2.2. ORGAN MASS MEASUREMENTS XA9846832

H. KAWAMURADivision of Radioecology,

National Institute of Radiological Sciences,Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, Japan

Introduction

The term, anatomical measurements, in the context of this Co-ordinated ResearchProgramme refers to measurements of masses of internal organs [1], although the human bodyis composed of internal organs and tissues such as skeleton, muscle, skin and adipose [2]. Themass of an organ containing a radionuclide (source organ), and the mass of a target organwhich absorbs energy of the radiation, are essential parameters in the ICRP dosimetric modelderived from the MIRD method [3]. Twelve specific organs of interest were proposed at theCoordinated research Programme Project Formulation Meeting (PFM) in 1988 [1]. A slightlydifferent set of thirteen organs with potential significance for radiation protection were seletedfor study at the Research Co-ordination Meeting held at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centrein 1991 [4, Appendix 2]. The dimensions of the organs could also be useful information, butwere considered unimportant for internal dose assessment. Due to the strong concern aboutthe unified method for collecting organ mass data at the PFM, a guide-line was established[1] stressing the need for organ data from subjects that were healthy and normal, at least untilshortly before death, or from sudden death cases, following the Japanese experience.

In this report, masses of nine to thirteen organs are presented from seven participatingcountries. Three participants have also reported the organ masses as fractions of the total bodymass.

Materials and Methods

At the beginning of the CRP, the following criteria for obtaining normal values of massof internal organs were proposed and approved [1, Appendix D]. The criteria apply both tocompilation of published literature survey data and specific measurements by the participants:

(1) Subjects are to be studied who died suddenly.(2) Autopsy should be carried out by qualified medical doctors within 24 hours after death

(in case of the temperate zone) in such a way that in situ mass of organs might beobtained.

(3) Data should be obtained from those who are found at autopsy to have been healthy andnormal shortly before death.

(4) Data should be obtained from those who do not show any of the followingpathological changes in any organ(s): inflammation, anemia, atrophy, regressivechange, fatty degeneration, neoplasm, or tumor, all of which tend to cause a changein the normal weight of organs.

Nutritional condition as well as the height and weight of the body may also beobserved.

The organs proposed for study were: the adrenal gland, brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung,pancreas, pituitary gland, spleen, testis, thymus, and thyroid gland. Later, on the advice of

27

the ICRP Reference Man Task Group, female breast and ovaries were added and adrenals wereomitted from the list [4].

A summary of the populations studied, and materials and methods used for collecting dataon masses of organs is shown in Table 1. In case of China [5] and India [6], the data wereobtained for sudden death victims from published reports and from medical institutions indifferent locations in each country. In Indonesia [7], the data was obtained by medical doctors inforensic science with standard autopsy techniques, together with tissue sampling from some malesubjects for chemical analysis. In Japan [8] the normal data was obtained from such subjects whodied of sudden deaths such as traffic accidents, etc. through collaboration with Tokyo MedicalExaminer's Office which deals with autopsy to find cause of death for administrative purposes.In the Republic of Korea [9], the data were obtained in 1982, with little additional data. Since theoriginal paper written by the participant was not available, the methods used were not knownform compilation of this summary. In the Philippines [10], the data was obtained for medico-legalcases in co-operation with relevant institutions in Metro Manila as well as at the two otherhospitals outside the capital. In Viet Nam [11], data were requested from a number of hospitalswith instructions on the proper procedures to be used. The received data were reviewed andselected.

There are a few points to be noted when comparing the reported data as follows:

(1) Individual conditions for autopsy and measurement in each country were not necessarilyknown for all countries.

(2) Nutritional backgrounds are not exactly the same as are described in elsewhere in thisTECDOC.

(3) Little data was obtained for ages 15-16, and under in some countries, comparison of allthe organ masses of younger ages may not be very meaningful (n < 10 to n < 80).

(4) Slightly different age brackets from those requested in the reporting format wereemployed by some participants for practical reasons. This would make comparisondifficult especially for the "newborn" (i.e. less than 1 m to less than 1 y) and 1 y (i.e. 1 yto 1-2 y) as shown in Table 2.

Results and Discussion

Mass of organs-growth pattern and adult mean

The average masses and standard deviations of individual organs for each age group,reported by the participants [5-11] are summarized in Tables 3-14. For practical purposes, themasses for those organs which have two lobes, i.e. the lung, kidney, thyroid gland, testis andadrenal gland, have been summed for presentation here. Results for brain, liver, pancreas, testisand thyroid are shown graphically in Figs 1-9. These also provide a rough indication the growthchanges. Presentation of growth curves for normal Japanese from that report is reproduced in Fig.10 which may present typical changes in organ masses to over age 70 [12]. A detailed study ofthe Japanese population has been compiled and published [13], and is here referred to as the"Tanaka Model".

The composite averages and standard deviations of the reported national means werecalculated as in Tables 15-16. It should be noted that the overall results are inhomogeneous. Thevalues from the ICRP Reference Man [2] data and Tanaka Model for Reference Asian Man [13]are included in the tables for comparison and are graphically shown in Figs. 11-12.

28

TABLE I. MATERIALS AND METHODS USED FOR COLLECTING DATA ON MASSES OF ORGANS

Country

China(CPR)

India(IND)

Indonesia(IDN)

Japan(JPN)

Republic ofKorea(ROK)

Philippines(PHI)

Viet Nam(VIE)

Location

18 cities4 areas

Jakarta

Tokyo

NorthSouthManila

Period ofstudy

1950-90

1963

1989-90

1970-80

1982

1984and after

Original data source

15 medical colleges33 medical colleges CIRPCapital I. Children

Venkataraman et al.24 med. institutions4 or more medical

institutions

Widiatma et al.Forensic Med.,University of Indonesia

Tanaka et al.Medical examiner's

OfficeN1RS

Kim et al., Republic ofKoreanAdv. En. Res. Inst.

Baguio General HospitalV. Sotto G. HospitalSanto Tomas UniversityHospital, P.C.C.L. & P.B.I.

Various hospitals

Cause of death

Sudden deaths

Accidentaldeaths

Sudden deathsNormal until shortlybefore death

Sudden deathsNormal, healthy untilshortly before deathAdministrt. cases

Medico-legal cases

No. of subjects

19,9764070(18-55y)1000 (children)

10,000 (M),4,500 (F)10-50 for eachyounger age group

120 (M), 35 (F)(10-72y)

3,900 (M), 1470 (F)<70 for each youngerage group

1,344 (M), 577 (F)

1,191 (M), 236 (F)<10 for each youngerage group

220(M), 220(F)

Method ofmeasurement/evaluation

The criteria followedData selected

Data criticallyevaluated

Domestic standardprocedure, measure &weigh after cleaningwithin 24 h after death

Within 12-24 hourafter death, cadaverweighed. Visualexamination forpathological changes

Not specified

Visually examined forpathological changes

(Instructionsforwarded, Receiveddata selected)

TABLE II.

