orbit issue 87 (october 2010)

1

2

ORBIT

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copy Copyright 2010 The Astro Space Stamp Society No article contained herein may be reproduced without

prior permission of the Author and the Society

Editorial

Copy Deadline for the January 2011 issue is December14th by which time all material intended for

publication should be with the Editor

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION RATES Members in UKmdashpound15

in Europe (EU and non-EU) - euro30

Elsewhere - $45 equivalent

Juniors (under 18) pound650

ASSS website at URL

wwwasssutvinternetcom

ISSN 0953 1599 THE JOURNAL OF THE ASTRO

SPACE STAMP SOCIETY Issue No 87 October 2010

Patron

Cosmonaut Georgi Grechko Hero of the Soviet Union

COMMITTEE

Chair Margaret Morris 55 Canniesburn Drive Bearsden Glasgow

GS1 1RX (E-mail MMorris671aolcom)

Hon Secretary Brian JLockyer 21 Exford CloseWeston-Super-Mare

Somerset BS23 4RE

(E-mail brianlockyertesconet)

Compiler of Checklist Hon Treasurer Postal Packet Organiser

Harvey Duncan16 Begg Avenue Falkirk Scotland FK1 5DL

(E-mail duncan1975btinternetcom)

Orbit Editor Jeff Dugdale Glebe Cottage Speymouth Mosstodloch Moray

Scotland IV32 7LE (E-mail jefforbitedaolcom)

Webmaster Derek Clarke 36 Cherryfield Road Walkington

Dublin 12 (E-mail dclarkeutvinternetcom)

Postal Auction Organiser David Saunders 42 Burnet Road Bradwell

Great Yarmouth NR31 8SL

Overseas Representatives

Australia Charles Bromser 37 Bridport Street Melbourne 3205 GermanyJurgen P Esders An der Apostelkirche 10 10783 Berlin

EireDerek Clarke 36 Cherryfield Rd Walkinstown Dublin 12 France Jean-Louis Lafon 23 Rue de Mercantour 78310 Maurepas

Netherlands Bart Beimers NJ Haismasrt 7 9061 BV Gierkerk Russia Mikhail Vorobyov 31-12 Krupskaya Str Kostroma

United States Dr Ben Ramkissoon Linda Valley Villa 236 11075 Benton Street Loma Linda CA 92354-3182 USA

Life Members UK - Harvey Duncan George Spiteri Ian Ridpath Margaret Morris Michael Packham Dr WR Withey Paul Uppington

Jillian Wood Derek Clarke (Eire) Charles Bromser (Australia) Tom Baughn (USA) Ross Smith (Australia)

Vincent Leung Wing Sing (Hong Kong) Mohammed KSafdar (Saudi Arabia)

The report of its death has been exaggerated

Mark Twain would be proud of me My plans for

this issue to mark the end of the space shuttle have

(inevitably) been thwarted by delays in the NASA schedule and it now looks as if there will be at least

two further launches STS-133 in November of this year and STS-134 in February 2011 There are even

plans for STS-135 with a four man crew to be

launched in June so taking the longevity of this programme beyond the 30 year mark the first

shuttled having been launched on 12 April 1981

So apologies for the cover which was planned and designed when it looked as if the shuttlersquos swansong

was very imminent Therersquos no need to write to me

Perhaps Americarsquos reluctance to say goodbye to these

grand old craft follows on from its sense of great uncertainly of what lies beyond that and the prospect

of the USA having no autonomous access to space for

four to five years

By the time NASA finally returns to space with a vehicle capable of servicing the ISS whose life itself

is now projected well into this decade other nations

and several private organisations will have made their mark on space and will have been commemorated by

international space stamps

3

ORBIT ORBIT

Part Two

Part One covered the ISS from its inception in 1998

up to the completion of the second phase in Summer

2001

The third resident crew (EO-3) commanded by American Frank

Culbertson with two Russ ian colleagues had arrived at the ISS via

STS-105 in August 2001 for a fourth month stay 129 days in fact

researching in many science disciplines and conducting

the first EVAs by a resident crew

Soyuz TM 33 (launched 21102001)

The second Soyuz taxi mission (3S) carried a veteran Russian commander in Viktor Afanasyev a rookie flight

engineer in Konstantin Kozeev and ldquospationauterdquo Claudie Haignereacute making her second flightmdashher first

having been to Mir five years beforemdashfollowing her

marriage to a fellow French spacefarer Haignereacutersquos week long CNES sponsored mission was dubbed

ldquoAndromegravederdquo and included two experiments devoted to the observation of earth and the study of the

ionosphere three life science studies and two physics

experiments French high schools also devised

educational experiments designed to support

science teaching in schools This crew left

for Earth in the TM 31

craft on 31 October

Claudie Haignereacute was honoured with

a Lollini sponsored issue of four stamps from Somalia one of which is

shown below left

STS-108 (launched 5122001)

The final shuttle flight of the year was ISS assembly flight UF-1 which

also carried the Multi Purpose

Logisitcs Module Raffaello and a change of crew taking up the ISS-4

(EO-4) crew of Yuri Onufriyenko Daniel Bursch and Carl Weiz which

was a mirror image of the EO-3 crew having a Russian commander and

two American crew each of whom was making his

fourth flight Endeavour remained docked to the ISS for almost 190 hours during which in the only EVA

which lasted just over four hours mission specialists

Dan Tani and Linda Godwin installed insulation on the solar array rotation mechanism and retrieved antennae

covers for return to Earth The official handover between the ISS resident crews occurred on 13

December Just after undocking the crew of the shuttle splayed the small Starshine 2 satellite from a

Get Away Special canister which was to be tracked by

thousands of students in 26 countries during its eight months in orbit

EO-4 Highlights The fourth expedition which

began with the arrival of STS-108 at the ISS concluded on

19the June 2002 when the

crew returned aboard STS-111 During their 196 day

stay the EO4 crew worked on over 50 science experiments almost equally divided in

origin between the USA and Russia and many of them

already installed on the station

4

ORBIT

The crew performed three EVAs the first two via the

Russian Pirs module and the third out of the Quest airlock These EVA involved relocation of the cargo

boom for the Strela crane to the outside of Pirs the installation of six deflector shields on the Service

Module thrusters and of radio antennae Then on the

40th anniversary of the first orbital flight by the American John Glenn Walz and Bursch performed the

first EVA out of Quest without an attached shuttle in support in order to prepare the area for installation of

the S0 Truss due to arrive with STS-110 in April

During their spell on the ISS the crew experienced

power problems and a number of failures of the Elektron oxygen equipment They also had difficulties

with the operation of Canadarm2 whose wrist joint failed and required replacement They were relieved

with arrived of the EO-5 crew who came up with STS-

111

Both Bursch and Walz broke the record established by Shannon Lucid for an extended spell in space

eventually spending 196 days on the ISS 8 more than her endurance record On landing the three crew had a

joint accumulated total of nearly 850 days in space


Atlantis docked with the ISS on 10th April and in the following 170 hours at the station the four mission

specialists conducted four EVAs in order to install the S0

Truss as well as the increasingly routine duties of transferring equipment and supplies to the ISS

The truss was to serve as a platform on to which other

trusses were to be attached and solar arrays navigation

devices and power systems for later additions mounted

Initial tests of the Mobile Transporter (railcar) which

typically moved slowly (3 cms a second) were

successfully completed This facility would later prove to be very valuable in moving equipment about the ISS

On this mission Jerry Ross became the first astronaut to

be launched from Earth seven times though John Young had been launched six and once from the Moon


This ldquotaxirdquo mission exchanged Soyuz ferries allowed Italian Robert Vittori to complete a Science programme

(called Marco Polo) for the Italian Space Agency and

carried the second fare-paying passenger to the ISS in the shape of Mark Shuttleworth the first African to fly

in space Stamps were produced to mark these flights by South Africa on 17122003 and a Lollini sponsored

issue of four from Somalia issued on launch day

Shuttleworth was determined to improve on the image

of the ldquospace touristrdquo created following Denis Titorsquos first flight and he developed a programme of life science

experiments using on board equipment and bringing up four South African university developed ones

TM 34 was the last in the series of that version of Soyuz (which had begun in May 1986) with a new type

capable of more comfortably carrying astronauts of varying sizes about to come into service


5

ORBIT

STS-111 was assembly mission UF2 and transported to

the station the new resident crew of Valery Korzun Peggy Whitson and Sergei Treschev

Endeavour docked with the ISS on 7th June and

remained mated for almost a 190 hours On the same

day the EO-4 crew formally ended their 182-day residence handing over to the new team During the

time the two crews had together three EVAs were completed by Chang-Diaz (making his seventh flight)

and spationaut Perrin (the first Frenchman to spacewalk from the ISS) working on developing the

truss arrangement which would grow with every

subsequent visit of a shuttle One necessary repair was to Canadarm2 whose wrist roll joint was replaced

so restoring the sophisticated tool to operational status The MPLM Leonardo brought up in the shuttle payload

bay also permitted a large amount of new kit such as

a new science rack for microgravity experiments and a new glove box for isolation condition testsmdashto be taken

into the ISS and old materials to be returned to Earth

EO-5 Highlights As with EO-4 well over 50 experiments were tackled or re-

run by the new resident crew including one concerning the

forming of kidney stones during

spaceflight for which Peggy Whitson was the principal

investigator as the first ldquoScience Officerrdquo designated by

NASA

During their 185 days on the ISS the crew received two

Progress re-supply craft (M1-8 and M1-9) bringing over 5000 kg of cargo and equipment for the ESA Odessa science programme in November

By now routine EVA were conducted and the crew

overcame equipment repair and maintenance challenges Whitson posted a regular series of

journals on the NASA website about the work she was doing so providing a fascinating insight into the daily

work of the ISS crew She was amused to be

compared to ldquoScience Officerrdquo Mr Spock of the USS Enterprise in Star Trek


Assembly flight 9A flown by Atlantis docked with the ISS

on 9th October carrying materials for the construction of the S1 Truss and CETAmdash the Crew Equipment

Translation Aid (cart) which was to travel along the MBS rail

During EVAs David Wolf and (British born) Piers Sellers connected power data and fluid lines and released

launch bolts that allowed the radiators to be orientated for optimum cooling and set CETA in place Crew

members also repaired the exercise treadmill vibration dampening system in Zvezda and replaced a humidity

separator in Quest which had been leaking

Soyuz TMA 1 (launched 30102002)

Within two weeks of the department of Atlantis the first

of the new style Soyuz ferries arrived manned by two

Russians (Sergei Zaletin and Yuri Lonchakov and a Belgian Frank DeWinne) This flight ought to have

carried the third space flight participant (aka tourist) in the shape of N Synch pop singer Lance Bass but the

millionaire failed to pay his fare and was replaced by the back-up commander ldquoTMArdquo signified Transport

Modification Anthropometric and allowed many

American astronauts to fly who had been too large to fit in the Soyuz ferryrsquos previous versions very fortuitous

development given the dramatic space events which were to occur within a few months This was the first

Soyuz variant to fly without first being ldquoroad-testedrdquo

unmanned

The visitors who stayed at the station for a week worked with the resident

crew on Russian science programmes

and helped DeWinne with his ESA Odessa experiment programme which

had some twenty different features Returning in the TM 34 spacecraft they

had quite a hard landing in the first Russian landing at night time in ten

years DeWinne appears (on the right) in a Belgian

sheet issued in 2004 containing ten stamps showing famous countrymen

6

ORBIT

At this point in late 2002 the ISS

complex looked much as does in this 2006 stamp from Sierra Leone

captioned ldquoISS June 15th 2002rdquo showing the first basic trusses in

place


Assembly mission 11A began with the arrival of

Endeavour at the ISS on 25th November and the following day the P1 Truss which had been carried up

was relocated to the port end of the S0 Truss and automatically bolted in place

The mission also brought up the EO-6 crew of Ken Bowersox Nikolai Budarin and Donald Pettit who

officially took over shortly after the docking Three EVAs were conducted in support of the truss installation and

that of the CETA-B cart The activities included the first

EVA by a native American in rookie MS John Herrington

Although no one could possibly have predicted it at the time this would be the last time for thirty months that a

shuttle would dock at the station Endeavourrsquos own attempts to land were waived off on a record three

consecutive days before finally making it home on 7th

December

EO-6 Highlights The sixth resident crew had expected to return by shuttle at the end of their stay on the station but the

loss of Columbia on 1st February 2003 (in a mission that had not visited the ISS) resulted in the fleet being

grounded and the crew having to use the TMA-1

spacecraft for landing and they were replaced by the TMA-2 ldquocaretakerrdquo crew

