Organic vs. InorganicOrganic vs. Inorganic Inorganic lack a Inorganic lack a carbon-hydrogen carbon-hydrogen

combinationcombinationEx) Ex) waterwater, salts (NaCl, KCl), salts (NaCl, KCl)

OrganicOrganic substances always contain substances always contain both carbonboth carbon and and hydrogenhydrogen

C6H12O6

Glucose

C12H22O11

Macromolecules (Organic) Macromolecules (Organic) Carbohydrates : Carbohydrates : Bread, Potatoes, and PastaBread, Potatoes, and Pasta

Lipids: Lipids: Fats, Butter, and OilsFats, Butter, and Oils

Proteins: Proteins: Meats, Peanuts, Beans, and EggsMeats, Peanuts, Beans, and Eggs

Nucleic acids: Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA DNA and RNA

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

ElementsElements that make up carbs: C H O; that make up carbs: C H O; Always Always 2:12:1 ratio between ratio between H H and and OO

Function of carbsFunction of carbs Main Main energyenergy source source Structural component: cell walls, insects Structural component: cell walls, insects

exoskeletonexoskeleton Used by Used by cellscells to to recognizerecognize other other cellscells: :

receptorsreceptors

Carbohydrate

Monomer of carbohydratesMonomer of carbohydrates MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides: : oneone sugarsugar: ex: : ex:

Glucose, fructose, galactose; chemical Glucose, fructose, galactose; chemical formula = formula = CC66HH1212OO66

PolymersPolymers DisaccharidesDisaccharides: : twotwo monomersmonomers: ex: : ex:

sucrose, maltosesucrose, maltose PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides: : manymany monomersmonomers: ex: : ex:

starch, glycogen, cellulosestarch, glycogen, cellulose

Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis & Hydrolysis

LipidsLipids

Examples: Examples: FatsFats, Waxes and Oils, Waxes and Oils

(Mostly C & H); (Mostly C & H); no rationo ratio between between HH and and OO Function of lipidsFunction of lipids

Stored energyStored energy Structural componentsStructural components

Lipids are also made of Lipids are also made of Monomers:Monomers:

1 glycerol1 glycerol 3 fatty acids3 fatty acids

Two types of lipidsTwo types of lipids Saturated:Saturated: contains max. # H atoms. contains max. # H atoms. Unsaturated:Unsaturated: contains some C=C bonds. contains some C=C bonds.

ProteinsProteins

Elements of proteins:Elements of proteins:

C, H, O, N C, H, O, N FunctionsFunctions

Control rate of reactionsControl rate of reactions Regulates cell processes (enzymes)Regulates cell processes (enzymes) Building materials (collagen & elastin, Building materials (collagen & elastin,

coloration pigments)coloration pigments) Fight disease (antibodies)Fight disease (antibodies)

Building blocks of proteinsBuilding blocks of proteins amino acidsamino acids (AA): are monomers or (AA): are monomers or

building blocksbuilding blocks of proteins of proteinsThe protein is the PolymersThe protein is the Polymers: :

proteins are also called polypeptidesproteins are also called polypeptides One bonded to another AAOne bonded to another AA Peptide bondsPeptide bonds are used to bond one amino are used to bond one amino

acid to another to form proteinsacid to another to form proteins

AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AAAA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA

A large protein chain made of small amino acidshttp://www.teachertube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=aa818e40a6b8475f0d28

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General structure Alanine Serine

Amino Acids

Go to Section:

Amino group

Carboxyl group

The shape of Protein molecule is influenced by the sequence of amino acids in it

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Elements Elements of nucleic acids: C, H, O, N, Pof nucleic acids: C, H, O, N, P Function Function of nucleic acidsof nucleic acids

Store & transmit genetic info.; the building blocks Store & transmit genetic info.; the building blocks to our genetic code (DNA)to our genetic code (DNA)

MonomersMonomers of nucleic acids are called of nucleic acids are called NucleotidesNucleotides

Three nucleotides of nucleic acidsThree nucleotides of nucleic acids are: are:• 5-C sugar, Nitrogenous base, phosphate group5-C sugar, Nitrogenous base, phosphate group

PolymerPolymer• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)• RNA (ribonucleic acid)RNA (ribonucleic acid)

