Resources

Presentation Outline

1. Introduction

2. Membrane Applications

3. Nanomaterials in Membrane Technology

4. Advanced Membrane Technologyi. Forward Osmosis

ii. Photocatalytic membrane

5. Concluding Remarks

Innovative • Entrepreneurial • Global

Global Water Crisis:H2O QUICK FACTS


Do you know that…

• Over the past 40 years the world’s population has doubled and use ofwater has quadrupled.

• 783 million people (1 in 10 people) do not have access to clean andsafe water.

• In developing countries, as much as 80% of illnesses are linked topoor water and sanitation conditions.

• Compared to today, five times as much land is likely to be under“extreme drought” by 2050.

• By 2050, 1 in 5 developing countries will face water shortages.

Sources: United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization; World Health Organization; UNICEF, 2015 Innovative • Entrepreneurial • Global

Water-stress Regions-A Worsening Scenario


Sources: World Meteorology Organization

Factors Leading to Water Crisis


Climate and GeographyPoor Water Infrastructure

and Sanitary Water Pollutions

Can Membrane Cope?


Engineering Solutions: Membrane Technology

Wastewater Treatment Desalination



MEMBRANE APPLICATIONS

Fuel Cell Technology

Microreactor(Chemical Industry)

Medicine &

Pharmacy

Gas separation

Waste water

Treatment

Extracorporial Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)

10 Billion

3 Billion

300 Million

Projected Demand of Membrane Technology in 2015 (USD)

The East Asia growth is spurred by expansion of :§ The chemical related industry,§ The need to desalinate seawater,§ Growing power plant ultrapure water requirements, § The incorporation of cross flow filtration in the upscale commercial § Purify municipal and industrial wastewater for reuse.

McIlvaine-Co, 2011


Membrane Chronological Development


2010 2013 2015 2016

New membrane & process development

Ø Carbon Nanotube for DesalinationØMembrane Distillation

Ø Forward OsmosisØ Photocatalytic MembraneØ Adsorptive Membrane

ØNanofiltration for BPA removalØ Ultrafiltration for Wastewater Treatment

Ø Thin Film Composite Membrane for Desalination

Future

Ø Thin Film nanocomposite for DesalinationØ Boron Nitrate Membrane for Sea Water DesalinationØ Ceramic Membrane for Ammonia Removal

Advanced Membranes

The Next Big Thing: Engineered Nanomaterials


• Nanomaterials are typically defined as materials smaller than 100 nm in at least one dimension.

• At this scale, materials often possess novel size-dependent properties different from their large counterparts.

• Water and wastewater treatment utilize the scalable size-dependent properties of nanomaterials which relate to:

• High specific surface area and sorption capacity• High selectivity and reactivity• Fast transport• Antimicrobial

Classes of Nanomaterials


a) Clusters (0D)

Examples: TiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, SiO2, ZnO, Ag

b) Nanotubes/rods (1D)

Examples: SWCNTs, MWCNTs, titania nanotube

c) Films/ exfoliated (2D)

Examples: grahene, graphene oxide, clay silicate

Examples: zeolite, metal organic framework

d) Polycrystal (3D)

How Does Nanotechnology Help?

• Recent advances in nanotechnology offer leapfrogging opportunities to develop next-generation water supply systems

• The highly efficient, modular, and multifunctional processes enabled by nanotechnology-provide high performance, affordable and sustainable solutions.

• Less reliance on large infrastructures• New treatment capabilities that allow economic utilization of

unconventional water sources to expand the water supply


Membrane Enhanced with Emerging Nanomaterials


Advanced Membrane Technologyi. Forward osmosis ii. Photocatalytic membrane


(i) FORWARD OSMOSIS-The Principles

• FO is an osmotically driven membrane process that takes advantage of the osmotic pressure gradient to drive water across the semipermeable membrane from the feed solution (low osmotic pressure) side to the draw solution (high osmotic pressure) side.