Donald Pettit had been included

late the preparatory stage when

the original Science Officer Don Thomas was adjudged to have

received too much radiation on his previous spaceflights for duty

on a long duration flight There were no planned visiting

missions scheduled until the arrival of STS-114 to

bring them home after a four month tour

The science programme included over twenty new investigations and Pettit broadcast a series of science

demonstrated supported by postings on the internet

Two EVA (one unplanned) were conducted the first related to the P1 Truss radiator system but the

second (after the loss of Columbia) conducted on 8th April to ensure that the new crew would need to

perform an EVA only in an emergency

Progress M47 arrived on 4th February and further such

visits would now prove indispensable to the maintenance of operations on the ISS in the following

two to three years The resident crew departed on 3rd May so becoming the first to return to earth in a

Soyuz craft and accordingly making Bowersox and

Pettit the first NASA men to fly home in a Russian craft

The landing went far from well with the crew

experiencing almost 8G in the re-entry process and landing well off target so that it took over two hours to

find them they had not been equipped with mobile

phones Pettit was much distressed by the landing but the crew were much praised for their professionalism

in dealing with the problem which was later traced to the yaw gyroscope experiencing a gimbal lock when its

angular rate exceeded 54deg

Soyuz TMA 2 (launched 2642003) EO-7

The new style Soyuz ferry was now the only means of taking

astronauts to the ISS and due

to limited supply capacity it was decided that until shuttles

could be used again the resident crews would have to

be only two-strong (one from each nation) and launched

every six months The previously identified ISS crews

were reassigned as two-person crews with the third seat allocated to ESA astronauts flying short visits

7

ORBIT

However ESA had delayed their next astronautrsquos flight

by six months and so TMA2 flew with only two men on board

The first ldquocaretakerrdquo crew simply maintained systems on

the complex with limited capacity for science

programmes conducting only those which were already in situ Although both Mir and Salyut space stations

had been run by only two people the ISS was much more complex and considerably bigger so the ground

managers were very cautious in allocating duties

Progress M1-10 and M48 brought new supplies up to

Yuri Malenchenko and Ed Lu Lu as Science Officer continued to post on the web a series of personal

recollections of events on board

On 28 May a demonstration of American EMU suiting

was completed so proving that two men could suit up and remove suits without assistance from a third should

an emergency EVA be required On 10th August Malenchenko was ldquomarriedrdquo via a TV link to his fianceacutee

in Houston Texas arrangements having been made long in advance


The second caretaker crew arrived in mid-October

carrying Spanish ESA astronaut Pedro Duque British born ISS commander Michael Foale making his sixth

flight and Russian Alexander Kaleri the whole crew

being curiously celebrated by an issue from Tchad in 2004

Duque returned to Earth with

the EO7 crew on 27th October ha v i ng comp l e t ed h i s

Cervantes science programme during his eight days on the

station

In November Foale and Kaleri

practised emergency ingress procedures to determine if crew members wearing

Orlan EVA suits could enter Soyuz using the internal hatches This was proved possible after a great deal

of stressful activity

One EVA was conducted (on 26th February) and with

both men outside that was the first occasion on which no one had been inside the ISS for three and a half

years On 8th December Foale became the most

experienced NASA astronaut surpassing Carl Walzrsquos career total of 231 days over four missions When he

finally landed Foale had logged 375 days in space but his colleague Kaleri was still 238 days ahead of him in

aggregate terms


The new resident crew comprising Gennady Padalka Ed Fincke and Dutch ESA astronaut Andreacute Kuipers

arrived in mid-April and they are shown on this Lollini sponsored issue from Somalia in 2004 with Kuipers

appearing on his own in the top two stamps with

Fincke and Padalka (left) and Kaleri and Foale in the bottom pairing

8

ORBIT

Kuipers completed his ESA DELTA package during his

eight days on board ISS and returned with the EO8 crew on 30th April

The EO9 crew received no

visitors other than cargo

payloads via Progress M1-11 M49 and M50 After working on

suit repairs and servicing for over a month the crew

abandoned their first EVA after only 14 minutes because of a

pressure drop in the main

oxygen supply of an Orlan suit but a week later after successful repairs they spent

almost six hours outside working on the S0 truss In a second EVA in early August they installed reflectors and

communication units ready for the first ESA Automatic

Transfer Vehicle Jules Verne though this was later delayed by many months

On 18th June Fincke made history by becoming the first

US astronaut to become a father in space listening to the birth of his second daughter via his cell phone

The crew had severe problems with the Elektron oxygen generator which was failing every three days or so and

requiring manual starts These shutdowns were found to be centred on the liquid units that held trapped gas

inside micro-pumps despite using purified water

The crew completed their programme of many

maintenance tasks and returned to earth with test cosmonaut Yuri Shargin in October


The two members of the new resident crew arrived at

the ISS in mid-October the Commander Leroy Chiao and Salizhan Sharipov accompanied by Russian Yuri

Shargin who would stay only for the week or so Russian businessman Sergei Polonsky had been

scheduled to become the third paying space flight

participant but failed a late medical test and so was replaced by a Russian Spaces Forces cosmonaut the

first of that group to be

selected for cosmonaut training eight years earlier He

carried out his own programme of scientific study the Russians

stressing that none of his

activity was military as such practice is banned from the

ISS Sharipov was celebrated by a minisheet from his Kyrgyz homeland in 2005

(above) showing the space station nearing completion in the background

During the tenth expedition this crew would complete two Pirs-based EVAs receive two Progress supply craft

visits and relocate Canadarm2 Problems with the Elektron unit continued repairs were made to EVA

suits an upgrade made to the computer software

trouble experienced with the toilet in Zvezda and a heat exchanger replaced in Quest

There was concern in November that food was running

low with it due to run out in mid-January but this was found to be down to poor record keeping because of

the increased work load of a two person crew and

anyway Progress M51 arrived to solve the problem and the shuttlersquos impending return to flight would also help

Germany 2004 and Japan 2005 show

the station nearing completion

9

ORBIT


The eleventh resident crew would be the first to receive

a shuttle mission since STS-

113 in December 2002 because the loss of

Columbia had created the need to fly two-man

resident crews but the

docking of STS-114 in July would signify the impending return to full station

operation

Italian ESA astronaut Roberto Vittori was back at the ISS in the company of Russian Sergei Krikalev making

his sixth flight and American civilian John Phillips as

science officer This time Vittori completed research under the Eneide programme doing experiments in

human physiology biology and also getting involved in educational demonstrations

The new crew was not long on board before the Elektron system finally broke down in early May

though there were sufficient alternative sources of oxygen on board These would be complemented by

Shuttle and Progress deliveries such as Progress M53 in June which also carried spare parts for the Elektron

unit which the crew worked on in addition to routine

maintenance tasks and the repositioning of their Soyuz from Pirs to Zarya


On 28th July the first shuttle

crew to visit the ISS for two and half years arrived via Discovery This was a very experienced crew commanded by Eilleen

Collins By now the decision to

use the shuttle to complete station assembly and then retire

it had been taken The station then looked as it does in this

2006 issue from Sierra Leone As Discovery approached the ISS it flew around it at a distance of some 180

metres to allow the crew on board to photograph the

underside of the shuttle to check for launch damage This rather worryingly revealed the loss of two

protruding tile gap fillers Because these might cause hot spots on re-entry extra EVAs were designed to

manually extract them during which an astronaut

(Stephen Robinson) ventured under the shuttlersquos body for the first time ever in orbital operations

Discovery also brought up MPLM Raffaello carrying a

large amount of supplies including the Human Research Facility 2 and the new CMG 2 gyroscope

As the shuttle departed after over 12 days at the station both crews photographed each otherrsquos spacecraft The

second shuttle Return to Flight mission was then delayed because of questions about the integrity of the

foam fixtures on the External Tanks

In August the Vodzukh COsup2 removal system on the ISS

failed and the American unit in Destiny was activated to take over On 16th August Krikalev the first person

to complete two residences and the first cosmonaut to

fly six missions became the longest served Russian cosmonaut with over 747 days of spaceflight

experience Next day 17th August Krikalev and Phillips performed the only EVA of Expedition 11 after which

they prepared for their next visitors via Soyuz TMA7 which would carry in Gary Olsen the third spaceflight

participant and the new two man resident crew of Bill

McArthur and Valery Tokarev


To be continuedhellip

10

ORBIT ORBIT

2 The Moon Second Quadrant (North-West) We learn from our main source Atlas of the Universe by

Patrick Moore (Philiprsquos 1999)helliphellip

Selected Craters illustratedhellip

Archimedes (Diam 75 km Lat degN 30 Long degW 4) A large impact crater on the Eastern edges of the Mare Imbrium with Montes Archimedes mountains to the South Named after the Greek mathematician and scientist who lived c 287mdash212 BC

(San Marino 1982)

Copernicus (Diam 97 km Lat degN 10 Long degW 20)

A prominent feature named after the famous Polish astronomer (1473mdash1543) and located in the eastern Oceanus Procellarum this is estimated to be around 800 million years old and is typical of craters of that period having a very clear ray

system (Soviet Union 1973)

The Naming of Craters Einstein (Diam 160 km Lat degN 18 Long degW 86)

A large crater which lies along the Western limb of the Moon therefore difficult to observe from Earth and discovered only in 1952 by Patrick Moore Named after the German theoretical physicist and philosopher (1879-1955) (India 1979)

Encke (Diam 32 km Lat degN 5 Long degW 37) Located on the W edge of Mare Insularum to the S SE of crater Kepler Named after German astronomer Johann Frank Encke (1791-1865) (Comoros Isles 1986)

Euler (Diam 25 km Lat degN 23 Long degW 29) Located in the southern half of the Mare Imbrium its most notable nearby feature is Mons Vinogradov to the W-SW Named after Leonard Euler (1707mdash83) the Swiss mathematician and physicist (E Germany 1950)

J Herschel (Diam 145 km Lat degN 62 Long degW 41) A large walled plain which appears foreshortened when viewed from Earth Named after British mathematician chemist and astronomer Sir John Herschel (1792mdash1871) (Centre of GB 1970 )

Kepler (Diam 35 km Lat degN 8 Long degW 38) This lies between the Oceanus Procellarum to the W and Mare Insularm in the E with crater Encke to the SE Named after German mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571mdash1630) (Czech Rep 2009)

Lavoisier (Diam 71 km Lat degN 36 Long degW 70) Located near the NW limb at the W edge of Oceanus Procellarum this lies to the SW of crater von Braun and SE of Bunsen Named in honour of ldquothe Father of Modern Chemistryrdquo the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (1743mdash1794) (France 1943)

Le Verrier (Diam 25 km Lat degN 40 Long degW 20) A small nearly circular bowl shaped feature in the N part of the Mare Imbrium just E of the larger Helicon Named for the French mathematical astronomer Urbain Le Verrier (1811mdash1877) (France 1958)

11

ORBIT

Otto Struve (Diam 160 km Lat degN 25 Long degW 75) This is a vast lava flooded plain near the W

edge of Oceanus Procellarum close the W limb of the Moon and so appears foreshortened Named in honour of German astronomers Friedrich von Struve (Russian VY Struve) (1793-1864) and son (Otto) and grandson (Otto) (USSR 1964) Pythagoras (Diam 113 km Lat degN 65 Long degW 65)

This prominent feature lies near the NW limb just NW of the somewhat larger

Babbage It has an oval appearance due to the oblique viewing angle from Earth and only part of it can be viewed from Earth Named after Greek philosopher Pythagoras of Samos (c 570mdashc 495 BC) ( S a n M a r i n o 1982)

Babbage (Diam 143 km Lat degN 60 Long degW 57) An ancient crater located near the NW

l i m b n a m e d a f t e r B r i t i s h mathematician philosopher and computing pioneer Charles Babbage (1791mdash1871) (GB 2010)

Hevelius (Diam 122 km Lat degN 2 Long degW 67) This is a low-rimmed crater on

the W edge of the Oceanus Procellarum named after Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius (1611mdash1687) - ldquothe founder of lunar topographyrdquo (Poland

1987) Plato (Diam 97 km Lat degN 51 Long degW 9) The lava-filled remains of a crater on the NE shore of Mare Imbrium at the W

extremity of Montes Alpes named after the Classical Greek philosopher and mathematician (c 428mdashc 348 BC) (Greece 1998)

Schiaparelli (Diam 29 km Lat degN 23 Long degW 59) A small crater on the W part of Oceanus Procellarum to the W of Herodotus and named after Giovanni Schiaparelli(1835-