Age

range, asrequired

Newborni y5 y10 y15 y

20-50 y

COMPARISON

China

<1 mi y5y10 y15 y20 y30 y40 y

India

N.B.i y5 y10 y15 y>18y

BETWEEN THE REQUIRED

Age range used in individua

Indonesia

---

10-12 y13-15 y20-39 y

Japan

0-1 mi y5 y10 y15 y

20-50 y

AND ACTUAL AGE RANGES.

country reports

Republicof Korea

----

Adult

Philippines

<1 y1-2 y5-6 y

9-10 y15-16 y20-50 y

Viet Nam

N.B.• y5y10 y15 y

Totaladult

Brain

The brain mass increases rapidly after birth and, as shown in Table 3 and Fig. 1-2, itapproaches the adult level at ages 5 to 10. At age 5, a somewhat slower growth rate is suggestedby the data from India (Table 3, Fig 1-2). For all ages, the male brain mass was observed slightlylarger than that for females. Relative standard deviation of the adult brain weight was relativelysmall as 6.0-10.3%. In the adult male, the range found was 1236 g (India) -1442 g (Japan) withan arithmetic mean 1361±77 g (RSD 5.7%) as shown in Table 15. The reason for the intra-regional difference was not clear taking individual standard deviations into account. The brainmass from the Tanaka Model, 1470 g for adult male is within ± 8% level, which compares with1400 g of the ICRP Reference Man.

For the adult female, the range found was 1140 g (India) to 1321 g (Japan) with a meanof 1262±74 g. This is only 58 g smaller than the value from the Tanaka Model and 62 g largerthan the ICRP Reference Woman value as shown in Table 16.

Breast

Only the Viet Namese report provided data for breast [11]. From that report, the breastmass grows slowly. At 15 years, it becomes about 4.6 times that at 10. Relative standarddeviation of the breast weight in the adult was 18%. In this report [Ref. 11, Table 5], the weightis referred to as that of the breast (right), but it is assumed to be the total weight of the right andleft. The figure is 50 g less than that assumed by the Tanaka Model for Reference Asian adultfemale, and 110 g smaller than that of the ICRP Reference Woman as shown in Table 16.

Heart

The heart weight increases gradually with age as shown in Table 4. There is no apparentdifference in the data reported here in the growth pattern found among the locations. Over 10years, the male heart was larger than that of the female, though within one standard deviation.There are some differences in the average heart weights for the adult male among the countriesform a minimum for India (243 g) to a maximum for Japan (379 g). The mean is 303±53 g. Therelative standard deviations in the adult ranged from 10.0% (Viet Namese) to 23.8% (Japanese).The mean is 20% smaller than that for the Tanaka Model (380 g). In comparison with the ICRPReference Man (330 g), it is only 8% smaller.

30

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

P ='4 '•'3 : '

•3 ; i

1?!

r'j

I is

-1 '"-j

China India Indonesia Japan Philippines Vietnam

FIG. 1. Male brain mass — grams.

. • NewbornD 1 yearH 5 years

I D 1 o years. • 1 5 yearsi • 20-50 years i

[,600

1,400 [

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

rrr nS I

Mi

i..: , !

in

f i ;1 K'l

~4

i i i

Ii i

: ,... ! . '

• Newborn• 1 year• 5 years

t G 10 yearsJ El 15 years) [120-50 years

China India Indonesia Japan Philippines Vietnam

FIG. 2. Female brain mass — grams.

31

2,000 r

1,500 !

1,000

500 !-

0 '-

n« . > ! n

i ti <

- l i

a

China IndonesiaIndia Japan

r |

Korea VietnamPhilippines

• NewbornD 1 yearM 5 yearsZS10 yearsD 15 yearsZ3 20-250 years

1,000

500

n i

i

FIG. 3. Male liver mass — grams.

z,uuu

1,500

,—j

1 j

•

, 11 NewbornD 1 year

' • 5 yearsCIO yearsB 15 years"Z 20-50 years

ULi:

r

[ 1

China India Indonesia Japan Korea Philippines Vietnam

FIG. 4. Female liver mass — grams.

32

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

• j

i !

r • ;

• NewbornG 1 yearO 5 yearsZ 10 yearsD 15 years• 20-50 years

^hina india Japan Korea Philippines Vietnam

FIG. 5. Male pancreas mass — grams.

120

80

60

40

20

(20)

• i

{ '

I

I

i i

t

i i !

• NewbornG 1 year• 5 yearsG 10 years• 15 yearsEZ 20-50 years

China India Japan Korea Philippines Vietnam

FIG. 6. Female pancreas mass — grams.

33

40

30

20

10

India

r~s

_LIndonesia Japan Vietnam

• NewbornD 1 yearM 5 yearsC 10 yearsQ 15 yearsG 20-50 years

FIG. 7. Testis mass — grams.

40

30

20

10

I !

n- s

E I

r -IChina

i

I

india Indonesia Japan Philippines Vietnam

, • Newborn j. • 1 year j1 • 5 years \

D 10 years |C 15 years jZ 20-50 years |

FIG. 8. Male thyroid mass — grams.

34

40

30

• NewbornEH 1 yearB 5 yearsH 10 yearsE 15 yearsZ 20-50 years

20

n1 0 (•

i i

H

China Indonesia Japan Philippines Vietnam

FIG. 9. Female thyroid mass — grams.

In the adult female, the heart weight ranged from 211 g (India) to 310-g (Japan), the meanbeing 261=41 g. This was about 60 g smaller than that of the Tanaka Model adult female (322g) and 21 g larger than the ICRP Reference Woman (240 g).

Kidney

The data show that the weight of the kidney, as in Table 5, gradually increases with age.Growth patterns appeared roughly similar for the countries while male growth from 15 years tothe adult male varied from country to country.

The combined mass of the kidneys in the adult male showed a range 207 g (Indonesia)to 324 g (Japan) with a mean of 268±42 g. This is about 50 g smaller than that for Tanaka Model(320 g) which is similar to that for ICRP Reference Man (310 g).

In the female, the kidney weight ranged from 192 g (Indonesia) to 293 g (Philippines)with a mean of 248 ± 39 g, which is about 34 g smaller than the Tanaka Model, and about 27 gsmaller than the ICRP Reference Woman (275 g).

Liver

As shown in Table 6 and Figs 3-4, the liver weight increases gradually with age and thegrowth patterns appeared generally similar for the countries as seen from the reported data. Massof the adult male liver ranges from 1135 g (India) to 1864 g (Republic of Korea) with a mean1429±254 g. This is about 170 g smaller than 1600 g of the Tanaka model, which is in turn 200g less than that of the ICRP Reference Man, 1800 g.

In the adult female, it was found to be from 1051 g (India) to 1611 g (Republic of Korea)with a mean of 1296=183 g, which is about 72 g smaller than in the Tanaka Model (1368g) and 104 g smaller than in the ICRP Reference Woman (1400 g).

35

II III 211 XI 411 SI Ml 711 III 911 II III 20 3(1 411 SI Ml 711 HI 9(1 It III 10 30 111 SI 611 711 80 911

Mile

• Female

II III 211 JU 411 511 611 711 II III 2(1 311 411 30 Ml 711 8(1 90 (I III 211 »l 4(1 SI Ml 711 811 911

HI •

16 •

12 •

8 -

4 •

/ Thyroid

/— » — Mile

• Fcnwlc

10 20 M 40 SO 611 70 10 90 II 10 20 30 40 SI 60 7(1 80 90

FIG. 10. Masses for selected organs for Japanese as a function of age — g [12].