Image: Oasys Water


Advantages of FO over Conventional Pressure Driven Membrane Processes

• Due to the very low hydraulic pressure required, FO delivers many potential advantages such as:

• less energy input • lower fouling tendency• easier fouling removal • higher water recovery

Zhao et al. Journal of Membrane Science 396 (2012) 1– 21

The potential benefits of FO used in water treatment


FO Membrane Experimental Set-Up

FO Permeation Cell

Pump 1

V-4

PP

Feed Solution Tank

Pump 2

I-4

V-1

V-2

V-5

V-8

Flow Meter 2Flow Meter 1

V-6

V-3

V-7

V-9

Draw Solution Tank

Digital Weight Balance

Low osmotic Pressure High osmotic Pressure

Jv=water permeation flux (based on the volume change in the draw or feed solution)Js=Salt reverse diffusion flux from the draw solution (based on the conductivity different)


FO Membrane Characteristics• The polyamide (PA) thin filmcomposite (TFC) (synthesized via

interfacial polymerization of MPD (m-phenylenediamine) andTMC(trimesoylchloride), Mitchelle et al., 2010) FOmembranes are excellent to the existing asymmetricmembranes as they exhibit higher water flux and saltrejection.

The desired characteristics of TFC FO membranes:

•A Thin semi-permeable PA layer free of defects with high water flux and high solute rejection•A microporous substrate with low ICP•Highly hydrophilic to improve water flux and antifouling behavior•High mechanical strength against cleaning and vibration throughout operation


TFN membrane in FO – the structure


Thin Film Nanocomposite FO membrane for Desalination

Polyamide TFN with PSf–TiO2 nanocomposite substrate

• The hydrophilicity and porosity of the PSf– TiO2 nanocomposite substrate was improved upon addition of TiO2.

• The increase in water permeability can be attributed to decrease in structural parameter which resulted in decreased internal concentration polarization (ICP).

A.F. Ismail et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 237 (2014) 70–80


Hollow Fiber FO membrane for Desalination

Tri-bore hollow fiber membrane

(A) Single layer tri-needle spinneret; (B) bottom view of the tri-needle spinneret; (C) cross sections of as-spun tri-bore HFs.

• The triangle TFC-FO membrane exhibits improved water permeability than the round one. The TFC-triangle FO membrane has the highest water fluxes of 11.8 LMH with low salt reverse fluxes of 2.5 gMH FO modes.

• In addition, much more fibers can be packed in a FO module if TFC tri-bore HF membranes have a triangle shape instead of a round one.

Luo et al. Journal of Membrane Science 461 (2014) 28–38


Graphene FO Membrane For Desalination-Molecular Dynamic Simulation

• Porous graphene can be used as an FO membrane without the requirement of a support layer. Hence exhibits zero Internal Concentration Polarization (ICP) if external hydraulic pressure is not necessary.

• The dangling bonds in the graphene pores can be saturated with N or F atoms to form functional graphene monolayers:

• Fluorinated porous graphene (GF) • Nitriding porous graphene (GN)

Gai et al. J. Mater. Chem. A,2014, 2, 4023

TUNABLE PORE PROPERTIES-The flux and rejection can be tuned by the presence of F and N:With N atom-water flux decreases and salt rejection increases (due to stronger attractions between membrane pores and solutions)

With F atom-ultrafast water flux due to less adsorption energy compared to N atoms.


Nanocomposite FO membrane for Shale Gas (Highly Saline oil) Wastewater Treatment

Nanocomposite FO membrane composed of an oil-repelling and saltrejecting hydrogel selective layer on top of a graphene oxide (GO)nanosheets infused polymeric support layer for simultaneous oil-repellency and salt-rejection

The synthesized FO membranes possess ultrahigh rejections ofmultivalent inorganic ions as well as emulsified oils.

The infused GO nanosheet plays a crucial role to improve FOmembrane structure (reducing structural parameter, Svalue=resistance of membrane’s support layer towards solutediffusion) by reducing the tortuosity as well as increasing theporosity of the support layer, and consequently lead toconstantly high water flux

Qin at al. Nature Scientific Reports 5, Article number: 14530 (2015)

Parameters and intrinsic properties accountable for S value determination:•The pure water membrane permeability coefficient (A)•The salt permeability coefficient (B)•The water flux Jw – IN FO MODE – at a given osmotic driving force

http://www.forwardosmosistech.com/the-difference-between-a-pro-processes-and-the-pro-membrane-orientation-mode/


FO-RO hybrid system

Schematic of an FO–RO hybrid process plant for simultaneous treatment of wastewater and seawater desalination (DS: draw solution; FS: feed solution; RO: reverse osmosis; WW: wastewater)

Chekli et al. Journal of Membrane Science 497 (2016) 430–449


Hybrid FO System for Desalination FO acts as pretreatment in conventional desalination

Images: International Forward Osmosis Association


FO-RO Desalination

Shaffer et al. / Journal of Membrane Science 415–416 (2012) 1–8

Specific energy consumption (SEC) and total membrane area of an integrated FO-RO seawater desalination process compared to a two-pass RO process.