1910) Italian astronomer and science historian famous for his misinterpreted comments re ldquocanalirdquo on Mars (Hungary 1974)

12

ORBIT

ASTEROIDS Some Bits and Pieces

Ulugh Beigh (Diam 70 km Lat deg29 2 Long degW 85) The remnant of a crater just to the W of Oceanus Procellarum near the NW limbmdashforeshortened from the Earth Named after Ulugh Beg Persian ruler and astronomermathemat ic ian (Turkey 1983) Von Braun (Diam 60 km Lat deg41 2

Long degW 78) Named after rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun (1912-77) this is located near the NW limb on the W edge of Oceanus Procellarum and to the NE of Lavoisier (Guinea Biussau 2006)

Uncatalogued Hungarian Stamp Referenced in Spaceflight Article

The June 2010 issue of Spaceflight magazine contained

a five page article by Naacutendo

Schuminszky celebrating the first Hungarian in space whose

flight in Soyuz 36 occurred 30 years beforeon 26th May 1980

A side panel to the article

reproduced right contains

images of a pair of stamps with two subtle differencesmdashin

bottom left hand corner the date ldquo1979rdquo and ldquo1980rdquo and

rightmdashthe face value The

article goes on to explain how unexpected events delayed the

flight by a year Hungarian cosmonaut Bertalan Farkas was

due to be launched in mid-June

1979 in Soyuz 34 but his flight was cancelled following the

failure of Soyuz 33 carrying Bulgarian cosmonaut Georgi Ivanov to dock with Salyut 6 Soyuz 34 was eventually

launched unmanned to provide a fresh ferry for the resident crew to use

In anticipation of the 1979 flight a large number of associated souvenirs including posters emblems and

stamps had been prepared but had to be destroyed though evidently some escaped

However the 1979 version of the eventual SG 3320 is not listed in WEEBAU or Gibbons If any members have

any info about these unissued stamps please share it with us

More on Lunar Craters Our Chairman Margaret Morris forwarded the article opposite from the March 1989 issue of Sky amp Telescope which is of interest in the context of our new series explaining as it does how several Far Side craters have been named after astronauts and cosmonauts

Orbit for June 2010

Our last issue contained one glaring error for which your editor apologises The number on the front ldquo85rdquo was the same as the number for the March issue This will cause

problems when Harvey Duncan issues the next version of the index A lovely cover again by your Editorrsquos wife but spoiled by this typo Sorry

Flown STS-8 Covers These are referred to at the bottom of the left hand column of p 27 of this edition in Umberto Cavallarorsquos article where we learn that there were well over a quarter of a million of them

Alan Tunnicliffe editor of NZ Air Mail News advises that New Zealand stamp dealer JRMowbray has for sale at NZ $75 a piece flown STS-8 space covers date stamped 14 Aug 1983 at KSC with launch and return cancels and bearing a $935 stamp NZ$75 = US$53 or pound35 This seems a rather high price for flown STS-8 covers given the number available and members will possibly be able to obtain the item cheaper with an internet search

Solar Sails and The Sun Peter Hoffman comments on John Beenenrsquos feature on The Sun in our June 2010 issuehellip ldquoIn the Solar Sails section on page 8 mention is made of the failed launch of Cosmos-1 What is not mention is that is was a project of The Planetary Society httpwwwplanetaryorghome They are working on a new version called LightSail the first of which is planned for a launch later this year In case you are not familiar with it The Planetary Society is a privately funded space advocacy group founded in part by Carl Sagan ldquoThe Planetary Society yearly presents the Cosmos Award for Outstanding Public Presentation of Science in honour of Carl Sagan This years winner was Stephen Hawking They printed his acceptance speech Why go into space An amusing comment was a quote from a Calvin and Hobbes cartoon Sometimes I think the surest sign that intelligent life exists elsewhere is that none of it has tried to contact us ldquoThe Japanese Space Agency launched its solar sail spacecraft IKAROS (Interplanetary Kite-Craft Accelerated by Radiation Of the Sun) together with its Venus Climate Orbiter Akatsuki on 20 May You can read about it at httpwwwspacecommissionlaunchesjapan-venus-wrap-100520htmlrdquo

13

ORBIT

14

ORBIT

Spaceflight Books for Sale

Books about Space andor Astronomy in English

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Space 1990 386 pages coffee table book euro 1500

Life in Space D Monchersquo 1979 ldquo 500

The Conquest of Space Willy Ley amp Chesley Bonestell+pictures 1952 RARE ldquo 2000

Star Hunters D Mammana 1990 coffee table book ldquo 1000

The Rocket David Baker 276p+490pictures 1978 coffee table book classic ldquo 2000

The History of Manned Spaceflight David Baker 576p+362pictures 1985coffeerdquo 2000

The Observerrsquos Spaceflight Directory R Turnill 384p 1978 ldquo 1000

The Observerrsquos Book of Unmanned Spaceflight+Manned Spaceflight 1974+1975 ldquo 1000

The Observerrsquos Book Of Astronomy Patrick Moore 1973 ldquo 500

Basic Astronomy Patrick Moore 1967 ldquo 300

Space a Novel James A Michener pocket Ballantine 1983 ldquo 250

Voyagers Ben Bova 1983 pocket ldquo 250

The Universe Herbert Zim 1973 ldquo 200

Exploring Other Worlds WyberampAmes 1968 ldquo 200

Tomorrowrsquos Moon Henry Little 1969 ldquo 200

Observatories of the World Marx amp Pfau 1982 ldquo 1000

Are We Alone Paul Davis Penquin 1995 ldquo 250

Moonport USA (Kennedy Space Center) 1977 ldquo 250

Living in Space (Colonies) J Trefil 1981 ldquo 500

The Cosmonauts Gordon Hooper 1977 ldquo 250

Extraterrestrials-Where Are They Zuckerman ampHart 1995 ldquo 1000

The Cosmic Connection Carl Sagan pocket 1975 ldquo 300

Exploring the Planets Ian Nicolson 1972 ldquo 250

Janersquos pocket Book 11 Space Exploration 1976 ldquo 300

Twenty-First Report Internat Telecomm Union Geneva 1982 ldquo 250

Satellites amp Space Travel Taylor ampAllward 1970 ldquo 200

Watchers of the Stars Patrick Moore 1974 ldquo 500

Robot Explorers Kenneth Garland 1972 ldquo 500

APOLLO by astronaut Alan Bean+paintings Bean in space 1998 coffeetable ldquo 2000

The World of Mars VA Firsoff 1969 ldquo 200

Missiles and Rockets Kenneth Garland ldquo 500

Stars and Planets Ian Ridpath 1978 ldquo 500

Race to Mars The ITN Mars Flight Atlas 1988 ldquo 500

Worlds Beyond Search for Life in Space Ian Ridpath 1975 ldquo 500

CETI Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence Stonelay 1976 ldquo 250

Horizon at the Edge of the Universe 9 chapters of astronomers 1983 ldquo 300

The New Race for Space James Oberg 1984 ldquo 500

The Hunt for Life on Mars Goldsmith 1998 ldquo 500

The High Road Ben Bova pocket 1983 ldquo 250

Operation Morning Light the True Story of Cosmos 954 Leo Heaps 1978 ldquo1000

Space Volunteers T Kay 1960 ldquo 300

Legal Aspects of Outer Space Dr C Reijnen 1976 205 pages the Worldrsquos

First Thesis of this Kind by female Dutch scholar ldquo 400

E-MAIL bertvaneijckhomenl if interested in any to discuss sale and postage

See further list on page 24

15

ORBIT

The above obituary and tribute by David Shayler

appeared in the August 2010 of Spaceflight magazine marking the passing of Rex Hall who was also one of

the longest standing members of the ASSS carrying

the membership number 88033 We extend our condolences to Rexrsquos family

16

ORBIT

Un-manned Satellites on Postage Stamps 35 By Guest Contributors Don Hillger and Garry Toth

A version of this article first appeared in The Astrophile for sic)

The Discoverer series

This is the thirty-fifth in a series of articles about un-manned satellites on postage stamps This article

features the satellites in the US Air Force (USAF) Discoverer series The first Discoverer was launched

on 21 January 1959 and the last one on 18 April 1962

There were a total of 39 launches a third (or 13) of which were failures The Discoverer series also called

Corona satellites were later declassified as the first Keyhole (KH) spy satellites

Discoverer was the public name of the Corona series

of film-return reconnaissance spy satellites whose true

mission was not officially revealed until about 35 years after the program ended The Discoverers secret

program was masked by scientific goals it was kept secret even from program staff who knew nothing

about Corona Scientific instruments were even placed

on Discoverer satellites and then covertly removed before launch

The Discoverer satellites were designed to take pictures

of target countries and then eject a film capsule

which was to de-orbit and enter the Earthrsquos atmosphere on a parachute and be recovered by a

specially-modified aircraft as it floated downward On many of the missions however the capture of the film

capsules was not successful for various reasons The first successful return of a capsule through the Earths

atmosphere occurred with Discoverer-13 though in this

case the aerial capture failed and the capsule fell into the sea Fortunately that mission carried no cameras

Discoverer-14 was the first completely successfully Corona mission in which reconnaissance photos were

taken from the spy satellite and ejected in a capsule

which was then successfully recovered in a mid-air capture carried out by a C-119 aircraft

Because of secret nature of their mission the

Discoverer satellites were not well-known and so were not featured on many postal items A set of three

stamps issued by Libya in 1966 (Scott 297-299) shows

a Discoverer capsule There is also a local post item from Batum that depicts the recovery of a Discoverer

capsule and a souvenir sheet from Chad (Michel BL247) that shows the re-entry of a Discoverer capsule

in the margin Another capsule recovery is shown in

the margin of a souvenir sheet issued by the Malagasy Republic in 1999 (Scott 1502a)

A checklist of postal items identified as showing Discoverer-

series satellites (httprammbciracolostateedudevhillgerDiscovererhtm) is available as part of the Website developed by the authors to accompany this series of articles (httprammbciracolostateedudevhillgersatelliteshtm) E-mail correspondence is welcome Don Hillger can be reached at hillgerciracolostateedu and Garry Toth at garry_tothhotmailcom

Top KH-4B Corona satellite Above Recovery of Discoverer 14 return capsule (typical for

the Corona series (ex Wikipedia)

17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT

Flight STS-130 Commander George Zamka Pilot Terry Virtis MS Kathryn Hire MS Stephen Robinson MS Nicholas Patrick MS Robert Behnken MS Koichi Wakata KSC Launch Date 822010 KSC Landing 21210 Purpose Tranquility Module Main Payload and Cupola

Shuttle Story 201011 STSndash130 -131 -132 Part One

STS-130 (ISS assembly flight 20A) via Endeavour carried as its

primary payloads the Tranquility module and the Cupola a robotic control station with six windows around its sides and

another in the centre providing a 360-degree view around the station Endeavour launched at 0414 EST (0914 UTC) on 8

February 2010 and landed at 2220 EST on 21 February 2010 on

runway 15 at the Kennedy Space Centers Shuttle Landing Facility

Tranquility was shipped from the

Thales Alenia Space facility in

Turin Italy It arrived at Kennedy Space Center on 21 May 2009 It

was formerly known as Node 3 and was named by a NASA poll

The module provides six berthing locations however three of those

locations are disabled as modules

originally planned to be attached to Tranquility were cancelled The

photo right shows Tranquility just before being installed to Unity node

STS-130 also brought the Cupola a large window

module and robotics work station to the ISS which was

to be attached to the nadir-

side of Tranquility The module also includes various

ISS systems including addit iona l l i fe support

systems This photo shows the facility being prepared at KSC whilst the photo above right

shows the module and cupola being moved into position on the

ISS

The shape of the mission patch on the launch

cover below represents the cupola over the earth in a photo taken by the unmanned

Lunar Orbiter probe in 1966 so representing a past and future designation for explorers from

Earth

For other Zazzle stamps

see page 33

19

ORBIT

Flight STS-131 Commander Alan Pointdexter Pilot James Dutton MS Rick Mastracchio MS Dorthy Metcalf- Lindenburger MS Stephanie Wilson MS Naoko Yamakazi MS Clayton Anderson KSC Launch Date 5410 KSC Landing 20410 Purpose MPLM Leonardo Main Payload

STS-131 (ISS assembly flight 19A) via Discovery launched on 5

April 2010 from Kennedy Space Centers launch pad 39A and landed at 908 AM on 20 April 2010 on runway 33 at the Kennedy