2,• MeanD . anaka Mode:E Reference Man

1,500

1.000

500 i -..' :.. I

Brain Liver Lung

400

300

200

100

• MeanD Tanaka Mode!83 Reference Man

Heart Kidney Pancreas Spleen

40

30

20

10

I F::

Testis Thyroid Adrenal

! BKeanTanaka ModesReference Man

FIG, 11. Adult male organ masses.

37

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000

800

800

400

200

0

i .

Brain Liver Lung

B MeanD Tanaka Mode;O Reference Man

300

250

200

150

100

50

: 1 1 1 Mean

• " : • _ : ; >

' "j?

I

I

1

1 i • -, '

;. •.-•1 : : ' • ' .

1 H Tanaka Model1 B Reference Man

Heart Kidney Pancreas Spleen

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

- -

\:

i"[•

I ! '

I i m MeanB Tanaka ModelB Reference Man

Thyroid Adrenal

FIG. 12. Adult female organ masses.

38

TABLE III. BRAIN MASS - GRAMS

Sex Age

Male Newborn

iy5y

10yISy

20-50y

Female Newborn

iy5y

lOy15y

20-50y

China (1)

Mean

398.01024.61293.81388.01446.61432.9

415.69507

11825130061306613174

S.D

408.01035.9131251392.01441.1

(143.0)

554.2964.0

1194.21298.2111.9

(192.8)

India

Mean

295785986

114212081236

295670

1010108411501140

S.D.

138133230182172127

138215220182100120

Indonesia (2,3)

Mean

1387.51356.01345.1

1348.2

1202.6

Japan

Mean

475.01133.5140331447.11475.01442.1

467.51060.31358.61301.71362.01308.6

S.D.

102.3113.393.284.0

101.7116.6

124.8137.390.4

104.797.199.7

Philippines

Mean

(1020)11251283131713571387

_

10271250128213301321

(4)

S.D.

.8385

120121143

62.

2930

115

Viet Nam

Mean

335.63901.20

1157.601170.711294.071320.90

335.57900.00

1123.201138.891243 101284.13

S.D

22.0767.8477.7477.3680.5979.70

24.1758.3174.5472.5078.9371.79

1) Adult mean calculated from the means and S.D.s for the 20, 30 and 40 year old adult2) Sum of the means and S.D.s for the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem3) "10y"=10-12y, "15y"=13-15y and "20y-50y"=20-39y.4) "Newborn"=<ly, "ly"=l-2y, "5y"=5-6y, " I Oy"^-1 Oy and "15y"=I5-16y.

TABLE IV. HEART MASS - GRAMS

Sex Age

Male Newborn

iy5y

10y15y

20-50y

Female Newborn

iy5y

10ylSy

20-50y

China (1)

Mean

22.159.599.6

152.5258.7300.8

21.549.797.0

141.9231.0266.9

S.D.

8.448.024.048.655.0

(54.9)

7.011.155.338.648.3

(52.1)

India

Mean

173973

140208243

173574

134220211

S.D

71250589552

7122878

10547

Indonesia (2)

Mean

119.95207.83253.55

98.50

217.20

S.D.

35.7180.2736.35

34.66

Japar

Mean

27.959.097.1

177.1302.9379.3

27.156.7

116.3170.1235.0309.8

S.D.

9.314.013.320.527.190.3

7.416.628.7

49.393.7

Republic of Korea

Mean

348.8

301.6

Philippines (3)

Mean

(19)6297

166306334

(15)5894

156248288

S.D.

(11)65

111162

(7)5-58

43

Viet Nam

Mean

17.0941.4082.44

125.64203.93258.41

17.0042.0084.08

119.81202.34230.24

S.D.

1 702.895.14761

17.2925 82

1.973.015.177.66

18.5624.21

1) Adult mean calculated from the means and S.D s for the 20, 30 and 40 year old adult2) "10y"=10-12y. "15y"=13-15y and "20y-50y"=20-39y.3) "Newborn*=<ly, "ly"=l-2y, "5y"=5-6y, "IOy"=9-lOy and "I5y"=l5-I6y

TABLE V. KIDNEY MASS (2) - GRAMS

Sex Age

Male Newborn

iy5y

10y15y

20-50y

Female Newborn

iy5y

10y15y

20-50y

China (1)

Mean

28.176.0

122.9172.0253.0279.3

27.770.8

120.2168.6242.1260.1

S.D.

10823.530.845.653.9

(57.5)

11.318.936.348.446.7

(514)

India

Mean

205698

141198224

205195

143217207

S.D.

71639375148

71839325447

Indonesia (2)

Mean

114.75194.33206.59

101.9-

1920S

Japan

Mean

30.272.8112.2183 6245.0324.0

29.1688116 2160.0237.5279.4

Republic ofKorea

Mean

251.6

227.7

Philippines (3)

Mean

(15)76146193269295

(13)68117168240293

Viet Nam

Mean

27.4172.04

129.76194 00236.3729623

26.0070.00

128.20186.60234.10276.40

S.D.

2.786.26

11.4812.2113.6813.33

2.206.409.98

10.7510.1312.67

1) Adult mean calculated from the means and S.D.s for the 20, 30 and 40 year old adult2) " 10y"=10-12y, " 15y"= 13-15y and "20y-50y"=20-39y3) "Newbom-=<ly. "ly"=l-2y, "5y"=5-6y. "10y"=9-10y and "15y"=15-16y.

39

TABLE VI. LIVER MASS - GRAMS

Sex Age

Male Newborn

iy5y10y15y2O-50y

Female Newborn

iy5yIOy15y20-50y

China

Mean

114.8370.9635.6885.9

1249.41356.7

115.3341.6624.4943.2

1233.01272.4

(1)

S.D.

61.9127.6159.7234.5255.0

(233.9)

37.9893

315.7955.2273.1

(248.8)

India

Mean

99250478785888

1135

99222448617954

1051

S.D.

32103172203245251

3281

150208244226

Indonesia (2)

Mean

666.28874001155.6

1114.7

S.D.

57.02186.8

298.45

236.91

Japan

Mean

169.0427.6639.2942.9

1363.81598.9

127.4391.9625.0910.0

1276.71345.2

S.D

44.490.467.4

1430150.7354.4

36.171.591.5

107.675.5

332.8

Republic ofKorea

Mean

1863.9

1610.9

Philippines (3)

Mean

(89)364735

106412991472

(66)390600875

12651361

S.D

(58)10027

106285232

(31)32

.

1815

180

Viet

Mean

75.88210.96402.80705.06

1204.441417.82

77.60221.20362.00692.20

1161 901319.00

Nam

S.D.

5.6016.8255.6476.71

107.89116 91

5.4165.0332.7257.67

237.58105.70

TABLE VII. LUNG MASS (2) - GRAMS

Sex Age

Male Newborn

iy5y

10y15y

20-50y

Female Newborn

iy5y

lOv15y

20-SOy

China (1)

Mean

614207.7362.0564.2941.6

1065.1

56.5187.1354.3472.6769.3842.2

S.D.

