Money Ethic Scale Part 4

OCB

Organizational Citizenship Behavior:Bateman & Organ, 1983; Organ, 1988;

Organ & Ryan, 1995; Smith, Organ, & Near, 1983;

OCB: Altruism Generalized Compliance (Conscientiousness)

OCB

Altruism: a class of helping behaviors aimed directly at specific persons

Generalized Compliance (Conscientiousness): a good soldier or good citizen syndrome of doing things that are right and proper, for the sake of the system

OCB Motives

1. A single undifferentiated helping motive (Cnaan & Goldberg-Glen, 1991)

2. A two-dimensional structure:

3. Altruistic, Instrumental (Allen & Rush, 1998; Eastman, 1994)

OCB Motives

4. Altruistic, Egoistic (Frisch & Gerranrd, 1981)

5. Other-serving, Self-serving (Batson & Shaw, 1991)

6. Personal Value, Egoistic (Puckett & Wagner, 1996)

OCB Motives

Public Self vs. Private Self (Baumeister, 1986)

Private Self-Serving Motives

Public Other-Serving Motives

Private Motives

Impression Management

Self-handicapping

Social Exchange

Receiver Characteristics

Public Motives

Concern for Organization

Organizational Culture

Concern for People

Situational Variable

OBSE

Organizational members believe that they can satisfy their needs by participating in roles within the context of an organization (Pierce, Gardner, Cummings, & Dunham, 1989)

OBSE

As such, it is the self-perceived value that employees have of themselves within their employing organization.

OBSE

OBSE predicts both the Altruism and Conscientiousness dimensions of OCB in American and Mid-eastern cultures (Tang & Ibrahim, 1998)

Money and OCB

The lowest levels of helping behavior have been documented among participants assigned difficult goals and paid on the basis of goal attainment (Wright, George, Farnsworth, & McMahan, 1993)

MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB

Whole

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism.46*

.07

-.18*

.59*Conscientiousness

.65*

.61*

.21

.00

.38

.42

.38

MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB

The US

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism.46*

.06

-.17*

.59*Conscientiousness

.65*

.61*

.21

.00

.37

.43

.37

MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB

Non-US

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism.43*

-.13*

-.15*

.78*Conscientiousness

.83*

.38*

.19

.02

.64

.69

.15

MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB

The US

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism.46*

.06

-.17*

.59*Conscientiousness

.65*

.61*

.21

.00

.37

.43

.37

MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB

Taiwan

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism.49*

.40*

-.02

.66*Conscientiousness

.76*

.56*

.24

.16

.43

.58

.31

MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB

Poland

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism.59*

.13

.02

.54*Conscientiousness

.59*

.27*

.35

.02

.29

.34

.07

MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB

Egypt

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism.39*

-.11

-.26*

.64*Conscientiousness

.96*

.89*

.16

.01

.50

.93

.80

Culture Free (etic) Paths

1. MES Private Motives

2. Public Motives OBSE Altruism

MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB

etic

MESSuccess

PrivateMotives

Public Motives

OBSE

Altruism*

*Conscientiousness

*

Materialism and Money Ethic

In popular usage, materialism more often refers to a “devotion to material needs and desires (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989)

The importance a consumer attaches to worldly possessions (Belk, 1985; p. 265)

Materialism and Money Ethic

The worship of things (Bredemeier & Toby, 1960, p. 77)

3 elements:

1. Acquisition Centrality

2. Acquisition as the pursuit of Happiness

3. Possession-defined Success

(Richins & Dawson, 1990, 1992)

Materialism and Money Ethic

Materialism Money Ethic

Money Ethic Materialism

MES Materialism

Age

Sex

Education

Materialism

MES

-.14*

-.02

-.17*

.74*

.03

.54*

Materialism MES

Age

Sex

Education

Materialism

MES

.57*

.32

.01-.09*

-.04

-.07

Discussion

Money is important for people in the USA and around the world.

Income has a significant impact on the American people’s Money Ethic endorsement.

Money can be used to attract, retain, and motivate employees.

Discussion

American people who value money have high voluntary turnover regardless of their intrinsic job satisfaction. Money attitude (Money Ethic) has a significant impact on work-related attitudes and behavior.

Money Ethic Scale will be a useful tool for researchers and practitioners in HRM and OB fields.

Thank YouDanke

Dankeshen

Grazie

Merci

Muchas Gracias

Money and the Agency Theory

Agency theory can be meaningfully used to analyze internal control relationships between allocators (principals) and those receiving allocations (agents).

It provides a theoretical framework to predict the basis of pay for “nonprogrammable” jobs, or jobs consisting of tasks that are difficult to structure and where incumbents enjoy extensive discretion (Gomez-Mejia & Balkin, 1992)

Pay-Performance Linkage:190 Private Universities

Research Institutions Doctorate-Granting I Institutions Liberal-Arts Institutions Expenditures Type of Institution Academic Reputation Ranking Mid-point SAT Scores Tang, Tang, & Tang

University CEO Pay

Expenditures*** Research/Doctoral** Law, Business, Medical Schools* Region Reputation** SAT, Year Founded Faculty, Student Tuition

CEO Benefits

Expenditures*** Research/Doctoral*** Law, Business, Medical Schools Region Reputation** SAT, Year Founded Faculty, Student Tuition*

CEO Total Compensation

Expenditures*** Research/Doctoral** Law, Business, Medical Schools Region Reputation* SAT, Year Founded Faculty, Student Tuition**

Derek Bok (1993):The Cost of Talent

Do we compensate highly educated people in the United States in ways that serve the best interests of the nation?

Are some people paid too much and others too little? What effect do differences in earnings have on the

career choices of the talented? Do we pay executives and professionals in ways that

motivate them to work hard at the right things?