Space Centers Shuttle Landing Facility The mission marked the longest flight for space shuttle Discovery

The primary payload was a Multi-Purpose Logistics Module loaded with supplies and equipment for the ISS The mission also

removed and replaced an ammonia tank assembly outside the station on the S1 truss The mission also included several on-

board payloads this mission had the most payloads since STS-

107

The primary payload of STS-131 was MPLM Leonardo filled with food and science supplies and also carried the third and final

Minus Eighty Degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI) Window Orbital Research Facility (WORF) one Crew Quarters Rack the

Muscle Atrophy Resistive Exercise (MARES) rack Resupply

Stowage Racks (RSRs) as well as Resupply Stowage Platforms (RSPs) The Lightweight Multi-Purpose Equipment Support

Structure Carrier (LMC) carried a refurbished Ammonia Tank Assembly (ATA) to the ISS The refurbished ATA was removed

from the Space Station and returned for use on this mission

during STS-128 It was swapped with an empty tank which will ride home on the LMC

This mission was the second flight of the TriDAR a 3D dual-

sensing laser camera intended for potential use as an

autonomous rendezvous and docking sensor TriDAR provides guidance information that can be used to guide a vehicle during

rendezvous and docking operations in space TriDAR does not rely on any reference markers such as reflectors positioned on

the target spacecraft

This was the final Space Shuttle mission that contains one or

more rookie astronauts the missions after this will have all- veteran crews

STS-131 was only the third mission in the Space Shuttle

programme to carry three female astronauts

the others being STS-40 and STS-96

With three female crew members arriving on board Discovery and Expedition 23 Flight

Engineer Tracy Caldwell Dyson at the station

the STS-131 mission marked the first time that four women have been in space at one

time

STS-131 marked the first time that two

Japanese astronauts Naoko Yamazaki from the Shuttle crew and Soichi Noguchi on the

ISS had been in space together

Although Naoko Yamazaki is not the last non-

US astronaut Naoko was the last Japanese astronaut to fly the space shuttle

MPLM Leonardo can

be seen in the shuttle cargo bay

The seven stars either side of our

sun represent the

crew members

The shuttlersquos orientation indicates

it is performing the Rendezvous Pitch

Manoeuvre which

allows the ISS to photograph its

underbelly

20

ORBIT

Flight STS-132 Commander Kenneth Ham Pilot Dominic Antonelli MS Michael Good MS Garret Reisman MS Piers Sellars MS Stephen Bowen KSC Launch Date 1452010 KSC Landing 2652010 Purpose Delivery of Russian Main Payload Rassvet Module

STS-132 (ISS assembly flight ULF4) docked with the ISS on May

16 2010 It was launched from the Kennedy Space Center on May 14 2010 The primary payload is the Russian Rassvet Mini-

Research Module along with an Integrated Cargo Carrier-Vertical Light Deployable (ICC-VLD) STS-132 is scheduled to be the

final flight of Space Shuttle Atlantis provided that the STS-335

Launch On Need rescue mission is not flown

Rassvet means dawn in Russian The module was built

by Russian aerospace company

Energia and arrived at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC)

aboard an Antonov 124 cargo plane on 17 December 2009

After it was unloaded from the Antonov the module was

transported to an Astrotech processing bay in Cape Canaveral to

undergo preparations for launch shown in this photo

An airlock and radiation heat exchanger to be used for outfitting the Russian Nauka Module (to be launched in 2012) a spare

elbow part of the European Robotic Arm (ERA) and a portable

work platform for science hardware for performing experiments in outer space were externally mounted on Rassvet in its launch

configuration Russian and US cargo delivered was also accommodated inside the module The volume for cargo and

science inside MRM1 is 5 cubic meters] Rassvet was outfitted

with ISS standard grapple fixtures that allowed the module to be unloaded from the payload bay of Atlantis using the stations

robotic arm

The ICC pallet is constructed of aluminum It is approximately 8 feet long 13 feet wide and 10 inches thick The empty weight of

the pallet is 2645 pounds The total weight of ICCndashVLD and the ORUs is approximately 8330 pounds ICC-VLD return mass is

2933 kilograms (6470 lb)

The ICC-VLD was berthed in the centre of the

payload bay for both launch and re-entry

In the photo above Rassvet is shown centre top

The mission patch shows Atlantis flying off into the sunset as the end of the shuttle

programme approaches

21

ORBIT

By Andreacute Scheer and Margaret Morris This fascinating structure is an octagonal pentelic marble tower on the Roman agora or marketplace in Athens It was supposedly built by the astronomer Andronicus of Kyrrhos c 50 BC but according to other sources might have been constructed in the 2

nd

century BC before the rest of the forum The structure is 12 metres high with a diameter of approximately 8 metres On each of the eight sides (aligned with the eight principal points of the compass) is a sculpture featuring the wind gods and below each sculpture is engraved a sundial Thus the tower served as a solar clock but additionally in the interior was a water-clock (clepsydra) driven by water coming down from the Acropolis There were mechanical hour indicators and displays for the seasons of the year with astrological dates and periods The tower was topped in antiquity by a weather-vane in the shape of a triton with a wand which pointed at whichever of the winds was blowing The tower must have been one of the most useful structures in the agora as it showed the time for civilian purposes and indicated the wind direction for merchants awaiting the arrival of a ship The earliest philatelic items to depict this unusual building are postal stationery postcards originating from 1900 when the Greek postal authorities organised a competition for photographers and artists The best pictures were selected for issue and on 1 July 1901 the first series of 32 cards was issued In total 12 series of 32 cards each were issued between then and 20 March 1903 The cards were issued in three colours (chestnut black and green) with imprinted stamps of two values (5 lepta green for national mail and 10 lepta red for international mail) The cards additionally have an impressed stamp without colour on the left side being 10 lepta for the card itself so the cards were sold for 15 and 20 lepta The design of the imprinted stamps was based on the Hermes (Mercury) statue by Giovanni da Bologna During the war on the Balkans the cards were used by the Greek army and have an extra imprint ndash Carte Postale ndash Franchise Militaire A few examples of these postal stationery postcards are illustrated opposite and on page 23 The wording ldquoLrsquohorloge de Kyrrhestesrdquo refers to the timepiece built by Andronicus of Kyrrhos while ldquoTEMPLE DrsquoEOLErdquo translates as ldquoTemple of Aeolusrdquo (Aeolus = god of the winds) For each card 12 versions can be distinguished ndash ie 3 colours x 2 values x 2 usages For fuller information see reference no 1 Of course numerous picture postcards also feature this interesting structure

The Tower of the Winds The Oldest Planetarium on Stamps and

Postal Stationery

Front and back of postal stationery postcard

Examples of Greek postal stationery from the early 20th

century


22

ORBIT

The 19423 issues (SG 561-572) of Greece shown beside the 1973 Dominica souvenir sheet whose designer has

reinterpreted the divine sculptures in the margins

Boreas also on the 100d value in black and grey

Skiron

Zephyrus in two 25d vals

orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus

Apeliotes in two 10d vals red brown and red orange

Kaikias in two 50d vals black and grey violet and blue

Wind Direction Name of Deity Characteristics of the Sculpture North Boreas An old man wearing heavy clothing and holding a conch shell This wind was cold fierce and

stormy and in Athens made a loud hollow noise

North East Kaikias Old man with severe expression holding circular shield from which he will drop hailstones Weather characteristically cloudy wet and cold

East Apeliotes Young man with hair flowing in every direction holding a cloak full of fruit and grain ndash he brings gradual gentle rain

South East Eurus Old man with morose countenance wrapped tightly against the elements in his cloak This wind brought sultry gloomy weather with much rain

South Notus Young man emptying an urn and producing a shower of water This wind was associated with sultry very wet weather

South West Lips Boy pushing the stern of a ship promising a good sailing wind This was the wind which blew right into Piraeus harbour

West Zephyrus Beautiful lightly clad youth of happy aspect holding a cloak full of flowers In summer this wind brought very sultry weather

North West Skiron Bearded man with a bronze pot full of hot ashes and charcoal This was a dry wind extremely cold in winter but scorching and with lightning in summer

The following table gives details of the sculptures and the characteristics attributed to each of the wind gods

For fuller information see reference no 2

23

ORBIT

The sculptures of the eight winds were depicted on stamps of Greece issued in 1942 (six designs) and 1943 (again six designs ndash four as the previous issue but including the two omitted winds) Five values were surcharged in 1944 to aid victims of the Piraeus bombing of 11 January 1944 the exceptionally high face value resulted in few of these stamps being used Later in 1944 the same five values were surcharged in aid of a Childrenrsquos Convalescent Camp Fund Finally in 1946 two values of the 1942 issue were surcharged ndash the 10dr value in black and the 50dr revalued as 20dr in red See opposite for examples of the stamp designs In addition to these attractive engraved stamps the 1973 issue from Dominica commemorating the centenary of the World Meteorological Organisation included a miniature sheet incorporating the 50c and $1 values and surrounded in the margin by images of all eight wind sculptures (see page 22) More recently the cover of a booklet issued by Greece on 7 October 1988 provides an aerial view of the agora and the Tower of the Winds can be detected (see below) The booklet contains 16 stamps (4 each of 4 different values) and celebrates capitals of Greek provinces In early Christian times the building was used as the bell tower of a Byzantine Church It was partly buried in the ground until fully excavated in the 19

th century by the

Archaeological Society of Athens It is interesting to note that the design of the upper octagon of the 18th century Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford England is based on the Tower of the Winds as is the mausoleum of the founder of the Greek National Library Panayis Vagliano at West Norwood Cemetery London There is a similar tower in Sevastopol built in 1849 References

1 ldquoEntiers Postaux Illustreacutes du service des postes

helleacuteniques et leurs preacutecurseursrdquo Georges Mathas 1985

2 For finely detailed drawings and information about the sculptures you may care to see if your Library has a copy of ldquoThe Antiquities of Athensrdquo Stuart amp Revett Vol 1 published in London 1762

3 Article by Derek J de Solla Price in ldquoNational

Geographic April 1967 pp587-596 4 Much useful information may also be obtained from

sites on the internet

Examples of Overprints from left to right

1944 Piraeus Bombing Aid 1944 Childrenrsquos convalescent camp fund 1946 Surcharge

Below Cover of the 1988 stamp booklet


24

ORBIT

Old Photo Makes New(s) Story

A photo taken twenty-one years ago became hot international new(s) this July writes Bert van Eijck

It is a picture of your correspondent in front of the

monument on the graves of the seven astronauts killed

in the Challenger disaster The photo from November 1989 shows the national cemetery at Arlington in

Washington DC And it is this graveyard a national American field of pride and honour that was involved in

a scandal making news all over the world

What happened This became a hot story after it was leaked to the press that in 211 graves on Arlington the wrong corpse had

been buried But this disgrace grew to international

proportions when the US Senate published a report which revealed that it was not 211 but 6600 graves that

had been so dishonoured And maybe there are more the researchers stated

Consequently it meant that family members had been paying their respect at the wrong graves because many

were not marked well or the ground-plan directed to wrong places

Arlingtonrsquos director John Metzler was fired as was his

depute Thurman Higginbotham both of whom said

they knew there were made mistakes but they could not help ldquobecause of economyrdquo

Arlington cemetery was opened in 1864 Since then

300000 Americans have been buried here including

famous or well-known persons like presidents

ministers high ranked military artists judges and

astronauts

And what about some of the most recent ones Did I indeed visit and honour the seven Challenger astronauts in their last resting place on Earth in

November 1989 as shown on the photo Or are they perhaps mistakenly buried in another

unmarked grave This is hard to believe but one never knowshelliphellip

For those who wonder what was doing 21

years ago in the US capital I visited the

World Stamp Exporsquo89 at the Convention Center in Washington DC Of course I did

more sightseeing at and in the famous Smithsonian Museums (a must the

National AirampSpace Museum with 10

million visitors a year) the Capitol the metro (deepest in the world) George

Washingtonrsquos house in Vernon Arlington of course and much more

At the World Stamp Expo there was a

presentation of both USA and USSR space

stamps The American stamps were presented by astronaut Buzz Aldrin the

Soviet stamps by cosmonaut Gherman Titov

Author and the Challenger astronauts monument at Arlington seven figures in bronze (left) At right a plaque honoring US-soldiers killed in action saving

hostages in Iran

Astronaut Buzz Aldrin (left) presents the US space stamps while cosmonaut Gherman Titov (right) does the same with