The key benefits include (i) Energy saving(ii) chemical storage and feed systems may be reduced for capital

and operations and maintenance cost savings, (iii)water quality is improved for increased consumer confidence

and reduced process piping costs (iv)the overall sustainability of the desalination process is

improved.


FO for Osmotic Membrane Bioreactor (OMBR)

Compared to seawater, general wastewater has lower osmotic pressure but much higher fouling propensity. Low fouling tendency is one of the most pronounced advantages of FO.

The ratio of the membrane salt permeability (B) to the water permeability (A) (i.e. B/A) and the ratio of hydraulic retention time (HRT) to sludge retention time (SRT) (i.e. HRT/SRT) are two important parameters for the optimization of OMBR operation.

To minimize the flux decline caused by salt accumulation, these two ratios should be low

Achilli et al. Desalination 239 (2009) 10–21


Challenges of FO for Water Reclamation

1. Concentration polarization2. Membrane fouling

3. Reverse solute diffusion4. The need for membrane development5. The design of the draw solute

Zhao et al. Journal of Membrane Science 396 (2012) 1– 21

Relationships between ICP, membrane fouling, reverse solution diffusion, membrane characteristics and draw solute properties in FO


Photocatalysis is the acceleration of chemical reaction based on the OH-generation, induced by the absorption of light by a catalyst (TiO2; remarkable

charge transfer property and oxidation ability). One of its application is to treat the organic pollutant in water.

Two types of photocatalytic reactors: 1. Separated photocatalysis and separation chamber

2. Hybrid chamber

Advantages:1. Reaction and separation occurred simultaneously

2. Eliminate separation step for catalyst

(ii) Photocatalysis

CB- Conductance bandVB- Valence band


Cros

s-se

ctio

nSurface

Mem

bran

e su

rfac

e

Type of Photocatalytic Membranes

Flat sheet membrane

Single layer hollow fibre

Dual layer hollow fibre


Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor

UV lamp

Stainless steel reactor body frame

Membrane cubic cell

Membrane module

Feed

1L of BPA solution

Membrane: Flat sheet membranePollutant: Biphenol A (BPA)

Membrane: Single layer hollow fiber membranePollutant: Oily wastewater


Membrane: Dual layer hollow fiber membranePollutant: Nonylphenol (NP)

Membrane: Flat sheet / Hollow fiber membranePollutant: Oily wastewater

Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor


Properties Single layer Dual layer

TiO2 distribution

Contact angle 84.0° 77.6°

Nonylphenol degradation 70% 85%

A.F. Ismail et al., Chemical Engineering Journal 269 (2015) 255-261

ü Distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles within membrane is a crucial part of this process because much of the reaction relies on the performance of the catalyst.

ü Via co-spinning process (involves 2 different phase inversion pathways simultaneously), dual-layer hollow fibre membrane with TiO2 distributed onto selected outer layer can be produced.

PHOTOCATALYTIC DUAL LAYER HOLLOW FIBRE MEMBRANES FOR NONYLPHENOL DEGRADATION

Comparison of single and dual layer hollow fibres’ properties (ratio TiO2/PVDF: 0.5)


PHOTOCATALYTIC DUAL LAYER HOLLOW FIBRE: Effect of Different Loadings of TiO2 on Membrane Structures

§ Hollow fibres with TiO2/PVDF ratio of 0 to 1.2 were developed via co-spinning process

§ Inner layer consisted of 100% PVDF, while outer layer was a mixture of TiO2/PVDF

§ Thickness of outer layer varied with the loading, the higher the loading, the thicker the thickness

§ Good adhesion between inner and outer layers can be achieved even for very high loading of TiO2

A.F. Ismail et al., Journal of Membrane Science 479 (2015) 123-131

Innovative • Entrepreneurial • Global A.F. Ismail et al., Reactive and Functional Polymers 479 (2015) 123-131

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

0 100 200 300ln

(Co/

C)Time (min)

PhotolysisTiO2/PVDF = 0TiO2/PVDF =0.2TiO2/PVDF = 0.5TiO2/PVDF = 0.7TiO2/PVDF = 1

Degradation kinetics of NP using different ratio of TiO2/PVDF membrane

PHOTOCATALYTIC DUAL LAYER HOLLOW FIBRE: Effect of Different Loadings of TiO2 on Nonylphenol Degradation

• No degradation occurs under photolysis conditions

• The photocatalytic degradation of NP did not occur since no catalyst was immobilized on the membrane.