22.0167.3120.4228.7435.3

(329.4)

17.863.9

1246189.7232.5

(232.9)

India

Mean

63123252462645841

6398

208413598670

S.D.

2136

137220242154

213055

198226140

Indonesia (2,3)

Mean

309.68754.50826.85

739.16

Japan (2)

Mean

90.4193.6322.9554.3910.01169.8

90.4186.0255.0453.4641.3906.8

Republic ofKorea (2)

Mean

1201.4

948.4

Philippines (2,4)

Mean

(69)2162815158311049

(64)191318431735864

Viet Nam

Mean

39.91120.60212.24390.18643.70680.06

39.11119.80207.20325.40570.30607.50

S.D.

4.4112.5215.8619.7922.3727.30

4.0226.7120.5220.8021.1726.41

1) Adult mean calculated from the means and S.D.s for the 20, 30 and 40 year old adult2) Sum of the means and s.d.s for the left and right lobes3) "10y"=10-12y, "15y"=13-15y and "20y-50y"=20-39y.4) "Newbom"=<ly, "ly"=l-2y, "5y"=5-6y, "10y"=9-10y and "15y"=15-16y

TABLE VIII. PANCREAS MASS - GRAMS

Sex Age

Male Newborn

iy5y

10y15y

2O-5Oy

Female Newborn

iy5y

10y15y

20-50y

China (1)

Mean

4.421.039.556.288.4108.5

4.317.741.849.484.898.1

S.D.

3.230.114.320.625.2

(294)

2.37.055.115.331.2

(28.0)

India

Mean

31425558096

31131477382

S.D.

1612154934

1613152532

Japan

Mean

5.824.139.574.3100.0135.1

7.024.246.761.7100.8112.2

S.D.

2.67.77.914.020.037.8

2.75.08.64.16.1

30.4

Republic ofKorea

Mean

56.4

54.0

Philippines

Mean

(4)254970100129

(4)24426397105

S.D.

(4)418215

(3)2-125

Viet Nam

Mean

5.5315.0440.0072.00102.00124.81

5.9714.1236.8469.8197.41110.30

S.D.

2.034.308.0412.0617.8921.55

1.423.876.319.7521.1622.01

Adult mean calculated from the means and S D s for the 20. 30 and 40 year old adult

40

TABLE IX. PITUITARY GLAND MASS - GRAMS

Sex Age

Male Newborn

iy5y

IOy15y

2O-5Oy

Female Newborn

iy5y

10y15y

2O-5Oy

Japan

Mean

0.190.210.320.360.530.56

0.200.270.310.360.570.63

S.D.

0.080.080060.070.080.12

0.070.060.080.080.080.15

Viet Nam

Mean

0 100 140.250.340480.60

0.110.150.250.360.550.60

S.D.

0.010.010.050.090.140.12

0.020.020.050.060.11Oil

TABLE X. SPLEEN MASS - GRAMS

Sex Age

Male Newborn

iy5y

I0y15y

20-50y

Female Newborn

ly5y

IOy15y

2O-5Oy

China (1)

Mean

11.945.178.9

106.7161.7167.1

11.339.765.394.4

150.6146.5

S.D

8.122.975.449.073.3

(80.3)

5.717.228.444.067.5

(61.5)

India

Mean S.D

72358

102118137

7215889

132119

41331552867

48

23624459

Indonesia (2)

Mean

73.1383.75

112.71

104.23

S.D

17.3937.1256.76

28.30

Japan

Mean

12.545.961.791.1

120 8129.8

12.636.752.985.1

113.1123.1

S.D.

4.717.718.621.718.454.2

4.611.213.731 622.453.6

Republic ofKorea

Mean

67.3

58.2

Philippines (3)

Mean

(7)476688

124138

(7)336575

110120

S.D.

(7)2173

18

(6)15

.4-

14

Viet Nam

Mean

8.0325.8846.9287.92

149.56165.74

8.0325.1941.7685.93

137.24139.68

S.D.

1.335.09

12.0117.5228.6438.68

1.306.40

10.1919.1621.452671

1) Adult mean calculated from the means and S.D.s for the 20, 30 and 40 year old adult2) "10y"=10-l2y, "15y"=13-15y and "20y-50y"=20-39y.3) "Newbom"=<ly, "ly"=l-2y, "5y"=5-6y, "10y"=9-I0y and "15y"=15-16y.

TABLE XI. TESTIS MASS (2) - GRAMS

Age

Newborn

iy5y10y15y2O-5Oy

India

Mean S.D

2367

2235

113255

Indonesia (1.2)

Mean

13.2523.6626.44

Japan (1)

Mean

1.642.642.874.09

33.2936.11

Viet

Mean

0.351.032.964.02

17.6736.86

Nam

S.D.

O i l0.521.121.723.364.44

1) Sum of the means and s.d.s for the left and right lobes2) "10y"=10-12y. "15y"=13-15y and "20y-50y"=20-39y.

41

TABLE XII. THYMUS MASS - GRAMS

Sex Age

Male Newbornly5y

10y15y

20-5Oy

Female Newborn

iy5y

lOyI5y

20-5Oy

Japan

Mean

17.630.130.939.735 132.2

18.828.133.834.030.727.5

S.D

848.29.59.3

12.7164

8.58.28.55.35.8

12.0

Viet

Mean

13.0620.0020.0415.0014.9310 00

11.9719.9218.0815.0714.977.97

Nam

S.D.

2.193.083.632.923.152.21

2.143.053.203.043.252.23

TABLE XIII. THYROID GLAND MASS (2) - GRAMS

Sex Age

Male Newborn

iy5y

10yISy

20-50y

Female Newborn

iy5y

10yISy

20-50y

China

Mean

2.33.36.49.7

12327.4

2.33.15.79.9

13.126.6

80% normal

Range

1.1-3.91.7-5.3

3 1-10.24.9-16.270-19.9

10.7-55.8

1.1-4.31.6-5.13.4-8.7

5.0-16.57.6-19.5

10.1-33.5

India

Mean S

1.5348

1219

D.

0.41.02.03.05.07.0

Indonesia

Mean

6.5811.6716.81

17.76

S.D.

3.725.516.85

6.15

Japar

Mean

1.582.703.778.71

15.5118.80

1.572.565.049.58

15.3016.80

S.D.

0.560.710.581.132.415.13

0.470.720.773 543.024.86

Philippines

Mean S.D.

(8)--

1010

22

(2)5-

20-

30 8

Viet Nam

Mean

2.022.959.00

20.0327.9935.47

2.172.829.23

18.6727.7536.00

S.D.

0.270.361.502.733.424.31

0.350.322.383.023.563.31

TABLE XIV. ADRENAL GLAND MASS (2) - GRAMS

Sex Age

Male Newborn

iy5y

10yISy

2O-5Oy

Female Newborn

iy5y

IOyISy

2O-5Oy

China

Mean

7.35.27.59.8

12.614.7

7.25.47.3

10.014.214.3

SD.

