Organic Molecules

Objective 2.01:Compare & Contrast the structure &

functions of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, & Nucleic Acids

Today

Basic Chemistry Review• Elements are the simplest form of

matter - Atoms make up elements

• There are more than 100 elements listed on the Periodic Table, but only 30 are important to life

• 90% of the mass of all living things are made of compounds containing Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N)

• Compounds are elements bonded together– H2O = 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom =

water– CO2 = 1 carbon atom + 2 oxygen atoms =

carbon dioxide– C6H12O6…

• If the compound contains the element CARBON, then it is called an ORGANIC compound

Organic Compounds

• There are 4 organic compounds that are essential to life:

Carbohydrates

Nucleic AcidsLipids

Proteins

• Each organic compound is also called a POLYMER: A large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together

• Polymers are made of MONOMERS: small molecules that make up a polymer. (Building blocks)

       

                                             

**Carbohydrates**• Used by cells to provide ENERGY!• Monosaccharide: One simple sugar

– Mono: one, Saccharide: sugar– Ex. Glucose & Fructose

• Disaccharide: Two sugars – Di: two, so 2 monosaccharides linked together will

produce a disaccharide. – Ex. Sucrose (table sugar)

• Polysaccharide: Many sugars– Poly: many– Ex. Glycogen, starch

So if sugars were bricks…

Monosaccharide:

Disaccharide:

Polysaccharide:

Real Life Polysaccharides:• Mammals store their energy in the liver in

the form of glycogen.

• Plants store their energy in the form of starch.

– Also, cellulose is a polysaccharide plants use to make up their cell walls and give them shape.

Is there starch in there??• You can put yellow iodine into a solution to

see if starch is present. • No: Stays yellow• Yes: Turns a blue/black color!

Is there sugar in there??

• You can mix Benedict’s solution to see if there is sugar in a heated mixture.

• No: Stays blue• Yes: Turns red

**Lipids**

• Fats, Oils, Waxes, & Steroids• Do not dissolve in water.• Cells use lipids for long term energy

storage, insulation, & protective coverings of cells.

• Made of Glycerol & Fatty Acids

Are there lipids in there?

• When put on paper, the fats are absorbed into the paper.

**Proteins**• Provide structure for tissue and organs &

carry out cell metabolism.• Made up of amino acids (20)• Amino acids link together by peptide bonds in

countless orders to assemble various proteins.

A Speedy Protein = Enzymes!

• Enzymes: Proteins that change the rate of a chemical reaction. They usually speed it up!

Nucleic Acids• Stores cellular

information in the form of a code (Your genetic info!)

• Ex. DNA & RNA• Made up of nucleotides.• Nucleotides have 3 parts:

1. Nitrogen Base

2. Simple Sugar

3. Phosphate Group *All living things contain

Nucleic Acids!!*

Sooo…Polymer Monomers

Carbohydrate (Polysaccharide)

Monosaccharides

Lipids Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Proteins Amino Acids

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

Review…

Which organic compounds are found in a hamburger??

pH Scale

• Measures how acidic or basic a substance is

Acids

• Have a pH of 1to 7• Give off a H +• Acids can burn

• Example• Lemon juice• Stomach acid

Bases

• Have a pH of 7 to 14• A base gives off as OH-• A base can be used for cleaning• Feels soapy• Examples:

• Ammonia• 409 cleaner