Soviet space stamps In the middle officials of USPS Below the

stampshellip

25

ORBIT

The Apollo 15 Cover Scandal by Umberto Cavallaro

In a feature which first appeared in the April-June 2010 issue of Ad Astra the web journal of the Italian Astrophilatelic Association its editor reveals in considerable detail the full story of those covers which today sell for so much money The Apollo 15 flown covers are among the best known

collectibles from the Apollo Era mainly because of what Jim Irwin recalls as ldquothe problem we brought

back from the Moonrdquo

The crew of Apollo 15 carried out one of the most complete scientific explorations of the Moon the first

lunar roving vehicle was operated on the Moon to

extend the range of exploration some 180 pounds of lunar surface samples were returned for analysis Yet

Fifteen is best remembered as the crew that carried envelopes to the moon and the whole mission is

remembered for the ldquogreat postal caperrdquo

Apollo 15 was not the first mission to carry covers

dozens were carried on each flight from Apollo 11 onwards and as Commander Dave Scott recalls in his

book the whole business had probably been building since Mercury through Gemini and into Apollo People

had a fascination with objects that had been carried in space and they became more and more popular and

valuable as the programme progressed Right from

the start of the Mercury programme each astronaut had been allowed to carry on board a certain number

of personal items

NASA was in the habit of authorizing astronauts to

carry certain personal items on manned flights known as Astronautsrsquo PPK (Personal Preference Kits) All such

items had to be listed and approved by Deke Slayton the Head of the Astronaut Office prior to launch and

were intended for private use or as personal gifts

after the flight and could not be employed for commercial

Fig 1 The official USPS cover postmarked on the Moon

purposes or personal gain Astronaut kits typically

included badges jewellery coins medals flags stamps postal covers currency printed materials and

similar easily packed lightweight mementoes As the flight became more significant the number and type of

items increased

Aside from personal mementoes each crew had

carried medallions whose number had grown steadily on each mission In his book The All-American Boys astronaut Walter Cunningham reveals that it was rumoured around the Astronaut Office that Apollo 14

carried on board a personal package weighing forty-

two pounds Before that flight the Franklin Mint had even advertised the proposed sale After the flight the

commercial deal was never completed and all went quiet nothing about it being published in the media

But some members of the US Congress were unhappy

of the situation

In that context the ldquolapses of judgmentrdquo of the Apollo 15 crew became fatal Dave Scott went too far

carrying on board a total of 641 postal covers (including the two official covers) of which only 243

were listed and authorized before the flight and 398

were not -- secretly carried on board Apollo 15 by Scott in a pocket of his space suit Had they been

listed as being in Scotts PPK they would probably have been routinely approved for inclusion in the

preference kit

The 243 listed and authorized covers include

bull 2 official US Postal Service covers one of which the ldquoOfficial Coverrdquo was publicly cancelled on the

moon by Scott at the request of the US Postal

Service 10 (Fig 1) bull 1 Wright Brothers commemorative cover dated

1928 and autographed by Orville Wright which was carried by Worden for a friend

bull 1 cover bearing a First Man on the Moon stamp and a Bliss Centennial three-cent stamp carried by

Irwin for Barbara Baker (Fig 2 below)

26

ORBIT

8 Shamrock covers carried by Irwin (as below)

144 Herrickrsquos ldquoMoon Phasesrdquo covers carried by Worden

(Fig 4) printed with a cachet showing 15 phases of the moon On the USS Okinawa the Apollo 15 recovery ship

the astronauts placed two eight-cent stamps purchased

on board by Worden on each of these covers and they had the covers cancelled by the shipboard post office

The astronauts later autographed these covers while flying back from Hawaii to Houston Sixteen covers were

torn or damaged and were destroyed Because of the furore created by the Apollo 15 covers incident NASA

confiscated 61 of these 144 Moon Phases covers

87 Apollo 12 covers (Fig 5) that for unknown reason

did not fly on that mission and which were carried on

Apollo 15 for Mrs Barbara Gordon a stamp collector then wife of Richard Gordon Apollo 12 astronaut who

at was the back-up pilot for Apollo 15

The 398 unauthorized covers (initially there were

400 but 2 were damaged and discarded) are lightweight envelopes carrying as a cachet a replica

of the official Apollo 15 patch overprinted with an Air Force wing and propeller emblem

The idea of these additional covers was suggested during a cocktail party by Eiermann a salesman for

the heat-shield contractor who had frequent business and social contacts with NASA personnel and

astronauts He suggested to fly 400 lightweight covers 100 for each of the astronauts and 100 for

his friend Sieger the German stamp dealer The

cacheted covers were provided by Al Bishop a friend of many astronauts then at the Howard

Hughes organization He had already provided covers for the previous flights since Apollo 12

Above one of the 100 Sieger covers with the handwritten note ldquoLanded at Hadley Moon July 30 1971 On the

reverse is a typed and notarised inscription ldquoThis is to certify that this cover was on board the Falcon at the Hadley-

Apennine Moon July 30 ndashAug 2 1971rdquo

Below one of the 298 unauthorised covers carried to the Moon by David Scott with the inscription ldquoThis envelope was

carried to the Moon aboard the Apollo 15 of 300 to the Lunar Surface in LMrdquoFalconrdquo

The crews usually returned to Bishop a couple of

flown covers signed with gratitude ldquoTo my

knowledge ndash Cunningham reports in his well documented book ndash Bishop never sold any and never

made a dime off his relationship He was simply a fan To Al Bishop Apollo 15 was no different from any

other flight except for a phone call he received from

Hal Collins the Astronaut Office manager at the Cape

27

ORBIT

Collins told Bishop that the crew would like to know

whether he could obtain some very lightweight envelopes for them Al said that hed be happy to do so

He was unaware then that many of them would be smuggled on board the next lunar flight Al was trusted

Thats why many of us imposed on him with our

problems special requests and sometimes matters which we would rather not share with NASArdquo

This time Al was badly used he emerged as a

scapegoat and his name was dragged as though he was the Mr Big of an international stamp conspiracy

The covers were cancelled at Kennedy Space Center

several days before July 26 1971 The date of the post office machine canceller was moved forward

Additionally twin eight-cent stamps were purchased by the astronauts on the USS Okinawa the Apollo 15

recovery ship and affixed to these covers ndash as for the

Herrickrsquos covers In the shipboard post office the covers were then cancelled and date-stamped August 7 1971

The astronauts finally autographed these covers while flying from Hawaii to Houston

Soon after the flight the astronauts gave Eiermann

the 100 covers ndash after agreeing that there was to be

no commercialization or advertising of these covers and that nothing would be done with them until after

completion of the Apollo programme

But after a while news started to circulate that the

German dealer was selling in Europe covers flown on Apollo 15 for a reported average of US $1500 each

The reports infuriated Congress not least because congressmen had to read such controversial

information in the press before being informed by

NASA which is obligated to keep Congress fully informed of its activity Recollection of the Apollo 14

medallions incident must have echoed in the minds of certain members of Congress many of whom were

not fans of NASA anyway NASA started an internal investigation This was the most controversial

development of the Apollo Programme and although

most astronauts were involved to some degree NASA made an example of the Apollo 15 flight crew ldquoIt

was turning into a witch-huntrdquo recalled Scott ldquoOur bosses had abrogated their responsibilities and we

were left alone on a very wet dayrdquo

It is ironic that after addressing a joint session of

Congress as heroes in less that one year the three astronauts of Apollo 15 had to go back in front of these

same senators in disgrace because of this envelope scandal

After this ldquoincidentrdquo NASA prohibited from Apollo 17 on the flying of covers or stamps during a space

missions (they were not on time to block the covers carried on Apollo 16) The only exceptions have been

since then the items flown in cooperation with the US

Postal Service ie the 266000 covers carried in 1983 in

the payload bay of the Space Shuttle Challenger on

STS-8 and the 500000 $995 Express Mail stamp created by Paul and Chris Calle in 1994 flown on

Endeavour STS-68 in recognition of the 25th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon Landing The huge

number of such items carried in space discourages

speculations and these items still are widely available for few dollars

So far fewer than 1000 envelopes in total have flown

to the Moon No other American covers will flow to the Moon in the foreseeable future Perhaps the next

ldquoMoon coversrdquo will bear Chinese or Indian stamps

Dave Scott was the first lunar Postmaster and had two

postmarks with him and two covers with imperforated dieproof of the US twin Decade of Space Achievements

stamps affixed (Fig 1)

He had one postmark with ldquoMoon Landing USArdquo (Fig 8 below) and another with ldquoUnited States on the

Moonrdquo (Fig 9 bottom)

The First Lunar Post Office was opened on August 2 1971 when David Scott postmarked only the official

cover (and brought back the official backup-cover uncancelled) A handful covers had however been

postmarked before launch with both postmarks Dr Matthew Radnofsky ndash who in his laboratory already

had simulated cancelling in space for Apollo 11 ndash

tested both postmarks to ensure that the cancellation devices were in working order

Especially the date could be changed easily Contrary

to Apollo 11 covers without stamps were used for

28

ORBIT

these tests Apollo 15 Lunar Cancellation Proofs are

much scarcer than Apollo 11 ones ldquoAs by now I am aware of only 17 itemsrdquo states famous astrophilatelist

Walter Hopferwieser Covers with proofs of the Apollo 15 moon postmarks have been recently sold at Regency

Superior and Aurora auctions

The official Apollo 15 cover postmarked on the Moon

(see Fig 1 repeated above ) is displayed at the US National Postal Museum It was publicly cancelled and

the video can be seen at httpwwwpostalmuseumsiedustampstakeflight

apollo15video-01html A short speech was given by

Dave Scott while cancelling the cover ldquoTo show that our good Postal Service has deliveries any place in the

universe I have the pleasant task of cancelling here on the Moon the first stamp of a new issue dedicated to

commemorate US achievements in space I have the

first one here on an envelope At the bottom it says United States in Space a decade of achievement and

Im very proud to have the opportunity here to play postman I pull out a cancellation device It says

August 2 1971 first day of issuehellip What could be a

better place to cancel this stamp than right here at Hadley Rillehelliprdquo

Immediately thereafter the Postmaster General who

was waiting at the Mission Control at Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston Texas gave the signal to start the

First- Day cancellations at post offices in Houston

Kennedy Space Center and Huntsville

Acknowledgement Thanks to Walter Hopferwieser for his comments

Some Notes About Space Mail

Commenting on Brian Vincentrsquos article in the June

2010 Orbit ASSS member Geoff Chivers writes in an

email to your Editorhellip Im sure you wont mind me commenting on Brian G Vincents Some Notes About Space Mail (page 36)

In paragraph 2 he refers to the Apollo 15 cover incident leaving the impression that Scott Worden and Irwin were guilty of some heinous crime This has been the subject of much miss-reporting over the years The full story of what actually happened is explained in depth at page 328 et seq of Two sides of the moon by David Scott and Alexei Leonov published by Simon amp Shuster The astronauts were of course exonerated

This is the quote (slightly edited to enable it to stand as an independent piece)-

During 1972 while on a trip to Washington DC George Low NASA deputy administrator asked me to stop by his

office writes David Scott I had known George in Houston while he was Apollo spacecraft programme manager and I had great respect for him We spent a short while exchanging pleasantries Then George looked me in the eye and came to the point ldquoWell Daverdquo he said ldquoI have to tell you I was not very proud of my performancerdquo His comment was the culmination of what had become known as the Apollo 15 ldquocover incidentrdquo This involved some first day postal covers which we had carried aboard Apollo 15 some of which were unfortunately sold by a German stamp dealer several months after the flight As No 2 in NASA George

had been heavily involved in NASAs handling of the incident and his comment referred to one of the poorest management performances the space agency had ever demonstrated - up to then The whole business had probably been building since Mercury through Gemini and into Apollo People had a fascination with objects that had been carried in space and they became more and more popular and valuable as the programme progressed Right from the start of the Mercury programme each astronaut had been allowed to carry on board a certain number of personal items in what were known as PPKS - Personal Preference Kits Before each flight a list of the items was prepared for Deke Slayton who