3.32.24.14 84.55.7

3.22.8394.75.36.2

Indonesia

Mean

5.388.5011.30

9.67

Japan

Mean

4.344.535.308.7910.911429

3.654085.588.1010.6312.91

Philippines

Mean

20

17

25

42

TABLE XV. MALE ADULT ORGAN MASSES (7 COUNTRIES)

Organ

BrainHeartKidney (2)LiverLung (2)PancreasPituitarySpleenTestis (2)ThymusThyroidAdrenal (2)Gall bladderProstateSalivary gland

No. of

countries

677776264264111

Range

Min.

1,236243224

1,135680960.56

11326.410.016.811.3

--

Max.

1,442379324

1,8641,201

1350.60

16736.932.235.5

17--

Mean

1,361303268

1,429976119

0.5814233.621.1

32.2 (JPN)14.3

29 (PHI)19.1 (IDN)78.5 (IDN)

S.D.

775342

254196

16_

211.8

.16.4 (JPN)

2.318 (PHI)

10.9 (IDN)14.9 (IDN)

Mid

point(1)

310

1,502945

Tanaka

Modeladult male

1,470380320

1,6001,200

1300.6

13036321914

(8)»(13)(82)

Reference

ManICRP Pub.

23

1,400330310

1,8001.000

1000.6

18035202014101685

1) Ref. 17*) Figures in parentheses are estimates

TABLE XVI. FEMALE ADULT ORGAN MASSES (7 COUNTRIES)

Organ

BrainBreastHeartKidney (2)LiverLung (2)OvaryPancreasPituitarySpleenThymusThyroidAdrenal (2)UterusGall bladderSalivary gland

No. of

countries

6177771626264111

Range

Min.

1,140-211192

1,051608-820.60

1197.97

16.89.7

-

Max.

1,321-310293

1,361948-112

0.63147

27.536.025

--

Mean

1,262250 (VIE)

261248

1,296797

9.0 (VIE)100

0.62125

27.5 (JPN)25.415.5

58.5 (PHI)40 (PHI)65.8 (IDN)

S.D.

7445 (VIE)

4139

183127

1.0 (VIE)12-15

12.0 (JPN)8.26.6

29.9 (PHI)7 (PHI)

19.4 (IDN)

Tanaka Model

adult female

1,320(300) •322282

1,368894

(11)113

0.64125291713

(70)(6)

(62)

Reference

ManICRP Pub.

23

1,200360240275

1,400800

1185

0.715020171480

870

*) Figures in parentheses are estimates

Lung

The lung mass grows gradually with age (Table 7) with similar patterns of increase seenfor all the participating countries. The weight of the both lungs in the adult male for the sevencountries was from 680 g (Viet Nam) to 1201 g (Republic of Korea) with a mean of 976±196 g.A relatively large variation was found (RSD 20.1%). The mean is approximately 220 g or 19%smaller than that of Tanaka Model, 1200 g but is only a little smaller than 1000 g in the ICRPReference Man.

43

In the female counterpart, it ranged from 608 g (Viet Nam) to 948 g (Republic of Korea)with a mean of 797±127 g (RSD 15.9%). This is about 11% less than the Tanaka Model (894 g),and almost the same as that of the ICRP Reference Woman (800 g).

Pancreas

The mass of the pancreas increases with age with similar growth patterns for the reportingcountries (Table 8 and Fig. 5-6). The mass in the adult male ranged from 96 g (India) to 135 g(Japan) with a mean 119±16 g. This was about 11 g less than that for the Tanaka Model, and 19g larger than the ICRP Reference Man.

In the adult female, it ranged from 82 g (India) to 112 g (Japan) and the mean was 100±12g. It was about 13 g less than in the Tanaka Model, but, 15 g larger than the ICRP ReferenceWoman.

The Korean results were not used in the calculated means because they were about onehalf of the other participants' values. However, another source indicates 85.5 and 89.7 g, for theiradult female and male, respectively [Ref. 9, Table 9-10].

Pituitary gland

The pituitary gland is a small organ of less than 1 g (Table 9). It grows with age and staysalmost constant in the adult male and female up to age 50. The data was obtained only from Japanand Viet Nam. It is only the organ that is larger in the female than in the male [2, 12].

In the adult male, the mean 0.58 g is close to that assumed in Tanaka Model 0.60 g, whichis the same as that in the Reference Man. In the adult female, the mean was 0.62 g and a littlesmaller than the Tanaka Model, and ICRP Reference Woman, 0.64 and 0.70 g, respectively.

Spleen

The spleen mass shows gradual increase with age, while, according to Japanese data, tendsto exhibit considerable decrease beyond after the 30s, both in the male and female (Table 10). Inthe adult male, the weight ranged from 113 g (Indonesia) to 167 g (China), with a mean of142±21 g, which is 12 g larger than for the Tanaka Model (130 g). It was 38 g smaller than forthe ICRP Reference Man (180 g). The spleen weight may increase due to a certain disease [14].

In the adult female, it ranged from 104 g (Indonesia) to 147 g (China) with the mean125±15 g. This was the same as that of the Tanaka Model and 25 g smaller than the ICRPReference Woman.

The Korean results were not used in calculating means because they were about a half ofthe rest of the data, but, the other data source shows approximately 100 and 107 g for the femaleand male, respectively [Ref. 9, Table 9-10].

Testis

As shown in Table 11 and Fig. 7, the weight of testes increases very slowly until 10 yearsand showed a spurt between 10 and 15 years. The spurt appeared most conspicuous for Japanese,followed by the Indians and the Viet Namese.

The testes weight in the adult ranged from 26.4 (Indonesia) to 36.9 g (Viet Nam) with amean of 33.6±1.8 g (RSD: 5.4%). The mean mass is consistent, within -6.7%, with the value ofthe Tanaka Model for Asian adult male and ICRP Reference Man, 36 and 35 g, respectively.

44

Thymus

It is known that the thymus shows a peculiar growth pattern - rapid growth up to around10 or 12 years and decrease thereafter [2], as also seen for Japanese [12]. Data was reported onlyfrom Japan and Viet Nam (Table 12).

The thymus weights from Viet Nam are generally smaller that those for Japanese childrenand particularly adult male (about a third: 10 to 32.2 g in the adult male). The mass of the TanakaModel is 32g.

In the adult female, the data from Japan was 27.5g, compared with 29 g in the TanakaModel. The value reported from Viet Nam was about 8 g. The thymus weight of the ICRPReference male and female is the same, 20 g.

Thyroid gland

As shown in Table 13 and Figs 8-9, the thyroid gland showed an increase with age, withacceleration in the teens. The value was then constant past age 60. The increase after birth to 17years has been pointed out to be an important factor in assessing dose from radioiodine depositedin the organ.

The thyroid weight of the adult male has a wide range from 16.8 g (Indonesia) to 35.5g(Viet Nam), and appeared in the following order: Viet Nam > China > Philippines > India > Japan> Indonesia. This may be associated with possible occurrence of goiter due to low intakes ofnatural iodine in the diet. It is known that goiters are seen in Viet Nam [15], The mean value23.2±7.0 g (RSD 30.2%) is considerably larger than the value for the Tanaka Model and the ICRPReference Man, 19 g and 20 g, respectively.