The 2 Types Of Nucleic AcidsThe 2 Types Of Nucleic Acids1. DNA1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- our (deoxyribonucleic acid)- our

hereditary info. hereditary info. directs all cell activities directs all cell activities

11stst identified as double helix 1953 by identified as double helix 1953 by Watson and CrickWatson and Crick

2. RNA2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)- transcribes (ribonucleic acid)- transcribes hereditary info. (copies DNA) to hereditary info. (copies DNA) to make a protein the body needsmake a protein the body needs

* this means that proteins determine * this means that proteins determine the nature and activities of the cellthe nature and activities of the cell

The NucleotideThe Nucleotide All nucleotides are identical All nucleotides are identical The only difference is the The only difference is the

type of nitrogenous base type of nitrogenous base they have. they have. There are 4 types: Guanine, There are 4 types: Guanine,

Cytosine, Adenine and Cytosine, Adenine and Thymine.Thymine.

These bases pair up in a These bases pair up in a specific way to make the specific way to make the rungs of the DNA rungs of the DNA Double Double Helix.Helix.

Energy and Chemical Energy and Chemical ReactionsReactions

Living things Living things undergo undergo thousandsthousands ofof chemicalchemical reactionsreactions as as part of the life part of the life process process

Certain chemical Certain chemical substances substances (catalysts) (catalysts) can speed can speed up or slow down a up or slow down a reaction. reaction.

Biological catalysts Biological catalysts are called are called enzymesenzymes

If it ends inIf it ends in ase ase it is it is an enzyme.an enzyme.

EnzymesEnzymes are an important class are an important class of catalysts in living organismsof catalysts in living organisms Mostly Mostly proteinprotein ThousandsThousands of different kinds of different kinds Each Each specificspecific for a different for a different

chemical reactionchemical reaction

Enzyme ActionEnzyme Action Enzyme-Substrate ComplexEnzyme-Substrate Complex

substratessubstrates – the reacting molecules; the – the reacting molecules; the substance(s) that the enzyme works on,substance(s) that the enzyme works on,

active siteactive site – that portion of the enzyme – that portion of the enzyme into which the reacting molecules fitinto which the reacting molecules fit

productproduct – the substance that results from – the substance that results from the enzymatic activitythe enzymatic activity

Enzyme StructureEnzyme Structure Enzymes work on Enzymes work on

substances called substances called substratessubstrates

Substrates must fit Substrates must fit into a place on an into a place on an enzyme called the enzyme called the active siteactive site

Enzymes are Enzymes are reusablereusable!!

End in –End in –asease -Sucrase-Sucrase-Lactase-Lactase-Maltase-Maltase

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Active SiteActive SiteA A restrictedrestricted regionregion of an of an

enzyme molecule which enzyme molecule which binds binds to the substrate.to the substrate.

EnzymeSubstrate

Active Site

Lock + Key-Lock + Key- refers to how the active site + refers to how the active site + substrate fits togethersubstrate fits together there is only one key to a lockthere is only one key to a lock there is only one substrate to an active there is only one substrate to an active

sitesite

Enzyme videoEnzyme video

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp06/0602001.html

CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Concept Map

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

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•Enzyme- Protein that can speed up or slow down a reaction.

•Substrate-The reaction molecule, that the enzyme works on.

•Active Site- Portion of the enzyme that reacting molecules fit in. Has a specific shape.

•Lock & Key fit- A specific substrate will only fit into a specific enzyme.

Overview of enzymes

•Factors that affect enzyme action- Temperature, pH level, and enzyme/substrate concentration.

•Enzymes become denatured with temperatures that are too high or pH levels not 7. The active site changes shape.

•Examples of Enzymes-•Lactase, the enzyme breaks down lactose•Protease and peptidase - A protease is any enzyme that can break down a long protein into smaller chains called peptides• Amylases - breaks down starch chains into smaller sugar molecules. •Maltase- breaks down maltose•Catalase- breaks down Hydrogen peroxide to water.

Enzyme Characteristics •Made up of proteins•Are reusable•Are Specific•Required by ALL chemical processes in organisms•Control the rate of metabolic (chemical reactions) in the body.•Weaken chemical bonds so molecules can be made or broken down by the body•Many end is ~ase