Two Sides of The Moon

by David Scott and Alexei Leonov

The text opposite from the

above book has been

referred to by Umberto Cavallaro in preparing his

above piece

29

ORBIT

had overall responsibility for approving them As the flights became more significant the number and type of items increased Aside from personal mementoes each crew had carried a certain number of medallions which they could hand out afterwards as souvenirs The number of medallions had grown steadily on each mission - eventually some crew members had been carrying several hundred each and their weight was becoming a concern And as always commercialisation began to creep in In the end on Apollo 14 commanded by Al Shepard it was alleged that the crew had carried some silver medallions on board which were to be melted down after the flight and mixed with many other commemorative medallions by the Franklin Mint to be sold to the general public The Franklin Mint had even advertised the proposed sale before the flight After the flight the deal was never consummated and all went quiet nothing about it was printed in the media But some members of Congress had heard about it and were unhappy with the situation Since we were busy training for Apollo 15 (launched 26 July 1971) we knew nothing about all this Had we known we would have been far more wary of what happened subsequently All we knew was that Deke Slayton had halved the number of medallions we could carry Shortly afterwards Deke introduced Jim (Irwin) Al (Worden) and me to a long-standing friend of his at the Cape called Walter Eiermann In retrospect this seems likely to have been more than a coincidence Deke invited us to join him at dinner at Eiermanns house one evening several months before the Apollo 15 launch Eiermann asked if we would like to make some money on the side by signing some stamps ldquoAll the guys are doing itrdquo he said We agreed We were also approached by several members of the Manned Spacecraft Centerrsquos stamp club who asked us to sign many first - day covers before the flight for their members as well as for ourselves At that time we could not buy life insurance If we signed some covers we reasoned they could be held during the flight and act as limited life insurance for our families if anything happened to us But then Eiermann proposed we carry four hundred lightweight commemorative covers a hundred of which would be passed on to a stamp dealer in Germany when we returned All the covers would be franked on the day of launch and franked on the day of our return Our understanding was that the dealer would hold his hundred covers to be sold at some future date after the Apollo programme was over In return he would set up a $6000 trust fund for each of us for the education of our children In the months of intense activity before the flight we did not give this more than a moment of thought But we agreed In retrospect we made a mistake in even considering it In the months following our mission we learnt that the German dealer had begun to sell the covers We let Eiermann know that we were opposed to the sale Forget the trust funds we said we dont want any money This is not what we had understood would happen But when senior managers at NASA learnt about the covers being sold they were furious Incomplete information was then provided to the press by NASArsquos Public Affairs Office and reports started to appear that we had smuggled the covers onto our flight This was literally impossible NASA personnel prepared us for every aspect of the flight - from our birthday suits out Everything we had carried had to be specially packaged by the flight support crew to make sure apart from anything else

that it was fireproof Everything in our PPKs was on a list which was certified before launch I was never aware of any rules about what could or could not be taken in these packs Slayton was to approve the list so as far as I was concerned it was up to management to keep us on the straight and narrow I assumed if the list was approved that was fine Usually the list was certified by Deke But before our flight for some reason he neither asked us personally for each of our lists as was customary nor signed off on the list personally He said the flight - crew support team had already logged everything Whereas we had purchased the covers ourselves the Astronaut Office at the Cape had prepared the covers for the flight and had had them stamped and franked on the day of launch Somehow however the support team had missed them when they prepared the PPK flight manifest It was also reported after the incident that we had been removed from the astronaut corps Again totally untrue Unfortunately NASA managers did nothing to dispel this false and misleading information They just tucked their heads in and let the rumours run The reports infuriated Congress not least because congressmen had to read such controversial information in the press before being informed by NASA which is obligated to keep Congress fully informed of its activities Recollections of the Apollo 14 medallion incident must have seeped into the minds of certain members of Congress many of whom were not fans of NASA anyway When NASA started an internal investigation we were told by a senior official in the agency that we were on our own We were advised to get our own legal representation A Senate hearing into the matter had been called and a justice Department investigation would follow It was turning into a witch - hunt NASA we were advised expected us to keep quiet and take the Fifth Amendment at this hearing We did not We told it like it was We had nothing to hide Eventually the Justice Department concluded that we had broken some administrative rules but had done nothing criminal NASA confiscated the remaining covers but they acted before discovering all the facts of the case Following an investigation by NASA the Justice Department and the Senate the Justice Department concluded on 6 December 1978 in a ldquoMemorandum Opinion for the Assistant Attorney Generalrdquo that NASA had no claim to the remaining covers that the covers were never intended for sale that there was no attempt at concealment by the crew of the fact that the covers were to be flown on Apollo 15 and finally that the covers would have been approved to carry aboard Apollo 15 had a request been made We were reprimanded and we took our licks But it was a very raw deal NASA had hung us out to dry Our bosses had abrogated their responsibilities and we were left alone on a very wet day I spent many years trying to get full access to NASA and congressional records on the case NASA refused to provide full disclosure We subsequently found out there had been rumblings about profitmdashmaking on previous missions A copy of a letter was released to me in which NASA admitted that ten other astronauts who were not identified had been involved in selling signed blocks of stamps and postcards for Eiermann But the wave reached the shore on Apollo 15 and we were the ones who bore the brunt of the blame for such incidents

30

ORBIT

Buckingham Cover offer Free Souvenirs for You

Brian Austin of Buckinghamrsquos Rare Cover Department writes to your Editorhellip

Over the last two or three years we have been dealing more and more in signed space covers This led us to earlier this year buying an Apollo 11 crew signed cover which had been carried to the moon which we had on display on our stand at London 2010

For this we also printed a limited edition of 800 sets of postcards one featuring the Apollo 11 cover and another

featuring an Apollo 15 cover The idea was to give away 100 sets per day to customers at the show but now the show is all finished I still have around 150 pairs left on my desk

We wondered if you would like to offer them to your readers we are happy to send them out free of charge to the first 150 readers to contact us with their details as long as we can also include one of our lists of space

covers

BrianAustinbuckinghamcoverscom

31

ORBIT

More About Missile Mail

Harvey Duncan told us in the last Orbit (page 15) about the First Official Missile Mail writes Bert van Eijck After the useful technical details about the USS Barbero he gave us I can offer you more philatelic information and show you some illustrations The missile mail experiment was a joint venture between

the Ministry of Defense and the US Post Office Dept headed by Postmaster General Mr Arthur E

Summerfield Three thousand special envelopes were printed with a reproduction of a Navy missile type

Regulus with the text ldquoFirst Official Missile Mailrdquo and above that ldquoThe Postmaster General Washingtonrdquo All

the envelopes were addressed to The President high

government officials like senators and to the Post Masters General of ninety nine other member nations of

UPU Inside was a letter from Mr Summerfield entitled ldquoThe First Official Missile Mailrdquo with the official seal of

the Post Office dept It was explained therein what had

happed to that letter and the other 2999

The special letters were loaded in two metal compartments and came aboard the guided missile USS Barbero (SSG-317) The shot was to occur during a regular training mission from Norfolk Virginia to Florida

About 350 kilometres off the coast of Florida the

Regulus missile was launched toward Airport Mayport

The missile climbed 10 km above the Atlantic and

landed within twenty minutes with all the letters intact The letters were cancelled with the hand stamp ldquoUSS

Barberordquo with the date ldquoJun 8 1959rdquo and the approximate timing of the launching ldquo930 amrdquo This

was done by post office staff part of an established

branch office on the USS Barbero The letters bore the 1957 4c American flag postage stamp Those

addressed to foreign countries carried two such stamps covering surface mail postage costs On the

reverse side is the Jacksonville Post Office cancellation with the approximate time of arrival ldquoJune 8 1030 am

1959 Floridardquo

Such flown letters are expensive to buy and a jewel in

any exhibit

But this is NOT the case with the Barbero souvenir

cover dated a month later on July 8 1959 issued in the same quantity (3000) as the originals The

inscription reads ldquoPoint of LandingmdashFirst Official Missile Mail 8 June 1959 US Naval Station Mayport Floridardquo

About 16000 () collectors had applied for such a cover

The imprint of the official Barbero cover was reproduced on a memorial cover issued and posted at

the Vienna International Airpost Exhibition Luposta on August 1959 in the Austrian capital Of course neither

of these items had been carried within the Regulus

missile

Also of interest the Postal Administration of

Paraguay issued a stamp

and a block in 1976 honouring the Barbero

Missile Mail The Gs 20 stamp shows a Regulus

missile in flight while the sheet shows the whole

addressed cover and in

miniature the complete letter inside from the US Postmaster General

as mentioned above and as illustrated below

Above a specimen envelope as described in the text and below its reverse cancel

32

ORBIT

An Invitation to Our Readers to Donate to an Innovative International Projecthellip

Kindest Sir or Madam

The municipality of Vitanje

(Slovenia) is honoured to have had a hand in the life of the

famous space architect Herman Potocnik Noordung

(1892-1929) (pictured right) who had already found a

surprising number of solutions

to space travel and troubles of living in vacuum long before

actual space flights took place His creations were used by the

renowned novelist Arthur C Clarke

in his book 2001 A Space Odyssey which was later also turned into a

movie directed by Stanley Kubrick In Noordungs honour we have

created the Memorial Centre of Herman Potocnik Noordung This

year the cultural centre of European

space technology will also get going in Vitanje This will be a place

where the European space heritage will be gathered and various events connected with the

contemporary European space technologies will be

organized

Proposed Philatelic Collection We would like to bring the project onto a higher level

where we would have the collaboration of various

countries in the world including such with a history in space travel (like USA Russia) One of the steps of this

expansion process would also include a philatelic collection of stamps with themes of outer space

(astronomy astronautics and everything connected to

outer space) We already have quite a decent collection but we would like to expand on that

Our goal is to have 6000 stamps before opening our

exhibition For this we would require the help of as many philatelists as possible

All of these philatelists would become co-creators and partners of this collection for which we hope will

become the largest collection of its kind in the world The people donating the stamps would get a great deal

of exposure at all these exhibitions and on the special

website which will be started shortly If you give us enough support and we are able to raise enough

stamps for a first-class collection we hope the first

exhibitions and various special events (like visits from

astronauts ndash philatelists) will see the light of day as early as in 2011

From a professional point of view we have an

excellent team working with us Long-time philatelist

Tone Petek is the person who initiated this project while Bojan Bracic the secretary of FEPA is one of our

counsellors and is completely behind this project

If you would be interested in such cooperation I will get the wheels in motion and send you a verifying

mail with the stamp of the municipality of Vitanje and

also of some higher organization within the Slovene political system

The collection is already underway with the help of the

Slovene Philatelic organisation (FZS) adds Rok in an email to your Editor in July This organisation has been of immense help with technical expertise and

connections It looks as if there might be an introductory exhibition next year sometime

In the hope of a successful partnership we offer our

sincere appreciation

Rok Podgrajsek

Obcina Vitanje Grajski trg 1

3205 Vitanje

Slovenia

Email address rokpodgrajsekgmailcom

But see also website httpwwwvitanjesi

(Editorrsquos Note both Wendy Buckle editor of

Themescene and our Chairman Margaret Morris commend this project to you We will be sending Rok

some recent copies of Orbit for the displays)

Some illustrations from Noordungrsquos only published text ldquoThe Problem of

Space Travel The Rocket Motorrdquo (the original German title

was ldquoDas Problem der Befahrung

des Weltraums - der Raketen-Motorrdquo) which saw the light of day

in 1928

Vitanje Local Private Post stamp

33

ORBIT

Zazzle Space Stamps Dazzle

I have noticed Zazzle Space Stamps appearing in Lollini brochures and on their web pages in recent months writes your Editor so I undertook to find out some facts about them and am grateful to The Astrophile Editor Jim Roth and the man who inspired him to create his own Zazzle designs Otto Bergman for the following infohellip Zazzle is one of half a dozen or more US companies

who facilitate the printing of non-copyrighted photos and artwork on private postage stamps which count

as postage within and outwith the USA You can

design your own Zazzle stampsmdashsee their websitemdashwhich you then purchase for your own use 20 to a

page

They are therefore a bit like British Smilers except

that the personal element of the stamp is not on a se-tenant label but actually incorporated within the

stamp itself as you can see from the examples on this page

Jim Roth was annoyed that the Kennedy Space Center Post office would not cancel his Zazzle stamps as they

consider them to be ldquometersrdquo and although he has marked STS-122 he wonrsquot be creating any others

