organizational behavior powerpoint by prof. jahanzaib yousaf 12th edition by stephen robbins...
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Organizational Behavior
PowerPoint byProf. Jahanzaib Yousaf
12th Editionby
Stephen Robbins
Reference Book: Organizational Behavior
by- Fred Luthans
Foundations of Individual Behavior
Chapter# 2
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 3
Chapter # 2
Chapter Outline
Contrast the two types of Ability. Define intellectual ability and demonstrate its
relevance to OB. Identify the key biographical characteristics
and describe how they are relevant to OB. Define learning and outline the principles of
the three major theories of learning. Define Shaping Behavior, and how it can be
used in OB.
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 4
Individual Behavior Variables
Ability Biographical characteristics Learning Personality Emotions Values Attitudes Perception Motivation Individual decision making
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 5
Ability
“An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job”
An assessment of What a person can do.
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 6
Ability Made up of two sets of factors:
Intellectual Abilities The abilities needed to perform mental activities. Thinking, Reasoning and Problem Solving. General Mental Ability (GMA) is a measure of overall
intelligence.
Physical Abilities The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina,
strength, and physical exertion.
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 7
Dimensions of Intellectual Ability
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 8
Biographical Characteristics Objective and easily obtained personal
characteristics. Such as, Age
Older workers bring experience, judgment, a strong work ethic, and commitment to quality.
Gender Few differences between men and women that affect job
performance. Race
Natural orientation among people with similar races. Tenure
People with job tenure (seniority at a job) are more productive, absent less frequently, have lower turnover, and are more satisfied.
Religion Education
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 9
Learning Any relatively permanent change in behavior that
occurs as a result of experience.
Learning components:
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 10
Theories of Learning Classical Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.
Operant Conditioning A type of conditioning in which desired
voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
Social-Learning Theory People can learn through observation and
direct experience.
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 11
Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Dog Experiment. Key Concepts:
Unconditioned stimulus A naturally occurring phenomenon.
Unconditioned response The naturally occurring response to a natural stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus An artificial stimulus introduced into the situation.
Conditioned response The response to the artificial stimulus.
This is a passive form of learning. It is reflexive and not voluntary – not the best theory for OB learning.
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 12
Operant Conditioning Behavior is a function of it’s consequences. Operant Behavior means Voluntary and Learned
behavior. People learn to behave to get something they
want or to avoid something they don’t want. Behavior is influenced through Reinforcement or
Punishment Pleasing consequences increase likelihood of
repetition and Unrewarded/punished behavior is unlikely to be repeated.
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 13
Social-Learning Theory Based on the idea that people can also learn indirectly: by
observation, reading, or just hearing about someone else’s experiences. Attentional processes
Must recognize and pay attention to critical features to learn.
Retention processes Model’s actions must be remembered to be learned.
Motor reproduction processes Watching the model’s behavior must be converted to
doing.
Reinforcement processes Positive incentives motivate learners.
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 14
Shaping behavior: A Managerial Tool Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves
an individual closer to the desired response. Four Methods of Shaping Behavior:
Positive reinforcement Providing a reward for a desired behavior (learning)
Negative reinforcement Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior
occurs (learning)
Punishment Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable
behavior (“unlearning”)
Extinction Eliminating any reinforcement of a behavior to stop it’s repetition.
(“unlearning”)
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 15
Behavior Modification (OB Mod) The application of reinforcement concepts to
individuals in the work settings.
Steps of OB Mod program:
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 16
Applying Behavior Modification
Well Pay Vs Sick Pay Employee Discipline Developing Training Programs Self- Management
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 17
Exercise to Apply OB ModIn groups of Four, spend15 minutes brainstorming to identify specific situations where students Behavior is negative and for any one situation develop a strategy to influence the students to modify their behavior. Best way is where students would not realize that they are being influenced.
Consider the topics: Learning Shaping Behavior Behavior Modification