The thyroid weight in the adult female was from 16.8 g (Japan) to 36.0 g (Viet Nam) witha mean of 25.4±8.2 g (RSD 32.3%). No data was available from India. The mean is markedlylarger than those in the Tanaka Model and ICRP Reference Woman, 17 and 17 g, respectively.

Adrenal gland, gall bladder, prostate and uterus

The adrenal weight increases with age. In the adult, it changes little up to the 50s and 60saccording to the Japanese data (Table 14). The adrenal mass in the adult male ranges from 11.3(Indonesia) to 17 g (Philippines) with a mean 14.3 g which is in agreement with that of theTanaka Model and ICRP Reference Man, 14 g. In the adult female, it ranged from 9.7 g(Indonesia) to 25 g (Philippines) and the mean being 15.5±6.6 g. This was 19% larger than theTanaka Model and 11% larger than the ICRP Reference Woman.

The gall bladder was reported only from Philippines. The average weights for the adultappeared a few times larger than those assumed by ICRP.

The weights of the prostate (19.1 g) and salivary glands (78.5 and 65.8 g for the male andfemale adult, respectively) are reported only from Indonesia and regarded to be valuable (Tables15-16).

Summary of Average Adult Organ weights

Male

The total mean of the brain mass, 1361 g had small variation among six countries (RSD5.7%) and 93 and 97% of the ICRP Reference Man and Tanaka Model adult male, respectively(Fig. 11).

45

The average weights of the heart, kidney, liver and lung were lower than that of the ICRPReference Man, being 92, 87, 79 and 98%, respectively. These were 80, 84, 89 and 81% of theTanaka Model for Asian adult male, respectively. The weights of the pancreas, thymus andthyroid were larger than those of the Reference Man, being 119, 161 and 116%, respectively.These were 92, 100 and 122% of that of the Tanaka model, respectively. That of the pituitary,testis and adrenal was 97,96 and 102%, of that of the Reference Man, respectively, while it wasbeing 97, 93 and 102% of that of the Tanaka Model. The spleen weight was 79 and 109% of thatof the Reference Man and Tanaka Model, respectively.

For information, the weight of the prostate and salivary glands reported was 119 and 92%of that of the ICRP Reference Man, respectively.

Female

The mean brain mass was 1262 g (RSD 5.9%) and 96 and 105% of that for the TanakaModel and Reference Woman of ICRP (Fig. 12).

The average weight of the heart, kidney, liver and lung was 109, 90, 93 and 100% of thatof the ICRP Reference Woman, respectively. That was 81, 88,95 and 89% of that of the TanakaModel for Asian adult female, respectively. The weight of the breast and ovary reported was 69and 82% of that of the Reference Woman, respectively and 83 and 82% of that of the TanakaModel, respectively. The weight of the pancreas, thymus and thyroid was 118, 138 and 149%,respectively of the Reference Woman. It was 88, 95 and 149% of that of the Tanaka Model,respectively. The average weight of the pituitary and adrenal was 89 and 111%, respectively ofthat of the ICRP Reference Woman and 97 and 119% of the Tanaka Model for Asian adultfemale. The spleen weight was 83 and 100% of the Reference Woman and Tanaka Model,respectively.

For information, the weight reported for the uterus and salivary glands was 73 and 94%of the Reference Woman and 84 and 106% of the Tanaka Model, respectively.

Fractional mass of organs

The fraction of total body mass represented by each organ, assumed to have been obtainedfor individual subjects, are averaged over each age group in Tables 17-18. Significance of the datalies in that they are the ratios of the individual organs to the total body weight in individualsubjects, and that the values can be regarded to be normalized with respect to the body weight,providing that the data were properly obtained. The data may be useful in understanding organmasses among different populations. However, the following factors should be noted for natureof the fractional mass data:

(1) the weight of cadaver might be affected by dehydration after death, and(2) the body weight is the sum of the lean body mass and body lipid (fat), and may be

influenced by varying degree of obesity in the adult.

The pattern of change in the fractional mass of organs during growth from the newbornto adult (20-50y) is summarized in Table 19. However, the patterns do not indicate changesbetween 20 and 50 years. Variations in the fractional mass with age for the brain, liver, spleenand thyroid are shown in Figs. 13-18.

46

The average fractional organ masses

The mean fractional masses calculated from Chinese, Indian and Japanese data for 12organs in the adult male and 11 in the female are shown in Tables 20-21. The data for the adrenalsfrom China were not used in the calculation. Fractional masses calculated from the Tanaka Model[13] and ICRP Reference Man data [2] are presented for comparison. Fractional organ masses forIndonesia, Philippines and Viet Nam were estimated using the average body mass values for theadult male and female, and are shown in the tables. From these tables, the following can be seen:

(1) The fractional mass for most of the organs currently reported from China, India and Japanappears to be similar.

(2) Estimated fractional organ masses from the Philippine data are relatively close to themean fractions reported from the three countries. For the Indonesian estimates, thefractional mass for organs except brain seemed to be smaller than mean fractions fromChina, India and Japan. For Viet Nam, the estimates for kidney, spleen and thyroidappeared larger than the three country-means.

(3) The fractional mass of the brain in the adult male and female appeared to be nearlyconstant, 0.025-0.027 among the three country-means, estimates for other three countriesand the Tanaka Model adult male. It was considerably larger than 0.020-0.021 of theICRP Reference Man and Woman.

(4) The data shows that the fractional organ mass may vary from population to population,especially between the present Asian and the European populations (including NorthAmericans) as recommended by ICRP.

Comparison of fractional organ mass with Tanaka Model and ICRP Reference Man data

In Fig. 19 are shown ratios between the total mean of the fractional organ masses (China,India and Japan) and the Tanaka Model or the ICRP Reference Man data.

Male

With reference to the Tanaka Model adult male, most of the organs showed ratios nearunity (brain, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, pituitary gland, testes, thymus, adrenals: 0.90-1.13)where the spleen, thyroid and heart, showed somewhat high or low ratios: 1.27, 1.28 and 0.89,respectively (Fig. 19).

In comparison with ICRP Reference Man, many organs showed larger values than unity(brain, heart, lung, pancreas, testes, thymus, thyroid, adrenals: 1.25-1.93). Among them, the brain,pancreas, testis, thymus and thyroid were organs to have ratios larger than 1.30. However, for theheart, liver, pituitary and spleen, the three country means were within 0.96-1.11 of the ReferenceMan.

Female

In comparison with the Tanaka Model adult female, eight organs had ratios near unity(brain, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, pituitary, thymus, adrenals: 0.91-1.04) while the spleen,thyroid and heart show slightly different ratios: 1.16,1.12 and 0.86, respectively (Fig. 19).

Compared with ICRP Reference Woman, however, the present ratios tended to be higherfor nine organs (brain, heart, kidney, lung, pancreas, spleen, thymus, thyroid and adrenal: 1.12-1.59). Among them, the brain, heart, pancreas, thymus and thyroid have ratios greater than 1.24.However, for the liver and pituitary, the ratio was 1.04 and 1.00, respectively.

47

0.14

0.12

3.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

• NewbornD 1 yearB 5 yearsEZ 10 yearsn 15 years

; j Q 20-50 years

China India Japan

!, ̂

Mean

FIG. 13. Body mass fraction for brain — Male.