You can see (and buy) all Jim Rothrsquos Space Zazzles on

his website m57coverscommdashclick on ldquostampsrdquo

Three of Jim Rothrsquos designs

See others on his website

An Otto Bergman space creation on

Zazzlecomottobergman

These space Zazzles and others are

available from the Lollini website or brochures

STS 128 in May 2010 section

STS 129 in June 2010

WISE and Delta 2 launch in July 2010 STS 130 in August 2010

STS 128 stamps show astronauts Christer Fuglesang (far left) and left Frank De Winne ISS Commander Expedition 21 STS 129 issues depict mission

patch and the crew led by Charles Hobaugh

Delta 2 rocket launch from Cape Canaveral of WISE Deep InfraRed telescope

34

ORBIT

Concluded on page 39

More Spaceflight Books for Sale

35

ORBIT ORBIT

SPACE HABITATS (Part Two) by John Beenen Continuing his feature from our last issue John Beenen begins by posing the questionhellip Why Should we Seek to Live

in Space

Spacecom gives ten main reasons why we should enter space for a prolonged

period

1 To secure a future for humanity

2 To build a new frontier

3 To find new energy sources

4 To build an industrial settlement on

the Moon

5 Better quality images of the

Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining

8 Learning the history of our

Universe

9 Environmental benefits

Meeting the challenge

Taking for granted that it is naturally fascinating to investigate how mankind

might be able to maintain its habitat outside earth there are several further reasons to investigate why

mankind should settle themselves outside earth in the far future And More reasons mean a overall better

argument

Primarily there is the question of overpopulation and

secondly a solution for the energy problem

Next we have to consider that climate circumstances

are not under control anymore and earth eventually becomes uninhabitable

Also when for various reasons we start to kill each

other for some groups of people it may be an attractive proposition to depart this Earth in quite a different

sense And that is perhaps the most common thought

through activities in space more money can be obtained

But there are disadvantageshellip

On the other hand a prolonged stay in space is not that safe The construction must be protected against

radiation and it can be hit by large and small debris which makes space a very unsafe place

Furthermore cosmic radiation produces

a radiation of 80 mSv (millisievert) - well over the allowed maximum of 50

mSv and very much over the amount which is considered as safe for man

which is 3 mSv

Next solar flares produce a sudden

increase of soft gamma and energy rich radiation so much that without the

protection of an atmosphere half of our population could die easily

It is interesting that even without shielding most of this radiation can be

absorbed in the projected spacecraftsrsquo structure and in the air Smaller

structures can be protected with a

shield of co-rotating rocks

The construction further must be protected against sunlight which by

lack of the air shield will fall in unshielded so sun blinds and radiators

are indispensable

And as a result of the artificial gravity

there are some tiny movement problems which we will face later

Finally the created ecosystem should be fully self-supporting and that is easier said than done as

experiments with Biosphere-2 have showed

Biosphere-2 Biosphere-2 was a project built between 1987 and 1991 providing in an area of about 2frac12 football fields

a closed biological system of different composition From 1991-1993 a crew of 8 persons stayed herein A

second crew of 7 persons bridged a period of March

until September 1994 During the first period it appeared difficult to keep the atmosphere constant in

particular the carbon dioxide values changed rapidlymdashthe reason why many of the carried insects perished

Further the oxygen level decreased slowly because pf a leak

Even during the first two-year phase large differences in opinion appeared and the yield was not large

enough to deliver the calories necessary Reserve stocks had to be broken into Finally the second

experiment had to be ended prematurely because of

mismanagement

However it seems that a well-functioning stable ecosystem should not be underestimated physically

not technically

Artists impressions above Interior Stanford Torus and below Interior

OrsquoNeill Cylinder

Solar flares Czechoslovakia 1965 WB 47

36

ORBIT

It further has to be speculated on that men would resist

a regulated weather programme instead of the customary ever changing circumstances on Earth

Also we must physically resist an eternal stay outside

Earth That is not always easy as some people will show

some kind of sea sickness for ever In any case rooms with a diameter of less than 100 meters and a speed of

revolution over three per minute are insufficient At specifications of over 500 m and at less than 1 revolution

per minute fewer problems have to be expected

How do we get raw materials (Fantasy Moon Mining Yemen

Mutawakelite 1969 1343)

And still there have to be enough raw materials to sustain the

colony but as a principle the

search for raw materials is not the most difficult

From the asteroid belt enough small rocks can be

transported as a building material Also mines can be put

on the Moon Bercause of the lower gravity there transport is easier and some kind of firing mechanism

has been calculated which launch packets of ore simply into space where they can be manipulated

Air can be produced from moonstone Nitrogen nearly without loss can be recycled and eventually added to

ammonia mined from comets Large gardens and fields should start the normal photosynthesis and doing so

finally a complete sustainable society might be built up Energy from the Sun is present in superfluous quantities

What to do about gravity Most designs for a Space station start with a gravity of

1G Some designers however think that a lower level of gravity is possible But in the meantime experiments

with astronauts have showed that our physiology

changes rapidly influenced by decreased or absence of gravity Thus the calcium potassium and sodium

contents of our bone system decrease by about 10 That is not bad were we to stay in space forever but

very troublesome when occasionally we would return to

Earth

Also the quality of our muscles decreases as the blood volume does Providing effects comparable to aging

Further by lack of gravity astronauts become a little

taller with accompanying pain in the back Hence the staying with 1G gravity is not so bad

That has to be maintained by rotation of the

construction The larger the diameter of the construction is the slower it will turn to provide 1 G That is a result

of the centrifugal or centripetal force Its

magnitude has long been established thanks to the work of Dutchman Christiaan Huygens and fixed in

the formula

m v2

F = r where

F = the external force in N(ewton) m = mass in kg

v = speed in msec r = radius in m

Hence a spacecraft with a diameter of 15 meters has to carry out one revolution every 8 seconds to

produce a sensation of 1G And that is too quick for man The effect of the centrifugal force is that should

an astronaut drop an object it does not fall straight

down but partly away from himher Weird

Coriolis force But in a rotating Space station another force is at

work That is the lsquoCoriolis forcersquo named after the

French Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis (1792-1843) who described this kind of force for the first time

The most common manifestation is the second law of

Buys Ballot which says that air streams in the

atmosphere which according the first law of Boys Ballot as a principle run from high to low pressure at

the northern hemisphere are bent to the right and at the southern hemisphere to the left because of the

rotation of the Earth

Therefore air streams around depressions show a

spiral shape in opposite directions at the northern and southern hemisphere In a space station this

force can especially noticed when moving around through the spokes of the wheel

(Diagram of Coriolis F o r c e h t t p

wwwphy6orgstargazeSrotframhtm)

A s s u m e t h a t a n

astronaut on a ladder

climbs through a spoke to the axis As he climbs

along he circles around more slowly as he

describes a smaller circle

in the same time What happens with the difference in speed that he had before He will be pressed

against the ladder and that is the Coriolis force The force also acts in opposite direction when he

descends from the ladder

Also the throwing up and catching of a ball will

become a huge achievement as the ball does not

37

ORBIT

drop perpendicularly but will shift a little into the

direction of the orbit of the station and also achieves a higher speed

This also has strange effects on the astronaut As moves

quickly in the rotation direction of the station his weight

appears to increase to a noteworthy extent Then as he moves against the speed of rotation his weight

decreases apparently Mathematically this effect is explainable but very complex

Also the astronautrsquos head and feet move in different

speed to artificial gravity This is plainly noticeable when

somebody jumps up Hence avoid this practice

With these kind of effects adaptation to the changed circumstances in a space station will ask a lot of the

crew members I do hope they can stand it But in any

case the larger the space ship the lesser the problems

Inflatable stations

But therersquos more The inflatable station was considered

many years ago The first i d e a w a s p o s s i b l y

developed when on 12th August 1960 the Echo

balloon with a diameter of

30 meters was launched (Echo I balloon USA 1960

WB 3)

It is true you could not live in it as the balloon was of too frail a construction but the idea of an inflatable

spacecraft was then alive By 1958 groups within NASA

had begun to think about inflatable stations The Goett-committee has been one of the first On 25th26th May

1959 a conference started about projects after

Mercury In particular the

representative of Langley L a r r y Lo f t i n wa s

enthusiastic about his AMIS (Advanced Man in

Space) project (Hexagonal structure

Manama 1970 WB 113)

One of his first projects was a rotating hexagonal

inflatable construction with a diameter of 25 meters a cylindrical core and three lsquospokesrsquo Acting as a ferry to

and from the station the lsquoDyna Soarrsquo Space plane could

be used The Dyna Soar project (at that time still

under development) was cancelled by the American

Minister of Defense Robert

McNamara Inflatable Habitat NASA

1961 enwikipediaorg)

A Langley Space Station

team managed by Paul Hill and Emanuel lsquoMannyrsquo

Schnitzer developed the concept together with the

G o o d y e a r A i r c r a f t

Corporation

(Langleyrsquos self-inflating rotating hexagonal structure httphistorynasagov

SP-4308) Its original diameter had already been reduced to 10

meters

In the years after Langley built several experimental

modules called lsquoErectable Torus Manned Space Laboratoryrsquo a 11 model built by firms such as

Goodyear The torus was built from three layers of

nylon tissue and in between a rubber-like plastic material butyl elastomer A large problem was the

penetration by micrometeorites which as was learnt from the results of the Echo balloon finally damaged

the whole structure

Another problem was the great instability of the ring

due to movements of the astronauts the station started to wobble when they moved around Finally

the project was cancelled and at the end of the eighties the Langley Research Center started to

design inflatable constructions for a base camp on the

Moon

( A r t i s t imp r e s s i on Transhab inflatable

m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)

Due to the development of a new series of

s t r o n g e r p l a s t i c materials such as Kevlar

these construct ions

received new interest That lead to the development of Transhab (Transit Habitat) as a resource for crews

coupled at the ISS (international Space Station) The construction is a cylinder in a diameter of 82 meters

and several storeys high

Its volume in inflatable state is 340 m3 The wall has a

thickness of 30 () cm and consists of 12 layers of which the outside layer is made from Kevlar The

layers beneath are made from Nextel a ceramic fibre Disagreements during development and the spiralling

costs finally in 2000 saw the end of NASArsquos interest

G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)

From 1999 the project was

taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT

Aerospace who improved the design and tested it with

successful launchings of Genesis I on 12 July 2006 and Genesis II on 28 June 2007

In their design it has once again more or less the shape

of a balloon With a thickness of 40 cm the wall is still

very thick The outside layer is still Kevlar but inside are some layers of Vectran a textile fibre Within the

structure ants and scorpions were launched along with some objects which people who paid for the privilege of

boosting into space

In this way Bigelow hopes to build a Space Hotel named

Nautilus To stimulate the development Bigelow offered a price of $50 million to everybody who succeeded in

launching a crew of 5 persons to an altitude of 400 km before 2010 So little money lost here so far

A second project which can be realized within the near future is a fixed residence on the Moon As said Langley

occupies itself with the design of such a base which partly should be build below the surface Stamp

designers have already realized the idea

What does the future hold Although we are a long way away from the kind of space station by which a large amount of earth inhabitants can

leave the planet Earth forever the first steps for doing

so are in preparation With the development of their Space Hotel Bigelow tries to make the step to space

albeit a temporary one

Also Langley literally tries to set foot on the Moon and

finally they will succeed in doing so However The cost of such projects are literally astronomical and it is not

expected that in the coming decades much money can be allocated to such projects

Of course in some thousands of years (possibly only in

hundreds of years) this will become the case but for the

time being in my opinion the true conquest of space will stay as science-fiction for at least a few hundred years

Hoorn 2009

John Beenen

NB The stamps entitled lsquoSpace Cityrsquo with a value of 0 cnt do not exist but have been made by the author by means of frames and pictures present at the Internet

