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Orbital Mechanics 1

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Page 1: Orbital(Mechanics( - University of Washingtonearthweb.ess.washington.edu/ess-102/FALL12/Lecture29...Orbital(Maneuvers(We(have(already(discussed(one(type(of(orbital(maneuver,(the(Hohmann(transfer,(when(we(mapped(outapoten

Orbital  Mechanics  

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Page 2: Orbital(Mechanics( - University of Washingtonearthweb.ess.washington.edu/ess-102/FALL12/Lecture29...Orbital(Maneuvers(We(have(already(discussed(one(type(of(orbital(maneuver,(the(Hohmann(transfer,(when(we(mapped(outapoten

Orbital  Maneuvers  We  have  already  discussed  one  type  of  orbital  maneuver,  the  Hohmann  

transfer,  when  we  mapped  out  a  poten<al  mission  to  Mars.  

Hohmann  transfer:    1.  Transfer  between  two  

coplanar  circular  orbits  2.  Requires  two  engine  burns  3.  Lowest  energy  transfer  if    

R’/R  <  12  4.  Assume  impulsive  thrust  

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Orbital  Maneuvers  Other  orbital  maneuvers  are  required  for  different  applica<ons.  

Bi-­‐ellip2c  transfer:    1.  Transfer  between  two  

coplanar  circular  orbits  2.  Requires  three  engine  

burns  3.  Lower  energy  than  

Hohmann  transfer  if      R’/R  >  12  

4.  Assume  impulsive  thrust  5.  Longer  <me  than  Hohmann  

transfer  

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R  R’  

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Gravita<onal  Assist  Some<mes  using  a  Hohmann  transfer  or  bi-­‐ellip<c  transfer  is  too  energy  intensive.  

Our  rocket  cannot  carry  that  much  fuel.  

Gravita<onal  Assist:  1.  Used  to  increase  speed,  

decrease  speed,  and  change  direc<on  

2.  Relies  on  using  the  rela<ve  mo<on  of  the  planet  and  spacecraS  

3.  Saves  fuel,  <me,  and  money  

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Page 5: Orbital(Mechanics( - University of Washingtonearthweb.ess.washington.edu/ess-102/FALL12/Lecture29...Orbital(Maneuvers(We(have(already(discussed(one(type(of(orbital(maneuver,(the(Hohmann(transfer,(when(we(mapped(outapoten

Gravita<onal  Assist  Some<mes  using  a  Hohmann  transfer  or  bi-­‐ellip<c  transfer  is  too  energy  intensive.  

Our  rocket  cannot  carry  that  much  fuel.  

How  it  works  (simplified):  1.  SpacecraS  moves  towards  planet  

with  speed  v  (rela<ve  to  Sun)  2.  Planet  moving  towards  spacecraS  

at  speed  u  (rela<ve  to  Sun)  3.  SpacecraS  moves  at  speed  u  +  v  

with  respect  to  planet’s  surface  (incoming)    

4.  SpacecraS  moves  at  speed  u  +  v  with  respect  to  planet’s  surface  (outgoing)  

5.  SpacecraS  moves  away  from  the  planet  with  speed  2u+v  (rela<ve  to  Sun)   Is  this  all  science  fic<on?  

Oberth  Effect:  gravita<onal  assist  with  thrusters  

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Gravita<onal  Assist  Notable  uses:  1. Mariner  10  2.  Voyager  I  &  II  3.  Galileo  4.  Ulysses  5.  Cassini  6. MESSANGER  

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Gravita<onal  Assist  

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Gravita<onal  Assist  

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Gravita<onal  Assist  

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Page 10: Orbital(Mechanics( - University of Washingtonearthweb.ess.washington.edu/ess-102/FALL12/Lecture29...Orbital(Maneuvers(We(have(already(discussed(one(type(of(orbital(maneuver,(the(Hohmann(transfer,(when(we(mapped(outapoten

Aerobraking  

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Page 11: Orbital(Mechanics( - University of Washingtonearthweb.ess.washington.edu/ess-102/FALL12/Lecture29...Orbital(Maneuvers(We(have(already(discussed(one(type(of(orbital(maneuver,(the(Hohmann(transfer,(when(we(mapped(outapoten

Aerobraking  

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Page 12: Orbital(Mechanics( - University of Washingtonearthweb.ess.washington.edu/ess-102/FALL12/Lecture29...Orbital(Maneuvers(We(have(already(discussed(one(type(of(orbital(maneuver,(the(Hohmann(transfer,(when(we(mapped(outapoten

But  is  it  really  that  simple…  •  Lunar  Mascons  (aka  mass  concentra<ons)  make  stable  low  lunar  obits  difficult  (impossible?)  to  find.  

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Konopliv  et  al,  Icarus  150,  1–18  (2001).    

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But  is  it  really  that  simple…  •  So  why  not  just  fly  high  al<tude  orbits?  Because  the  Earth  gravita<onally  disturbs  high  al<tude,  circular  orbits.  

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•  But  there  might  be  highly          ellip<cal,  high  inclina<on          orbits  that  could  be  stable            for  about  100  years.  

Todd  Ely  and  Erica  Lieb,  Stable  Constella<ons  of  Frozen  Ellip<cal  Inclined  Lunar  Orbits,    Journal  of  the  Astronau<cal  Sciences,  vol.  53,  No.  3,  July-­‐Sept  2005,  pp.  301-­‐316  

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Other  Orbital  Maneuvers  

•  Orbital  Inclina<on  Change  •  Phasing  •  Rendezvous  •  Docking  

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Orbital  Sta<on-­‐Keeping  

Orbital  Sta2on-­‐Keeping:    firing  thruster  to  keep  a  spacecraS  in  a  par<cular  orbit  

Any  real  orbit  will  change  with  <me  due  to  perturba<ons  from  other  bodies  in  the  solar  system.  

Typically  a  small  set  of  thrusters  are  used.    These  are  called  the  a;tude  control  system  (ACS).  

Sta<on-­‐keeping  is  cri<cal  for  satellites  that  must  be  oriented  in  a  certain  direc<on  to  communicate  with  Earth  (communica<on  satellites)  

Example:    satellite  is  orbit  around  the  Earth  is  perturbed  by  the  Sun,  Moon,  Jupiter…  

Now  this  process  is  automated  by  an  onboard  computer  that  collects  telemetry  and  makes  correc<ons.  

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