• The degradation activity which represented by kinetic showed a significant increase when TiO2 loading was increased.

• Achieved the fastest degradation for the membrane with the highest TiO2 loading.


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270

NP Solution Flux (L/m2.h)

Time (min)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

NP Solution Flux (L/m2.h)

Time (min)

TiO2/PVDF = 0

TiO2/PVDF = 0.2

TiO2/PVDF = 0.5

TiO2/PVDF = 0.7

TiO2/PVDF = 1

TiO2/PVDF = 1.2

WITHOUT UV WITH UV

ü TiO2 may partially prevent the decline of permeate flux and allow to reach a higher stabilized flux more rapidly than without UV irradiation.ü 0.2 TiO2/PVDF ratio shows an optimum value for NP flux compared to other, it may due to the distribution of TiO2nanoparticles at the outer layer in DLHF membranes.

PHOTOCATALYTIC DUAL LAYER HOLLOW FIBRE: Effect of Different Loadings of TiO2 on Filtration Performance

Innovative • Entrepreneurial • Global C.S. Ong, W.J. Lau, P.S. Goh, A.F. Ismail et al Desalination 353 (2014) 48–56

A laboratory-scale submerged membrane photocatalytic reactor (sMPR) exhibited remarkably improved performances in degrading synthetic cutting oil wastewater and producing permeate of high quality at relatively low operating cost.

FEED with different

concentration of cutting oil

PERMEATE with clear

solution that comply

discharge standard

PHOTOCATALYTIC MEMBRANE FOR OILY WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Current Challenges of Photocatalytic Membrane


§ Tendency for nanoparticle photocatalyst agglomeration at high loading → reduce photocatalytic activity performance, mechanical strength§ High operation cost due to high UV

light‘s power consumption§ Instable PVDF as base membrane

when exposure to UV at long termWay forward of Photocatalytic Membranes

§ Co-spinning is able to reduce the effect of nanoparticle agglomeration

§ Shifting from UV-driven to visible light driven photocatalyst

§ The use of robust ceramic membrane to replace polymeric membrane

5. Concluding Remarks

• Membrane technology provides engineering solution for water shortage through water reclamation (wastewater treatment and desalination)

• The application of nanomaterials have further heightened the performances of membrane technology

• Emerging advanced membrane processes offered Lower energy consumption, higher removal efficiency/water recovery and simple process

• More breakthroughs are expected to in this field to provide sustainable engineering solutions to address water scarcity

Acknowledgement

§Members and students of AMTEC, UTM§Universiti Teknologi Malaysia§Ministry of Education Malaysia

§Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia


Ø The portable drinking water filtration system hasbeen developed by AMTEC, UTM to provides cleanand safe drinking water to community in KampungRumindako Kiulu, Tamparuli, Sabah

ØWater resource that is used for the treatment ofprocess water is obtained from ground water

Ø The system capable to supply 2000 Liter per day ofwhich can cater around 1000 peoples.


Community ServicesCommunity Service to Supply Drinkable Water at Kiulu, Sabah (2017)

Ø The integrated mobile reverse osmosis (RO) waterpurification system (UTM Membrane) is developedby AMTEC, UTM.

ØWater resources that are used for the treatment ofprocess water is obtained from river water, tubewell and seawater.

Ø To provide quality water support to small unitswhere the distribution of water is not feasibleduring the occurrence of natural disaster.

Ø The system provides clean water support withoutcommitting large water production assets from thelogistics support structure.

Ø The system tailors water production capacity tofulfil the demands of independent SpecialOperations Forces, detachments and units typicallyengaged in remote site missions.


Community ServicesCommunity Service for Flood Relief at Kelantan (2016)


Community ServicesEarth Quake Relief at Ranau, Sabah (August 2015)


Community ServicesFlood Relief at Pekan, Pahang (Jan 2015)

Pantai Senok Desalination Plant (2017)Site: Kampung Pantai Senok, Kelantan

(Private Land)

• SWRO DESAL with max. capacity of 0.5 MLD can benefit 3,300 residents (150 Litre/person) for sustainable daily freshwater supply.