Fantasy Moon

b a s e M a n a -ma1970 WB 122

Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT

Cover Below bottom right Future space Dutch Antilles 2000

Literature references (for both parts of article) httpenwikipediaorg Space habitat Space Colonization Orbital Colony Space City Space settlement Space stations L5 Society Bernal Sphere Stanford Torus OrsquoNeil Cylinder Inflatable Space Habitat Transhab Biosphere 2 Generation Ship wwwdsenl~hklruimtehtm Wonen op groene eilanden in de Ruimte (Dutch Living on green Islands in Space) Henry Kluytmans wwworionsarmcom McKendree Cylinder Bishops Ring wwwnasnasagovAboutEducationSpaceSettlement The Colonization of Space wwwdyarstraightscommsgundamhabitatshtml Mobile Suit Gundam High Frontier Life in the Universal Century Developing sound habitats wwwartificial-gravitycomDissertation1_2htm From Tsiolkovsky to Sputnik (1878-1957) httpsciencenasagovheadlinesy2000ast26may_1mhtm Wheels in the Sky httpdiscaircraftgreyfalconus Hermann Noordung Wohnrad (Wheel for Habitation) httparticlesadsabsharvardedufull1992lbsaconf249R Inflatable habitation for the lunar base MRoberts httphistorynasagovSP-4308ch9htm lsquoAs inevitable as the Rising Sunrsquo From the inflatable Torus to the Rotating Hexagon wwwspacecomnewsbusinessmonday_040524html Bigelow Aerospace to tackle inflatable Space Habitats httpsciencehowstuffsworkcominflatable-spacecraft2htm How Inflatable Spacecraft Will Work wwwbogancaphysicscoriolishtml Rotating Space Stations Dynamics An Explanation of the Coriolis Force httpdemonstrationswolframcomRotatingSpaceStation Rotating Space Station wwwdvandomcomcoliolisspacestationhtml Frame Effects and Space Stations wwwdvandomcomcoriolisindexhtml A (hopefully) simple explanation of the Coriolis Force wwwdaviddarlinginfoencyclopedia Hale Edward Everett von Pirquet Guido Noordung Hermann Space Station wwwphy6orgstargazeSrotframhtm The Coriolis Force wwwastronautixcomcraftfamlunbaseshtm Lunar bases wwwastronautixcomgallerycspebasehtm Photo Gallery Space base wwwregererating-universeorgOn_Moon_as_Space_Basehtm On Moon as Space Base wwwspacefuturecomhabitatlivingshtml Space Habitat Introduction Living in Space wwwspacepagebevideotaak=bekijkampid=47 Living in space (Video) wwwnutricomspace The Case for Space colonization ndash Now Oscar Falconi wwwxentcompipermailfork (FoRK) Bigelowrsquos inflatable Genesis I satellite in orbit wwwrussianforcesorg Russian strategic nuclear forces (Genesis II) wwwbigelowaerospacecomgenesis Genesis I Genesis II

Thanks to Alan Tunnicliffe who came across the attached news item

complete with stamp in the eNZ Magazine the bi-monthly journal of

the Institution of Professional Engineers NZ Inc Vol 11 No 3 May-

June 2010

Vaccari Auction Sells Remarkable Space Covers April 2010

Apollo 12 cover 55 of 87 flown to the moon on Apollo 15 having been left behind by the original crew sold for euro12200 1977 Salyut

6 Soyuz 27 cover sold for euro1600

40

ORBIT ORBIT

Shuttle 1981mdash2010 Stamps Marshall

Islands 2005

United Nations 2007 Monaco and Ascension 2008

Bulgaria 1991 including stamp from souvenir sheet

USA 1981

below USA 1995 and bottom USA 1998

(two values)

St Vincent Grenadines 1983

Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990

and above right W Germany 1975

and USA 2000 Guyana 2006

USA 1995

41

ASSS Membership Renewal 2010

Memberrsquos Name amp Addresshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

I wish to renew my membership of the ASSS for a further year and enclose the equivalent of

pound15 (UK) euro30 (Europe) $US 45 (Rest of the World)

Please return this form with your remittance to Harvey Duncan by the

end of July Thank you

Harvey Duncan Treasurer ASSS 16 Begg Avenue

Falkirk Scotland FK1 2DL

PayPal For details of how to Pay via Paypal

please email Jeff Dugdale Email address on Page 2

42

43

44

2

ORBIT

ADVERTISING RATES We invite advertisers to use ORBIT to reach Astro-Philatelic enthusiasts worldwide If readers have

a commercial source they think they would like others to benefit from please let the firm know of

us Rates are Full page Display - pound24 Half Page - pound12 Quarter

Page pound6 One eighth of a page - pound4 Camera ready copy required with remittance by the above stated copy deadline for inclusion in

our next edition

copy Copyright 2010 The Astro Space Stamp Society No article contained herein may be reproduced without

prior permission of the Author and the Society

Editorial

Copy Deadline for the January 2011 issue is December14th by which time all material intended for

publication should be with the Editor

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION RATES Members in UKmdashpound15

in Europe (EU and non-EU) - euro30

Elsewhere - $45 equivalent

Juniors (under 18) pound650

ASSS website at URL

wwwasssutvinternetcom

ISSN 0953 1599 THE JOURNAL OF THE ASTRO

SPACE STAMP SOCIETY Issue No 87 October 2010

Patron

Cosmonaut Georgi Grechko Hero of the Soviet Union

COMMITTEE

Chair Margaret Morris 55 Canniesburn Drive Bearsden Glasgow

GS1 1RX (E-mail MMorris671aolcom)

Hon Secretary Brian JLockyer 21 Exford CloseWeston-Super-Mare

Somerset BS23 4RE

(E-mail brianlockyertesconet)

Compiler of Checklist Hon Treasurer Postal Packet Organiser

Harvey Duncan16 Begg Avenue Falkirk Scotland FK1 5DL

(E-mail duncan1975btinternetcom)

Orbit Editor Jeff Dugdale Glebe Cottage Speymouth Mosstodloch Moray

Scotland IV32 7LE (E-mail jefforbitedaolcom)

Webmaster Derek Clarke 36 Cherryfield Road Walkington

Dublin 12 (E-mail dclarkeutvinternetcom)

Postal Auction Organiser David Saunders 42 Burnet Road Bradwell

Great Yarmouth NR31 8SL

Overseas Representatives

Australia Charles Bromser 37 Bridport Street Melbourne 3205 GermanyJurgen P Esders An der Apostelkirche 10 10783 Berlin

EireDerek Clarke 36 Cherryfield Rd Walkinstown Dublin 12 France Jean-Louis Lafon 23 Rue de Mercantour 78310 Maurepas

Netherlands Bart Beimers NJ Haismasrt 7 9061 BV Gierkerk Russia Mikhail Vorobyov 31-12 Krupskaya Str Kostroma

United States Dr Ben Ramkissoon Linda Valley Villa 236 11075 Benton Street Loma Linda CA 92354-3182 USA

Life Members UK - Harvey Duncan George Spiteri Ian Ridpath Margaret Morris Michael Packham Dr WR Withey Paul Uppington

Jillian Wood Derek Clarke (Eire) Charles Bromser (Australia) Tom Baughn (USA) Ross Smith (Australia)

Vincent Leung Wing Sing (Hong Kong) Mohammed KSafdar (Saudi Arabia)

The report of its death has been exaggerated

Mark Twain would be proud of me My plans for

this issue to mark the end of the space shuttle have

(inevitably) been thwarted by delays in the NASA schedule and it now looks as if there will be at least

two further launches STS-133 in November of this year and STS-134 in February 2011 There are even

plans for STS-135 with a four man crew to be

launched in June so taking the longevity of this programme beyond the 30 year mark the first

shuttled having been launched on 12 April 1981

So apologies for the cover which was planned and designed when it looked as if the shuttlersquos swansong

was very imminent Therersquos no need to write to me

Perhaps Americarsquos reluctance to say goodbye to these

grand old craft follows on from its sense of great uncertainly of what lies beyond that and the prospect

of the USA having no autonomous access to space for

four to five years

By the time NASA finally returns to space with a vehicle capable of servicing the ISS whose life itself

is now projected well into this decade other nations

and several private organisations will have made their mark on space and will have been commemorated by

international space stamps

3

ORBIT ORBIT

Part Two



2001

















craft on 31 October



shown below left






















4

ORBIT












111




























5

ORBIT



















NASA


























unmanned








6

ORBIT




place












December




































7

ORBIT























station










aggregate terms






8

ORBIT











































9

ORBIT








operation





































10

ORBIT ORBIT





(San Marino 1982)












11

ORBIT













12

ORBIT

























Orbit for June 2010






13

ORBIT

14

ORBIT
















































15

ORBIT





16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41











please email Jeff Dugdale Email address on

42

43

44

3

ORBIT ORBIT

Part Two



2001

















craft on 31 October



shown below left






















4

ORBIT












111




























5

ORBIT



















NASA


























unmanned








6

ORBIT




place












December




































7

ORBIT























station










aggregate terms






8

ORBIT











































9

ORBIT








operation





































10

ORBIT ORBIT





(San Marino 1982)












11

ORBIT













12

ORBIT

























Orbit for June 2010






13

ORBIT

14

ORBIT
















































15

ORBIT





16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

4

ORBIT












111




























5

ORBIT



















NASA


























unmanned








6

ORBIT




place












December




































7

ORBIT























station










aggregate terms






8

ORBIT











































9

ORBIT








operation





































10

ORBIT ORBIT





(San Marino 1982)












11

ORBIT













12

ORBIT

























Orbit for June 2010






13

ORBIT

14

ORBIT
















































15

ORBIT





16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

5

ORBIT



















NASA


























unmanned








6

ORBIT




place












December




































7

ORBIT























station










aggregate terms






8

ORBIT











































9

ORBIT








operation





































10

ORBIT ORBIT





(San Marino 1982)












11

ORBIT













12

ORBIT

























Orbit for June 2010






13

ORBIT

14

ORBIT
















































15

ORBIT





16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

6

ORBIT




place












December




































7

ORBIT























station










aggregate terms






8

ORBIT











































9

ORBIT








operation





































10

ORBIT ORBIT





(San Marino 1982)












11

ORBIT













12

ORBIT

























Orbit for June 2010






13

ORBIT

14

ORBIT
















































15

ORBIT





16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

7

ORBIT























station










aggregate terms






8

ORBIT











































9

ORBIT








operation





































10

ORBIT ORBIT





(San Marino 1982)












11

ORBIT













12

ORBIT

























Orbit for June 2010






13

ORBIT

14

ORBIT
















































15

ORBIT





16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

8

ORBIT











































9

ORBIT








operation





































10

ORBIT ORBIT





(San Marino 1982)












11

ORBIT













12

ORBIT

























Orbit for June 2010






13

ORBIT

14

ORBIT
















































15

ORBIT





16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

9

ORBIT








operation





































10

ORBIT ORBIT





(San Marino 1982)












11

ORBIT













12

ORBIT

























Orbit for June 2010






13

ORBIT

14

ORBIT
















































15

ORBIT





16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

10

ORBIT ORBIT





(San Marino 1982)












11

ORBIT













12

ORBIT

























Orbit for June 2010






13

ORBIT

14

ORBIT
















































15

ORBIT





16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

11

ORBIT













12

ORBIT

























Orbit for June 2010






13

ORBIT

14

ORBIT
















































15

ORBIT





16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

12

ORBIT

























Orbit for June 2010






13

ORBIT

14

ORBIT
















































15

ORBIT





16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

13

ORBIT

14

ORBIT
















































15

ORBIT





16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

14

ORBIT
















































15

ORBIT





16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

15

ORBIT





16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

16

ORBIT




































17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

17

ORBIT

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

18

ORBIT























ISS




Earth


see page 33

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

19

ORBIT








107





















time






MPLM Leonardo can



sun represent the

crew members



Manoeuvre which


underbelly

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

20

ORBIT




















robotic arm









21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

21

ORBIT


nd



Postal Stationery



century


22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

22

ORBIT




Skiron


orange and green

Lips

Notus

Eurus














23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

23

ORBIT


th century by the












24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

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F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

24

ORBIT





















astronauts
















hostages in Iran



stampshellip

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

25

ORBIT
















of personal items










items increased







of the situation






preference kit








26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

26

ORBIT

































27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

27

ORBIT
























































28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

28

ORBIT

































above book has been


above piece

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

29

ORBIT



30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

30

ORBIT







covers


31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

31

ORBIT





















1959 Floridardquo


any exhibit








missile










32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

32

ORBIT


















organized




























Rok Podgrajsek


3205 Vitanje

Slovenia










in 1928


33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

33

ORBIT






page




















34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

34

ORBIT



35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

35

ORBIT ORBIT


in Space


period





the Moon


Universe

6 The SETI effort

7 Mining


Universe






argument















which is 3 mSv










are indispensable














mismanagement


not technically




36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

36

ORBIT


























Earth








the formula

m v2

F = r where






























37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

37

ORBIT













Inflatable stations






WB 3)









Manama 1970 WB 113)













Corporation



meters






the whole structure





Moon


m o d u l e h t t p

enwikipediaorg)











G e n e s i s 1

thespacereviewcom)


taken up by Bigelow

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

38

ORBIT







boosting into space

















Hoorn 2009

John Beenen


Fantasy Moon


Fantasy bases

ready for Mars

YAR 1971 WB 2892 and 6

Fantasy Modular

base YAR 169 WB 233

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

39

ORBIT






June 2010




40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

40

ORBIT ORBIT


Islands 2005



USA 1981


(two values)


Ascension 1989

Bulgaria 1990



USA 1995

41












42

43

44

41












42

43

44

42

43

44

43

44

orbit issue 87 (october 2010)

Documents

rx email

astro space stamp society

derek clarke eire

half page

page display

quarter page

year mark

charles bromser australia