U.16

0.14

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0

-

•

i

; •

, —

i '1

• !

China India Japan

• NewbornG 1 yearB 5 yearsC 10 yearsD 15 yearsZ 20-50 years

Mean

FIG. 14. Body mass fraction for brain — Female.

0.05

3,04

103

3.02

0.0'

0

f '

i i

r

k'i

;. 1

• NewbornEH 1 yearH 5 yearsZ 10 years• 15 yearsZ 20-50 years

China India Jaoan Mean

FIG. 15. Body mass fraction for liver — Male.

0.05

0.04 •

0.03 | 1

0.02 I

fi0.01

Ch

•i "V

Iig

It"';

j

' -1

;' 1- • !

•) i i*

i i !

mI

?:

na India Japan Mean

• NewbornLJ 1 yearE 5 years^j 10 yearsG 15 years• 20-50 years

FIG. 16. Body mass fraction for liver — Female.

49

0.006 r

0.005 \ —

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001 i

0 L

i :

Chim india

i ' •

Japan Mean

• NewbornG 1 yearB 5 years\Z 10 yearsD 15 yearsZ 20-50 years

FIG. 17. Body mass fraction for spleen •

0.006

0.005 i —

0.004 \

0.003

0.002

0.001

• Newborn |B 1 year I• 5 years 1H 10 years I• 15 years !D 20-50 years j

japan Mean

F/G. 18. Body mass fraction for liver — Female.

TABLE XVII. FRACTIONAL ORGAN MASS - BRAIN, HEART, KIDNEY, LIVER AND LUNG

SEX AGE

Male Newborn

iy

5y10y

I5y

2O-5Oy

Female Newborn

iy

5y

10y

15y

20-50y

China

0 131

0 114

0.078

0.053

0.030

0027

0.138

0.112

0.074

0.055

0.036

0.025

BrainIndia

0 1

0.095

0.069

0.050

0.030

0024

0.1

0.086

0.072

0.048

0.027

0.026

Japan

0.13

0 120

0.085

0.053

0.029

0.026

0 130

0.110

0.079

0.046

0.029

0.028

Mean

0.120

0 110

0.077

0.052

0.030

0.026

0.123

0.103

0.075

0.050

0.031

0.026

China

0.007

0007

0.006

0.005

0.005

0.005

0.007

0.006

0.006

0.006

0.005

0.005

HeartIndia

0.006

0004

0.005

0.006

0.006

0.005

0.006

0.0045

0.005

0.006

0.006

0.005

Japan

0.0075

0.0060

0.0058

0.0064

0.0060

0.0068

0.0074

0.0054

0.0066

00060

0.0053

0.0066

Mean

0.0068

0.0057

0.0056

0.0058

0.0057

0.0056

0.0068

0.0053

0.0059

0.0060

00054

0.0055

China

0.009

0.009

0007

0007

0005

0.005

0.009

0008

0.007

0.006

0.006

0.005

KidneyIndia

0.007

0.007

0007

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.007

0.0065

0.0068

0.0064

0.0057

0.0048

Japan

0.0082

0.0071

00070

0.0067

00048

0.0058

00079

00070

0.0066

0.0059

0.0051

0.0060

Mean

0.0081

00077

0.0070

0.0066

0.0049

0.0049

0.0080

0.0072

0.0068

0.0061

0.0056

0.0053

China

0.038

0.041

0037

0.034

0025

0.023

0.039

0.040

0.040

0.038

0.028

0.024

LiverIndia

0.034

0030

0033

0.035

0.024

0.022

0.035

0.028

0.032

0.030

0.025

0.024

Japan

0.045

0.044

0.038

0.034

0.027

0.029

0.047

0.043

0.036

0.032

0.027

0.028

Mean

0.039

0.038

0036

0.034

0.025

0.025

0.040

0037

0.036

0.033

0.027

0.025

China

0.021

0.021

0022

0.021

0.016

0.017

0.020

0.022

0.021

0.018

0.018

0.016

LungIndia

0.022

0.015

0.018

0.020,

0.017

0.016

0.022

0.013

0.015

0.018

0.016

0.015

Japan

0.024

0.020

0.019

0.019

0.018

0021

0.024

0.019

0.019

0.017

0.015

0.019

Mean

0.022

0019

0.020

0.020

0.017

0018

0.022

0018

0.018

0.018

0016

0.017

TABLE XVIII. FRACTIONAL ORGAN MASS - PANCREAS, SPLEEN, TESTES AND THYROID

SEX AGE

Male Newborn

iy

5y

lOy

I5y

20-50y

Female Newborn

iy5y

lOy

15y

2O-5Oy

China

0.002

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.002

0.002

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.002

0.002

0.002

Pancreas

India

0.001

0.002

0.002

0.002

0.002

0.002

0.001

0.002

0.002

0.002

0.002

0.002

Japan

0.0015

0.0025

0.0025

0.0027

00020

0.0024

0.0019

0 0018

0.0027

0.0022

0.0022

0.0024

Mean

0.0015

0.0022

0.0022

0.0026

0.0020

0.0021

0.0016

0.0019

0.0026

0.0021

0.0021

0.0021

China

0.0040

0.0050

0.0040

0.0040

0.0030

0.0030

0.0040

00050

0.0040

0.0040

0.0040

0.0030

Spleen

India

0.002

0.003

0004

0.004

0.003

0.003

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.004

0.003

0.003

Japan

0.0035

0.0047

0.0034

0.0033

0.0023

0.0023

0.0033

0.0050

0.0033

00030

0.0024

0.0026

Mean

0.0032

0.0042

0.0038

0.0038

0.0028

0.0028

0.0031

0.0043

0.0038

0.0037

0.0031

0.0029

India

0.0007

0.0004

0.0004

0.0003

0.0006

00007

Testes

Japan Mean

0.00045 O.OOO58

0.00026 0.00033

000018 0.00029

0.00015 0 00023

0.00067 0 00064

0.00065 0.00068

China

0.0008

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

0.0002

0.0005

0.0008

0.0003

0.0004

00005

0.0003

0.0004

Thyroid

India

0.0005

0.0004

0.0003

00003

0.0003

0.0004

Japan Mean

0.00044 0.00058

0.00028 0.00033

0.00027 0.00032

0.00027 0.00036

0.00032 0.00027

0.00034 0.00041

0.00043 0.00062

0.00029 0.00030

0.00029 0.00035

0.00027 0.00039

0 00033 0.00032

0.00036 0.00038

TABLE XIX. PATTERNS OF CHANGE IN FRACTIONAL ORGAN MASS WITH AGE IN YEARS.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

Pattern of change with age

Maximum in newborn, and roughlylinear decrease until adult

Maximum in newborn, andsome increase/decreaseuntil adult

Maximum in newborn, and "exponential" decrease until adult

Decrease in 1-1 Oy, and sharp increase to maximum > 15y

Maximum in ly or 5y, and then decrease until adult

Increase in ly, maximum in lOy, and then someincrease/decreaseIncrease in ly, maximum in 5y, and then some increase/decrease

Organ

BrainLiver (slight increase in adult in Japanese)Kidney (slight increase in adult in Japanese)

HeartLung (some increase in adult)Thyroid (slight increase in adult)

Thymus (shoulder at 5-10y)Pituitary glandAdrenal gland

Testis

Spleen

Pancreas (male)Pancreas (female)

TABLE XX. MALE ADULT FRACTIONAL ORGAN MASSES

Organ

BrainHeartKidneyLiverLungPancreasPituitarySpleenTestisThymusThyroidAdrenal

Estimated

IDN

0.0250.00480.00390.0220.015

--

0.00210.00049

-0.000310.00021

for other countries

PHI

0.0250.00600.00530.0260.019

0.00230-

0.0025--

0.000390.00030

VIE

0.0260.005000.00570.0270.013

0.002420.000010.00320.000720.000190.00069

-

Mean of CPR.