• The clean and sustainable water supply is the catalyst to revive the tourisms industry

The Necessity & Societal Benefits

Current Scenario• No natural supply of potable water-

over dependent on tube well supply• Yellowish and poor water quality supply

Community Services



AMTEC’S Products

Output: 40,000 litre/day (2 unit for 80,000Litre/day)

Water source: Surface water/ River water• Treated water production for drinking water with the

capacity of 80,000 litre/day.• To cater for 5,000 users.• 2 units installed at Kg. Sinarot for CSR earthquake relief.

TYPE A – UTM Membrane1

SPECIFICATION:• Max Capacity : 80,000 L/day (2 unit)• Operating pressure : 1-10 bar• Operating temperature : Max 50°C• pH range : 3.0-12.0• Conductivity : Raw (>500µS/cm)

: Filtrate (<100µS/cm)

ADVANTAGES: • Portable system • Beneficial to 5,000 users• High water quality <0.1 NTU• 99.9 % bacteria and viruses removal• 100% colloidal removal• Low cost and maintenance• No chemicals are required• Includes back flushing system for cleaning purpose

PRICING: USD185,000.00 /unit


Output: 20,000 litre/day.

Water source: Surface water/ River water• Treated water production for drinking water with the

capacity of 20,000 litre/day.• To cater for 2,000 users.• 1 units installed at Kg. Rumidako, Kiulu for CSR on

water shortage.

SPECIFICATION:• Max Capacity : 20,000 L/day• Operating pressure : 1-10 bar)• Operating temperature : Max 50°C• pH range : 3.0-12.0• Conductivity : Raw (>500µS/cm)

: Filtrate (<100µS/cm)

ADVANTAGES: • Portable system • Beneficial to 2,000 users• High water quality <0.1 NTU• 99.9 % bacteria and viruses removal• 100% colloidal removal• Low cost and maintenance• No chemicals are required• Includes back flushing system for cleaning purpose

TYPE B – UTM Membrane2

PRICING: USD120,000.00


Output: 1,000 litre/day.Water source: Surface water/ River water• Treated water production for drinking water with the

capacity of 2,000 litre/day.• To cater for 500 users.• 4 units delivered to Jabatan Air Kelantan as CSR water

purification system in disaster.

BENEFITS:i. Integrated mobile RO water purification unit is specialized design using

Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis membrane to produced a drinking water.

ii. The unit can treats any water source including river water, surface water, turbid and contaminated water sources.

SPECIFICATION:• Max Capacity : 1000 L/day• Operating pressure : 1-7 bar• Operating temperature : Max 50°C• pH range : 3.0-12.0• Conductivity : <100µS/cm

TYPE C – UTM Membrane3



Output: 6,000 litre/day (Utilities Water), 1,000 litre/day (Drinking Water)

Water source: Brackish water/ Seawater• 1 units installed at Endao as CSR unit.

SPECIFICATION:• Max Capacity : 6000 L/day• Operating pressure : Low (1-5 bar)• : High (50-70 bar)• Operating temperature : Max 50°C• pH range : 3.0-12.0• Conductivity : Raw (>30 mS/cm)

: 2nd pass RO (<400µS/cm)

ADVANTAGES: • Portable system • Beneficial to 300-500 users• High water quality < 0.1 NTU• 99.9 % bacteria and viruses removal• 100% colloidal removal• Low cost and maintenance• No chemicals are required• Includes back flushing system for cleaning purpose

TYPE D – UTM Membrane4



• AMTEC is now in the right direction to become a hub of membrane-based technology for nation human capital development and wealth creation for the future, especially in the niche area of water reclamation

• Apart from FO, photocatalytic and adsorptive membranes, AMTEC also gives attention to the development of membrane contactor, graphene based membrane and pressure retarded osmosis membrane

• Current AMTEC’s way forward is to produce affordable water purification system for local communities use

Conclusions


AMTEC’S Video


Juhana Jaafar, PhDAssociate Professor

[email protected]/amtec | fcee.utm.my/juhana/

THANK YOU

hakone, 2009

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.utm.my/amtec

opportunities in membrane technology in water resources · 2020-05-13 · opportunities in membrane...

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