IND and JPN

0.0260.00560.00490.0250.018

0.00210.00001

0.0280.000680.000560.000410.00025

Tanaka Model

calculated

0.0250.00630.00530.0270.020

0.00220.000010.00220.000600.000530.000320.00023

Reference Male

calculated

0.0200.00470.00440.0260.014

0.00140.000010.00260.000500.000290.000290.00020

TABLE XXI. FEMALE ADULT FRACTIONAL ORGAN MASSES

Organ

BrainHeartKidneyLiverLungPancreasPituitarySpleenThymusThyroidAdrenal

Estimated

IDN

0.0250.00440.00390.0230.015

-

0.0021-

0.000360.00020

for other countries

PHI

0.0270.00590.00600.0280.018

0.0021.

0.0025-

0.000610.00051

VIE

0.0270.00490.00590.0280.0130.0024

0.000010.00300.000590.00077

-

Mean of CPR,

IND and JPN

0.0260.00550.00530.0250.017

0.00210.000010.00290.000540.000380.00027

Tanaka Model

calculated

0.0260.00640.00560.0270.0180.00230.000010.00250.000580.000340.00026

Reference Female

calculated

0.0210.00410.00470.0240.01380.0015

0.000010.0026

0.000340.000290.00024

52

1.5

0.5

Female

ICRP Reference Man

1 Brain~ I leatt

KidneyLiver

D LungD PancreasD Pituitary0 Spleenri'Inymus1 ] Thyroid

1.5

0.5

Female

-

L\4:;

Tanaka Model

1 Heart3 Kidney1 LiverU LungO PancreasCl PituitaryJ Spleen11'nymusThyroid

1.5

0.5

Male

ICRP Reference Man

BrainHeartKidneyLiverLungPancreasPituitarySpleenTestisThy m usThyroid

2

0.5

Male

.. 1

1

Tanaka Model

QEtrain\ leartKidneyI iverLungPancreasPituitarySpleenTestisIhymusThyroid

FIG. 19, Ratio of mean fractional organ manses to reference values.

When organ mass data are not available in a particular Asian population, it would be veryuseful to establish scaling algorithms so that the mass of an organ could be estimated from thebody mass using the fractional organ mass data. There are, however, limitations in the use of thefractional masses of organs in attempting to use interpolation or extrapolation of organ masses,specially for an individual adult. In fact, in the Japanese data, correlation between organ mass andthe body weight of individual subjects were shown not to be very high in the adult male andfemale of 20-49 years [16].

Summary

Data for twelve organs for the male and fourteen for the female of six age brackets,especially for 20-50 y, were obtained from one to seven participating countries. They may beregarded as the most comprehensive data for internal dosimetry in the Asian region at this time.

The total means and standard deviations were calculated to show average organ massesand their variations in the region studied in this CRP. The data were also compared with the ICRPReference Man data and the Japanese Tanaka Model for Reference Asian adult male and female.

The results showed fairly equivalent brain and testes weights for Asian and Europeanpopulations. Larger weights than those of the ICRP Reference Man were reported for organs suchas pancreas and thymus, as well as the thyroid in some countries.

Information on a few additional organs (adrenals, prostate, uterus and salivary glands)were collected by one to four participants.

REFERENCES

[ 1 ] Report of Project Formulation Meeting: Co-ordinated Research Programme, Compilation ofAnatomical, Physiological and Metabolic Characteristics for a Reference Asian Man, MitoCity, Japan, 17-21 October 1988.

[2] International Commission on Radiological Protection: Report of the Task Group onReference Man, ICRP Publication 23, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1975.

[3] International Commission on Radiological Protection: Annual Limits on Intakes by Workers,ICRP Publication 30, Part 1, Annal. ICRP 2(3/4) (1979).

[4] International Atomic Energy Agency: Working Material, Compilation of Anatomical,Physiological and Metabolic Characteristics for a Reference Asian Man, Research Co-ordination Meeting, Bombay, 8-12 April 1991.

[5] Jixian Wang, and Rusong Chen, Study on the Setting of Reference Chinese Man, ThisReport, Vol. II, pp 19-54.

[6] H.S. Dang, D.D. Jaiswal, M. Parameswaran, S. Krishnamony, Studies of the AnatomicalPhysiological and Metabolic Characteristics of Indian Population for Setting Up a ReferenceMan, This Report, Vol. II, pp 55-86.

[7] National Atomic Energy Agency of Indonesia, Anthropological Characteristics, InternalOrgans Measurements, and Food Consumption of Indonesian People, 1989-1993, ThisReport, Vol. II 87-107.

[8] G. Tanaka and H. Kawamura, Physical and Anatomical Data, and Part of Physiological andMetabolic Data for Normal Japanese with Special Reference to Establishing Reference AsianMan model for the Anatomical Characteristics, This Report, Vol. II, pp. 108-123.

54

[9] Yung Jin Kim, Gook Hyun Chung, Jong Soon Kim and Young Jin Chung, Establishment ofReference Man in Republic of Korea, This Report, Vol. II, pp. 124-136.

[10] Erlinda S. Natera, Grace D. Cuevas, Edwin M. Azanon, Marvie B. Palattao, Raquel T.Espiritu, Marilou C. Cobar, Lorna H. Palad, and Benjamin Torres, Compilation ofAnatomical, Physiological and Dietary Characteristics for a Filipino Reference Man, ThisReport, Vol. II, pp. 152-172.

[11] Nguyen Manh Lien, Compilation of Anatomical, Physiological and MetabolicCharacteristics for a Reference Viet Namese Man, This Report, Vol. II, pp. 173-197.

[12] Tanaka, G.: Reference Japanese Vol. 1, National Institute of Radiogical Sciences, Chiba,Japan, Report NIRS-M-85 (1992).

[13] Tanaka, G.: Anatomical and Physical Characteristics for Asian Reference Man-A Proposal,National Institute of Radiogical Sciences, Chiba, Japan, Report NIRS-M-95 (1993).

[14] Dang, H. S., Private communication (1995).[15] Nguyen Manh Lien, Private communication (1995).[16] Tanaka, G. and Kawamura, H., Anatomical and Physiological Characteristics for Asian

Reference Man-Male and Female of Different Ages: Tanaka Model, National Institute ofRadiogical Sciences, Hitachinaka, Japan, Report NIRS-M-115 (1996).

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